luận văn làng nghề rắn vĩnh sơn

Lun vn thc s

M U1. Tnh cp thit ca ti

Lng ngh l mt trong nhng c th ca nng thn Vit Nam. a s lng ngh tri qua lch s hnh thnh v pht trin hng trm nm gn lin vi s pht trin kinh t - x hi ca t nc. T khi nc ta thc hin cng cuc i mi, tin hnh cng nghip ha hin i ha, pht trin nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng x hi ch ngha, kinh t lng ngh theo cng pht trin mnh. Theo thng k ca Hip hi lng ngh Vit Nam, c nc hin c khong hn 1600 lng ngh c cng nhn v hn 3200 lng c ngh [16]. Tuy nhin, v c bn cc lng ngh vn mang tnh t pht, nh l, thit b th cng, n gin, cng ngh lc hu, mt bng sn xut nh hp,... Vi s pht trin t, thiu quy hoch ca cc lng ngh cng vi s mt cn bng gia nhu cu pht trin sn xut v kh nng p ng ca c s vt cht, thc ca ngi dn trong bo v mi trng, bo v sc khe v s lng lo trong qun l mi trng, hot ng ca cc lng ngh v ang gy p lc rt ln n cht lng mi trng ti cc lng ngh.

Vnh Phc thuc vng Chu th sng Hng, l ca ng pha Ty Bc ca Th H Ni v l mt trong 8 tnh thuc vng kinh t trng im pha Bc. L tnh c thin nhin u i, c v tr thun li trong pht trin kinh t - x hi, nhng nm gn y cng vi cc chnh sch u i u t v khuyn khch khi phc cc lng ngh truyn thng ca tnh, kinh t lng ngh ca tnh Vnh Phc c nhng bc pht trin mnh m, gp phn quan trng trong chuyn dch c cu kinh t khu vc nng thn. Tuy nhin, bn cnh s pht trin ca cc lng ngh vn cn tn ti nhiu vn , trong nhim mi trng ang l vn cp thit v cn c quan tm nht.

Lng ngh chn nui rn x Vnh Sn c t lu i v c y ban nhn dn tnh Vnh Phc cng nhn l lng ngh truyn thng ca tnh. Cng vi s pht trin kinh t ca tnh, lng ngh rn Vnh Sn cng ngy cng pht trin vi s gia tng v quy m cng nh cht lng v s a dng ca sn phm. Rn khng ch l nguyn liu ca cc mn c sn m cn l nguyn liu to thnh cc loi thc phm chc nng tt cho sc khe nh ru rn, cao rn hay l nguyn liu ch to cc loi m ngh nh dy lng, v, giy da, Nhn thc c tm quan trng ca ngh nui rn trong vic chuyn i c cu cy trng, vt nui ti mt x nng nghip nh Vnh Sn, ngy nay cc trang tri nui rn vi quy m ln ra i v ngy cng pht trin mnh m. Chn nui rn l mt ngh c tnh cht c trng rt c bit, tuy nhin cng c mt s im chung so vi cc ngnh chn nui khc l vn cht thi chn nui. Cng vi s pht trin mnh m v s lng cc trang tri nui rn, lng cht thi cng theo m tng ln ng k to ra p lc ln i vi mi trng khu vc.

Trc thc trng mi trng lng ngh hin nay, ti thc hin ti iu tra, phn loi, nh gi hin trng v xut cc gii php x l cht thi pht sinh t cc trang tri nui rn x Vnh Sn, huyn Vnh Tng, tnh Vnh Phc. Kt qu ca ti s cho thy hin trng tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi ti lng ngh rn Vnh Sn, t xut mt s gii php h tr cho vic a ra cc bin php v chnh sch qun l mi trng mt cch hiu qu phc v cho vic xy dng hnh nh mt lng ngh truyn thng xanh sch p, gy n tng vi du khch trong v ngoi nc.2. Mc ch nghin cu ca ti

Trn c s xc nh c hin trng, thnh phn cc loi cht thi pht sinh t hot ng chn nui rn, t a ra cc bin php gim thiu v x l cht thi ph hp lm gim thiu nhim mi trng do hot ng chn nui rn ti x Vnh Sn, to tin xy dng khu lng ngh - dch v du lch theo tiu ch pht trin kinh t gn vi bo v mi trng. ng thi, tr thnh m hnh mu v bo v mi trng cho cc lng ngh chn nui rn khc trn a bn tnh Vnh Phc ni ring v c nc ni chung.3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu

- i tng nghin cu ca ti l cc trang tri chn nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn;

- Phm vi nghin cu:

+ Phm vi v khng gian: x Vnh Sn huyn Vnh Tng tnh Vnh Phc;

+ Phm vi v thi gian: Do thi gian v iu kin c hn nn cc s liu phc v cho mc ch nghin cu ca ti c iu tra v thu thp t thng 3/2014 n thng 2/2015.4. Ngun t liu v phng php nghin cu

a. Ngun t liu

- Ngun t liu do a phng cung cp;

- T liu thu thp c t qu trnh i iu tra, kho st trn a bn;

b. Phng php nghin cu

- Phng php iu tra, kho st thc a: Tin hnh iu tra, kho st cc trang tri chn nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn c nhng thng tin v ci nhn c th, chnh xc v thc trng mi trng ti cc trang tri chn nui rn trn a bn.

- Phng php k tha: T cc s liu, ti liu v cc thng tin c c, tng hp v phn tch a ra cc nh gi v nh hng ca cc loi cht thi pht sinh t cc trang tri nui rn. Trong qu trnh nghin cu c k tha cc kt qu nghin cu trc trong khu vc nghin cu.

- Phng php iu tra x hi hc: iu tra cc vn mi trng ti cc trang tri chn nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn bng h thng cc cu hi phng vn c nhng nhn xt, nh gi khch quan, chnh xc v tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi ti cc trang tri chn nui rn.- Phng php chuyn gia: Phi hp v tham kho kin ca cc chuyn gia v nhng ngi trc tip chn nui rn xy dng phng php v t chc nghin cu c hiu qu.5. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti

- Xy dng cc c s l lun v thc tin ban u v hin trng mi trng ti lng ngh rn Vnh Sn, huyn Vnh Tng tnh Vnh Phc;- Xy dng v xut cc gii php c tnh khoa hc v thc tin cao nhm gii quyt cc vn nhim mi trng do cc trang tri chn nui rn gy ra;- Vi cc xut v cc bin php gim thiu nhim mi trng trong ti s gp phn thc y s tham gia ca nh qun l, ngi dn v cc ch trang tri v mc tiu ci thin mi trng v sc khe cng ng.CHNG 1

