LIVY, AB URBE CONDITA I

Proca deinde rēgnat. Is Numitōrem atque Amūlium prōcreat, Numitōrī, quī

Proca then is-king he Numitor and Amulius fathers to-Numitor who

stirpis maximus erat, rēgnum vetustum Silviae gentis lēgat.

of-offspring oldest was kingdom ancient of-the-Silvian race ne-bequeaths

Plūs tamen vīs potuit quam voluntās patris aut verēcundia aetātis: pulsō

More however force was-powerful than will of-father or respect of-age having-been-pushed-out

frātre Amūlius rēgnat. Addit scelerī scelus: 5 stirpem frātris virīlem interemit, frātris

brother Amulius reigns he-adds to-crime crime off-spring of-brother male he-kills of-brother

fīliae Reae Silviae per speciem honōris cum Vestālem eam lēgisset perpetuā

from-daughter Rea Silvia under pretence of-honouring when Vestal her he-had-chosen by-perpetual

virginitāte spem partūs adimit.

maidenhood hope of-offspring he-removes

[4] Sed dēbēbātur, ut opīnor, fātīs tantae orīgō urbis maximīque secundum

But was-owed as-I-believe to-the-fates so-great origin of-city and-of-greatest after

deōrum opēs imperiī prīncipium. Vī compressa Vestālis 10 cum geminum partum

gods’ power of-empire beginning by-force compelled the-Vestal when twin offspring

ēdidisset, seu ita rata seu quia deus auctor culpae honestior erat, Mārtem

she-had-produced whether [it-was]so having-thought or because a-god [being] author of-the-sin more-reputable was Mars

incertae stirpis patrem nuncupat. Sed nec dī nec hominēs aut ipsam aut stirpem ā

of-uncertain off-spring father declares but neither gods nor men either herself or children from

crūdēlitāte rēgiā vindicant: sacerdōs vīncta in cūstōdiam datur, puerōs in prōfluentem

cruelty royal defend priestess bound into imprisonment is-given boys into flowing

aquam mittī iubet.15

water to-be-sent he-orders

Forte quādam dīvīnitus super rīpās Tiberis effūsus lēnibus stāgnīs nec adīrī

By-chance a-certain providentially above banks Tiber having-spilled in-gentle pools not to-be-accessed

usquam ad iūstī cursum poterat amnis et posse quamuīs languidā mergī aquā

anywhere to of-regular course was-able stream and to-be-able however sluggish to-be-sunk in-water

īnfantēs spem ferentibus dabat. Ita velut dēfūnctī rēgis imperiō in proximā adluviē

infants hope to-those-carrying gave thus as-if having-carried-out king’s command in nearest floodwater

ubi nunc fīcus Rūmīnālis est (Rōmulārem vocātam ferunt) puerōs expōnunt. Vastae

wherenow fig-tree of-Rumina is Romulus’s called they-say children they-expose extensive

tum in hīs locīs sōlitūdinēs erant. 21

then in these places empty-tracts there-were

The bronze `Capitoline Wolf’, once thought to date from the 5th cent. B.C, but now believed to have been sculpted in the 11th or 12th. cent. A.D.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Romulus-and-Remus

Tenet fāma cum fluitantem alveum, quō expositī erant puerī, tenuisaqua in siccō

Maintains the-report when floating tub in-which exposed had-been children shallow on dry-land water

dēstituisset, lupam sitientem ex montibus quī circā sunt ad puerīlem vāgītum cursum

had-stranded she-wolf thirsty from mountains which around are towards childish wailing path

flexisse; eam submissās īnfantibus adeō mītem praebuisse mammās ut linguā

to-have-changed she lowered to-infants so mildly to-have-presented teats that with-tongue

lambentem puerōs magister rēgiī pecoris invēnerit - Faustulō fuisse nōmen ferunt; ab

licking the-children superintendent of-royal flock found [her] Faustulus to-have-been name they-say by

eō ad stabula Lārentiae uxōrī ēducandōs datōs28

him at [his] hut to-Larentia wife for-bringing-up given [them to have been]

**************************************************

[6]…Ita Numitōrī Albānā rē permissā Rōmulum Remumque cupīdō cēpit in iīs

Thus to-Numitor with-Alban matter permitted Romulus and-Remus desire seized in the

locīs ubi expositī ubique ēducātī erant urbis 30 condendae. Et supererat multitūdō

places where exposed and-where brought-up they-had-been of-city being-founded and was-too-much multitude

Albānōrum Latīnōrumque; ad id pāstōrēs quoque accesserant, quī omnēs facile

of-Albans and-of-Latins in-addition-to this shepherds also had-approached who all easily

spem facerent paruam Albam, parvum Lāvīnium prae eā urbe quae conderētur fore.

hope formed small Alba small Lavinium compared-to city which was-being-founded would-be

Intervenit deinde hīs cōgitātiōnibus avītum malum, rēgnī cupīdō, atque inde foedum

Interrupts then these thoughts ancestral evil for-kingship desire and thence shameful

certāmen coortum ā satis 35 mītī prīncipiō. Quoniam geminī essent nec aetātis

conflict began from quite mild beginning since twins they-were and-not of-age

verēcundia discrīmen facere posset, ut dī quōrum tūtēlae ea loca essent auguriīs

respect distinction to-make was-able so-that gods whose of-protection these places were by-omens

legerent quī nomēn novae urbī daret, quī conditam imperiō regeret, Palātium

should-chose who name to-new city would-give who founded[city] with-authority should-rule Palatine

Rōmulus, Remus Aventīnum ad inaugurandum templa capiunt. 40

Romulus Remus Aventine for auspices-being-sought [as] sacred-areas take

The Seven Hills of Rome – the Circus Maximus – venue for chariot racing – was later built between the Palatine and Aventine Hills

[7] Priōrī Remō augurium vēnisse fertur, sex volturēs; iamque nūntiātō

First for-Remus omen to-have-come is-said six vultures and-now after-being-announced

auguriō cum duplex numerus Rōmulō sē ostendisset, utrumque rēgem sua multitūdō

omen when double number to-Romulus itself had-shown both-men king own crowd

cōnsalūtāuerat: tempore illī praeceptō, at hī numerō āuium rēgnum trahēbant. Inde

had-acclaimed with-time those taken-as-foremost but-these with-number of-birds kingship were-claiming then

cum altercātiōne congressī certāmine īrārum ad caedem vertuntur;45 ibi in turbā ictus

with argument having-come-together by-conflict of-angers to killing they-are-turned there in crowd struck

Remus cecidit. Volgātior fāma est lūdibriō frātris Remum novōs trānsiluisse mūrōs;

Remus fell commoner story is in-mockery of-brother Remus new to-have-jumped-over walls

inde ab īrātō Rōmulō, cum verbīs quoque increpitāns adiēcisset, "Sīc deinde,

then by angry Romulus when with-words also reproaching he- had-added thus then

quīcumque alius trānsiliet moenia mea," interfectum. Ita sōlus potītus imperiō

whoever else will-leap-over walls my killed [to-have-been] thus alone gained power

Rōmulus; condita urbs conditōris nōmine appellātā 50

Romulus founded city of-founder by-name called [was]

Romulus killing Remus for leaping over his walls

https://thefunambulist.net/architectural-projects/philosophy-remus-has-to-die

******************************************

[24] Forte in duōbus tum exercitibus erant trigeminī frātrēs, nec aetāte nec

By-chance in two then armies were triplet brothers neither in-age nor

vīribus disparēs. Horātiōs Cūriātiōsque fuisse satis cōnstat, nec fermē rēs antīqua

in-strength unsimilar the-Horatii and-Curiatii [them] to-have-been sufficiently it-is-known nor almost affair ancient

alia est nōbilior; tamen in rē tam clāra nōminum error manet, utrīus populī Horātiī,

other is nobler however in event so famous of-names error remains of-which people Horatii

utrīus Curiatiī fuerint. Auctōrēs utrōque trahunt; plūrēs tamen inveniō 55 quī

of-which Curiatii were authors both-ways argue more however I-find who

Rōmānōs Horātiōs vocent; hōs ut sequar inclīnat animus.

