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LEARNING MATERIALS

ELECTRICITY

IA – Electrical Installation and Maintenance … Castillo, Joel G….FFHNAS

Table of Contents

I. Introduction….………………………………………………………………………… 3 II. Objectives ……………………..……………………………………………………. 3 III. Learning Goals and Targets……………………………………………….……... 8 IV. Common Competencies….………………………………………….……………. A. Know………………………………………………………………………… 9 B. Process………………………………………………………………… 18 & 73 C. Understand………...………………………………………………... 19 & 77 D. Transfer.…………………………...…………………………………….... 79 V. Summary…………………………………………………………...……………... 87 VI. Glossary……………………………………..……………………...……………… 11 VII. References…………………………………………………………...……………... 11


I. INTRODUCTION

Welcome to the world of Electrical Installation and Maintenance! This Module is an exploratory course which leads you to Electrical Installation and Maintenance National Certificate Level II (NC II). It covers 5 common competencies that a Grade 8 Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) student like you should possess, namely: 1) Prepare electrical supplies, materials, and tools; 2) Perform mensuration and calculations; 3) Interpret technical drawings and plans; 4) Maintain tools and equipment; and 5) Practice occupational health and safety. Imagine yourself living without electricity. Think of the things you won’t be able to do without it. What are the things that will not be useful without electricity? Without electricity, you won’t be able to watch TV, use a computer, communicate using a telephone, listen to the radio or have bright lights in dark places. You wouldn’t be able to do so many things you want to do. Electricity has been so useful and important to us, however, it is dangerous when not handled properly. Changing busted fuses, replacing incandescent lamps, and installing buzzers and other alarm devices are simple tasks. Yet, there were times when you wanted to do these electrical repairs you felt that you lacked the skills needed for the job. If you have the talent in performing electrical repairs and servicing, you can transform that talent into a competency or skill even without formal training, simply by taking this course. Your success in this exploratory course on Electrical Installation and Maintenance is shown in your ability to perform the required activities in this module.

II. OBJECTIVES

At the end of this module, you, as learner, are expected to gain the following competencies:

1. exhibit working knowledge of the fundamental principles and theories of electricity;

2. develop skills in the use of various electrical measuring instruments, tools, materials and equipment;

3. apply knowledge in repairing and troubleshooting wiring connections, fixtures and other current – consuming devices;

4. enhance awareness and observe safety precautions in the use of instruments and in performing wiring procedures and practices.


1. Do you know me?

Directions: Read the statement carefully and identify what is being described or defined. Choose your answer from the words inside the box.

Long Nose Pliers Circuit Breaker Hammer Electrician’s Knife Utility box Portable Electric Drill Fuse Philips Screw Driver Junction Box Wire Stripper Connectors Male Plug Stubby Screw Driver Combination Pliers Conduits

______________1. It is used for gripping, holding, cutting electrical wires and cables and

even small nails. Usually used by linemen in doing heavy tasks.

______________2. It is used for cutting and holding fine wires. This can reach tight space

or small opening where other pliers cannot reach and also used in

making terminal loops of copper wires.

______________3. It has a cross tip resembling a positive (+) sign. It is used to drive

screws with cross slot heads.

______________4. It is a tool used in driving or pounding and pulling out nails.

______________5. A tool used for removing insulation of medium sized wires ranging from

gauge #10 to gauge #16.

______________6. It is a small drilling machine with a chuck capacity of ¼ inches to 3/8

inches. It is used in making holes on metal sheets and concrete walls.

______________7. It comes in either Standard or Philips screw driver with short shank or

blade and short handle used to turn screws in tight space where

standard screw driver cannot be used.

______________8. It is used by linemen to remove insulation of wire and cables in low and

high voltage transmission lines.

______________9. It Is a device inserted to a convenience outlet to conduct electric

current. A flat cord is attached to it on one end and the other end is

to a current consuming instrument or appliance.

______________10. It is a circuit protective device that automatically blows and cut the

current when an over load or short circuit happens.

______________11. It is a rectangular shaped metallic or plastic (PVC) material in which

flush type convenience outlet and switch are attached.

______________12. These are electrical materials used as the passage of wires for

protection and insulation.

______________13. These are used to attach metallic or non-metallic conduit to the

junction or utility boxes.

______________14. It is a protective device used to automatically cut off the current

when trouble in the circuit such as short circuit or over load occurs.

______________15. It is an octagonal shaped electrical material where the connections or

joints of wires are being done. It is also where the flush type lamp

holder is attached.


2. Find Me to your Home

Directions: The pictures below are common electrical gadgets. Select the

gadgets that are currently used in your own house. Write your answers on

your notebook.

Continuity Tester Lamp Shade

Extension Cord Rechargeable Lamp

Water Heater Cellular Phone Charger


3. Do you have this?

Directions: The following items listed below are basic knowledge and skills

needed in the production of basic electrical gadgets. Use the format

below. Write the answers in your note book.

assembling extension cord, lamp shade, water heater and continuity tester &

test light

electrical safety measures

project plan

simple circuit assembly

soldering techniques

tools, materials and equipment used in electrical works tying underwriter’s knot

4. Multiple Choices Directions: Each item consists of four choices, choose the appropriate answer and write the letter of your answer on your notebook.

1. Which of the following element of electric circuit serves as current consuming device?

a) Control (switch) c) Path (wire conductor) b) Source (battery) d) Load (lamp)

2. There are four possible conditions in electric circuit, which is considered the

most dangerous because it might cause fire? a) Short Circuit c) Grounded Circuit b) Closed Circuit d) Open Circuit

3. Suppose you want to check the continuity of the flat cord, what particular part

of test light and continuity tester indicates the condition of the cord? a) Neon Lamp c) LED’S b) Toggle Switch d) Battery

4. A Water heater is one of the basic electric gadgets in this module, which is

not an application of this gadget? a) Cooling c) Cooking b) Heating d) Sterilizing

5. You encountered difficulties in driving screws in tight location which is the

appropriate driving tools for the job? a) Standard/ Flat Screw Driver c) Allen Wrench b) Stubby Screw Driver d) Philip Screw Driver


6. What part of the project plan includes selling cost of the project? a) Purpose c) Materials Needed b) Sketch/Drawing d) Procedures

7. An electrical material used to turn ON or turn OFF the circuit conveniently.

a) Switch c) Convenience Outlet b) Lamp Holder d) Male plug

8. One of the steps in extension cord assembly is tying process of wire

conductor, what is the appropriate knot or tie? a) Lock Knot c) Western Union Long Tie b) Underwriter’s Knot d) Western Union Short Tie

9. What is the appropriate size of flat cord if the total power rating of the

appliances to be connected to extension cord is 1,600 watts? a) # 12 c) # 16 b) # 14 d) # 18

10. An electrical tool used for removing wire insulator from gauge #10 to gauge

#16. a) Long Nose Pliers c) Combination Pliers b) Wire Stripper d) Knife

11. Which of the following items is not the function of a lampshade?

a. Direct or focus the light in desired direction b. Cover the lamp hardware for better appearance c. Cover the surface of the entire room d. Reduce the glare of the light source

12. An electrical tool used to drive screws with hexagonal slot head.

a) Allen Wrench c) Long Nose Pliers b) Philip Screw Driver d) Side Cutting pliers

13. A type of electrical circuit used in Christmas light.

a) Series Circuit c) Complex Circuit b) Parallel Circuit d) Simple Circuit

14. Which of the electrical appliances has the highest power rating?

a) Radio c) Electric Fan b) Television d) Flat Iron

15. It is an alloy or mixture of tin and lead used for soldering electrical joints. a) Sponge c) Soldering Iron b) Soldering Lead d) Nipple


III. LEARNING GOALS AND TARGETS:

Now that you have an idea of the coverage of this module, set your learning goal in terms of what you want to attain at the end of your lessons in Electrical Installation and Maintenance. Next, specify this in terms of the following: Goal: ____________________________________________ Targets: a. What I want to know: _________________________

b. What I want to be able to do: ___________________ c. What I want to understand: _____________________ d. What I want to produce or understand: _____________

start writing your own learning goals/targets on your notebook based on the stated

objectives.