TNG QUAN V LNG NGH RN VNH SN1.1. Gii thiu v ngh nui rn

1.1.1. Ngh nui rn Vit NamNui rn tr thnh mt ngh mang li nhiu li ch kinh t, tng thu nhp cho ngi dn v gp phn bo tn mt s loi rn ang c nguy c tuyt chng. T hng ngn nm nay, con ngi tn rt nhiu cng sc tm hiu v tp tnh sinh thi sinh l ca con rn hnh thnh nn ngh nui rn c nhiu ni trn khp t nc Vit Nam.Vit Nam l nc nm trong vng nhit i nn c thin nhin u i cho cc h sinh hc ng, thc vt nn cc loi rn ca Vit nam c mi trng sinh sng v pht trin. Tuy nhin nhng nm gn y, nn sn bt ng vt hoang d, ng vt qu him ly tht v xut khu (trong c rn) ang honh hnh gy mt cn bng sinh thi hoc mt s loi c nguy c tuyt chng. Theo thng k ca Cc Cnh st mi trng - B Cng an,mi nm, th trng Vit Nam tiu th 3.400 tn tht ng vt hoang d [18]. V vy, hot ng chn nui, ch bin v kinh doanh cc sn phm t rn ca ca nhn dn nhng nm gn y c khuyn khch pht trin mt cch hp php, thng qua hot ng cp php ca c quan kim lm.

Hot ng chn nui, ch bin cc sn phm t rn nc ta hin nay ang c chiu hng pht trin mnh ti mt s lng ngh truyn thng hoc mi pht trin mt s vng nng thn, trang tri.

Theo s liu thu thp s b hin nay cho thy ngoi mt s lng ngh truyn thng nh: Lng Sn Tang (nay l x Vnh Sn, huyn Vnh Tng, tnh Vnh Phc) c truyn thng chn nui ch bin rn t nhng th k trc, lng rn L Mt, thuc x Vit Hng, qun Long Bin, thnh ph H Ni vi truyn thng nui rn, bt rn cch y hn 900 nm, lng Bn, x Phng Thng, huyn Phc Th, tnh H Ty (nay l thnh ph H Ni) c ngh bt rn t hng trm nm nay. Ngoi ra, nhng nm gn y cn xut hin Hi nui rn x T x, huyn Lm Thao, tnh Ph Th, mt s h nng dn ca X Chi Lng, Hng H, Thi Bnh, tri nui rn ng Tm (x Bnh c, Chu Thnh, Tin Giang), trang tri ca ng Trng thn Th An, x Bnh An, tnh Qung Ngi, hi nui rn x ng t, huyn Ph Lng, tnh Thi Nguyn, lng Bch, x Hong ng, Duy Tin, H Nam, trang tri chn nui trn, rn ca ng Nguyn Vn Minh (Nm Minh), p 44 khu 3, x Thnh Ph, huyn M Xuyn, tnh Sc Trng, trang tri chn nui trn, rn ca ng V Vn ng, thuc lng nui rn p Ho Bnh, x Nguyn Vn Thnh, huyn Bnh Minh, tnh Vnh Long, trang tri chn nui trn, rn ca ng Phm Hng Nam - Qun c khu du lch sinh thi Lm ng trng Sng Trm (x Bin Bc, huyn Thi Bnh, tnh Kin Giang), tri chn nui rn h mang ca ng Nguyn Vn Bnh, L Hu Trung thuc lng nui rn thn Ngha Dng, x Cm Phong, huyn Cm Thu, tnh Thanh Ho, tri chn nui rn h mang ca ng Thi Hu Triu, thuc lng nui rn xm 7, x Tng Thnh, huyn Yn Thnh, tnh Ngh An, trang tri Thnh Pht, 14/3, p Thi Ty 1, x Tn Hip, huyn Hc Mn, TPHCM,... [4]Rn thng phm t cc lng nui rn ni trn ch yu c xut khu sang th trng tiu th chnh l Trung Quc. Ngoi ra, rn cn c dng ngm ru, nu cao v bn cho ngi dn c nhu cu lm thc phm chc nng, bi b c th, h tr iu tr mt s bnh v xng khp v dy thn kinh,Ngh nui rn mang li hiu qu kinh t cao, gip ngi nng dn xa i, gim ngho, ngoi ra cn gip bo tn cc ngun gen qu him. V vy, Nh nc ta v ang to iu kin, a ra cc hnh lang php l ph hp ngi dn c th pht trin ngh chn nui rn, va gp phn pht trin kinh t, va bo tn ti nguyn thin nhin, duy tr v pht trin a dng sinh hc ca t nc.1.1.2. Ngh nui rn tnh Vnh Phc v huyn Vnh Tng

Vnh Phc l mt tnh thuc vng ng bng sng Hng, nm trong vng kinh t trng im Bc B v vng Th , c li th v a l, kinh t v vn ha. T khi ti lp tnh n nay, Vnh Phc t c nhiu thnh tu to ln, kinh t lin tc tng trng vi tc cao, c cu kinh t chuyn dch theo hng tng t trng cng nghip, xy dng v dch v, gim t trng nng nghip, lm nghip v thy sn. Gi tr sn xut cng nghip, tng thu ngn sch, tng sn phm ni tnh, ch s nng lc cnh tranh cp tnh (PCI) v ch s pht trin con ngi (HDI) ca Vnh Phc lun xp trong nhm 10 tnh, thnh ph dn u ca c nc. V vn ha x hi cng c nhiu tin b, i sng vt cht v tinh thn ca nhn dn khng ngng c nng ln. [17]Theo mt s thng k s b ca y ban nhn dn x Vnh Sn th trn a bn tnh Vnh Phc hin nay c mt s huyn c ngh nui rn nh: Vnh Tng, Yn Lc, Sng L, Lp Thch, Tam o. Trong , Vnh Tng l huyn c nhiu trang tri nui rn nht v l huyn c ngh nui rn lu i nht, cc huyn khc u c ngh nui rn ra i sau huyn Vnh Tng do ngi dn cc a phng ny my m tm hiu v n hc ngh ti Vnh Tng, sau v pht trin ngh nui rn ti a phng. [4]Huyn Vnh Tng hin nay cng ch cn li mt s x c ngh nui rn nh Vnh Sn, Bnh Dng, Yn Lp, Yn Bnh, V Di,... Do nhng nm gn y u ra ca con rn thng bp bnh v chn nui khng c li, ngi dn b ngh nui rn kh nhiu chuyn sang lm cc ngh khc c thu nhp n nh hn. Hin nay, ch cn li x Vnh Sn l x c truyn thng lu i nht vn duy tr v pht trin c ngh nui rn, ng thi pht trin thm vic sn xut cc sn phm t rn. [4]1.2. Lch s ra i v pht trin ca lng ngh rn Vnh Sn1.2.1. Gii thiu tng quan v x Vnh Sna. V tr a lVnh Tng l huyn nm nh tam gic ng bng Bc B, bn t ngn sng Hng, v pha Ty Nam ca tnh Vnh Phc; Pha Bc gip huyn Lp Thch v Tam Dng, pha Ty Bc gip thnh ph Vit Tr ca tnh Ph Th, pha Ty gip huyn Ba V v th x Sn Ty (thnh ph H Ni), pha ng gip huyn Yn Lc.X Vnh Sn l mt x nm pha Bc ca huyn Vnh Tng, pha ng gip x Bnh Dng, pha Ty gip th trn Th Tang v x Thng Trng, pha Nam gip x V Di, pha bc gip x i ng v Tn Tin. X c din tch t nhin l: 327,34 ha; Trong din tch t nng nghip l 236,27 ha, chim t l 72,18%; t phi nng nghip 91,07 ha, chim t l 27,82%.

