kasus pneumonia
TRANSCRIPT
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PRESENTASI KASUS
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IDENTITAS PASIEN
Nama : An. AMJ
Jenis Kelamin : Perempuan
Tanggal Lahir : 05-09-2002
Umur : 6 tahun
Alamat : Bolopleret, Juwirang, Klaten
Mulai dirawat di bangsal Melati L
18 agustus -07 september 2009
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ANAMNESIS
Demam hari ke 7 (rujukan dari Puskesmas
Juwiring)
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RIWAYAT PENYAKIT SEKARANG
± 3 MSMRS
batuk (+) berdahak putih, darah (-), pilek (-), demam (+), sesak (-) ke dr. Umum, dx(?), Tx= obat puyer putih dan orange demam menurun dan batuk menetap.
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RIWAYAT PENYAKIT SEKARANG
5
± 7 HSMRS
demam (+) naik turun dimulai siang hari sepulang sekolah, batuk (+) berdahak warna putih kental, sesak (-), terapi lanjut
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RIWAYAT PENYAKIT SEKARANG
6
± 6 HMRS
demam (+), batuk (+), anak tampak sesak dan lemah di bawa ke Puskesmas di Dx= radang paru diterapi dan tidak membaik.
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HMRS
Keluhan menetap, makan minum menurun, orang tua minta untuk di rawat ke RS. Klaten
RIWAYAT PENYAKIT SEKARANG
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RIWAYAT PENYAKIT DAHULU
Riwayat asma (-)
Riwayat alergi (-)
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RIWAYAT PENYAKIT KELUARGA
Riwayat sakit TBC (-)
Riwayat alergi (-)
Riwayat asma (-)
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SILSILAH KELUARGA
6 thn
39 thn
32 thn
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RIWAYAT KEHAMILAN & PERSALINAN
Kehamilan : kontrol rutin ke bidan setiap bulan, vitamin (+), Fe (+), TT (+), riwayat muntah berlebihan (+). Riwayat hipertensi (-), perdarahan (-)
Persalinan : Lahir spontan ditolong bidan, Usia kehamilan 7 bulan kurang 1 minggu, langsung menangis,gerak aktif, biru(-), BB =1,7 kg, PB=?cm.
Pasca lahir : kontrol rutin di Posyandu untuk imunisasi
Kesan : riwayat Kehamilan dan persalinan kurang baik
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RIWAYAT MAKANAN
0 – 4 bulan : ASI
4 – 12 bulan : ASI + susu formula
1 – 2 tahun : ASI + nasi tim + buah pisang
2 tahun– sekarang : Nasi biasa + laiuk pauk
Kesan : Kualitas dan kuantitas kurang
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RIWAYAT PERTUMBUHAN & PERKEMBANGAN
Motorik kasar :
duduk : 6 bln
berdiri : 9 bln
berjalan : 12 bln
sepeda roda empat : 6 thn
Motorik halus :
menggenggam pensil 9 bl
coret-coret 3 thn
menulis 5 thn
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RIWAYAT PERTUMBUHAN & PERKEMBANGAN
Bahasa
bicara 1 kata : 9 bulan
bicara 2 kata : 12 bulan
merangkai kata : 3 thn
Sosial
Tersenyum 2 bl
melambai tangan 9 bln
Bermain dengan teman 24 bln
Kesan : Tidak ada gangguan perkembangan
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IMUNISASI
Hepatitis : 0, 2, 3 bulan
BCG : 0 bulan
Polio : 2,3,4 bulan
DPT : 2, 3, 4 bulan
Campak : 9 bulan
Booster : (-)
Kesan : Imunisasi dasar lengkap menurut PPI tidak sesuai IDAI
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SOSIAL, EKONOMI DAN LINGKUNGAN
Sosio ekonomi : Saat ini ayah bekerja sebagai tukang kayu, penghasilan ± Rp 700.000/bulan
Lingkungan:
Tinggal bersama OT dan kakek dan nenek, saudara ibu 2 orang, di rumah dengan dinding tembok, lantai semen, 2 kamar tidur, satu kamar mandi di dalam rumah, buang air besar di sungai. Di samping rumah banyak terdapat kandang ayam. Ukuran rumah 6 x 9 m Sumber air dari sumur.