IV. Common Competencies

A. KNOW

1. Assembly of Extension Cord Electrical gadgets are products of modern technology to make our lives better. The number of electrical gadgets available at home and offices may exceed the existing convenience outlet installed in every room. The best remedy to address the insufficiency of available outlet is to use an extension cord especially if the electrical gadgets need to operate at the same time. Extension cords come in several varieties to suit the needs of the user. One of the most important considerations is the power handling capacity to make it safe and functional. Some of the available extension cords in the market do not have the Product Standard (PS) or Import Commodity Clearance (ICC) markings. They are sub-standard; this may cause over loading and in worst case, may result in fire. PS or ICC marks are markings approved by the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) for quality products. PS marks are for locally made products while ICC marks are for imported products. So, to be safe make sure you buy the extension cords with PS or ICC marks. To be practical, every household should have at least two or more

extension cords at home. The prices of the quality extension cords available in the

market are quite high, production of quality assembled extension cord will be a good

business opportunity for you. Quality assembled extension cord will be possible

even with the beginner, provided proper specifications of materials are strictly

followed.

Sample pictures of extension cord that you can produce

Picture A Picture B Picture C


An extension cord is a span of flexible electrical power cable with a plug on one end and multiple sockets on the other end. The size of the cord depends upon the specifications of the load or electrical gadgets to be used. The thicker the cord used, the higher the power capacity. Heavy duty extension cords are well insulated and fitted to outdoor use. It can withstand the heat of sunlight and also safe to use in damp places.

An extension reel is an extension lead that rolls up, usually into the socket

end. These are the extension cords available in the market.


2. Electrical Tools and Materials used in Assembling Basic Electrical Gadgets Electrical tasks can be accomplished systematically to save time, effort and resources. Most of the work cannot be done using our bare hands. To do the task, electrical tools are needed as aids in performing the task. This lesson will tackle the function/use of each tool and material used in assembling basic electrical gadgets. The following electrical tools are needed in the assembly of basic electrical gadgets. They are classified according their uses and functions: Screw Drivers- These are made of tool steel hardened and tempered at the tip. They are used to loosen or tighten screws with slotted heads and come in various sizes and shapes.

Pictures of the types of screw drivers and sample screws with different slots of the heads

Standard/Flat Screw Driver- The blade tip is wedge shaped and resembles a negative (-) sign. This is used to drive screws with a single slot head.

Standard screw driver and proper usage


Philips Screw Driver- This has a cross tip resembling a positive (+) sign. This is used to drive screws with cross slot heads.

Stubby screw driver and proper handling

Allen Screw Driver/Wrench- This could be in the shape of screw driver or a wrench, its function is to drive a screw with hexagonal slot head.

Allen screw driver and wrench

Pliers are made out of metal with insulators in the handle. Used for cutting, twisting, bending, holding and gripping wires and cables.

Pictures of the set of pliers used in basic electrical gadgets Assembly


Combination Pliers (Lineman’s Pliers)- This is used to grip, hold, cut electrical wires and cables and even small nails. Usually used by linemen in doing heavy tasks.

Combination pliers and blowup view

Side Cutting Pliers- This type of pliers is used for cutting fine, medium and big wires and cables.

Side cutting pliers and proper use

Long Nose Pliers- Used for cutting and holding fine wires. This can reach tight spaces or small openings where other pliers cannot reach and also used in making terminal loops of copper wires.


Long nose pliers, used in making loops and inserting loops to the screw

Wire Stripper is a tool used for removing insulation of medium sized wires ranging from gauge #10 to gauge #16.

Wire stripper and proper use

The following are electrical devices and materials used in the assembly of basic electrical gadgets such as extension cord, lamp shade, etc. These are developed and constructed for a special purpose such as to:

Control the flow of current in an electrical circuit Carry electrical current from the source to the load or current

consuming apparatus Hold and secure wires to its fixtures inside and outside houses

and buildings Protect the houses, buildings, appliances and instruments from

any destruction and damage. These devices and materials are intended just to carry, hold, secure and

protect but not to utilize electric current. The following are the most commonly used

electrical devices and materials:


Convenience Outlet- is a device that acts as a convenient source of electrical energy for current consuming appliances. It is where the male plug of an appliance is inserted and usually fastened on the wall or connected in an extension cord. It maybe single, duplex, triplex or multiplex and could be surface type or flush type.

Sample pictures of duplex, triplex and quadruplex convenience outlets

Male Plug- is a device inserted to a convenience outlet to conduct electric current. A flat cord is attached to it on one end and the other end is connected to a current consuming instrument or appliance.

Lamp Holder is a device that holds and protects the lamp and is also called as “Lamp Socket/Receptacle”. These come in many designs and sizes. They are classified as flush, hanging (weather proof/chain) and surface types.

Surface type Weather proof type


Switch- is a device that connects and disconnects the flow of electric current in a circuit. There are many shapes, designs and types and are classified as hanging, flush and surface types.

Junction Box is an octagonal shaped electrical material where the connections or joints of wire are being done. It is also where the flush type lamp holder is attached. This could be made of metal or plastic (PVC) Polyvinylchloride.

PVC Junction Box Metal Junction Box • Utility Box is a rectangular shaped metallic or plastic (PVC) material where flush type convenience outlets and switches are attached.


Flat Cord- Is a duplex stranded wire used for temporary wiring installation and commonly used in extension cord assembly. It comes in a role of 150 meters and with sizes of gauge # 18 and gauge # 16 awg (American wire gauge).

Electrical Wire/Conductor- This electrical material could be: a. Stranded wire is made of multiple strands joined together to make a single wire. b. Solid wire is made of a single strand of copper or aluminum wire. These are used in wiring installation inside and outside the buildings.


B. PROCESS:

Activity 1 Based on the sample pictures of extension cords, can you cite the

differences and similarities between the extension cords that can be produced by

you from the sample extension cord available in the market? Use the table as your

reference. Write your answer on your notebook.

Extension Cord that you

can produce

Extension Cord

Available in the Market

Differences Similarities Differences

Directions for proper use of Extension Cord

• Completely extend the cord before using.

• Insert fully the plug to the convenience outlet.

• Use within the electrical rating mark on the extension cord set.

• Do not plug more than the total of 1,250 watts for #18 flat cord and 1,625 watts for #16 flat cords.

• Cover unused outlets.

• Never place extension cord under the rugs.

• Do not use damaged extension cords. Inspect periodically.

• Unplug when not in use.

• Unplug by holding and pulling the male plug not the wire.

• Keep away from children.

• Do not store in wet or damp place.

• Use indoors only. Reminder Please make it a habit to always check the watts marked on the appliance found in the instructions manual or on the package. Add the watts for each of the plug-in


appliance or load to determine the total watts being used for a particular extension cord.

C. UNDERSTAND

Activity 1 Using an actual extension cord, demonstrate the proper way of using it. The demonstration should be done in front of the teacher.