Hnh 1. 1. Bn hnh chnh tnh Vnh Phc

Hnh 1. 2. Bn hnh chnh huyn Vnh Tng

b. iu kin kinh t - x hiTnh n nm 2013, ton x c 1358 h vi 5806 nhn khu, trong c 18 h vi 84 nhn khu theo o Thin cha gio. X c 05 thn (t thn 1 n thn 5), a bn phn b tp trung.V lao ng x c 3450 ngi, chim 63% dn s ton x, trong lao ng lm vic trong lnh vc nng nghip l 2.569 ngi, chim 71,5% lc lng lao ng ca x, cn li 28,5% l lao ng trong lnh vc tiu th cng nghip, dch v thng mi.C cu kinh t ca x: Nng nghip, thng mi dch vThu nhp bnh qun u ngi nm 2013 l 18,2 triu ng/ngi/nm.V di tch: Nm 2000 di tch nh, Cha x Vnh Sn c xp hng di tch lch s cp Quc gia. Nm 2006 x Vnh Sn c cng nhn l lng ngh rn truyn thng. Nm 2010, x Vnh Sn c vinh danh l mt trong mi lng ngh tiu biu ca c nc, x c nhiu on khch quc t, lnh o ng v Nh nc ti thm quanH tng: ng thn, ng c lt gch, b tng 100%. H thng in c d n ReII u t v a vo s dng. Trm y t, trng mm non, trng Tiu hc v trng Trung hc c s u t chun Quc gia. n nm 2013 x t 09/19 tiu ch v Nng thn mi, mc tiu phn u nm 2015 t 19/19 tiu ch.Hng nm cc ch tiu php lnh cp trn giao x u hon thnh v hon thnh vt ch tiu, an ninh chnh tr, trt t an ton x hi lun n nh, i sng vt cht v tinh thn ca nhn dn ngy cng c nng cao.1.2.2. Lch s ra i v pht trin ca lng ngh rn Vnh Snn nay, vn cha tm thy cc ti liu lch s v s ra i ca lng rn Vnh Sn. Theo cc bc cao nin trong lng truyn li, trc y Vnh Sn vn l mt vng hoang vu, rm rp, cng cc ao, h, m, bi. Chnh th nhng ni y to iu kin cho cc loi ng vt b st tm n sinh sng, trong c loi rn. Trc y, vo thi k nng nhn, ngi dn Vnh Sn thng i bt rn v lm thc n, ngm ru lm thuc hoc em bn kim thm thu nhp trang tri cuc sng. X hi pht trin, vi s tin b v khoa hc - k thut v nhu cu bi b sc khe ca ngi dn, nhiu cng dng t loi rn c pht hin. Ngi dn Vnh Sn vi kinh nghim v s am hiu v loi rn c c rt qua nhiu nm hnh thnh ln ngh bt rn bn. Nhng c mt thc t l c khai thc rn trong t nhin th n mt lc no ngun rn cng s cn kit. Trc thc t ngun rn trong t nhin ngy cng cn kit m nhu cu s dng cc sn phm t rn ngy cng tng cao, ngi dn Vnh Sn chuyn hng t sn bt sang nui nht v gy nui sinh sn to ngun rn cung cp cho th trng. Ngh rn Vnh Sn tri qua rt nhiu thng trm theo dng thi gian. Trong thi k bao cp, phong tro nui rn b lng xung cng vi kh khn chung ca nn kinh t, nhiu gia nh phi b ngh nui rn chuyn sang ngh khc. Tuy nhin, n nm 1979, c s quan tm gip ca cc cp, cc ngnh, mt s nh khoa hc nh: Gs.Ts Trn Kin, Gs. Nguyn Ti Lng, Gs. i Duy Ban, Ts. Ng Th Kim,... v Trung tm Sinh l Ha sinh ngi v ng vt (nay l Vin Cng ngh Sinh hc Vit Nam), Vnh Sn khnh thnh v a vo hot ng Trung tm nhn ging rn (thng gi l Tri rn Vnh Sn). Tri rn i vo hot ng l s kt hp gia kinh nghim c truyn v tin b khoa hc k thut, gip ngi dn trong x nng cao hiu qu hot ng chn nui rn. [3]Thc hin ngh quyt ca Trung ng v y mnh cng nghip ha hin i ha nng thn v pht trin tiu th cng nghip, ng y, HND, UBND x Vnh Sn lun ch trng cng tc khuyn khch, to iu kin cho cc c s, cc h chn nui rn c c hi m rng sn xut.

c s quan tm ca lnh o cc cp, nm 1994, ngh nui rn c Nh nc cng nhn tnh hp php. Nm 1995, c s gip ca Vin Cng ngh Sinh hc Vit Nam v quy trnh p n v chm sc, ngi dn Vnh Sn gy nui thnh cng loi rn H Tru, H Mang v H Cha sinh sn. n nm 2010, Chi cc Kim lm tnh Vnh Phc to hnh lang php l (xc nhn rn nui) cho nhng ngi nui rn v thng li c thun li trong qu trnh bun bn, vn chuyn rn n ni tiu th. Nm 2006, khu quy hoch lng ngh rn Vnh Sn c ph duyt ti quyt nh s 2488/Q-UBND ngy 13 thng 10 nm 2006 ca UBND tnh Vnh Phc vi din tch 20,87 ha [12]. y l khu lng ngh truyn thng ca x Vnh Sn, tp trung cc c s chn nui v ch bin cc sn phm t rn, ng thi l khu dch v, du lch v pht trin kinh t - x hi ca a phng. Cn c theo tin trnh lch s ra i v pht trin ca lng rn Vnh Sn, ngy 24 thng 11 nm 2006, Ch tch UBND tnh Vnh Phc k quyt nh s 3120/Q-UBND v vic cng nhn lng ngh rn Vnh Sn t tiu chun lng ngh truyn thng [13]. Tip theo , ngy 31 thng 12 nm 2007, Hi lng ngh rn Vnh Sn c thnh lp v l ch s hu nhn hiu tp th s 113742, cp ngy 14 thng 11 bn 2008 cho cc sn phm: Nc rn, rn ngm ru, cao rn, rn ngm ru mt ong, tht rn, tht rn ng hp,n nay, rn vn l mt loi c sn ang ln cn st, th trng trong nc ang x i tm cc loi thuc qu v th trng nc ngoi vn cn ang b ng. Nhng rn Vnh Sn thc s tr thnh hng ha th cn xy dng mt thng hiu mnh cho lng rn, thng hiu rn Vnh Sn c th vn ra tm th gii.1.2.3. Tnh hnh pht trin ngh rn ti x Vnh Sn hin nay