Romans Horatii call these that I-should-follow inclines [my] mind

David’s 1784 painting `The Oath of the Horatii’, now in the Louvre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_the_Horatii#/media/File:Jacques-Louis_David,_Le_Serment_des_Horaces.jpg

Cum trigeminīs agunt rēgēs ut prō suā quisque patriā dīmicent ferrō;

With the-triplets arrange kings that for own each country they-should-fight with-iron

ibi imperium fore unde victōria fuerit. Nihil recūsātur; tempus et locus convenit.

there power to-be-going-to-be whence victory has-been nothing is-refused time and place is-agreed

Priusquam dīmicārent foedus ictum inter Rōmānōs et Albānōs est hīs lēgibus ut

Before they-fought treaty struck between Romans and Albans was on-these conditions that

cuius populī 60 cīvēs eō certāmine vīcissent, is alterī populō cum bonā pāce

of-which people citizens in-that contest had-won that-one over-the-other people with good peace

imperitāret……

should-rule

[25] Foedere ictō trigeminī, sīcut conuēnerat, arma capiunt. Cum suī

With-treaty struck the-triplets as had-been-agreed arms take-up when own-sides

utrōsque adhortārentur, deōs patriōs, patriam ac parentēs, quidquid cīvium domī,

both were-urging-on [saying] gods of-fathers country and parents whatever of-citizens at-home

quidquid in exercitū sit, illōrum tunc arma, illōrum intuērī manus, ferōcēs et suōpte

whatever in army may-be their then arms their to-be-looking-to hands formidable and by –own

ingeniō et plēnī 66 adhortantium vōcibus in medium inter duās aciēs prōcēdunt.

talent and full of-those-urging with-voices into middle between two battle-lines advance

Cōnsēderant utrimque prō castrīs duo exercitūs, perīculī magis praesentīs quam

had-taken-up-position on-both-sides before camps the-two armies of-danger more present than

cūrae expertēs; quippe imperium agēbātur in tam paucōrum virtūte atque fortūnā

of-care free since power-to-rule was-at-stake on so of-few courage and fortune

positum. Itaque ergō ērēctī 70 suspēnsīque in minimē grātum spectāculum animō

reliant and-so therefore erect and-in-suspense on not-at-all pleasing sight in-mind

intendunt.

they-are-intent

Datur signum īnfestīsque armīs velut aciēs ternī iuvenēs magnōrum

Is-given signal and-with-hostile arms as-if battle-lines three-on-each-side youths of-great

exercituum animōs gerentēs concurrunt. Ut prīmō statim concursū increpuēre arma

armies minds carrying rush-together when in-first at-once clash made-loud-sound weapons

micantēsque fulsēre gladiī, horror ingēns spectantēs perstringit et neutrō inclīnātā

and-glittering shone swords terror great those-watching strikes and to-neither-side with-inclined

spē, torpēbat 75 vōx spīritusque. Cōnsertīs deinde manibus cum iam nōn mōtus

hope was-paralysed voice and-brething engaged-in.battle then with-hands when already not movement

tantum corporum agitātiōque anceps tēlōrum armōrumque sed volnera quoque et

only of-bodies and-thrusting indecisive of-weapons and-of-arms but wounds also and

sanguis spectāculō essent, duo Rōmānī super alium alīus, volnerātīs tribus Albānīs,

blood on-show were two Romans over one another with-wounded three Albans

exspīrantēs corruērunt. Ad quōrum cāsum cum conclāmāsset gaudiō Albānus 80

expiring collapsed at whose fall when had-shouted-together with-joy Alban

exercitus, Rōmānās legiōnēs iam spēs tōta, nōndum tamen cūra dēseruerat,

army Roman legions already hope all not-yet however care had-deserted exanimēsvice ūnīus quem trēs Cūriātiī circumsteterant. Forte is integer fuit, ut

breathless at-plight of-the-one whom three Curiatii had-surrounded by-chance he unwounded was as

ūniversīs sōlus nēquāquam pār, sīc adversus singulōs ferōx. Ergō ut sēgregāret

against-all alone by-no-means equal thus against [them-as]individuals formidable therefore so-that he-could-divide

pugnam eōrum capessit fugam, ita ratus secūtūrōs ut quemque volnere adfectum85

the-fight of-them he-takes flight thus having-calculated [them]going-to-follow as each-one by-wound affected

corpus sineret. Iam aliquantum spatiī ex eō locō ubi pugnātum est aufūgerat, cum

body would-allow already some distance from that place where fought it-was he-had-fled when

respiciēns videt magnīs interuāllīs sequentēs, ūnum haud procul ab sēsē abesse. In

looking back he-sees at-great intervals them-following one not far from himself to-be-away to

eum magnō impetū rediit; et dum Albānus exercitus inclāmat Cūriātiīs utī opem ferant

him with-great rush he-went-back and while Alban army shouts to-Curiatii that help they-should-give

frātrī, iam Horātius caesō hoste victor secundam pugnam petēbat. Tunc clāmōre quālis

to-brother now Horatius after-killing of-enemy victorious second fight was-seeking then with-shout such-as

ex īnspērātō fauentium 91 solet Rōmānī adiuuant mīlitem suum; et ille dēfungī proeliō

from the-unexpected of-supporters is-customary Romans encourage soldier their and he to-engage in-battle

festīnat. Prius itaque quam alter, quī nec procul aberat, cōnsequī posset, et alterum

hastens Earlier therefore than the-other who nor far was-away catch-up could also the-second

Cūriātium cōnficit; iamque aequātō Mārte singulī supererant, sed nec spē nec vīribus

Curiatius he-finishes-off and-now on-even-terms one-from-each-side were-left but neither in-hope nor strength

parēs. Alterum intāctum ferrō corpus et gemināta victōria ferōcem in certāmen tertium

equal one untouched by-sword body and through-double victory formidable to contest third

dabat: alter fessum volnere, fessum cursū trahēns corpus victusque frātrum ante sē

was-bringing the-other exhausted by-wound exhausted by-running dragging body and-overwhelmed of-brothers before him

strāge victōrī obicitur hostī. Nec illud proelium fuit. Rōmānus exsultāns "Duōs"

by-slaughter before-victorious casts-himself enemy nor that [real] battle was the-Roman exsulting two

inquit, "frātrum mānibus dedī; tertium causae bellī huiusce, ut Rōmānus Albānō 100

says of-brothers to-spirits-of-dead I-gave third to-the-cause of-war this that Roman over-Alban

imperet, dabō." Male sustinentī arma gladium superne iugulō dēfīgit, iacentem

should-rule I-will-give badly with-him-holding- weapons sword from-above into-throat he-drives-down him-lying

spoliat.

he-strips (of-his-armour)

The Horatii and Curiatii

https://arthive.com/artists/76231~Cesari_Giuseppe_Cavalier_dArpino/works/513481~Battle_Horatii_and_Curiatii_16121613_mural

Rōmānī ouantēs ac grātulantēs Horātium accipiunt, eō maiōre cum gaudiō,

The-Romans rejoicing and congratulating Horatius welcome by-that-much greater with joy

quō prope metum rēs fuerat. Ad sepultūram inde suōrum nēquāquam paribus

by-which-amount near fear the-affair had-been to burial then of-own by-no-means with-equal

animīs vertuntur, quippe 105 imperiō alterī auctī, alterī diciōnis aliēnae factī.

spirits they-turn since by-power one-side exalted the-other under-control foreign brought [had been]

Sepulcra exstant quō quisque locō cecidit, duo Rōmāna ūnō locō propius Albam,

Tombs survive in-which each place fell two Roman-ones in-one place nearer Alba

tria Albāna Rōmam versus sed distantia locīs ut et pugnātum est.

three Alban-ones Rome towards but different in-locations as also fought it-was

*******************************************

Addita superbia ipsīus rēgis miseriaeque et labōrēs plēbis. 110 Hīs

[there-was] added arrogance himself of-king and-miseries and labours of-the-people with-these

atrōciōribusque, crēdō, aliīs, quae praesēns rērum indignitās haudquāquam relātū

and-worse I-believe things which the-actual of-facts scandalous-nature not-at-all to-relate

scrīptōribus facilia subicit, memorātīs, incēnsam multitūdinem perpulit ut imperium

for-writers easy makes recounted incensed crowd he-urged that power

rēgī abrogāret exsulēsque esse iubēret L. Tarquinium cum coniuge ac līberīs. Ipse

of-king it-should-abolish and-exiles to-be should-order Lucius Tarquinius with wife and children He-himself

iūniōribus quī ultrō nōmina dabant lectīs armātīsque, ad concitandum inde adversus

with-younger-men who voluntarily names were-giving chosen and-armed for-purpose-of sirring-up then against

rēgem exercitum Ardeam in castra est profectus: imperium in urbe Lucrētiō, praefectō

king army to-Ardea to the-camp set out authority in city to-Lucretius prefect

urbis iam ante ab rēge īnstitūtō, relinquit [60] Hārum rērum nūntiīs in castra perlātīs

of-city already before by king appointed he-left of-these events news to camp having-been-brought