SAMPLE GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF APPLIANCE

POWER CONSUMPTION TABLE NAME OF APPLIANCES

Suggested Activity 2: Based on the graph, determine the name of appliance with the lowest power consumption and the appliance with the highest power consumption. Specify the power rating; write the answer on your notebook. ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________


Suggested Activity 3: Based on the sample power consumption table, list down some possible combinations of appliances that can be plug-in to a #18 flat cord.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

You are now familiar with the different extension cords; commercial and

assembled together with the application and limitation of it. Prior to actual assembly we

need to know the electrical tools and materials. Let us move on to be acquainted with

them.

Suggested Activity 4: Directions: Given are the set of activities and the corresponding picture. Perform them using the appropriate tools and materials. Your performance will be graded using the following criteria: • Accuracy • Workmanship

• Proper handling of tools

• Speed


Activity

Images of the Activity

1. Tighten and loosen screws of

different head slots using different

types of screw drivers.

2. Cut different sizes of wires using

side cutting and long nose pliers.

3. Practice removing insulators using

side cutting and long nose pliers.

4. Use a wire stripper to remove wire

insulators of different sizes of wires

(solid/stranded).


5. Using long nose pliers practice

making terminal loops.

6. Practice inserting the loop to the

screw and tighten it to the convenience

outlet.

Reminders

• Never tease your classmates while working.

• Use the right tools for a specific task.

• Do not use tools with a broken insulator in the handle to avoid accidents.

• Work with your heart and always focus on your work.

• Always think that you’re working with a live wire.


Suggested Activity 5: Directions: Answer the following questions. • How do you find the activities? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. • What particular activity did you enjoy the most? Why? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________.

• Which activity do you find difficult? Why? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. • What activity can you now confidently do? Why? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Tools and materials are needed in actual assembly of extension cord. To make the assembly successful, you need to learn and follow the standard requirements. Another thing to be considered to produce quality and marketable extension cord is to use underwriter’s knot which is the next topic.


3. Tying the underwriter’s Knot Underwriter’s knot is one of the skills needed in the assembly of an

extension cord and lamp shade. It is neither a joint nor a splice but a KNOT that is made

in extension cords and lamp cords. Its purpose is to relieve the strain on small wires of

the cord and binding screws of convenience outlets, bulb sockets and male plugs.

For you to make a quality and safe output you have to strictly follow the

given procedure in making an underwriter’s knot. The process is detailed and visualized

below:

Picture of underwriter’s knot 25


Procedures in Tying the Underwriter’s Knot:

Split the end of the flat cord about 8 centimeters long then bend the left strand of the cord and place it at the back of the main cord following the arrow as shown in figure 1.

Insert the right strand cord inside the loop made by left strand cord following the arrow as shown in figure 4.

Bend the right strand of the cord and place it at the back of the left strand following the arrow as shown in figure 2 .

Pull both strands of the flat cord to tighten the knot as shown in the picture below.

Pull the right strand of cord and place it over the main cord following the arrow as shown in figure 3.


Pictures below show some uses of Underwriter’s Knot.

Suggested Activity 6: Directions: Perform the tying of underwriter’s knot using the materials and tools given below and following the procedure. Your performance will be rated based on the following criteria: • Accuracy

• Correct usage of tools

• Safety work habits

• Speed Materials: • ½ meter Flat cord gauge # 18

• 1 pc. Hanging lamp holder or surface type convenience outlet

• 1 pc. Male plug


Tools: • Side cutting pliers

• Ruler

• Wire stripper/electrician’s knife Procedures: • Insert one end of the flat cord to the plug.

• Perform the tying of underwriter’s knot following the procedure.

• Insert the other end of the flat cord to the hanging lamp holder then perform the same procedure. • If you’re using a surface type convenience outlet apply the same procedure in tying an underwriter’s knot and then remove the cover of the convenience outlet and insert the flat cord. Make sure it is anchored against the cover.

Now you’re thru with the underwriter’s knot features, advantages and application.

To make the project work as expected it should be done with a plan. Proceed to the

next lesson which is preparing a project plan.

4. Preparing a Project Plan You might be wondering why there are several projects which are not completed. Well, there are several reasons why this happens. It might be out of budget constraints or perhaps the project was not properly planned. A plan is essential before undertaking any project because it serves as your guide in accomplishing an activity. It will give you an idea on what is to be done, how much to spend and what procedures to undertake. A well prepared project plan saves time and cost of materials. Below is a sample project plan of an extension cord. This format can also be used in preparing a plan for other projects in the future.


Sample Project Plan Name of Student:____________________________ Year & Section:______________ Date Started: _______________ Date Finished: ______________ I - Name of Project: Extension Cord Assembly II- Purpose:

• to acquire knowledge and develop skills on how to assemble an extension cord, • assemble a quality and marketable extension cord, • observe safety measures while doing the project.

III- Sketch/Drawing:

IV- Materials Needed:


Sample Pictures of Materials needed

V- Tools and Equipment Needed:

-tester VI- Procedure in assembling an extension cord:

1. Prepare the plan. 2. Gather all necessary materials, tools and equipment needed. 3. Insert cord into the male plug, split the cord wires about 8 centimetres long. 4. Remove insulation of both wires 1 centimeter long with a pocket knife as if

sharpening a pencil. Be careful not to cut any strand. 5. Scrape bare wire with the back of the knife until shiny. Twist the wire stands. 6. Tie the underwriter’s knot. 7. Make a loop on terminal wires and connect the wires to the screw of the male

plug. The loop should go with the thread clockwise direction. 8. Split the cord wires at the other end about 4 centimetres long, then follow

procedure no. 4.


9. Connect the wires to the connectors. 10. Open the convenience outlet then remove the screw. 11. Insert the wire connectors to the screws, tighten it and return the cover. 12. Check the continuity and test the extension cord.

VII- Criteria for Assessment:

Criteria 5 Points 3 Points 1 Point

Functionality Extension

cord

was100%

functional.

Extension

cord was

functional but

intermittent.

Extension

cord was not

functional.

Quality Terminal

wires were

properly

twisted and

secured.

Output is

presentable.

Terminal

wires were

not properly

twisted and

secured.

Output is not

presentable.

Terminal

wires were

loose, output

is not

presentable.

Method Followed the

given step

from start to

finish. Using

appropriate

tools for each

task.

Followed the

given step.

Noted once

incorrect

usage of

tools.

Followed the

given step.

Noted more

once

incorrect

usage of

tools.

Safety No injury

happened

while doing

task.

Noticed one

incidence of

injury while

doing the

task.

Noticed

more than

one

incidence of

injury.

Time

Management

Finished the

given task

within 20

minutes.

Finished the

given task

within 21-30

minutes.

Unable to

finish the

given task.


VIII- Remarks: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Suggested Activity 7:

Directions: In your own opinion, is a project plan important in assuring quality,

profitability and marketability of extension cord? Why?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Suggested Activity 8: Directions: Prepare a project plan for a quality and marketable extension cord. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Always bear in mind the importance of a well-prepared project plan. Did you

perform well in lesson 1? Well, you will find more enjoyment in lesson 2 because of the

attractive features of lamp shade.


5. Assembly of Lamp Shade There are times when fixed lightings within a room particularly if the light source is visible can contribute to make our eyes tired. This can trigger headaches and may affect our concentration. One solution is to use a lamp shade to diffuse the glare or strong intensity of the light source. It can also improve the appearance of the room. It has three major functions namely: • It softens the light from a light bulb or other light source and reduces the glare.

• It covers the lamp hardware for better appearance.

• It serves to focus or direct the light from a lamp in a desired direction.

There are different types of lampshades as to its function and mounting such as:

wall, floor, hanging, and table top lampshade. The most common type of lampshade is

the table top. It is usually made of a wire frame covered with fabric, sea shell, plastic or

paper. The shape may be cylindrical, conical or square.