Hin nay, ton x Vnh Sn c khong hn 850 h chn nui rn, trong c khong 15 h chn nui vi quy m ln, 100 h c quy m trung bnh v khong 735 h chn nui rn vi quy m nh, trong c bn cc h u nui rn sinh sn. Tnh n thng 5/2014, sn lng rn u vo ca ton x c t trn 42 tn, s trng a vo p khong 300.000 qu.Chn nui rn hin nay tr thnh ngnh sn xut chnh ca ngi dn a phng. Theo thng k ca y ban nhn dn x Vnh Sn, trong nm 2013, tng gi tr sn xut t hot ng chn nui t 38,4 t ng, trong gi tr sn xut t chn nui rn c t 29,4 t ng. Hin nay, trn ton x c 02 hp tc x v 03 cng ty chuyn chn nui, ch bin v kinh doanh cc sn phm t rn, c 01 nh hng chuyn cc mn m thc v rn, 01 tri rn trung tm ca ton x v thnh lp Hi lng ngh rn Vnh Sn.

Cc sn phm ca lng ngh bao gm: Rn sng, tht rn, rn ngm ru, nc rn, da rn, cao rn, cao rn ngm mt ong,... u c gi tr v sc khe v kinh t cao, c nhiu ngi tiu dng a chung. Sn phm t rn mt phn c ngi dn trong x ch bin thnh rn ngm ru, cao rn, cao rn ngm mt ong, mt phn c bn cho cc nh hng c sn, cn li rn sng c bn lm rn ging b m cho cc trang tri rn trong nc hoc xut khu sang th trng Trung Quc.Hin ti, ngh nui rn ti x Vnh Sn vn ang c duy tr v pht trin mc d cn tim n nhiu ri ro trong qu trnh chn nui cng nh nhng kh khn v u ra ca sn phm. Ngh chn nui v ch bin cc sn phm t rn em li thu nhp cho cc h gia nh trong x, gp phn xa i gim ngho, mang li hiu qu kinh t - x hi cao, lm thay i b mt ca x Vnh Sn.

Tuy nhin, vn cn tn ti nhiu kh khn, vng mc trong qu trnh pht trin a lng ngh rn Vnh Sn tr thnh mt thng hiu mnh m v uy tn trn th trng trong v ngoi nc. Mt s kh khn in hnh m lng ngh gp phi nh: - Sn phm hng ho ca lng ngh cn n gin, mu m chm c i mi, cng tc qung co tip th cn rt hn ch, sn phm ch yu xut th (rn thng phm cha qua ch bin) do vy cha c nhng n t hng ln.- Vn cho hot ng sn xut chn nui cn gp nhiu kh khn, ngun vn cc t chc tn dng cho vay cn rt khim tn.

- Vn nghin cu phng, cha bnh cho rn cha c nh nc quan tm ng mc. Do vic phng v cha bnh cho n rn ch yu do kinh nghim c truyn v qua qu trnh chn nui m tch lu c.- Khu vc quy hoch lng ngh vn cn mt s h cha chp hnh gii phng mt bng bn giao cho ch u t thc hin d n, do nhng h c nhu cu m rng sn xut, chn nui cha c iu kin v mt bng u t. - Do ngh rn tn ti v pht trin t lu i v t pht do vy khu chn nui v sn xut cc sn phm t rn ch yu l lm trn din tch t th c ca gia nh. Do vy ngi xen ln vi rn v cc vt nui khc (tru, b, ln, g chim ct,...), t cht thi chn nui c tiu thot chung vi cc cht thi sinh hot khc, d gy nhim mi trng v kh qun l c cc mm bnh ly lan t trang tri ca gia nh ny sang trang tri ca gia nh khc. Vn ny nh hng ln n cng tc x l v c lp nhng trang tri rn mc bnh ng thi gy nh hng khng nh n sc kho ca cng ng dn c trn ton x.- Mc d cc vn bn quy phm php lut c hng dn kh chi tit v cc th tc cn thit xin php thnh lp tri gy nui, nhng mt s ni dung hng dn nng v cc tiu chun khoa hc, cha ph hp vi i a s trnh ca ngi nng dn chn lm, tay bn.- Cc trang tri gy nui rt mun cc c quan khoa hc gip nh du sn phm gy nui trnh nhng u nu tr trn gia con rn gy nui vi con rn khai thc ngoi t nhin (hin nay cc bin php nh du qu phc tp, gi c li t cha ph hp vi ngi dn chn nui).- Cc chnh sch ca Nh nc cha cp n vic h tr cc h chn nui rn v kinh ph nhm m rng sn xut nhm mc ch sn xut ra nhiu con ging p ng nhu cu ca cc h chn nui rn thng phm, t sn xut ra nhiu sn phm cung cp cho th trng tiu dng, ng thi gp phn hn ch nn khai thc rn ba bi trong t nhin.- Nh nc cha cp n vn chnh sch giao cho cc c quan nghin cu khoa hc, nghin cu c th tp tnh, c tnh sinh hc cng nh quy trnh gy nui sinh sn nhng ng vt hoang d qu him, t chuyn giao cho cc h nng dn nui, c bit nh lng ngh truyn thng x Vnh Sn, nhm gii quyt vic lm ang d tha rt ln trong khu vc nng thn.- Chnh sch ca Nh nc cha c th v vic thng cho nhng ngi cung cp thng tin v vic khai thc rn trong t nhin. V vy cha khuyn kch c cng ng dn c gim st, pht hin cung cp tin cho c quan chc nng ngn chn kp thi t nn khai thc tu tin ng vt, thc vt trong mi trng hoang d. - Cn c theo ngh nh 32/2006/N-CP ngy 30/3/2006 th rn H mang cha (Ophiophagas hannah) thuc nhm I B nhm nghim cm khai thc s dng v mc ch thng mi m ch c khai thc v mc ch nghin cu khoa hc (k c to ngun ging ban u phc v cho nui sinh sn, trng cy nhn to, quan h hp tc Quc t) [11]. Tuy nhin do c th ca ngh chn nui rn x Vnh Sn c t rt lu i, thc t qua qu trnh chn nui ngi dn gy nui sinh sn thnh cng ging rn ny. Qua kinh nghim thc t ca ngi dn h bit lai to gia ging rn cha sng khu vc min Nam vi ging rn cha vng ni pha Bc cc th h F2, F3, F4,... u pht trin rt tt, con ging kho mnh, t bnh tt, pht trin cn i. Tuy nhin, theo php lut hin hnh th loi ny nghim cm nui v mc ch thng mi, do vy nhn dn Vnh Sn gp rt nhiu kh khn trong vn chng minh ngun gc ca rn thc hin cc bc theo quy trnh gy nui sinh sn m cc vn bn quy phm php lut ca Nh nc quy nh.