Latium, showing the locations of Lavinium, Alba Longa and Ardea

cum rē novā 117trepidus rēx pergeret Rōmam ad comprimendōs mōtūs, flexit viam

since by-situation new alarmed king was-making-for Rome for-purpose-of suppressing the-movement altered path

Brūtus (sēnserat enim adventum) nē obvius fieret; eōdemque ferē tempore, dīuersīs Brutus he-had-realised for arrival lest in-his-path he-should-become and-at-same almost time by-different

itineribus, Brūtus Ardeam, Tarquinius Rōmam vēnērunt. Tarquiniō clausae portae

routes Bruts to-Ardea Tarquinius ro-Rome came to-Tarquinius closed gates [were]

exsiliumque indictum: līberātōrem urbis laeta castra accēpēre, exāctīque inde līberī

and-exile pronounced liberator of-city joyful camp received and-driven-out from-there children

rēgis. ....123

of-the-king

L. Tarquinius Superbus rēgnāvit annōs quīnque et vīgintī. Rēgnātum Rōmae

Lucius Tarquinius Superbus reigned years five and twenty there-were-kings at-Rome

ab conditā urbe ad līberātam annōs ducentōs quadrāgintā quattuor. Duo cōnsulēs inde

from foundation of-city to liberation for-years two hundred and-forty four Two consuls then

comitiīs centuriātīs ā praefectō urbis ex commentāriīs Ser. Tullīcreātī sunt, L. Iūnius

in comitia centuriata by prefect of-city according-to procedure of-Servius Tullius elected were Lucius Junius

Brūtus et L. Tarquinius Collātīnus. 128

Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus

Ac nesciō an nimium undique eam minimīsque rēbus mūniendō modum excesserint.

And I-don’t-know if too-much on-every-side it and-in-smallest details in-butressing the-mean they-exceeded

Cōnsulis enim alterīus, cum nihil aliud offenderit, nōmen inuīsum cīuitātī fuit:

Of-consul for the-other although nothing else he-did-wrong name hateful to-city was

nimium Tarquiniōs rēgnō adsuēsse; pulsō Superbō penes Collātīnum imperium esse.

too-much Tarquins to-kingship to-be-accustomed driven-out Spuerpbus in-hands-of Collatinus power to-be

Nescīre Tarquiniōs prīuātōs uīuere; nōn placēre nōmen, perīculōsum lībertātī

Not-to-know Tarquins as-private-persons [how]to-live not-to be-pleasing name dangerous to-liberty

esse.Sollicitam suspīciōne plēbem Brūtus ad contiōnem uocat: nōn crēdere populum

to-be worried by-suspicion common-pople Brutus to assembly calls not to-believe people

Rōmānum solidam lībertātem 135 reciperātam esse; rēgium genus, rēgium nōmen nōn

Roman complete liberty recovered to-have-been royal family royal name not

sōlum in cīuitāte sed etiam in imperiō esse; id obstāre lībertātī. "Hunc tū" inquit

only in city but also in power to-be thi to-be-obstacle to-liberty this you he-says

"tuā uoluntāte, L. Tarquinī, remouē metum. Meminimus, fatēmur: ēiēcistī rēgēs;

By-your-own will Lucius Tarquinius remove fear we-remember we-acknowledge you ejected kings

absolue beneficium tuum, aufer hinc rēgium nōmen. Rēs tuās tibi nōn sōlum reddent

complete kind-need your take-away from-here royal nme property your to-you not-only will-return

cīuēs140 tuī auctōre mē, sed sī quid dēest mūnificē augēbunt. Amīcus abī; exonerā

[fellow] citizens your with-proposeror me but if anything is-lacking generously they-will-increase friend deprt relieve

cīuitātem uānō forsitan metū; ita persuāsum est animīs cum gente Tarquiniā rēgnum

city from-needless perhaps fear thus persuaded it-has-bee to-minds with family Tarquin kingship

hinc abitūrum." Abdicāuit sē cōnsulātū rēbusque suīs omnibus Lāuīnium trānslātīs

from-here going-to-leave he-resigned [himself] from-consulship and-with-property his to Lavinium tran sferred

cīuitāte cessit. Brūtus ex senātūs cōnsultō ad populum tulit ut omnēs Tarquiniae gentis

from-city he-withdrew Brutus on-basis-of senate’s decree to people brought[proposal]that all of-Tarquin family

exsulēs essent. Collēgam sibi comitiīs centuriātīs creāuit P. Valerium, quō adiūtōre

exiles should-be colleague for-himself in-comitia centuriata he-made Publius Valerius with-whom [as]helper

rēgēs ēiēcerat.147

Kings he-had-expelled

Location of Clusium

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidenae#/media/File:Latium_-5th_Century_map-en.svg

Iam Tarquiniī ad Lartem Porsennam, Clūsīnum rēgem, perfūgerant. Ibi miscendō

Now the-Tarquins to Lars Porsenna of-Clusium king had-fled there by-combining

cōnsilium precēsque nunc ōrābant, nē sē, oriundōs ex Etrūscīs, eiusdem sanguinis

advice and-entreaties now they-were-begging that-not them descended from Etruscans of-same blood

nōminisque, egentēs150 exsulāre paterētur, nunc monēbant etiam nē orientem mōrem

and-name destitute to-be-in-exile he-should-allow now they-were-warning also that-not arising custom

pellendī rēgēs inultum sineret. Porsenna cum rēgem esse Rōmae tūtum, tum Etrūscae

of-expelling kings [to-be] unavenged he-should-allow Porsenna both king to-be in-Rome safe and of-Etruscan

gentis rēgem, amplum Tuscīs ratus, Rōmam īnfēstō exercitū vēnit. Nōn

race king important for-Etruscans having-thought to-Rome with-hostile army came not

unquam aliās ante tantus terror senātum invāsit; adeō valida rēs tum Clūsīna erat 155

ever at-another-time such-great terror senate came-upon so strong situation then of-Clusium was

magnumque Porsennae nōmen.

and-great of-Porsenna name

Rome c. 120 A.D., showing location of the Janiculum, Pons Sublicius and the Capitoline and Palatine hills

Cum hostēs adessent, prō sē quisque in urbem ex agrīs dēmigrant; urbem ipsam

When enemy were-present for-themselves each into city from fields move city itself

saepiunt praesidiīs. Alia mūrīs, aliā Tiberī obiectō vidēbantur tūta: pōns sublicius

they-enclose with-garrisons some-sectors by-walls others by-Tiber blocking-the-way seemed protected bridge pile

iter paene hostibus dedit, nī ūnus vir fuisset, Horātius Cocles; id mūnīmentum illō diē

route almost to-enemy gave if-not one man there-had-been Horatius Cocles that protection on-that day

fortūna urbis Rōmānae habuit. Quī positus forte in statiōne 161 pontis cum captum

fortune of-city Roman he-had he positioned by-chance in post by-the-bridge when captured

repentīnō impetū Iāniculum atque inde citātōs dēcurrere hostēs vīdisset trepidamque

by-sudden attack Janiculum and from-there aroused to-run-down enemy he-had-seen and-fearful

turbam suōrum arma ōrdinēsque relinquere, reprehēnsāns singulōs, obsistēns

crowd of-own-men weapons and-ranks to-abandon scolding individuals standing-in-way

obtestānsque deum et hominum fidem testābātur nēquīquam dēsertō praesidiō eōs

and-entreating of-gods and of-men faith he-kept-on-affirming in-vain with-deserted post them

fugere; sī trānsitum pontem ā tergō relīquissent, iam plūs hostium in Palātiō

to-be-fleeing if crossed bridge in rear they-left, immediately more of-enemy on Paltine