How to measure the shade

• Make a pattern using cartolina or Manila paper.

• Put a mark for the specific desired measurement.


• With the use of compass make a half circle following the marking of the exact measurements. (2 ¼” and 6”)

• Cut the pattern. Take note of the allowance for over lapping.

• Then fold the pattern in a cylindrical form.

Suggested materials needed for the assembly of lamp shade: 1 pc Incandescent Bulb/ Compact Fluorescent lamp (CFL) 5-10 watts 1 pc Bulb Socket 1 pc Single Pole Switch 1 pc PVC pipe or other pipes (1 foot long and ½ diameter)


1 pc Male Plug 2 meters Flat Cord #18awg 1 pc Lamp Shade Base out of recycled materials (plastic container, bottle, flower base, etc.) 1 pc Shade (out of any available materials in the community such as: fabric, sea shell, abaca fiber, plastic or paper ) Any decorating material such as: pebbles, beads, sequence, etc…

Procedures for the assembly of lamp shade:

• Secure all the materials needed.

• Prepare the tools and instruments needed.

• Analyze the wiring diagram.

• Mount the bulb socket at one end of the pipe.

• Insert the flat cord along the pipe and connect it to the bulb socket.(do the underwriter’s knot)

• Bore appropriate hole for the base of the lamp shade.

• Insert the other end of the wire to the hole.

• Install the switch somewhere in the middle of the flat cord.

• Install the male plug at the end of the wire. (don’t forget do the underwriter’s knot)


• Position the pipe at the center of the base.

• Place the pebbles inside the container so that the pipe can stand alone

• Make the frame or skeleton of the lamp shade using the wire considering the dimensions of the shade.

• Put decorating materials like beads, sequence, glitters and other materials available to enhance the physical appearance.

• Insert the shade at the frame after connecting the lamp to the socket.

• Apply voltage to the lamp shade and observe performance.

• Troubleshoot the circuit if necessary.

Reminder It's very important to choose the right size of lampshade. Light bulbs emit a lot of

heat. A paper or fabric lampshade that is too close to the light bulb can become a fire

hazard. Likewise, cylindrical lampshades should always have enough clearance and

venting to allow heat to escape. Never cover the top of a lampshade with a scarf or

other fabric, as this can cause a fire.

Suggested Activity 9: Directions: Discuss the three major functions of the lampshades. ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Suggested Activity 10:

Directions: Among the different types of lampshades what do you think is the most practical and convenient to use? Why? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________


6. Common Electrical Symbols Electrical Symbols are small drawings or icons, used to signify various electrical devices in a diagram or plan of an electrical circuit. Electrical devices, materials and even instruments can be represented by means of standard electrical symbols. Analysis and interpretation of electrical diagrams will not be possible if you are not familiar with these symbols. These symbols are very useful in electrical circuit assembly, installation, trouble shooting and servicing. The following are common electrical symbols used in a wiring plan and diagram.


Suggested Activity 11: Why is it important to study the common electrical symbols? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________


Suggested Activity 12: Draw and label the electrical symbols that you know.

Symbol Description Symbol Description


7. Electrical Circuit An electrical circuit is simply a continuous path for current to flow. A simple electric circuit consists of four important elements the source, path, load and control. ► Source (power supply) – the force or energy to provide electric current along the circuit. This can be classified as:

AC Voltage source - comes from AC generator and Power Company the current is bidirectional DC Voltage source – comes from dry cell, wet cell, battery and DC power supply the current is unidirectional

► Paths or lines – source are the conducting path where the current flows ► Load (Current Consuming device)- it could be a bulb or any electrical appliance. ► Control (switch) – this is used to turn ON or turn OFF electrical circuit

conveniently. An electrical circuit can be presented in two different ways one is through a pictorial diagram and the other is through a schematic diagram. A Pictorial Diagram is a sketch of electrical circuit that shows the external

appearance of each component. It is much like a photograph of the circuit and uses

simple images of parts.


A Schematic Diagram is a sketch showing the components of the circuit using

standard electrical symbols. It shows the actual number of components, how the wiring

is routed but not the actual location.

Types of Circuit

Simple Circuit-is a wiring circuit which has a single load, switch and a source that could be either direct current or alternating current. This is the circuit used in lampshade assembly.


Series Circuit - is a type of circuit wherein loads or current consuming devices are arranged like a chain, there is only one path, and therefore the current is constant or the same in any part of the circuit. If one bulb or load becomes defective, all the rest will not operate like in the case of Christmas lights.


Parallel Circuit- is a type of circuit where the loads such as bulbs are connected across the power source. Each bulb receives the same amount of voltage. If one bulb becomes busted, the remaining bulbs will not be affected. This is the most common electrical circuit used in household and offices.

Electrical Circuit Defects


Shorted circuit – this condition happens if line 1 gets in contact

with line 2 wherein the current did not flow along any load or

current consuming device. The result is excessive or high current

and high temperature that can cause tripping off circuit breaker

and blown fuse. In worse cases it can cause fire damage to life

properties


Suggested Activity 13: Directions: The table below shows two common types of electrical circuit. Write their

advantages and disadvantages under each corresponding column.

Suggested Activity 14: Based on your answer in the previous activity between series and parallel circuits, which is more advantageous to use? Why? _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Suggested Activity 15: Draw the schematic diagram of the circuit used in the assembly of a Lamp shade.


Suggested Activity 16: Directions: As a student, how will you contribute to avoid circuit defects from

happening in your own house? Use the graphic organizer below as reference. The

answer should be written on your notebooks.

Suggested Activity 17: Based on the suggested materials and procedures given, prepare a project plan for

making a quality and marketable lampshade. You can also use other materials that are

abundant and available in your community.


8. Assembly of Water Heater Human activities are directly affected by existing climate. If the weather is cold routine activities like taking a bath in the early morning becomes a problem. You need to keep water lukewarm to finish your routine on time. One of the appropriate solutions is to use a water heater. This is a basic electrical gadget which is handy and user friendly. This is used for boiling, sterilizing and cooking. It is readily available in the market today. They come in different forms, shapes, designs and models that would fit the type of water to be boiled or heated. For example:

• Soft water- is well filtered and chlorinated. It does not contain minerals and impurities. This water is supplied by the local water district like NAWASA.

• Hard water- is water with light and heavy mineral content. This type of water comes from the deep well.

Note: Always refer to the instructions/manual available in the package before using the

gadget to determine its appropriate use.


Uses of Water Heater 1. For Boiling, Cooking and Heating (Immerse the water heater completely)

• Sterilizing feeding bottles, kitchen

utensils and surgical/medical instruments.

• Boiling water in pitcher for coffee

and tea

• Heating water in a pail for bathing.

• Boiling water in a kettle.

• Cooking Siopao or Siomai in a

steamer

• Cooking eggs and corn


2. For Steaming (Immerse the water heater at about ½ to ¾ in order to produce more steam)

• Steaming for rheumatic treatment.

• Outdoor steam bathing

• Facial treatment in beauty shop

• Steaming for vapor inhaling.

• Steaming for hot towel.


Directions on how to use the water heater Note: To the users, you should strictly follow the directions to avoid accident.

• First, insert the plug to 110 or 220 volts AC outlet, then dip the water heater gradually into the water. No need to use a transformer. (Do not dip the water heater before plugging to avoid sparks in the plug and outlet).

• Never touch the water while heating is in progress especially if you are barefooted. (You might be grounded)

• After using, lift the water heater from the water to drain then unplug. (Do not unplug while the water heater is still dipped on the water to avoid spark).