Kesan: sosioekonomi kurang, lingkungan kurang
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ANAMNESIS SISTEM
Sistem serebrospinal : kejang (-), Demam (+) Sistem kardiovaskular : biru (-), sesak (-) Sistem respirator : sesak nafas (+),batuk (+)
Pilek (-) Sistem gastrointestinal : mual (-) muntah (-) Sistem muskuloskeletal: tidak ada keluhan Sistem urogenital : BAK normal Sistem integumentum : tampak papul,
multipel, tersebar
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PEMERIKSAAN FISIK (PADA TANGGAL 18/08/09)
KESAN UMUMKESAN UMUM Lemah,CM, kesan status gizi kurang
Nadi
Suhu
RR
Tensi
120x /menit, teratur, isi dan tegangan cukup
68 kali/menit
39°C
100/60 mmHg
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3. Status gizi : klinis: edema (-)
Kurus : (+)
BB : 15,0 kg BMI/U: -3 < z < -2
TB : 112,0 cm BB/U : -3 < z < -2
LK : 47,0 cm TB/U : -2 < z < -1
LD : 51,0 cm
LLA: 14,0 cm
BMI : 11,96 Kesan : status gizi kurang
PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
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PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
4. Kulit : UKK (-)
5. Kelenjar Limpe : ttb
6. Otot : Eutrofi
7. Tulang : Deformitas (-)
8. Sendi : Deformitas (-)
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PEMERIKSAAN KHUSUS
1. Leher : kaku kuduk (-), kelenjar limfe: ttb, massa (-)
2. Dada : Simetris, KG (-), Retraksi (+) suprasternal dan subcostal
a) Jantung : Batas kanan atas : Sela iga II, garis parasternal kanan, batas kanan bawah : Sela iga IV, garis parasternal kanan, batas kiri atas : Sela iga II, garis parasternal kiri, batas kiri bawah : Sela iga IV, garis midklavikula kiri, - Suara jantung : Suara 1 tunggal, suara 2 tidak konstan, Bising (-)
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PEMERIKSAAN KHUSUS
3. Perut : Supel, BU (+) N, T/E normal, Nyeri tekan (-)
Hepar ttb, Lien ttb.
4. Anogenital : perempuan, kelainan(-)
5. Anggota gerak : akral hangat, nadi kuat teraba, isi dan tegangan cukup, perfusi jaringan <2detik, sianosis (-)
Kanan Kiri
Inspeksi KG (-), retraksi (+) suprasternal dan subcostal
KG (-), retraksi (+) suprasternal dan subcostal
Palpasi fremitus normal fremitus normal
Perkusi Sonor Sonor
Auskultasi Vesikular (+), krepitasi (+) Vesikular (+), krepitasi (+)
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Tungkai Lengan
Kanan Kiri Kanan Kiri
Gerakan Bebas Bebas Bebas Bebas
Trofi Eutrofi Eutrofi Eutrofi Eutrofi
Tonus Normal Normal Normal Normal
Kekuatan 5 5 5 5
Klonus - -
Ref. fisiologis + + + +
Ref. patologis - - - -
Tanda Meningeal
-
Sensibilitas Kesan normal
PEMERIKSAAN KHUSUS
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PEMERIKSAAN KHUSUS
6. Kepala
Ukuran : Normosefal
Uub : menutup
Mata : CA (-), SI (-), Isokor, diameter 3mm
Hidung : nafas cuping hidung (-), discharge (-)
Telinga : discharge (-)
Mulut : Mukosa basah (+), sianosis (-)
Pharynx : hiperemis (-)
Gigi : caries (+)
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RINGKASAN DATA DASAR
ANAMNESIS
Demam (+) 7 hari
Batuk (+) sejak 3 minggu yang lalu berdahak putih, darah (-)
Sesak (+) 1 minggu
Riwayat kontak TBC (-)
Riwayat alergi (-)
Riwayat asma (-)
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RINGKASAN DATA DASAR
PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
Ku : CM
Takipnea
Demam (+)
Dada: retraksi suprasternal dan subcostal
Paru : krepitasi (+)
Gizi kurang
26
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TB SCORING
Kontak dengan TB BTA (+) = 0
PPD test = (-)
Demam = 1
Status Gizi = 1
Batuk kronik = 1
Limfonodi = 0
Bone swelling = 0
Rontgen thoraks = 0
Jumlah skor = 4
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DIAGNOSIS BANDING
Pneumonia
Gizi kurang