Capitōliōque quam in Iāniculō fore. 168

and-Capitol than on Janiculum there-would-be

Horatius at the Bridge, Charles Le Brun, 1642-43

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius_Cocles#/media/File:Le_Brun,_Charles_-_Horatius_Cocles_defending_the_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg

Itaque monēre, praedīcere ut pontem ferrō, ignī, quācumque vī possint,

And-so he-warned he-instructed that bridge with-iron with-fire with-whatever force they-could

interrumpant: sē impetum hostium, quantum corpore ūnō posset obsistī, exceptūrum.

they-break-down himself assault of-enemy as-far-as by-body-one could - be-blocking going-to-receive

Vādit inde in prīmum aditum pontis, īnsignisque inter cōnspecta cēdentium pugnā

He-went then to first approach of-bridge and-conspicuous among visible of-those-fleeing from-fight

terga obversīs comminus ad ineundum proelium armīs, ipsō mīrāculō audāciae

backs turned at-close-quarters towards on-coming attack with-weapons by-very miracle of-boldness

obstupefēcit hostēs. Duōs tamen cum eō pudor tenuit, Sp. Larcium ac T. Herminium,

astounded the-enemy two however with him sense-of-shame kept Spurius Larcius and Titus Herminius

ambōs clārōs genere factīsque. 175 Cum hīs prīmam perīculī procellam et quod

both famous for-ancestry and-for-deeds with these first of-danger storm and what

tumultuōsissimum pugnae erat parumper sustinuit; deinde eōs quoque ipsōs exiguā

most-turbulent of-fight was for-a-while he-withstood then them also themselves with-small

parte pontīs relictā revocantibus quī rescindēbant cēdere in tūtum coēgit.

part of-bridge left calling—back those-who were-cutting-down to-withdraw to safety he-made

Circumferēns inde trucēs mināciter oculōs ad procerēs Etrūscōrum nunc singulōs

Carrying-around then fierce menacingly eyes s towards chiefs of-Etruscand now individual

prōvocāre, nunc increpāre180 omnēs: servitia rēgum superbōrum, suae lībertātis

he-kept-on-challenging now berated all slaves of-kings proud of-own freedom

immemorēs aliēnam oppugnātum venīre. Cūnctātī aliquamdiū sunt, dum alius

forgetful that-of-others to-attack to-come delay for-some-time they-did while one

alium,ut proelium incipiant, circumspectant; pudor deinde commōvit aciem, et

other that fight they-should-begin they-look-around shame then moved the-army and

clāmōre sublātō undique in ūnum hostem tēla coniciunt. Quae cum in obiectō cūncta

with-shout raised from-all-sides at one enemy spears they-hurl these when onto opposed all

scūtō haesissent, neque ille minus obstinātus ingentī pontem obtinēret gradū, iam

shield had-stuck and-not he less obstinately with-huge bridge was-holding with-stride now

impetū cōnābantur dētrūdere virum, cum simul fragor ruptī pontis, simul clāmor

with-attack they-were-trying to-push-down the-man when at-same-time -crash of-broken bridge at-same-time shouting

Rōmānōrum, alacritāte perfectī operīs sublātus,pavōre subitō impetum sustinuit.189

of-Romans at-speed of-finished work raised through-sudden terror assault blunted

Tum Cocles "Tiberīnē pater" inquit, "tē sānctē precor, haec arma et hunc mīlitem

Then Cocles Tiberian dather said you reverently I-beseech these weapons and this soldier

propitiō flūmine accipiās." Ita sīc armātus in Tiberim dēsiluit multīsque

with-favourable river may-you-accept so in-this-way armed into Tiber he-jumped-down and-with-many

superincidentibus tēlīs incolumis ad suōs trānāvit, rem ausus plūs fāmae habitūram

falling-from-above spears safely to own-people he-swam-across a-thing having-dared more of-fame going-to-have

ad posterōs quam fideī. Grāta ergā tantam virtūtem cīvitās fuit; statua in comitiō

among later-generations than of-credence grateful for such-great courage state was statue in assembly-place

posita; agrī quantum ūnō diē circumarāvit, datum. 196

[was]set-up of-farmland as-much-as in-one day he-ploughed-around [was]given.

Porsennā prīmō cōnātū repulsus, cōnsiliīs ab oppugnandā urbe ad obsīdendam

Porsenna at-first attempt repulsed with-plans from assaulting city to besieging-ir

versīs, praesidiō in Iāniculō locātō, ipse in plānō rīpīsque Tiberis castra posuit,

changed with-garrison on Janiculum placed himself on the-flat and-the-banks of-Tiber camp pitched

nāvibus undique accītis et ad cūstōdiam nē quid Rōmam frūmentī subvehī sineret, et

with-ships from-everywhere sent-for both for guarding lest any to-Rome of-grain to-be-brought he-allowed and

ut praedātum mīlitēs trāns flūmen per occāsiōnēs aliīs atque aliīs locīs trāiceret; 202

so-that for-raiding soldiers across river on occasions at-other and other places he-could-send-over

brevīque adeō īnfēstum omnem Rōmānum agrum reddidit ut nōn cētera sōlum ex

and-soon so hostile all Roman land rendered that not other-things alone from

agrīs sed pecūs quoque omne in urbem compellerētur, neque quisquam extrā portās

fields but farm-animals also all into city were-driven and –not anyone outside gates

prōpellere audēret. 205

to-send [them] dared

[12] Obsidiō erat nihilō minus et frūmentī cum summā cāritāte inopiā, sedendōque

Siege was[continuing] nevertheless and of-corn with very-high price because-of- shortage and-by-staying-put

expugnātūrum sē urbem spem Porsenna habēbat, cum C. Mūcius, adulēscēns nōbilis,

going-to-take himself city hope Porsenna had when Gaius Mucius young-man noble

cui indignum vidēbātur populum Rōmānum servientem cum sub rēgibus esset nūllō

to-whom unworthy it-seemed people Roman in-servitude when under kings it-was in-no

bellō nec ab hostibus ūllīs obsessum esse, līberum eundem populum ab iīsdem 210

was nor by enemies any under-siege to-have-been when-free same people by same

Etrūscīs obsidērī quōrum saepe exercitūs fūderit,—itaque magnō audācīque aliquō

Etruscans to-be-besieged whose often armies it-had-defeated and-so by-great and-bold some

facinore eam indignitātem vindicandam ratus, prīmō suā sponte penetrāre in hostium

deed that indignity needing-to-be-avenged having-thought first on-own initiative to-penetrate into of-enemy

castra cōnstituit. Dein metuēns nē sī cōnsulum iniussū et ignārīs omnibus īret, forte

camp he-decided then fearing lest if of-consuls without-order and [with-them] unaware he-went by-chance

dēprehēnsus ā cūstōdibus Rōmānīs retraherētur ut trānsfuga, fortūnā tum urbis crīmen

caught by guards Roman he-might-be-dragged-back as deserter with-fortune then city’s accusation

adfirmante, senātum adit. "Trānsīre Tiberim" inquit, "patrēs, et intrāre, sī possim,

supporting senate approaches to-cross the-Tiber he-said fathers and to-enter if I-can

castra hostium volō, nōn praedō nec populātiōnum in vicem ultor; maius sī dī iuvant

camp of-enemy I-wish not as-raider nor of-plundering in turn as-avenger greater if gods help

in animō est facinus." Adprobant patrēs. 220

In mind is deed. Approve the-fathers

Abditō intrā vestem ferrō proficīscitur. Ubi eō vēnit, in cōnfertissimā turbā prope

Hidden within clothing with-sword he-sets-out when there he-came in densest crowd near

rēgium tribūnal cōnstitit. Ibi cum stīpendium mīlitibus forte darētur et scrība cum

toyal tribunal took-his-stand there when pay to-soldiers by-chance was-being-given and scribe with

rēge sedēns parī ferē ōrnātū multa gereret eumque mīlitēs volgō adīrent, timēns

king sitting with-similar almost adornment many-things was doing and-him soldiers in-mass were-approaching fearing

scīscitārī uter Porsenna esset, nē ignōrandō rēgem sēmet ipse 225 aperīret quis esset,

to-enquire wgicg Porsenna was lest by-not-knowing king himself he-himself revealed who he-was

quō temere trāxit fortūna facinus, scrībam prō rēge obtruncat. Vādentem inde quā per

to-where blindly led fortune the-deed clerk instead-of king he-cuts-down him- walking rthen where through

trepidam turbam cruentō mucrōne sibi ipse fēcerat viam, cum concursū ad

fearful crowd with-bloody sword-point for-himself he-himself had-made path when with-rush towards

clāmōrem factō comprehēnsum rēgiī satellitēs retrāxissent, ante 229 tribūnal rēgis

the-noise made seized royal attendants had-dragged back before dias of-king

dēstitūtus, tum quoque inter tantās fortūnae minās metuendus magis quam metuēns,

helpless then also among so-great of-fortne threats feared more than fearing

"Rōmānus sum" inquit, "cīvīs; C. Mūcium vocant. Hostis hostem occīdere voluī, nec