• Allow the water heater to dry first before keeping it in a safe place. Activity 18. Assembling a Water Heater Note: Assembly of water heater is optional depending on the availability of

materials in your locality. Materials Needed: o 1 piece Male Plug

o 1 piece Heating Element (any design/form)

o 1 set Plastic/rubber insulator (use as handle)

o 1 set Bolt and nut

o 1 set Metal strip

o 2 meters Flat cord #18


Materials for water heater assembly Tools Needed:

Soldering iron/gun

Long nose pliers

Screw driver

Pocket knife/any substitute Procedure:

Prepare the plan

Gather the tools and materials needed.

Insert cord into the plug. Separate the cord wires about 8 centimeters long. Remove insulation of both wires 1 centimeter long with a pocket knife as if sharpening a pencil. Be careful not to cut any strand.

Tie using an underwriter’s knot.

Make a loop on terminal wires and connect the wires to the screw of the male plug. The loop should go with the thread of the screw in clockwise direction.

Separate the cord at the other end about 4 centimeters long. Remove the insulation of both wires 1 centimeter long. Scrape bare wire. Twist the wire strands and solder it to the terminals of the heating element.

Cover the soldered part with the handle and close it with the use of bolt and nut.

Check the connections and test the water heater.

Sample Rubrics


Functionality Water heater

functioned.

Water heater

functioned but

intermittent.

Water heater

failed to

function.

Quality Terminals were

properly

soldered and

secured. Output

is presentable.

Terminals

were not

properly

soldered and

secured.

Output is not

presentable.

Terminals

wereloosely

soldered.

Output is not

presentable.


Method Followed the

given procedure

from start to

finish.

Observed

correct usage of

tools.

Followed the

given

procedure.

Noted using

incorrect tools

once.

Followed the

given

procedure.

Noted using

incorrect

tools more

than once.

Speed Finished the

work on/before

the given time.

Finished the

work after the

given time.

Unable to

finish the

work.

RATING SCALE:

Points Earned Numerical Descriptive 1 7 - 20 91 - 100 Outstanding 13 – 16 86 - 90 Very Good 9 – 12 81 – 85 Good 5 – 8 76 – 80 Fair 1 – 4 71 – 75 Needs Improvement Suggested Activity 19 Discuss the importance of water heatesr in our daily activity and how they are properly used. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Suggested Activity 20 Based on the given materials and procedures prepare a project plan on the assembly of a quality and marketable water heater.


9. Soldering Techniques As an electrical technology student, you must remember that the normal operation of an electrical circuit depends on how an electrician performs the proper circuit connections. Loose connections will result to abnormal or intermittent operation. Soldering is one of the effective solutions needed in the assembly and repair of electrical gadgets. You need to learn and practice proper techniques in soldering to attain good soldered joints. In performing this process, you will need a soldering iron or soldering gun and soldering lead. The soldering lead is an alloy or mixture of tin and lead with a ratio of 60 percent tin and 40 percent lead. A hardened melted solder becomes permanent and durable electrical wire connections. The connection can withstand strong vibrations and movements. Soldering tools are readily available in the market. They are classified according to wattages rating, shape and size of the tips.

The following are the tools and materials used in soldering techniques.

• Soldering Iron- is a tool used to apply heat to the metal joint and to melt the solder/soldering lead to make a permanent joint. Its wattage ratings vary from 30 watts, 45 watts, 60 watts and 75 watts.


• Soldering Gun- a soldering tool that has a fast heating tip applicable for heavy

duty applications. The contour shape is similar to that of a hand gun with a trigger that serves as the switch. The wattage rating of this tool varies from 60 to 100 watts.


• Soldering Stand- is used to hold the soldering iron when not in use or at rest. It keeps the hot soldering tip away from any object to avoid burning.

• Soldering Lead/Solder- is an alloy that is a mixture of tin and lead. This is

usually made in hollow form with center hole filled with rosin flux. The rosin flux makes the solder melt quickly and cleans the joints being soldered.


• Sponge- is a damp cloth used for cleaning the tip of soldering iron or gun and also used for wiping excess lead on the tip of the soldering iron.

Soldering Techniques

• Remove the insulator of the wire

you want to connect together.

• Twist the strands of wire to be

soldered so that it becomes one and it will be easy to solder.

• Cross the twisted ends of the

wires to be soldered.

• Starting at the cross section, twist the wires together around themselves.


Reminders

• Clean the tip of the soldering iron gun regularly. • Tin the tip of soldering iron. • Maintain the pointed tip of soldering iron and reshape it, if necessary. • Apply the right amount of solder on the preheated metallic surface and not

directly to the tip of the soldering iron. • Let the melted solder flow freely around the joint surface. • Solder the joint as quick as possible to avoid extreme heat on the components. • Reheat the cold soldered joint. • Use a soldering stand to avoid the tip to get in contact with combustible materials

or your skin. • Hold the excess terminal lead while cutting to prevent being hit by flying excess

terminal wires.

Suggested Activity 21

Directions: Using actual soldering iron and soldering gun compare the features and characteristics of the two soldering tools.


Based on the results of the previous activity, which do you prefer to use? Why? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

Suggested Activity 22 Directions: Perform the soldering techniques using the following:

Materials:

1 meter Solid wire #22 awg

½ meter Soldering lead

¼ sheet Pad paper

Tools:

Soldering Iron (30 watts)

Long Nose Pliers

Side Cutting Pliers

Soldering Stand

Procedure in Soldering:

Clean the tip of the soldering iron or gun using sand paper, file or knife.

Remove the insulator of the wire.

Clean the bare wire conductor using sand paper.

Divide the wire into ten (10) equal lengths.

Arrange the wire on ¼ sheet of paper. (The illustration below will be your reference.)

Connect the plug of the soldering iron to the power source.

After two to three minutes tin the tip of soldering with the soldering lead.

Heat the intersection of wires for few seconds.


• Apply appropriate amount of soldering lead on the free heated surface of the wire and not directly to the tip of the soldering iron.

Allow the melted solder to flow evenly around the joint surface.

Remove the tip of soldering iron and allow it to cool naturally.

Check the soldered joints it should be smooth and shiny.

Reheat the joints if necessary to avoid cold soldered joints.

Finish all intersection following the same procedures.

You have to solder all wire intersections Note: Your output will be judged using the given Criteria: • Quality

• Distance

• Speed


Sample Rubrics


Quality All solders

were

smooth,

shiny and

with no

sharp

edges.

One to three

solders

were not

smooth,

shiny and

have sharp

edges.

Four or

more

solders

were not

smooth,

shiny and

have sharp

edges.

Distance All squares

were equal.

One to three

squares

were not

equal.

Four or

more

squares

were not

equal.

Speed Finished the

task before

the given

time.

Finished the

task after

the given

time.

Unable to

finish the

task.


10. Assembly of Continuity Tester and Test Light Continuity Tester and Test Light is a simple electrical gadget which is very useful in checking and monitoring electrical circuit conditions. This is a two in one gadget which has a toggle switch to indicate the particular mode.

A Test Light is used to check the presence of power within the circuit. The Neon lamp which serves as the power indicator glows or produces light if the circuit being tested has power. Electric current in a single line can also be detected using this gadget.

A Continuity Tester is used to check the continuity of conductor, switch, fuse and other electrical devices. This can also be used to check the line cord of electrical appliances such as; flat iron, electric stove, bread toaster, electrical fan, and many more. It has light emitting diodes (LED) that serve as an indicator. If the LED lights, the wire or conductor tested has continuity.