Tuy gp nhiu kh khn trong cng tc chn nui, m rng sn xut v tm kim u ra cho sn phm. Nhng bn cnh nhng kh khn , lng ngh rn Vnh Sn cng c ng v Nh nc to nhiu iu kin thun li pht trin lng ngh truyn thng nh:

- T vic c Nh nc cho php gy nui rn nhm mc ch thng mi to iu kin cho ngi nng dn tip cn vi cc ngun vn vay t cc t chc tn dng u t cho pht trin chn nui rn - ngh truyn thng ca a phng. Trc nm 2000 ngi dn mun vay vn chn nui rn gp rt nhiu kh khn, cc t chc tn dng khng cho vay vn vo mc ch chn nui rn. Thc cht ngi dn vay vn chn nui rn u phi chuyn sang l do chn nui gia sc, gia cm,... Do vy s vn vay c rt t, khng u t m rng vic nhn nui nn tc pht trin ca lng ngh c phn chm chp hn, cha xng vi tim nng ca mt lng ngh truyn thng. Sau nm 2000, khi c php gy nui rn h mang, cc t chc tn dng u t cho vic gy nui rn, t nhn dn c iu kin u t m rng sn xut chn nui, do vy mc tng trng t ngh chn nui rn bt u tng mnh.- Cng t vic cho php chn nui rn gip ngi nng dn trong x tip cn nhanh hn vi c ch th trng. V mt iu quan trng khc l ton b nhng ngi nui c kin thc t cao n thp u khng ngng t tm ti hc hi cc kin thc khoa hc k thut cng nh cc vn bn ca Nh nc lin quan n ng vt hoang d v t hc hi ln nhau tch lu kinh nghim cho u t chn nui rn.- Cho php chn nui rn nhm duy tr v pht trin ngh truyn thng tr thnh ng lc quan trng gip cho cc on vin, hi vin ca cc t chc chnh tr x hi, t chc ngh nghip pht trin kinh t, nng cao i sng. T h tin tng hn vo t chc v hng say tham gia cc hot ng x hi. V cng t cc hot ng x hi to iu kin h gn gi trao i thng tin, gn kt vi nhau hn. Thc t cho thy cc t chc chnh tr x hi Vnh Sn u hot ng tt v l nhng n v i u trong cc phong tro ca huyn, ca tnh.

Hin nay, khch n vi lng ngh rn Vnh Sn s c th hng nhiu dch v nh: Thm quan khu chn nui rn, trc tip quan st loi ng vt ang dn him gp trong mi trng t nhin, cm nhn nhng kh khn ca ngh nui rn, thng thc nhng mn n ngon, l v b dng c ch bin t tht rn v ra v vi nhng sn phm truyn thng c by bn ti lng rn nh cao rn, ru rn,...1.3. Quy trnh chn nui rn ti lng ngh rn Vnh Sn

1.3.1. Quy cch xy dng chung tri

* Chung nui rn con:Chung nui rn c th xy dng n gin hoc kin c, to, nh hoc va phi, ty thuc vo iu kin ca tng h gia nh. C mt s m hnh to nh ( chung) cho chung nui rn con nh sau:- Din tch mi chung khong 10 n 15m2.

- Tng ngn gia cc cao 80 n 100cm. Thng th ngi nui rn i li trn thnh tng chm sc rn.

- Mt s cch b tr ch ( rn) cho rn con:+ Cch 1: rn c b tr sao cho ch chim 1/3 n 1/4 chung. Mt bng rn c lm 2 n 3 tng bng cc tm git (gn ging git ging) xp chng ln nhau. Gia cc tm git c th lt rm, c kh hoc t cc cho rn v i li;

+ Cch 2: c xp t tng hoc gch mc, gc cy kh. Bn cnh ch cho rn i li v ch t khay n ung cho rn.

Hnh 1. 3. Chung nui rn con

* Chung nui rn to (rn thng phm, rn hu b v rn sinh sn):- Din tch mi ty theo iu kin c th xy dng kch thc (30x40x40) cm nui 01 con rn hoc c th rng hn vi kch thc (40x60x40) cm nui 01 cp rn sinh sn, tng xy gch, nn lt gch thm nc (loi gch lt sn). - Np chung : C th lm np b tng c ca (15 x 20 cm), c khung ca c nh, c bn l ca v cht kha ca cn thn hoc c th lm bng g, ca li.

Hnh 1. 4. Chung nui rn to

1.3.2. Quy trnh chn nui rn1.3.2.1. Quy trnh p n trng rn

* Kh trng:

Trc khi tin hnh p trng cn phi kh trng phng p trng. C mt s phng php kh trng phng p trng nh sau:- Cch 1: C th dng vi bt rc u ln b mt phng p. Sau 5 n 7 ngy th qut sch vi bt. Lc ny c th cho nguyn liu p v trng vo tin hnh p.

- Cch 2: Dng dung dch phoocmon (HCHO) 1-2% phun u, sau 3 ngy c th cho nguyn liu p v trng vo p.Xung quanh phng p cn phun thuc kh cn trng phng tr kin, mi, rui, mui xm hi trng rn.

* Phng php p:

- Nguyn liu p: Nguyn liu p gm t tht nh hoc t ct pha v ct en. Nguyn liu p phi c phi nng nhiu ngy v phi c kh trng. Ty iu kin m mi trng ca tng khu vc c th m quyt nh t l nguyn liu dng p trng. - Phng php p: Ri nguyn liu p xung nn phng p vi dy khong 15-20cm. Cc trng c t ln nguyn liu p v t cch nhau khong 5cm. Sau khi t trng ta dng nguyn liu p ph ln b mt trng dy t 1-2cm. Hng tun c th phun ch phm EM m bo mi trng m. Kim tra m hng ngy phng p. - Thi gian p trng: Trng p trong thi gian t 57-60 ngy th n rn con. Thi gian p c th ngn li hoc di hn ty thuc vo m thng xuyn ca nguyn liu p.