Roman I-am he-said citizen Gaius Mucius [me]they-call As-enemy enemy to-kill I-wanted and-not

ad mortem minus animī est, quam fuit ad caedem; et facere et patī fortia Rōmānum

towards death less of-resolution is than was rowards killing both to-perform and to-endure brave-deeds Roman

est. Nec ūnus in tē ego hōs animōs gessī; longus post mē ōrdō est idem petentium

is nor alone towards you I this determination I-have-borne long behind me line is same of-those-seeking

decus. Proinde in hoc discrīmen, 235 sī iuvat, accingere, ut in singulās hōrās capite

honour therefore against this crisis if it-pleases [you] gird-yourself so-that at each hour for-life

dīmicēs tuō, ferrum hostemque in vestibulō habeāsrēgiae. Hoc tibi iuventūs Rōmāna

you-may-fight your iron and-enemy in entrance you-may-have of-palace this on-you youth Roman

indīcimus bellum. Nūllam aciem, nūllum proelium timuerīs; ūnī tibi et cum singulīs

we-declare war no srmy no battle you-should-fear alone for-you and with individuals

rēs erit."

matter will-be

Cum rēx simul īrā īnfēnsus perīculōque conterritus circumdarī ignēs minitābundus

When king at-same-time with-anger hostile and-by-danger terrified to-be-placed-around [him] fire threateningly

iubēret nisi exprōmeret properē 241 quās īnsidiārum sibi minās per ambāgēs iacēret,

was-ordering unless he-evealed quickly what of-pots to-him threats thrugh riddles he-was-making

"ēn tibi" inquit, "ut sentiās quam vīle corpus sit iīs quī magnam glōriam vident";

look for-yourself he-said so-that you-realize how worthless the-body is to-those who great glory see

dextramque accēnsō ad sacrificium foculō inicit. Quam cum velut aliēnātō ab sēnsū

and-right-hand lit for sacrifice into-brazier he-thrust this since as-if disconnected from feeling

torrēret animō, prope attonitus 245 mīrāculō rēx cum ab sēde suā prōsiluisset

he-was-burning with-mind nearby astonished by-miracle king when from seat his had-leapt-forward

āmovērīque ab altāribus iuvenem iussisset, "tū vērō abī"inquit, "in tē magis quam in

and-to-be-removed from altars young-man had-ordered you indeed depart he-said to yourself more than to

mē hostīlia ausus. Iubērem mactē virtūte esse, sī prō meā patriā ista virtūs stāret;

me hostile-acts after-daring I-would-order honoured for-courage [you] to-be if for my country that courage was-shown

nunc iūre bellī līberum tē, intāctum inviolātumque hinc dīmittō."250

now from-right of-war free you untouched and-unharmed from-here I-send-aways

Mucius Scaevola defying Lars Porsenna (Peter Rubens, 1577-1640)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gaius_Mucius_Scaevola#/media/File:Peter_Paul_Rubens_081.jpg

Tunc Mūcius, quasi remūnerāns meritum, "quandō quidem" inquit, "est apud tē virtūtī

Then Mucius as-if rewarding service when indeed he-said there- in you for-courage

honōs, ut beneficiō tulerisā mē quod minīs nequīstī, trecentī coniūrāvimus prīncipēs

honour as a-favour you-will-take from me what with-threats you-could-not three-hundred we-have-sworn leaders

iuventūtis Rōmānae ut in tē hāc viā grassārēmur. Mea prīma sors fuit; cēterī ut

of-youth Roman that against you in-this way we-should-proceed mine first lot was the-rest as

cuiusque cecīderit prīmī quoad tē opportūnum fortūna dederit, suō quisque tempore

each’s [lot] will-have-fallen first until you accessible fortune will-have-mde at-own each-one time

adērunt." [13] Mūcium dīmissum, cui posteā 256 Scaevolae ā clāde dextrae manūs

will-be-present Mucius dismissed to-whom afterwards Scaevola from loss of-right hand

cognōmen inditum, lēgātī ā Porsennā Rōmam secūtī sunt; adeō mōverat eum et prīmī

surname was-given envoys from Porsenna to-Rome followed so-much had-affected him both of-first

perīculī cāsus, ā quō nihil sē praeter errōrem īnsidiātōris tēxisset, et subeunda

danger experience from which nothing him except mistake of-plotter had-protected and to-be-udergone

dīmicātiō totiēns quot coniūrātī superessent, ut pācis condiciōnēs ultrō ferret

Struggle as-many-times as conspirators there-were-left that of-peace terms voluntarily he-brought

Rōmānīs. 260

to-Romans

HANNIBAL AND THE SECOND PUNIC WAR

Hamilcar has the nine-year-old Hannibal swear undying enmity to Rome

[XXI: 4]…Missus Hannibal in Hispāniam prīmō statim adventū omnem exercitum in

Having-been-sent Hannibal into Spain on-first at-once arrival all-of army to

sē convertit; Hamilcarem iuvenem redditum sibi veterēs mīlitēs crēdere; eundem

himself he-won-over Hamiclar young returned to-themselves old soldiers believed the-same

vigōrem in voltū vimque in oculīs, habitum ōris līneāmentaque intuērī. Dein brevī

energy in countenance and-force in eyes expression on-face and features they-saw then quickly

effēcit ut pater in sē minimum mōmentum ad favōrem conciliandum 5 esset.

he-brought-it-about that father in him minimal importance to support being-won was

Numquam ingenium idem ad rēs dīversissimās, pārendum atque imperandum,

Never spirit same at thigs most-different obeying and commanding

habilius fuit. Itaque haud facile discernerēs utrum imperātōrī an exercituī cārior

more-skilful was nd-so not easily you-would-tell whether to-commander or to-army dearer he-was

esset; neque Hasdrubal alium quemquam praeficere mālle ubi quid fortiter ac

was neither Hasdrubal other anyone to-put-in-charge to-prefer when anything bravely and

strēnuē agendum esset, neque mīlitēs aliō duce plūs cōnfīdere aut audēre. 10Plūrimum

energetically to-be-done was nor soldiers with-other leader more had-confidence or daring highest-amout

audāciae ad perīcula capessenda, plūrimum cōnsiliī inter ipsa perīcula erat. Nūllō

of-daring for dangers being-faced hishest-amount of-resourcefulness among actual dangers there-was by-no

labōre aut corpus fatīgārī aut animus vincī poterat. Calōris ac frīgoris patientia pār;

labour either body to-be-tired or spirit to-be-overcome was-able of-heat and znd-cold endurance equal

cibī pōtiōnisque dēsīderiō nātūrālī, nōn voluptāte modus fīnītus; vigiliārum somnīque

of-food and-of-drink by-need natural not by-sensual-pleasure consumption bounded for-being-awake and-for-sleep

nec diē nec nocte discrīminātā tempora 15 ; id quod gerendīs rēbus superesset quiētī

neither by-day nor by-night determined the-times that which from-to-be-done things was-left-over to-rest

datum; ea neque mollī strātō neque silentiō accersīta; multī saepe mīlitārī sagulō

was-givn this neither on-soft bedding nor in-silnce was-sought many oftenby-military cloak

opertum humī iacentem inter cūstōdiās statiōnēsque mīlitum cōnspexērunt. Vestītus

covered on-ground [him] lying amongst guards and-posts of-soldiers caught-sight-ofclothing

nihil inter aequālēs excellēns: arma atque equī cōnspiciēbantur. Equitum peditumque

in-no-way among peers standing-out weapons and horses were-conspicuous among-cavalry and-infantry