Pictures of Continuity Tester and Test Light

Interior view of Continuity Tester and Test Light


The diagrams below show the schematic and pictorial views of the circuit. These

will help you become familiar with the circuits of a continuity tester and a test light. You

may use these in assembling your project.


Materials Needed in the Assembly of Continuity Tester and Test Light

1 piece Neon lamp 220 volts

1 piece Resistor 820 ohms ½ watt

1 piece Dry cell 9 volts DC

1 piece Toggle switch

1 piece Battery holder

3 pieces Light Emitting Diodes (LED) jumbo

1 meter Hook up wire #22 awg stranded

1 set Test Probe (black and red)

½ meter Soldering lead

1 piece Cassette casing or any other casing fitted for the project

Tools and Instruments Needed in the Assembly of Continuity Tester and Test Light

Soldering Iron

Long Nose Pliers

Side Cutting Pliers

Mini electric drill

DC Power Supply

Multi-Tester Procedures in Assembling Continuity Tester and Test Light

Secure all the materials needed to save time.

Check the condition of all components using multi-tester.

Analyze the wiring connections and orientation of parts to determine the proper position of parts.

Clean the electrodes or terminals of components to insure quality solder.

Bore appropriate holes for light emitting diodes, neon lamp and toggle switch.

Perform the wiring installations and solder the wiring connections.

Connect the battery holder.

Fix all parts and wirings on its casing.

Set the toggle switch to continuity tester mode (CTM).

Short the test probe, the LED’s should light which is a normal response of the continuity tester.

Set the toggle switch in opposite position or test light mode (TLM). To avoid the LED’s light to be busted.

Check the power of the convenience outlet, the neon lamp should light if it has power.


REMINDER

In assembling the continuity tester and test light, you must strictly follow the wiring diagrams because the light emitting diodes and battery have polarity. This means that there are positive and negative terminals that should not be interchanged.

Another thing is you must be extra careful in using the devices. You have to see to it that the toggle switch is in its correct mode. For example you want to check if the particular convenience outlet has power what you should do is to set the toggle switch to test light mode (TLM) to avoid damaging the gadget. This gadget is comparable to a multi- tester which is too delicate. Proper care and maintenance is necessary because this is a significant instrument that you will be using for the next quarters.

Suggested Activity 23 Directions: Discuss the importance of a continuity tester and test light in providing

quality and safe electrical servicing jobs.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

_________________________


Suggested Activity 24

Directions: Draw the schematic diagram of the continuity tester and test light circuit.

Suggested Activity 25 Directions: Based on the given diagram, materials and procedures prepare a project plan for a quality continuity tester and test light.

After firming up your understanding on the concept and underlying principles of

basic electrical device assembly, we will now proceed with its applications.


THE MULTITESTER The Multitester or multimeter is sometimes called the VOM (voltmeter, ohmmeter, milliammeter). It is the best instrument that can measure voltage, resistance and current. It is generally made of two types: the analog and the digital.

A. PARTS OF A MULTI TESTER


A. Proper care and maintenance of the multi tester

1. Read manual of instructions on how to operate the multi-tester. 2. In reading the amount of voltage, always start with the highest range to avoid

reading voltage higher than the tester setting. 3. Be sure that the tester is set to the correct range setting: resistance range when

measuring the ohm, voltage range when measuring voltage and ammeter range when measuring the value of electric current.

4. Always check the condition of its battery. Worn out batteries will damage the internal setting of the tester.

5. When the tester is not in used or will be stored, set the selector switch t 1000V or to OFF position.

6. Never drop the tester.


B. How to read the meter scale of the multi tester To read the resistance range of the multi-tester, the given table below will be used. The unit of measurement to be used to determine its resistance is ohm.


Activity 27: PARTS OF MULTITESTER DIRECTION. Given a Multi-\tester below, write the parts indicated by the arrow and give their functions.


B. PROCESS 1. Electrical Tools and Materials used in Assembling Basic Electrical Gadgets Aside from the screw drivers and flat cords mentioned earlier. Here are sophisticated tools and materials that could be used in assembling quality and marketable basic electrical gadgets. • Compact Screw Driver is a type of screw driver that can be manually operated or with the use of electrical energy. It could be with the use of dry cell or battery of dry cells-(DC) direct current or (AC) alternating current. It is automatically plug into a 220 volt supply of electrical energy or with a built in battery.

DC operated screw drivers AC operated screw driver

Flexible cord- is a round flexible conductor which is also used as an extension wire. This comes in a variety of sizes, colors and number of conductor inside the cord depending on desired wattages capacity and its purpose. The third wire is connected to the third terminal that is intended for grounding.

Pictures of two, three and more wire conductors inside a round flexible cord


Pictures of extension cords using round flexible cord

B. Water Heater Other portable water heaters available in the market are those permanently

installed in the bath rooms or hanged in outdoor places. Like the handy water heater for

coffee it has a heating element that serves as the heart of the unit. It has control

switches that regulate the temperature of water that comes out from the unit. Other

manufacturers produce water heaters that are installed indoors only inside the

bathrooms. This type of water heaters are commonly installed in residences,

apartments, hospitals, hotels, resorts and others buildings.

Portable water heater for bathing hanged on the fence outdoor


Suggested Activity 1:

Directions: Based on the pictures of water heaters, describe each in terms of features

and characteristics.

Suggested Activity 2: Directions: Visit nearby hardware stores, workshops and malls with electrical hardware

stores. Then observe, examine and take pictures of the different variety of extension

cords sold there. Show pictures and present your observation to the class.


Suggested Activity 3: Directions: Explore industries within your community to find out when and where these

sophisticated tools are used.


C. UNDERSTAND:

Activity 1 • Discuss the importance of assembling quality basic electrical gadgets as possible entrepreneurial activity. ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

• Given extension cords A, B and C, determine which one is innovative. Justify your answer.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


• On a scale of 1 to 5, what is your level of confidence in assembling basic electrical gadgets? Why? ______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

• Compare the features of extension cord A and B using the given criteria below.

• How would you feel if the extension cord you prepared was rejected by your teacher? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Self- assess your level of confidence in assembling a heavy duty extension cord.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


D. TRANSFER

Are you ready to demonstrate to others your gained knowledge and skills?

Perform the following activities:

Suggested Activity 1: Extension Cord Assembly Directions: Assemble an Innovative and Marketable Extension Cord based on the project plan you have prepared and follow step by step the procedures:

• Prepare the plan. • Gather all necessary materials, tools and equipment needed. • Insert cord into the male plug, split the cord wires about 8 centimeters long. • Remove insulation of both wires 1 centimeter long with a pocket knife as if

sharpening a pencil. Be careful not to cut any strand. • Scrape bare wire with the back of the knife until shiny. Twist the wire stands. • Tie the underwriter’s knot. • Make a loop on terminal wires and connect the wires to the screw of the male

plug. The loop should go with the thread clockwise direction. • Split the cord wires at the other end about 4 centimeters long, then follow

procedure no. 4. • Connect the wires to the connectors. • Open the convenience outlet then remove the screw. • Insert the wire connectors to the screws, tighten it and return the cover. • Check the continuity and test the extension cord.


Your performance and product will be judged by the following criteria:

y, innovativeness)

Note: Each of you will assemble at least three extension cords. See to it that you

did an innovation in the second and third extension cords.


Functionality Extension

cord/lamp

shade was

100%

functional.

Extension

cord/lamp

shade was

functional but

intermittent.

Extension

cord/lamp

shade was

not

functional.

Design Two or more

innovations

were made.

With only

one

innovation

made.

No innovation

made.