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PENATALAKSANAAN
Plan:
Monitor ku/vs/wob
Diet:
E = 1350 kcal/hari
P = 300 g/hari
C = 1250 cc/hari Oral = 650 cc/hari Iv = 600 cc/hari (25 tpm mikro
dextrose)
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PENATALAKSANAAN
Terapi:
O2 nasal kanul 2 l/menit
Ampisilin 100 mg/kgBB/hari = 4x375mg
Kloramphenikol 100 mg/kgBB/hari = 4 x 375 mg
Parasetamol 10 mg/KgBB/kali = 150 mg k/p
Salbutamol 1, 5 mg tiap 8 jam
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PLANNING
Pemeriksaan penunjang
Darah rutin
Rontgen thoraks
31
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HASIL PEMERIKSAAN PENUNJANG
Darah Rutin tanggal 19/08/09:
RBC 4,23
HGB 11,8 g/dL
HMT 37 %
MCV 87,7 (80-99)
MCH 27,9 (27-31)
MCHC 31,8 (33-37)
Plt 125/micL
WBC 5.0
Lym 47,1%
Mxd 8,5%
Neu 46,4%
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RONTGEN THORAKS
Pneumonia duplex
19 Agustus 2009
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RONTGEN THORAKS 27 Agustus 2009
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RONTGEN THORAKS 31 Agustus 2009
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RONTGEN THORAKS 7 September 2009
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DIAGNOSIS KERJA
Pneumonia
Gizi Kurang
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PENATALAKSANAAN
Plan:
Monitor ku/vs/wob
Diet:
E = 1350 kcal/hari
P = 300 g/hari
C = 1250 cc/hari Oral = 650 cc/hari Iv = 600 cc/hari (25 tpm mikro
dextrose)
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PENATALAKSANAAN
Terapi:
O2 nasal kanul 2 l/menit
Ampisilin 100 mg/kgBB/hari = 4x375mg
Kloramphenikol 100 mg/kgBB/hari = 4 x 375 mg
Parasetamol 10 mg/KgBB/kali = 150 mg k/p
Salbutamol 1, 5 mg tiap 8 jam
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FOLLOW UP
Tgl 1 Agustus 2009
S/O : demam (-), sesak (-), batuk (+), tampak kurus, BB : 12 kg
HR :90x RR : 32x t : 37
Dada : simetris, ketinggalan gerak (-), Paru : krepitasi (-)
Ass : Pneumonia membaik, Gizi buruk Marasmik
Plan : Cefadroxil 3 x 200mg
Salbutamol 0,1 mg/kgbb
Tatalaksana 10 langkah KEP
40
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PEMERIKSAAN FISIK
3. Status gizi : klinis: edema (-)
Kurus : (+)
BB : 12,5 kg
TB : 112,0 cm BB/U : -3 < SD
LK : 47,0 cm TB/U : -0 < z < -1
LD : 51,0 cm
LLA: 14,0 cm BMI/U : -3 SD
BMI : 11,96 Kesan : Status gizi Buruk
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PENATALAKSANAAN
Plan: Monitor ku/vs/wob
Tata laksana gizi Buruk : 10 Langkah KEP
E 80 – 100 kcal/hari
P = 1 – 1,5 g/hari
C = 130 cc/kgbb/hari Oral = F75 8 x 175 cc
Asam folat 1 x 5 mg
Vitamin A 200.000 IU
Bcomp 1 x 1 tab
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FOLLOW UP 43
12
12,5
1212
1313,5
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4440
41
39
38
37
3620
30
40
50
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
14020/8 21/8 22/8 23/8N R S
Ampisilin 4 x 375 mg
Chloramp 4x375 mg
Ceftriaxon 2x750 mg
Cefadroxyl 2x300 mg
Eritromycin 3 x100mg
1 2 3
Nasi TKTP
Muntah/ Defekasi
Berat badan
_ _ _
15 kg15 kg 15 kg
44
_
15 kg
24/8
1
26/8
3
28/8 30/8
5 7
15 kg 15 kg 15 kg 15 kg
1 2 3
31/8 1/9
1
4/9 6/9
2 41
15 kg 12 kg15 kg 12 kg
2
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ANALISA MASALAH 45
Perempuan, 6 tahun
Demam 1 minggu Batuk 3 minggu Sesak 1 minggu
Gizi kurang
TB Skor TB : 4
PNEUMONIATakipnea (+)
Retraksi dada (+) PF : Krepitasi (+)
Rontgen pneumonia lobaris
Infeksi kronis
Intake nutrisi rendah
Sosio ekonomi rendah
Gizi buruk Pendidikan OT rendah
ASMA Riw. Atopi (-)
Mengi (-)
AB
10 Langkah
KEP
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PNEUMONIA IS
THE NO 1 KILLER
OF CHILDRE
N
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Respiratory28%
Unknown21%
Perinatologi 35%