īdem longē prīmus 20 erat; prīnceps in proelium ībat, ultimus cōnsertō proeliō

Same-man by-far first was at-front into-battle he-used-to-go last after-joining of-battle

excēdēbat. Hās tantās virī virtūtēs ingentia vitia aequābant, inhūmāna crūdēlitās,

he-withdrew these so-great of-man virtues huge vices balanced inhuman cruelty

perfidia plūs quam Pūnica, nihil vērī, nihil sānctī, nūllus deum metus, nūllum iūs

treachery more than Punic no truth no respect of the sacred no of-gods’ fear no respect

iūrandum, nūlla religiō. Cum hāc indole virtūtum atque vitiōrum trienniō sub

for-oaths no religion with this natural-endowment of-virtues and of-vices for-three-years under

Hasdrubāle imperātōre 25 meruit, nūllā rē quae agenda videndaque magnō futūrō dūcī

Hasdrubal as-commander he-served with-no thing which to-be-done and-to-be-seen by-great future leader

esset praetermissa.

was-the-kind left-aside

The Durance (Durentia) at Sisteron in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence

https://photorator.com/photo/85199/sisteron-on-the-turquoise-waters-of-the-durance-river-in-alpes-de-hautes-provence-france-

[XXI: 32-33]…Hannibal ab Druentiā campestrī maximē itinere ad Alpēs cum bonā

Hannibal from the-Durrance throhgh-plains mainly by-route at Alps with good

pāce incolentium ea loca Gallōrum pervēnit. Tum, quamquam fāmā prius praecepta

will inhabiting those parts of-Gauls arrived then athough by-rumour earlier anticipated rēs erat, tamen ex propinquō30 vīsa montium altitūdō nivēsque caelō prope immixtae,

reality had-been however from nearby seen of-mountains height and-snow with-sky almost merged

tēcta īnfōrmia imposita rūpibus, pecora iūmentaque torpida frīgore, hominēs intōnsī et

dwellings rough perched on-crags cattle and-pack-animals numb with-cold people unshaven and

incultī, animālia inanimaque omnia rigentia gelū, cētera vīsū quam dictū foediōra

unkempt animals and-inanimate-objects all stiff with-frost other-things to-see than-to-say fouler

terrōrem renovārunt. Ērigentibus in prīmōs agmen clīvōs appāruērunt imminentēs 35

terror renewed to-those-directing onto first line-of.-march slopes there-appeared over-hanging

tumulōs īnsidentēs montānī Hannibal cōnsistere signa iussit; Gallīsque ad vīsenda

hill-tops occupying mountaineers Hannibal to-halt standards ordered and-with-Gauls for viewing

loca praemissīs, castra quam extentissima potest valle locat. Diē deinde simulandō

the-area sent-frwrd camp as extensive –as-possible in-valley he-pitched. With-day then by-pretending

aliud quam quod parābātur cōnsūmptō, cum eōdem quō cōnstiterant locō castra

something-other than what was-being-prepared taken-up when in-same in-which they-had-halted place camp

commūnīssent, ubi prīmum dēgressōs tumulīs montānōs laxātāsque sēnsit cūstōdiās,

they-had-fortified when first gone-down from -hills mounsin-people and stood-down he-realised the guards

plūribus ignibus quam prō numerō manentium in speciem factīs impedīmentīsque

with-more fries than for number of-those-remaining for appearance made and-with baggage

cum equite relictīs et maximā parte peditum, ipse cum expedītīs, ācerrimō quoque 40

with cavalry left and greatest-part of-infantry himself with unencumbered-troops keenest each

virō, raptim angustiās ēvādit iīsque ipsīs tumulīs quōs hostēs tenuerant cōnsēdit.

man swiftly to- the-pass he-marched-out and-on-those actual hills which th-enemy had-held he-halted

Prīmā deinde lūce castra mōta et agmen reliquum incēdere coepit. Iam montānī signō

At-first then night camp was-struck and column remaining to-advance began now mountain-folkwith-signal

datō ex castellīs ad statiōnem solitam conveniēbant, cum repentē cōnspiciunt aliōs

given from strongolds in position accustpromed started-converging when suddenly they-notice some

arce occupātā suā super caput imminentēs, aliōs viā trānsīre hostēs. dīversīs

with-vantage-point occupied their-own over head threatening other on-[main] path enemies from-on-both-sides

rūpibus iuxtā, invia ac dēvia adsuētī dēcurrunt.45Tum vērō simul ab hostibus,simul ab

cliffs equally trackless-ground and minor-paths used-to run-down then indeed at-same-time by enemy same-time by

inīquitāte locōrum Poenī oppugnābantur plūsque inter ipsōs, sibi quoque tendente ut

unevenness of-terrain Carthaginians were-being-opposed and-more among themselves for-self with-each striving so-that

perīculō prīmus ēvāderet, quam cum hostibus certāminis erat. equī maximē

from-danger first he-might-escape than with enemy of-contest there-was horses most-greatly

īnfēstum agmen faciēbant, quī et clāmōribus 50 dissonīs quōs nemora etiam

disturbed column mase which both by-cries discordant which groves also

repercussaeque vallēs augēbant territī trepidābant, et ictī forte aut volnerātī adeō

and-re-echoing valleys increased terrified were-trembling and struck by-chance or wounded so-much

cōnsternābantur, ut strāgem ingentem simul hominum ac sarcinārum omnis generis

were-thrown-into-confusion that destruction huge at-same-time of-men and-of-baggage of-every kind

facerent; multōsque turba, cum praecipitēs dēruptaeque utrimque angustiae essent, in

were-making and-many the-condusion since precipitous and sreep on-both-sides the-pass was to

immēnsum altitūdinis dēiēcit, 55 quōsdam et armātōs; et ruīnae maximē

immense depth threw-down some also armed-men and of-collapsing-building very-much

modo iūmenta cum oneribus dēvolvēbantur. Quae quamquam foeda vīsū erant, stetit

in-manner pack-animals with loads were-being-rolled-down which-things although terrible to-see were stood

parumper tamen Hannibal ac suōs continuit, nē tumultum ac trepidātiōnem augēret.

for-a-short-while however Hannibal and his-men held-back least confusion and fear he-might-increase

Summer photograph of the route over the Col du Clapier Hannibal perhaps took

http://news.stanford.edu/news/2007/may16/hannibal-051607.html

Sed is tumultus mōmentō temporis, postquam līberāta itinera fugā montānōrum erant,

But this confusion in-a-moment of-time after freed roads by-flight of-mountain-folk had-been

sēdātur. 60 Castellum inde, quod caput eius regiōnis erat, vīculōsque circumiectōs

is-calmed fortified-village then which capital if-this region was and-hamlets surrounding

capit et captō cibō ac pecoribus per trīduum exercitum aluit

he-captured and with-captured food and herds for three-days army he-fed

[XXI: 35] Nōnō diē in iugum Alpium perventum est per invia plēraque et errōrēs.

On- ninth-day to summit of-Alps reached it-was via trackless-stretches mostly and wrong-turnings

Biduum in iugō statīva habita, fessīsque labōre ac pugnandō quiēs data mīlitibus;

For-two-days on ridge stationary-camp was-pitched and-tired by-labour and fighting rest given to-soldiers

iumentaque aliquot, quae 65 prōlāpsa in rūpibus erant, sequendō uestīgia agminis in

pack-animals some which fallen on –the-rocks had by-following tracks of-the –column to

castra peruēnēre. Fessīs taediō tot malōrum niuis etiam cāsus, occidente iam sīdere

camp reached to-men-tired from-weariness so-many of-troubles of-snow also fall with-setting now constellation

Vergiliārum, ingentem terrōrem adiēcit. Per omnia nive opplēta cum, signīs prīmā

of-the-Pleiades great terror added through all-things with-snow covered with-standards at-first

lūce mōtīs, segniter agmen incēderet, pigritiaque et dēspērātiō in omnium voltū

light moved slowly army was-advancing sluggishness and desperation on of-all face