Quality Terminal

wires were

properly

twisted and

secured.

Output is

presentable.

Terminal

wires were

not properly

twisted and

secured.

Output is not

presentable

Terminal

wires were

loose. Output

is not

presentable.

Method Followed the

given step

from start to

finish using

appropriate

tools for each

task.

Followed the

given step.

Noted

incorrect

usage of

tools once.

Followed the

given step.

Noted

incorrect

usage of

tools more

than once.

Safety work

habits

No inquiry

happned

while doing

Noticed

incidence of

injury while

Noticed

incidence of

injury more


the task. doing task. than once.

Time

Management

Finished the

task on or

before the

given time.

Finished the

task after the

given task.

Unable to

fiish the given

task.

Suggested Activity 2: Lamp Shade Assembly

Directions: Assemble marketable lamp shade based on the project plan you have prepared and follow step by step procedures.

• Secure all the materials needed. • Prepare the tools and instruments needed. • Analyze the wiring diagram. • Mount the bulb socket at one end of the pipe. • Insert the flat cord along the pipe and connect it to the bulb socket.(do the

underwriter’s knot) • Bore appropriate hole for the base of the lamp shade. • Insert the other end of the wire to the hole. • Install the switch somewhere in the middle of the flat cord. • Install the male plug at the end of the wire. (don’t forget do the underwriter’s knot) • Position the pipe at the center of the base. • Place the pebbles inside the container so that the pipe can stand alone • Make the frame or skeleton of the lamp shade using the wire considering the

dimensions of the shade. • Put decorating materials like beads, sequence, glitters and other materials

available to enhance the physical appearance. • Insert the shade to the frame after connecting the lamp to the socket. • Apply voltage to the lamp shade and observe performance. • Troubleshoot the circuit if necessary. • Your performance and product will be judged by the following criteria:


o Functionality o Product design (creativity, innovativeness) o Quality (accuracy, workmanship) o Use of appropriate tools and materials o Observance of safety measure o Time management

Note: Please refer to the sample rubrics in activity 1.

Suggested Activity 3: Water Heater Assembly Directions: Assemble quality and marketable water heater based on the approved project plan. Steps below will serve as your guide.

• Prepare the plan • Gather the tools and materials needed. • Insert cord into the plug. Separate the cord wires about 8 centimeters long.

Remove insulation of both wires 1 centimeter long with a pocket knife as if sharpening a pencil. Be careful not to cut any strand.

• Tie the under writer’s knot. • Make a loop on terminal wires and connect the wires to the screw of the male

plug. The loop should go with the thread of the screw clockwise direction. • Separate the cord at the other end about 4 centimeters long. Remove the

insulation of both wires 1 centimeter long. Scrape bare wire. Twist the wire strands and solder it to the terminals of the heating element.

• Cover the soldered part with the handle and close it with the use of bolt and nut. • Check the connections and test the water heater.

Your Performance or product will be judged based on the following criteria:

• Functionality • Quality • Method • Speed

SAMPLE RUBRICS



Functionality Water heater

was functional.

Water heater

was functional

but

intermittent.

Water heater

was not

functional.


properly

soldered and

secured. Output

is presentable.

Terminals

were not

properly

soldered and

secured.

Output is not

presentable.

Terminals

were loosely

soldered.

Output is not

presentable.

Method Followed the

given procedure

from start to

finish.

Observed

correct usage of

tools.

Followed the

given

procedure.

Noted

incorrect

usage of tools

once.

Followed the

given

procedure.

Noted

incorrect

usage of

tools more

than once.

Speed Finished the

work on/before

the given time.

Finished the

work after the

given time.

Unable to

finish the

work.

RATING SCALE:

Points Earned Numerical Descriptive 1 7 - 20 91 - 100 Outstanding 13 – 16 86 - 90 Very Good 9 – 12 81 – 85 Good 5 – 8 76 – 80 Fair 1 – 4 71 – 75 Needs Improvement


Suggested Activity 4: Continuity Tester and Test Light Assembly Directions: Assemble quality continuity tester and test light based on the approved project plan. The steps below will serve as your guide.

• Secure all the materials needed. • Check all components using multi-tester. • Analyze the wiring connections and orientation of parts to determine the proper

position of parts. • Clean the electrodes or terminals of components. • Bore appropriate holes for light emitting diodes, neon lamp and toggle switch. • Perform the wiring installations and solder the wiring connections. • Connect the battery holder. • Fix all parts and wirings on its casing • Set the toggle switch to continuity tester mode (CTM). • Short the test probe, the LED’s should light which is normal response of

continuity tester. • Set the toggle switch in opposite position or test light mode (TLM). • Check the power of the convenience outlet, the neon lamp should light if it has

power.

Your Performance or product will be judged based on the following criteria:

• Functionality • Quality • Method • Speed

Sample Rubrics


Functionality Continuity

Tester and Test

Light was

functional.

Continuity

Tester and

Test Light was

functional but

intermittent.

Continuity

Tester an

Test Light

was not

functional.



properly

soldered and

secured. Output

is presentable.

Terminals

were not

properly

soldered and

secured.

Output is not

presentable.

Terminals

were loosely

soldered.

Output is not

presentable.

Method Followed the

given procedure

from start to

finish.

Observed

correct usage of

tools.

Followed the

given

procedure.

Noted

incorrect

usage of tools

once.

Followed the

given

procedure.

Noted

incorrect

usage of

tools more

than once.

Speed Finished the

work on/before

the given time.

Finished the

work after the

given time.

Unable to

finish the

work.

RATING SCALE:

Points Earned Numerical Descriptive 17 - 20 91 - 100 Outstanding 13 – 16 86 - 90 Very Good 9 – 12 81 – 85 Good 5 – 8 76 – 80 Fair 1 – 4 71 – 75 Needs Improvement

Suggested Activity 5: Put your product on display for sale or establish linkage with the school cooperative to market your product.


Suggested Activity 6: Market the assembled extension cord and lamp shade in your nearby community. Post Test: Multiple Choices: Directions: Each item consists of four choices, choose the appropriate answer and write the letter of your answer on your notebook. 1. Which of the following element of an electric circuit is a current consuming device? a) Control (switch) c) Path (wire conductor) b) Load (lamp) d) Source (battery) 2. There are four possible conditions in electric circuit, which among them is considered the most dangerous because it might cause fire? a) Short Circuit c) Grounded Circuit b) Closed Circuit d) Open Circuit 3. Suppose you want to check the continuity of the flat cord, what particular part of test

light and continuity tester indicates the condition of the cord? a) Neon Lamp c) LED’s b) Toggle Switch d) Battery 4. A Water heater is one of the basic electric gadgets in this module, which of the

following is not the function of this gadget? a) Cooling c) Cooking b) Heating d) Sterilizing 5. You encountered difficulties in driving screws in tight location. Which is the most appropriate driving tool to use for the job? a) Standard/ Flat Screw Driver c) Allen Wrench b) Stubby Screw Driver d) Philip Screw Driver 6. What part of the project plan indicates the selling cost of the project/products? a) Purpose c) Materials Needed b) Sketch/Drawing d) Procedures 7. It is an alloy or mixture of tin and lead used for soldering electrical joints. a) Sponge c) Soldering Iron b) Soldering Lead d) Nipple 8. An electrical material used to turn ON or turn OFF the circuit conveniently. a) Switch c) Convenience Outlet b) Lamp Holder d) Male plug