Hnh 1. 5. Trng rn h mangHnh 1. 6. Trng rn ang c p

1.3.2.2. Quy trnh nui rn ging v rn thng phm

a. K thut chun b thc n cho rn

* c im dinh dng:

- Rn l ng vt thuc nhm n tht, thnh phn thc n ca rn thch ng vi s c mt v mt thc n ngoi thin nhin. Rn h mang c th n cc loi tht ni chung nh cc, nhi, chut, g, chim, trng,...

- Cc loi rn ni chung c kh nng n nhiu trong mt ba (30-40% so vi trng lng c th). Song, trong t nhin, khng phi lc no chng cng kim c thc n. Trong iu kin nui nht, rn c th n bng 10-15% trong lng c th v n cch 2-3 ngy mt ln.- Rn l ng vt c kh nng nhn n tt tt, t vi thng (ng ng) n lu hn. Kh nng nhn n ca rn gn lin vi nhu cu nc ung v s thay i nhit khng kh. Nu cung cp nc ung y hoc khi nhit khng kh gim thp th kh nng nhn n ca rn c th lu hn.

* Chun b thc n:

- Thc n cho rn con: Con mi lm thc n cho rn con cn phi c xng mm v cn c ct nh trnh rn b hc mi.

- Thc n cho rn ln: Kch c con mi ph thuc vo kch c ca rn sao cho rn c th n mi d dng v khng b hc.

- Cch ch bin thc n: Thc n c ct thnh ming ph hp vi kch c tng loi rn nui, trn thm mt s loi thuc phng bnh cho rn v cho n ti ngay. Nu d tr, cn phi ng gi v bo qun lnh ring tng loi thc n. Trc khi cho n, em r ng v trn u cc loi thuc cn cho rn n km theo d kin.

Hnh 1. 7. Thc n cho rn

b. K thut nui rn

* K thut nui rn con:

- Rn con 1 ngy tui c nht vo phng nui ring. Trong thi gian t 6-7 ngy sau n, rn khng n m ch sng bng cc cht dinh dng cn li trong non hong. Thi im ny, ch cn cho rn ung nc. Sau khi rn lt xc ln u, ta cho rn dng thc n dnh cho rn s sinh.

- Mt nui rn: Rn con c nui vi mt khong 10-15 con/m2. Trong vn rn cn p nhiu hang cho rn tr. Mt khong 30-50 con/. C khong 50 rn con ta 01 a thc n v 01 a nc ung.

* Nui rn thng phm:

- Rn thng phm c nui vo cc chung nh ring bit. i vi rn d kin chn lm rn hu b v sinh sn cn nui chng nhng chung rng hn.

- Thc n cho cc loi rn ln ny c ct to hn, s lng nhiu hn v cc ba cch nhau t 2-3 ngy.

* Rn ng ng:

- Vo khong thng 11 n thng 3 hng nm, khi nhit khng kh xung thp di 200C, rn c hin tng ng ng. Mi hot ng ca rn trong thi gian ny gn nh b dng li. Rn cn ch tr m p, kh ro, yn tnh .

- i vi rn con, c th cho rn ng ng ngay ti chung nui bng cch dng vt liu ph ln rn sao cho rn khng b gi la, khng b t khi ma v c nhit , m n nh. Cng c th chuyn rn vo tr ng trong nh, song vn cn vt liu m.

- i vi rn to, cn chuyn rn tp trung t vi con ti vi chc con vo mt chung rng hn vi vt liu ng, to cho rn mi trng m hn. Trong thi gian ny, ta tn dng kh trng chung nui cho nm sau.

- Vt liu ng cho rn c th l l chui kh, rm r, c kh, thm ch c rut chn bng c. 1.3.3. Mt s bnh thng gp rn, cch phng v iu tr bnh cho rn [1]a. Bnh do dinh dng

Do thc n cho rn trong iu kin nui nht thng n iu, v vy rn thng mc mt s bnh do thiu vitamin, ch yu l cc vitamin nh: Vitamin A, vitamin nhm B, vitamin D2,...

S thiu cn i trong thnh phn dinh dng cng vi ch nui khng hp l, v sinh thc n khng tt d lm pht sinh mt s bnh v ng tiu ho v tun hon nh bnh tc mch mu do lng ng cholesterol v a xit uric l nguyn nhn lm cht rn t ngt.

b. Bnh do nhim trng

Bnh ng tiu ho do vi khun Salmonella rt ph bin rn v c th ly sang ngi, v vy cn ch v sinh c nhn sau khi tip xc vi rn, c bit l rn bnh. Khi rn b bnh nng, cn phi iu tr bng thuc khng sinh.

Bnh vim ming rt thng gp rn. Bnh ny thng do vi khun, nm gy ra v thng i km vi tnh trng thiu vitamin. Khi bnh nh c th ra bng nc oxy gi, bi thuc Sulphadimidine, bnh nng cn phi iu tr bng khng sinh.

Nhim trng ng h hp cng hay gp rn. Biu hin ca bnh l ming rn hi m, th kh kh, i khi to ra cc bong bng ming. Rn c th b tc mi hon ton, lm cho hi th nng nhc v nghe kh r. Cn iu tr bng khng sinh khi rn c biu hin vim ng h hp.

d. Bnh do k sinh trng

V mt hiu qu kinh t, cc bnh do k sinh trng gy thit hi ln nht. Tuy t l rn cht do k sinh trng khng cao nh cc bnh do vi khun, nhng k sinh trng gy ra cc bnh c tnh cht mn tnh, lm gim tng trng, gim sc khng bnh, to thun li v lm ly lan cc bnh nhim trng khc. Mt s loi k sinh trng nguy him cng c th gy dch lm cht rn hng lot. Biu hin chung ca bnh do ni k sinh l rn gy yu, mt mi, km n, da khng bng, thng c ri lon tiu ho. C nhiu loi thuc c tr k sinh trng, cn c chn on chnh xc dng thuc thch hp. K sinh trng c kh nng ly lan mnh, v vy cn ht sc ch trng cc bin php v sinh chn nui v p dng cc bin php phng bnh.e. Bnh do cc vt thng

Cc vt thng ca rn do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra nh: Sn bt, vn chuyn, cn nhau,... Nguyn tc chung khi iu tr vt thng cho rn l phi ra, st trng vt thng bng cc dung dch st trng thng thng, nht rn ni sch s, kh ro trnh nhim trng v nm t mi trng. f. Bnh p xc