ēminēret, 70 praegressus signa Hannibal in prōmunturiō quōdam, unde longē ac lātē

stood-out having-moved-ahead-of standards Hannibal o in knoll certain from-which far and wide

prospectus erat, consistere iussīs mīlitibus Ītaliam ostentat subiectōsque Alpīnīs

view there-was to-halt ordered soldiers Italy displays and-at-foot-of Alpine

montibus circumpadānōs campōs, moeniaque eōs tum trānscendere nōn Italiae modo,

Mountains around-the-Po plains and-walls them then to-be-crossing not of-Italy only

sed etiam urbis Rōmānae: cētera plāna, prōclīvia fore; ūnō aut summum alterō proeliō

but also of-city Roman rest flat fownhill would-be with-one or at-most a-second battle

arcem et caput Italiae in manū ac potestāte habitūrōs. Procēdere inde agmen coepit,

citadel and capital of-Italy in hand and power going-to-have to-advance then army began

iam nihil ne hostibus quidem praeter parva fūrta per occāsiōnem temptantibus. 78

now nothing not with-enemies indeed execpt petty thefts on occasion attempting

Cēterum iter multō, quam in adscēnsū fuerat, difficilius fuit. Omnis enim ferme uia

But journey much than on ascent it-had-been more-difficult was all for almost toute

praeceps, angusta, lūbrica erat, ut neque sustinēre sē ab lāpsū possent.

steep narrow slippery was so-that neither keep themsleves from-slipping they-could

The Po plains from the foothills of the Alps

https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-29256400-superb-360%C2%B0-landscape-on-padana-plain-alps

Ventum deinde ad multō angustiōrem rūpem,atque ita rēctis saxīs,ut aegrē expedītus

Come then to mich narrower cliff and ao vertical with-rocks that scarcely unencumbered

mīles temptabundus manibusque retinēns uirgulta ac stirpēs circā ēminentēs dēmittere

soldier feeling-his-way with-hands holding-onto shrubs and stumps around sticking-out lower

sēsē posset. Ibi cum velut ad fīnem viae equitēs cōnstitissent, mīrantī Hannibalī, quae

himself could there when as-if at end of-thepath cavalry had-halted wondering Hannibal what

rēs morārētur agmen, nūntiātur rūpem inviam esse. 86 Dīgressus deinde ipse ad locum

thing was-delaying army it-is-reported cliff impassable to-be having-moved-off then himself for place

uīsendum. Tandem nēquīquam iūmentīs atque hominibus fatīgātīs, castra in iugō

inspecting at-last in-vain with-pack-animals and men exhausted camp on ridge

posita, aegerrimē ad id ipsum locō pūrgātō; tantum niuis fodiendum atque ēgerendum

pitched with-great-difficulty for this very-purpose with site cleared so-much of-snow needing-digging-up and carrying-away

fuit. Inde ad rūpem mūniendam per quam ūnam 90 uia esse poterat mīlitēs ductī, cum

was then for cliff being-provided-with-path through which alone road to-be was-able soldiers brought since

caedendum esset saxum, arboribus circā immānibus dēiectīs dētruncātīsque struem

to-be-cut-away was rock with-trees around immense felled and-stripped-of-branches pile

ingentem lignōrum faciunt eamque, cum et vīs ventī apta faciendō ignī coorta esset,

huge of-timber make and-it when also force of-wind suirable for-being-made fire arisen-had

succendunt ardentiaque saxa īnfūsō acētō putrefaciunt. ita torridam incendiō rūpem

they-set-on-fire and-glowing rocks poured-on with-vinegar cause-to-crumble thuis hot from-fire cliff

ferrō pandunt molliuntque 95 anfrāctibus modicīs clīvōs ut nōn iūmenta sōlum sed

with-iron open-way-over and.make-easy with-zig-zags moderate slopes so-that not pack-animals only but

elephantī etiam dēdūcī possent. quadrīduum circā rūpem consūmptum, iūmentīs prope

elephants also be-brought-down could four-days around cliff taken-up with-pack-animals almost

famē absumptīs; nūda enim fere cacūmina sunt et, si quid est pābulī, obruunt niuēs.

by-hunger finished-off bare for generally peaks are and if anything is of-pasture cover [it] the-snows

īnferiōra vallīs aprīcōsque quōsdam collēs habent rīuōsque prope silvās et iam

lower-places valleys and-sunlit some hills have and-streams near woods and now

hūmānō cultū digniōra loca. Ibi iūmenta in pābulum missa et quiēs mūniendō fessīs

for-hiuman habitation fitter areas There pack-animals to pasture put-out and rest by-road-building to-tired

hominibus data. 102

men given

Livy’s misinterpretation of his source

(from Kennedy & Davis (eds.),Two Centuries of Roman Prose)

� tantae is genitive singular, agreeing with urbis.

� maximī is similarly genitive singular with principium. The power of Rome was second only to that of the gods.

� i.e Rea either genuinely believed Mars had overpowered her or thought telling that story would be better for her reputation.

� The adjective iūstī goes with amnis (`to the course of its regular stream’). The shallow pools along the banks made it impossible to reach the fast-flowing main channel.

� i.e. the state of the river gave those carrying the infants hope that they could be submerged even in very slowly-moving water. It is unclear whether they just thought they would have done their job ny putting the infants in any kind of water or if they expected the basked would be crried into the maon channel as the waters receded.

� See � HYPERLINK "https://www.britannica.com/biography/Romulus-and-Remus" �https://www.britannica.com/biography/Romulus-and-Remus� The Romulus and Remus figures were added in the 15th century

� Nominative adjective going with aqua.

� submissās goes with mammās

� The spelling Laurentia appears to be a typo on the Wheelock text..

� Referring to the people of Alba Longa, the city founded by Aeneas’s son, Iulus, which was the religious centre of the Latin people before the rise of Rome. It was at this time Numitor’s capital.

� Lavinium was the city founded by Aeneas

� The Roman king was Tullius Hostilius, third ruler after Romulus.

� fore is the infinitive of an old form of the verb `to be’ and came to be used as a future infinitive, equivalent to futūrum esse; fuerit is perfect subjunctive used in a subordinate clause in reported speech.

� The manuscripts of Livy mostly have cuiusque (which can means `of whichever’ as well as ‘of each’) and this is printed in the Oxford edition, whose editor argues this is the kind of archaic language Livy preferred in legal contexts. However Wheelock, following a 16th century editor, prefers cuius (`of which’).

� As Wheelock points out, the et would normally go before ferōcēs,

� i.e the brothers were both natural fighters and also buoyed up by (literally `full with’) the voices of those urging them on.

� magis would more logically go before praesentis (`more free from present danger than from care’). Although not in immediate danger themselves, all were anxious about the outcome.

� Literally `placed’

� Most manuscripts (like Eric’s pdf) have incenduntur (literally `they are set alight (sc. with anxiety)’).

� English idiom would be `carrying the hopes’

� i.e .neither side had more reason to hope than the other.

� Literally `entwined’

� This probably means that one fell on top of the other or, less probably, that one fell first and then the other.

� The adjective is accusative, going with Rōmānās legiōnēs

� Literally `some amount of distance’. His calculation was that each of his opponents would run at a different speed according to the severity of his wounds.

� The fessum phrases go with corpus

� Dative of personal involvement (literally `for him badly holding his weapons, [the Roman] plunges the sword..)

� i.e. in the places where each one fell (quō is here an adjective going with locō)

� Perfect participle going with hīs atrōciōribusque aliīs. The subject of the sentence is Lucius Junius Brutus, who took the lead in the ousting of Tarquin in 509 B.C. and who was supposedly the ancestor of the Brutus involved in the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 B.C..

� Gerundive construction (literally `for purpose of movements being suppressed’).

� i.e. that the king was soon to arrive in Rome.

� i.e. Brutus,

� The predecessor of Tarquinius Superbus. Lucretius appears to have proposed the names of the consuls, joint chief executives who in historical times normally served for only one year, and the assembly ratified his choice,

� Husband of Lucretia, whose rape by the king’s son Sextus, had precipitated the overthrow of the monarchy.

� hunc goes with metum

� Lavinium, the city Aeneas founded, was on the coast due south of Rome (see map on page 9).

� The assembly was so called because the people were divided into `centuries’ each of which cast one block vote.

� Literally `of the bridge’

� i.e. begging them to have faith in the gods and in each other

� The pluperfect subjunctive and future infinitive fore in the reported statement correspond to future perfect (relīqueritis) and future (erunt) in Horatius’s actual words.

� Wheelock says that the historical infinitives are used for rapid action but they are more usually equivalents to the imperfect tense and describe persisting action - `he continually warned’ etc.

� proelium, -ī n is literally `battle’. Horatius took up position close to the advancing enemy, with his weapons turned towards them,

� i.e.while those who were demolishing the bridge were calling them all back he ordered his companions to withdraw to safety;. revocantibus with eīs understood is an ablative absolute phrase.