Gastroenteritis 4%
Diarrhea9%
Neurology3%
Pneumonia23%
Neurology12%
Typhoid7%
Others39%
Diarrhea13%
Gastro disturb
6%
Children <5 yr age
Indonesian National Health Survey 2001
Mortality of Infectious diseasesMortality of Infectious diseases
Infants
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ETIOLOGY
Pathogen Role Discussion
Streptococcuspneumoniae
Leading S. pneumoniae is the leading pathogen in almost all studies from around the world. This proportion may vary in different parts of the world.
Haemophilusinfluenzae
Major Most disease is caused by type b (Hib). Vaccine studies from Bangladesh, Chile and the Gambia suggest that Hib causes around 20% of severe pneumonia cases, although the proportion may vary in different parts of the world.
Other importantpathogens
Less common
These pathogens include important viruses such as respiratory synctitial virus (RSV) and influenza; other bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae
Unicef - WHO, Pneumonia the forgotten killer, 2006
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49
AAP, 2008
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50
AAP, 2008
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DIAGNOSIS
Chest X-rays and laboratory tests are used to confirm the presence of pneumonia, including the extent and location of the infection and prediction of its cause.
But in resource-poor settings, suspected cases of pneumonia are diagnosed by their clinical symptoms.
Children and infants are presumed to have pneumonia if they exhibit a cough and fast or difficult breathing.
Unicef - WHO, Pneumonia the forgotten killer, 2006
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SIMPLE CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Fast breathing
Age respiratory rate < 2 mo 602 - 12 mo 501 - 5 yr 40
Chest indrawing
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PNEUMONIA CLASSIFICATION
Signs Classification • Fast breathing• Chest indrawing• Stridor in calm child
Severe pneumonia
• Fast breathing Non-severe pneumonia
• No fast breathing Other respiratory illness
Unicef - WHO, Pneumonia the forgotten killer, 2006
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DIAGNOSIS54
Evid. Based Med. 2000;5;152
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TREATMENT
Prompt treatment of pneumonia with a full course of appropriate antibiotics is lifesaving.
UNICEF & WHO have published guidelines for diagnosing and treating pneumonia in community settings in the developing world
This approach is proven, affordable and relatively straightforward to implement
Cotrimoxazole & amoxicillin are effective drugs against bacterial pathogens and are often used to treat children with pneumonia in developing countries.
Unicef - WHO, Pneumonia the forgotten killer, 2006
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56
AAP, 2008
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57
AAP, 2008
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58
AAP, 2008
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59
AAP, 2008
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60
AAP, 2008
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61
AAP, 2008
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ZINC DAN PNEUMONIA
The preventive effects of zinc increased with respiratory disease severity
Zinc treatment was associated with an 8% reduction in the incidence of URI, a 12% reduction in cases of bronchiolitis, a 49% reduction in severe pneumonia, and a reduction in mortality from pneumonia by 100%. (relative risk, 15; 95% CI, 0.03-0.67).
Lancet. 2005;366:999-1004.
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TERIMAKASIH
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