Biu hin: Xc rn khng lt c, nu lu rn km n, kh kit v cht.

iu tr: Rn b p xc cn bt vo ti li, ngm rn khong 20 30 pht trong dung dch st khun (berberin , tertracyclin,... ) vi nng 0,5 1,0 g/lt nc sch. CHNG 2HIN TRNG CHT THI PHT SINH T CC TRANG TRI NUI RN TI X VNH SNChn nui l mt trong nhng ngnh sn xut to ra lng cht thi nhiu nht ra mi trng. V chn nui rn cng khng phi l mt ngoi l. Cht thi chn nui cha nhiu thnh phn c kh nng gy nhim mi trng, lm nh hng n s sinh trng, pht trin ca vt nui v sc khe ca con ngi. V vy, vic hiu r lng pht thi, thnh phn v cc tnh cht ca cht thi chn nui nhm c bin php qun l v x l thch hp, gim thiu nhim mi trng, tn dng ngun cht thi vo mc ch kinh t l mt vic lm cn thit v ngy cng tr nn cp bch hn bao gi ht.2.1. Hin trng cc loi cht thi pht sinh t hot ng chn nui rn

2.1.1. Cht thi rn thng thnga. Cc ngun pht sinh

Cht thi rn thng thng pht sinh t cc trang tri chn nui rn c thnh phn ch yu bao gm:

- Cht thi rn sinh hot.

- Cht thi pht sinh t bn thn con rn: Phn rn, lp da sau khi rn lt xc.

- Xc rn cht do cc bnh thng thng.- Ni tng v cc phn loi b trong qu trnh ch bin thc n cho rn, ni tng ca rn b loi b trong qu trnh ch bin, thc n tha ca rn.

- Bao b, v hp thuc phng v iu tr bnh cho rn.

Ngoi ra, do cc trang tri hu ht u nm trn mt phn din tch t ca h gia nh c trch ra xy dng chung tri nui rn, do cht thi rn pht sinh t cc trang tri nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn ngoi cht thi t qu trnh chn nui cn c cht thi rn sinh hot ca ngi dn.

Qua qu trnh iu tra thc t ti x Vnh Sn cho thy: a s cc loi cht thi rn pht sinh t cc trang tri u cha hm lng cc cht hu c v dinh dng cao, cha nhiu loi vi sinh vt gy bnh nh: E.Coli, Coliform, Fecal Coliform, Salmonella,...b. Lng cht thi

Lng cht thi rn thng thng pht sinh t cc trang tri chn nui rn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: Chung nui c s dng cht n (thng thng l gch mc hoc t phi kh) hoc chung nui khng s dng cht n (thng s dng loi chung nui lm bng g), loi thc n cho rn (s dng cc lm thc n s c nhiu b phn tha hn l s dng g, vt con hoc rn nc), ma sinh trng ca rn (ma nng l ma sinh trng nn con rn s tiu th thc n nhiu hn, dn n lng cht thi pht sinh vo ma nng cng nhiu hn vo ma lnh). Ngoi ra, do cc trang tri chn nui rn a phn u s dng mt phn din tch t ca h gia nh, v vy lng cht thi rn thng thng pht sinh t cc trang tri chn nui rn cn bao gm c cht thi rn sinh hot.Theo s liu thng k t 50 phiu iu tra ti cc trang tri chn nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn (trong c 03 trang tri quy m ln, 18 trang tri quy m trung bnh v 29 trang tri quy m nh) th lng cht thi rn thng thng pht sinh t mi trang tri trung bnh nh sau: Bng 2. 1. Lng cht thi rn thng thng pht sinh ti cc trang tri

STTCht thiLng pht sinh trung bnh (kg/trang tri.ngy)

Quy m lnQuy m trung bnhQuy m nh

1Cht thi rn sinh hot2,832,532,64

2Phn thi31,480,78

3Thc n tha5,332,661,01

4Cht thi rn thng thng khc0,870,590,54

Tng12,037,264,97

Theo s liu iu tra do y ban nhn dn x Vnh Sn cung cp, tng s h chn nui rn trn a bn ton x Vnh Sn hin nay l khong 850 h, trong c 15 h c quy m trang tri ln, 100 h c quy m trang tri trung bnh, s cn li c khong 735 h c quy m trang tri nh. Theo , lng cht thi rn thng thng pht sinh t cc trang tri ln trung bnh khong 12,03 kg/trang tri.ngy, t cc trang tri c quy m trung bnh khong 7,26kg/trang tri.ngy. Thnh phn ch yu c trong cht thi rn thng thng pht sinh t cc trang tri l cht thi rn sinh hot, phn thi v thc n tha. v t cc trang tri c quy m nh l 4,97 kg/trang tri.ngy. Nh vy, tng lng cht thi rn pht sinh hng ngy trn ton x (theo s liu iu tra) c tnh khong 4559,4 kg/ngy, trong lng cht thi rn sinh hot pht sinh khong 2235,85 kg/ngy; S cn li l cht thi rn pht sinh t hot ng chn nui ca cc trang tri (khong 2323,55 kg/ngy).

Cc s liu iu tra trn l s liu c c tnh trong ma nng (t thng 4 n thng 10 hng nm). Cn c vo c tnh sinh hc ca con rn th lng cht thi t hot ng chn nui rn ch pht sinh vi khi lng ln vo ma nng l ma sinh trng v pht trin ca con rn. Vo ma nng, mi ba n ca rn cch nhau khong 3 ngy, tuy nhin vo ma lnh (t thng 11 n thng 3 nm sau), mi ba n ca rn cch nhau t 2 4 tun, v vo ma lnh lng rn chn nui ti cc trang tri cng gim i ng k do vo ma ny cc ch h s bn rn ra th trng, tin hnh dn dp chung tri chun b cho ma nui rn nm sau. V vy, lng cht thi pht sinh t hot ng chn nui rn vo ma lnh s gim i ng k. 2.1.2. Nc thia. Ngun pht sinh

Theo kt qu iu tra, kho st thc t cc trang tri chn nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn th nc thi pht sinh t cc trang tri chn nui rn gm c nc thi chn nui v nc thi sinh hot.

- Nc thi chn nui: Pht sinh t qu trnh chun b thc n cho rn (ra thc n cho rn, ra a thc n, v sinh tay chn trong qu trnh chun b,...), t qu trnh v sinh chung tri. Loi nc thi ny c cha hm lng cao cc cht hu c v cc vi sinh vt gy bnh. mt s trang tri ln cn c nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh lm mt mi chung tri vo ma nng. Thnh phn chnh ca nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh lm mt l cht rn l lng, l cy,...