� This verb introduces the indirect statement servitia…venīre but the addition of `saying that’ is needed in English

� cunctātī sunt: deponent perfect (`they delayed’ or `they have delayed’

� i.e. the Etruscans looked round at each other, hoping somebody else would be the first to tackle Horatius.

� The noun-adjective phrases obiectō scūtō and ingentī gradū are separated for literary effect.

� The participle sublātus (from tollō, tollere, sustulī, sublātus, raise up) goes with clāmor. The Romans were elated that they had managed to destroy the bridge so swiftly. The noise of the collapse and the shouting frightened the Etruscans and stopped them fully pressing home their attack on Horatius The subject of sustinuit (literally `sustained’, `withstood’ is the two nouns fragor and clāmor but, as often, the verb is singular in agreement with the nearer noun.

� sanctē is an adverb but Livy might have intended the vocative sancte (`o holy one’).

� Livy is skeptical about some of the details of the story. In fact the whole account is doubted by some historians as some Roman sources suggest that Porsenna actually captured the city, in which case the various tales of heroism might have been inventions to cover up an embarrassing reality. The reliability of Livy’s account is discussed in detail in T. Cornell’s `The formation of the historical tradition of early Rome’ in I.S. Moxon et al. , Past Perspectives: Studies in Greek and Latin Historical Writing (CUP, 1986; partial preview at � HYPERLINK "https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=jQY9AAAAIAAJ" �https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=jQY9AAAAIAAJ�) The Wikipedia article on Horatius Cocles (� HYPERLINK "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius_Cocles" �https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatius_Cocles�) cite Cornell for the view that annalists in the late Republic were responsible for much of the fabrication but this is actually a widely held theory that Cornell describes only to reject. He puts the embroidering of the facts at an earlier stage and suggests Livy is more reliable for early Rome than is often believed.

� If Livy intended the nominatives statua..posita, this is an independent clause with est understood (`A statue was placed..’); if the nouns are ablative (statuā….positā) they form an ablative absolute phrase (`after a statue was placed..’). The latter is less likely as the land grant could have been made immediately but carving the statue would have taken some time. The comitium was an area near the forum where the oldest if the Roman assemblies, the comitia cūriāta, used to meet. The principal assembly, the comitia centūriāta, met on the Campus Martius across the Tiber.

� oppugnandā and obsīdendam are gerundives; literally `from the city being assaulted to [the city] being besieged.

� As Wheelock notes, after the imperfect vidēbātur the pluperfect subjunctive (fūdisset) might have been expected. Livy’s choice is perhaps influenced by his use of present tense verbs as he continues the narrative.

� i.e. if he had the bad luck to be caught in this way, the circumstances would make a charge of desertion plausible,

� Both the accusative semet and the clause quis esset are objectsof the verb aperīret: `he himself might reveal himself who he was.’

� The abbreviated form of the 2nd. person singular passive ending (-re < -ris) is found in present, imperfect and future tenses. The present tense form is used also as an imperative, so accingere means both `you arm yourself’ and (as in this sentence) `arm yourself!’

� habeās here really means `be ready to have’ rather than simply `have’ and ferrum hostemque is an example od hendiadys, meaning an enemy with a sword,

� The king must fear a succession of individuals attempting to kill him rather than conventional battle.

� Literally `was throwing’. iaceret is the imperfect subjunctive from iaciō (iacere, iēcī, iactum) and must be carefully distinguished (as the macronizer failed to do!) from iacēret, imperfect subjuctive of iaceō (iacēre, iacuī), `lie (down)’

� Referring to the hand.

� Imperative from abeō (go away)

� As Wheelock explains, macte is in origin the vocative of the perfect participle of mactō (sacrifice, offer as a victim, honour my sacrifice) but came to be used as an indeclinable noun meaning `honoured one’. The phrase macte virtūte can be used in congratulation of any achievement. The word matador (the bull-fighter whose job is to kill the animal) may derive from mactō but the etymology is disputed (see � HYPERLINK "https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=matador" �https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=matador�)

� Porsenna is waiving his right under the rules of war to punish Mucus

� Literally `you will have taken’,

� `As the lot of each first will have fallen’, i.e. as the successive drawing of lots brings each man in turn to the head od the queue of would-be assassins.

� Scaevolae might just possibly be genitive going with cognōmen (`surname of Scaevola’) but this is an English rather than a Latin construction and, as Wheelock suggests, the word has been attracted into the dative, in agreement with cuique, rther than , more logically, left in the nominative in apposition to cognōmen. Scaevola means literally `Little Left-hander’and is formed from scaevus, -a, um (on-the-left, left-handed, clumsy, silly )

� i.e. his resemblance to his father, Hamilcar Barca, who, after fighting against Rome in the final years of the First Punic War (264-41 B.C.) suppressed a revolt by Carthge’s mercenary soldiers. After making himself politically supreme in Carthage, Hamilcar took an army to Spain 236 and by his death in 228 had established Carthaginian control of an extensive territory. He was succeded as commander by his son-in-law, Hasdrubal the Fair (distinguished by the adjective from Hamilcar’s son and Hannibal’s brother, Hasdrubal), who had Hannibal sent from Africa to join him.

� i.e. quiēs

� consertō proeliō: ablative absolute, `battle having been joined’.

� For the argument that Hannibal and the Carthaginians in general were no more cruel or trea� HYPERLINK "https://www.amazon.com/Carthage-Must-Be-Destroyed-Civilization/dp/0143121294" �https://www.amazon.com/Carthage-Must-Be-Destroyed-Civilization/dp/0143121294�

� Imperfect subjunctive in a relative clause of characteristic. Hannibal did and saw everything of the sort that a great future leader needed to do,

cherous than the Romans themselves, see Richard Miles, Carthage Must Be Destroyed � HYPERLINK "https://www.amazon.com/Carthage-Must-Be-Destroyed-Civilization/dp/0143121294" �https://www.amazon.com/Carthage-Must-Be-Destroyed-Civilization/dp/0143121294�

� Hannibal initially accompanied his father to Spain and was with him when he died in 238 B.C. but thn returned to Carthage. He took over immediately in Spain when Hadrubal was assassinated in 221 B.C.so if Livy is right about the time-span, he returned to Spain in 224, when he was aged 23. See John Prevas, Hannibal’s Oath: the Life and Wars of

rome’s greatest Enemy (2017) - � HYPERLINK "https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=KrcIDgAAQBAJ" �https://books.google.com.hk/books?id=KrcIDgAAQBAJ�

� Imperfect subjunctive in a relative clause of characteristic. Hannibal did and saw everything of the sort that a great future leader needed to do,

� The Durance is a major French river, flowing southwestwards from the Alps to join the Rhone just past Avignon.

� Hannibal had already learned from his spies that the mountain people left the hilltops to go home at night and before pitching camp he had advanced during the day towards the mouth of the pass.

� The italicized words on this page are not in wheelock’s suggestion but retained here accidentally when editing the text downloaded from www.thelatinlibrary.com

� certāminis goes with plūs, which is regularly used with a genitive.

� quī (masculine plural) refers to equī

� Literally `an immensity of depth’

� Hannibal had eventually charged down the hill rather than lose his baggage and this put the enemy to flight, even though the confusion on his own side was temporarily imcreased.

� Syncopated form of pervēnērunt,

� The Pleiades set in late October.

� eōs (as subject of the accusative and infinitive clause) and esse (to complete the future infinitive esse habitūrōs) have to be supplied.

� Extract from Book XXI, chapters 36-38.

� ad locum vīsendum can be analysed either as a gerundive phrase (`for the place being seen’) or as a gerund (`for seeing the place’)one. In a secrtion Wheelock omits, Livy describes how Hannibal attempted am alternative route but found rhe ice just below a covering of snow made it totally impassable.

� The subject of the verb is mīlitēs two lines above

� Livy’ assertion in c.36 2 that `the placce had been broken sheer away for a fully 1,000 feet’ (in pedum mille admodum altitūdinem abruptus erat) suggests he thought the path had collapsed in front of them, making the construction of a road down the cliff in four days an incredible feat of engineering, In fact Polybius, the Greek historian he was relying on, only says that a landslide had narrowed the path for 1,000 feet.