Microprocessor

Lecture 1: 마이크로프로세서 소개 및 설명

Hong Jong-Phil

School of Electrical Engineering

Chungbuk National University

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Course Administration

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담당교수 : 홍종필 jphong@chungbuk.ac.kr

교수연구실 : 46-362

수업자료 : http://icat.cbnu.ac.kr

학점 : :20%

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:40%

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출석 및 태도

설계레포트

기말시험

프로젝트

프로젝트 제안서

작품시현 및 발표

:10%

:20%

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Course Contents

주차 내용 주차 내용

1주 마이크로 프로세서 강의 소개 8주 제11장 시리얼 인터페이스

2주

HBE-AVR-ISP v3.0(MK ll) 설치

제1장 AVR 마이크로컨트롤러

제2장 AVR 마이크로컨트롤러 개발환경

제3장 GPIO 입출력 제어

9주 제12장 AD 컨버터, DA 컨버터

3주

제4장 Internal Memory의 이해

제5장 외부 인터럽트

작품초안, 재료 리스트 보고서 제출

10주제13장 Buck 컨버터 제어

제14장 Boost 컨버터 제어

4주 제6장 TC를 이용한 타이머 11주 제15장 인버터의 구형파 제어

5주제7장 TC를 이용한 PWM

제8장 TC를 이용한 외부 입력 받기12주 제16장 인버터의 PWM 제어

6주제9장 UART 통신

제10장 외부메모리 인터페이스13주 과제 발표 및 시현 (1조당 20분)

7주과제 중간 발표

추가 재료 구매

14주 과제 발표 및 시현 (1조당 20분)

15주 기말시험

The Computer Revolution

• Progress in computer technology

– Underpinned by Moore’s Law

• Makes novel applications feasible

– Computers in automobiles

– Cell phones

– Human genome project

– World Wide Web

– Search Engines

• Computers are pervasive

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Classes of Computers

• Desktop computers

– General purpose, variety of software

– Subject to cost/performance tradeoff

• Server computers

– Network based

– High capacity, performance, reliability

– Range from small servers to building sized

• Embedded computers

– Hidden as components of systems

– Stringent power/performance/cost constraints

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Growth in Cell Phone Sales (Embedded)

From 2012, Mobile SOC (Smartphone) > PC (Notebook +Desktop)

* IDL (Gartner, Morgan Stanley Research estimates]

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Where else are embedded processors found?

Below Your Program

• Application software

– Written in high-level language

• System software

– Compiler: translates HLL code to

machine code

– Operating System: service code

• Handling input/output

• Managing memory and storage

• Scheduling tasks & sharing resources

• Hardware

– Processor, memory, I/O controllers

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Levels of Program Code

• High-level language program (in C)swap (int v[], int k)

(int temp;

temp = v[k];

v[k] = v[k+1];

v[k+1] = temp;

)

• Assembly language program (for MIPS)swap: sll $2, $5, 2

add $2, $4, $2

lw $15, 0($2)

lw $16, 4($2)

sw $16, 0($2)

sw $15, 4($2)

jr $31

• Machine (object, binary) code (for MIPS)000000 00000 00101 0001000010000000000000 00100 00010 0001000000100000

. . .

C compiler

assembler

one-to-many

one-to-one

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Components of a Computer

Same components for

all kinds of computer

Desktop, server,

embedded

Input/output includes

User-interface devices

Display, keyboard, mouse

Storage devices

Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash

Network adapters

For communicating with

other computers

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Inside the Processor (CPU)

Datapath: performs operations on data

Control: sequences datapath, memory, ...

Cache memory

Small fast SRAM memory for immediate

access to data

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Anatomy of a Computer

Output

device

Input

device

Input

device

Network

cable

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Opening the Box

12

AMD’s Barcelona Multicore Chip

Core 1 Core 2

Core 3 Core 4

Northbridge

512K

B L

2

512K

B L

2

51

2K

B L

2

51

2K

B L

2

2M

B s

hare

d L

3 C

ach

e

Four out-of-order cores on one chip

1.9 GHz clock rate

65nm technology

Three levels of caches (L1, L2, L3) on chip

Integrated Northbridge

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A Safe Place for Data

Volatile main memory

Loses instructions and data when power off

Non-volatile secondary memory

Magnetic disk

Flash memory

Optical disk (CDROM, DVD)

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Networks

Communication and resource sharing

Local area network (LAN): Ethernet

Within a building

Wide area network (WAN: the Internet

Wireless network: WiFi, Bluetooth

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Abstractions

Abstraction helps us deal with complexity

Hide lower-level detail

Instruction set architecture (ISA)

The hardware/software interface

Application binary interface

The ISA plus system software interface

Implementation

The details underlying and interface

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Technology Scaling Road Map (ITRS)

Year 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

Feature size (nm) 90 65 45 32 22

Intg. Capacity (BT) 2 4 6 16 32

Fun facts about 45nm transistors

30 million can fit on the head of a pin

You could fit more than 2,000 across the width of a human hair

If car prices had fallen at the same rate as the price of a single transistor has since 1968, a new car today would cost about 1 cent

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Technology Trends

Electronics

technology

continues to evolve

Increased capacity

and performance

Reduced cost

Year Technology Relative performance/cost

1951 Vacuum tube 1

1965 Transistor 35

1975 Integrated circuit (IC) 900

1995 Very large scale IC (VLSI) 2,400,000

2005 Ultra large scale IC 6,200,000,000

DRAM capacity

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Power Trends

In CMOS IC technology

FrequencyVoltageload CapacitivePower 2

×1000×30 5V → 1V

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Uniprocessor Performance

Constrained by power, instruction-level parallelism,

memory latency20

Multiprocessors

▪ The power challenge has forced a change in the design

of microprocessors

▪ Multicore microprocessors

– More than one processor per chip

Product AMD Barc

elona

Intel Nehale

m

IBM Power 6 Sun Niagara

2

Cores per chip 4 4 2 8

Clock rate 2.5 GHz ~2.5 GHz? 4.7 GHz 1.4 GHz

Power 120 W ~100 W? ~100 W? 94 W

▪ Hard to do

Programming for performance

Load balancing

Optimizing communication and synchronization21

Manufacturing ICs

Yield: proportion of working dies per wafer

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AMD Opteron X2 Wafer

• X2: 300mm wafer, 117 chips, 90nm technology

• X4: 45nm technology