9. One of the steps in extension cord assembly is the tying process of wire conductor, what is the most effective tie or knot to use? a) Lock Knot c) Western Union Long Tie b) Underwriter’s Knot d) Western Union Short Tie 10. What is the appropriate size of flat cord if the total power rating of the appliances to be connected to extension cord is 1,600 watts? a) # 12 c) # 16 b) # 14 d) # 18 11. An electrical tool is used in removing wire insulator from gauge #10 to gauge #16. a) Long Nose Pliers c) Combination Pliers b) Wire Stripper d) Knife 12. Which of the following items is not the function of a lampshade? a. Covers the surface of the entire room b. Reduces the glare of the light source c. Directs or focus the light in desired direction d. Covers the lamp hardware for better appearance 13. An electrical tool used to drive screws with hexagonal slot head. a) Allen Wrench c) Long Nose Pliers b) Philip Screw Driver d) Side Cutting pliers 14. A type of electrical circuit used in Christmas light. a) Series Circuit c) Complex Circuit b) Parallel Circuit d) Simple Circuit 15. Which of the electrical appliances has the highest power rating? a) Radio c) Electric Fan b) Television d) Flat Iron

V. SUMMARY

Electricity is a form of energy that can help us to make our tasks easier and help

make our economy a successful one. However, electricity is dangerous and it can be

harmful to everyone. Having skills in measuring devices, such as voltmeter, ammeter,

wattmeter, ohmmeter, frequency meter, and multi-tester is very essential in any

electrical work. These instruments are specifically useful in determining the actual


amount of current and voltage electrical circuits have. They are also important in

trouble-shooting and servicing all types of electrical products and circuit systems. Every

measuring instrument should be used with care and skill and should be properly

maintained. You must therefore learn the basic concepts in the effective utilization of

measuring instruments, observe precautionary measures to avoid damaging the meters,

and perform repair work on them when needed.

With the help of this module you are now really equipped and have gained more

bits of information in order to use electricity in your everyday life. Also, you can

practically have an income if you use your abilities and skills whole heartedly for your

community.

VI. Glossary

5S - Sort, Systematize, Sweep, Sanitize, and Self-Discipline

Amperage (Amps) - a unit of measurement of electrical current flow

Ampere - a unit of measurement which describes the amount of electric current passing

a certain point at a particular time

Ampere (I) - the unit of electrical current (coulombs per second)

Caution - indicates some precautionary measures against potential hazardous situation

which, if not avoided, may result to a minor or moderate injury

Circuit - the path of electric current from the source to the components and goes back

to the source

Conductor - a wire or a cord which provides path for current flow

Connectors and Adapters - accessories that are used to connect from boxes to

conduits or raceways to the other boxes in the electrical system.

Corrugated plastic conduit (CPC) - commonly known as flexible non-metallic conduit

or the “moldflex”

Danger - specifies hazardous situation which, if not avoided, will result to a serious

injury or even death


Functional tools and equipment - those that are in good condition and can perform its

regular functions

Hot wire - a wire through which current flows

Inch - a portion of a foot, which is an English unit of linear measurement

Insulator – material used to cover electric wires which may be made from plastic,

rubber, or asbestos.

Isometric - a kind of drawing which shows the object in 3 dimensional views

Joule (J) - a metric unit of energy: watt per second. 1 Kw hr = 2,655,000 ft-lb =

1.341hp-hr = 3413 Btu = 3,600,000 joules

Kilovolt-ampere (KVA) - a measurement of apparent electric power

Kilowatt - a unit of power which is equivalent to 1000w

Kilowatt hour (Kwhr) - a unit of electrical energy or work performed

Lubrication additives- many of the physical properties of various oils and greases

Megger - an instrument used to measure the insulation resistance of conductors or

wire. It gives measurement in ohms or meg-ohms

Metallic Conduits- metal raceways that was classified into four; rigid steel conduit

(RSC), intermediate metallic conduit or tubing (IMC or IMT), electrical metallic

conduit or tubing (EMC or EMT) and the flexible metallic conduit (FMC)

Millimeter - one-thousandth of a meter

Multi-tester - an electrical measuring instrument used to measure the voltage, the

resistance or the current of a circuit. It is connected either through parallel or

series with the circuit depending on what to measure

Non-metallic conduits- plastic conduits or raceways designed to be a channel of wire

that are classified as; rigid non-metallic conduit or the PVC, the flexible

nonmetallic or CPC, and the surface plastic molding

Ohm - the unit of measurement used to express resistance

Ohmmeter - an instrument used to measure resistance in ohms

Pneumatic tool - instrument activated by air pressure


Resistance - the quality of electric current measured in ohms that resist the flow of

current

Sorting - to sort everything in a work area

Tools - are implements used to modify raw materials for human use

Volt - a unit of measurement of electrical pressure or voltage

Volt (E) - the unit of electric pressure or electromotive force which will produce a current

of 1 ampere through a resistance of 1 ohm

Voltmeter - an instrument specially designed for measuring voltage

Watts (W) and kilowatts (KW) - are units of electric power

Wire Gauge - used to measure the diameter of magnetic wire

VII. REFERENCES

Open High School Program (OHSP)

Career Pathways in Technology and Livelihood Education (CP-TLE)

Technology and Home Economics III. SEDP series. C. 1993

www.yahoo.com/image

Bibliography

All brand names, trademarks, trade names, and WebPages used in this Learning Material (LM) are owned by their respective holders. The Publisher and the Authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

While every effort and precaution have been made to ensure complete and accurate information with reference to the materials presented in this LM, the Publisher and Authors can neither guarantee nor be held legally responsible for any mistake in printing or faulty instructions in the LM.

The Publishers and Authors appreciate receiving notice of any errors or misprints.

Acknowledgement This is to acknowledge the different practitioners, experts, and specialists who made this learning materials and teaching guides for grade 8 possible.

Writers ( INDUSTRIAL ARTS)

1.Joel Castillo T-I FFHNS

2.Lamberto Dionisio HT-VI Guiguinto NVHS

3.Marlon Ocampo T-I PFNHS

4.Robert Palma T-I FFHNAS

5.Cris Diñoso T-I Taytay NHS

6.Romeo Vicmudo EPS-I Div. of Neuva Ecija

7.Antonio Blanco Jr. MT-I OCNHS

Language Editor

Paraluman R. Giron Retired Regional Director, CALABARZON

Sta. Ana Manila

Perla Cuanzon Retired Regional English Supervisor Las Pinas City

Ofelia C. Flojo Retired Regional English Supervisor Rizal

Lando T. Guzman Ateneo de Manila

Consultant

Maria Teresa A. Namoro, Ed.D.

Asst. Chief. SED DepEd-NCR

Reviewers

1.Robert Daquil HT-VI Manila HS

2.Leonilo Santelices MT-I Balingasa HS

3.Fernando Dela Cruz Guiguinto NVHS

4.Arnel Anonical Tanay NHS

5.Marlon Malaluan T-I BANAHIS

6.Alexandria Kalalo T-I BANAHIS

7.Antonio Blanco Jr. MT-I OCNHS

Lay-Out Artist/Illustrator

Arcos, Henry Allen M. Bulado, Brenn R. Guiao, Arlene A.

Pili, Francis C. Pili, Noel C. Saladas John S.

Management Team

1.Dr. Lolita M. Andrada Director, BSE

2.Ms. Bella O. Marinas Chief,SDD-OIC

3.Dr. Jose D. Tuguinayo, Jr. Supervising EPS

4.Cristeta M. Arcos EPS II

5. Albert Erni EPS II

6.James Julius M. Liquigan EPS II

7. Milambiling, Owen M. SEPS

8.Emmanuel S. Valdez EPS II

All pictures and graphic illustrations crafted from the internet are properties of the original owners and were used only as supplemental materials for education purposes.

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