- Nc thi sinh hot: Pht sinh t qu trnh n ung, sinh hot, v sinh ca ngi dn. Thnh phn ca loi nc thi ny cng cha hm lng cao cc loi cht hu c, cht dinh dng, cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh,...b. Lng nc thi

Theo s liu thng k t 50 phiu iu tra ti cc trang tri chn nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn th lng nc thi pht sinh ti mi trang tri trung bnh khong 0,5 1,0 m3/ngy (vo ma nng); Ch c 01 trang tri c h thng lm mt mi, do vy lng nc thi pht sinh ti trang tri ny nhiu hn ng k, trung bnh khong 5m3/ngy.

Theo kt qu tng hp t 50 phiu iu tra trn a bn x Vnh Sn, tng lng nc thi pht sinh t 50 trang tri c iu tra trung bnh l 40m3/ngy (vo ma nng). Nh vy, vi tng s h chn nui rn trn a bn ton x l 850 h, lng nc thi pht sinh t cc trang tri trong mt ngy trung bnh khong 680m3/ngy.

Cng nh i vi cht thi rn, lng nc thi pht sinh t cc trang tri vo ma lnh cng t hn vo ma nng do vo ma lnh rn n t, s lng rn nui ti cc trang tri cng t hn ma nng. V vy lng nc thi pht sinh t hot ng chn nui cng gim i ng k. Vo ma lnh, do nhit khng kh gim xung thp nn khng cn lm mt mi chung tri, v vy khng pht sinh nc thi t qu trnh lm mt mi.2.1.3. Kh thi

Cng nh cc ngnh chn nui khc, kh thi pht sinh t hot ng chn nui rn ch yu gm cc kh nh: CO2, H2S, NH3, CH4,.... Cc kh ny pht sinh ch yu t hot ng h hp, tiu ha v bi tit ca con rn;

Ngoi ra, kh thi cn pht sinh t khu vc lu tr cht thi chn nui. Ty thuc vo loi hnh lu tr (b kn, h thng thu gom, x l,...) lng kh nhim s pht thi vo mi trng nhiu hay t;

Kh nhim cn pht thi t ng rung, vn cy,... do s dng phn rn bn cho cy trng. Lng phn, trng thi ca phn hay k thut bn phn u nh hng n lng kh pht thi t phn. Nu bn phn ng k thut s gim kh gy mi. [2]

Lng kh thi pht sinh t hot ng chn nui rn cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh:

- Loi hnh chn nui: Nui rn con hay rn sinh sn, rn thng phm;

- Mc thng gi ca h thng chung nui;

- Thi gian hot ng ca con rn: Ma nng rn hot ng nhiu hn ma lnh, do lng kh thi pht sinh vo ma nng cng nhiu hn vo ma lnh.Nhn chung, cc kh nhim c th pht sinh khp mi ni t chung nui, qu trnh thu gom, lu tr v s dng cht thi. C nhiu yu t khc nhau nh hng n s hnh thnh v pht tn cc kh nhim hay kh gy mi trong chn nui nh:- Thc n v nc ung: Thc n l ngun nguyn liu gc u tin to nn hu ht cc kh thi, c bit l kh gy mi trong cht thi chn nui. Theo nghin cu ca Spoelstra (1980), trong qu trnh lu tr cht thi chn nui, kh metan (CH4) c sn sinh ra t l nghch vi s to thnh cc kh gy mi. Nu qu trnh sinh metan khng b c ch, cc hp cht to kh gy mi s c oxy ha trit ti sn phm cui cng l CO2 v CH4. Cc yu t lm c ch qu trnh sinh metan l nhit thp, kim loi nng hay nng cao ca cc kh H2S, NH3,... [2]

- Bn thn con rn: Trng thi sc khe v giai on pht trin ca con rn cng l cc yu t nh hng ti s sn sinh ra cc kh gy nhim v gy mi;- Phn rn: Hu ht cc kh gy mi c to thnh ch yu t qu trnh phn gii k kh cc hp cht hu c c bi tit t vt nui;- Cc yu t mi trng khu vc chn nui: Nhit l yu t mi trng c nh hng ln ti s pht tn cc kh thi. Thng vo ma lnh s pht tn mi thp hn ma nng. Tc trao i khng kh hay vn tc gi c tng quan t l thun vi qu trnh pht tn kh thi chn nui vo khng kh. Nng bi trong khng kh cng c tng quan t l thun vi s pht tn kh nhim hay kh gy mi.2.1.4. Cht thi nguy hi

a. Ngun pht sinh

Theo thng k t 50 phiu iu tra ti 50 trang tri nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn th cht thi nguy hi pht sinh t cc trang tri nui rn ch yu bao gm: Bng n hunh quang hng, pin ht, c quy hng.

Cc loi cht thi nguy hi ny ch yu pht sinh t hot ng sinh hot v chn nui ca ngi dn, c th:

- Bng n hunh quang hng: Ch pht sinh t hot ng sinh hot ca ngi dn (Do hu ht cc trang tri nui rn u c xy dng trong din tch t ca ngi dn trong x. Hn na, trong cc khu vc chung tri nui rn ch s dng bng n si t nn khng pht sinh bng n hunh quang hng);

- Pin v c quy hng: Pht sinh t hot ng sinh hot v chn nui ca ngi dn do vic s dng n pin v c quy d phng khi mt in.b. Lng pht sinh

Theo s liu thng k trn 50 phiu iu tra ti cc trang tri nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn cho thy: Lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh t cc trang tri khng ln, trung bnh mi trang tri ch thi ra khong 0,5 kg/nm. Nh vy, vi tng s trang tri nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn l 850 trang tri, c tnh tng lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh khong 425 kg/nm, tng ng vi khong 1,2kg/ngy.

Lng cht thi ny tuy khng ln nhng c tnh nguy hi cao, hn na ngi dn thng thi b cht thi nguy hi ln vi cht thi rn sinh hot, v vy nh hng do cht thi nguy hi l rt kh kim sot.2.2. Phn loi cht thi

2.2.1. Cc loi cht thi c th ti s dng c

Da trn kt qu iu tra thc t ti a bn x Vnh Sn cho thy mt s loi cht thi c th ti s dng c nh sau:

- Phn rn: C th tn dng lm phn bn cho cy trng.

- Xc rn (lp da c c ly ra khi rn lt xc): c thu gom v bn li cho cc c s sn xut thuc ng y;

- Ni tng v cc phn loi b trong qu trnh ch bin thc n cho rn, thc n tha ca rn, ni tng ca rn b loi b trong qu trnh ch bin: c thu gom v tn dng lm thc n cho c;

- Xc rn cht do cc bnh thng thng: Thng c ngi dn ch bin thnh cc mn n hoc ngm ru lm thuc.2.2.2. Cc loi cht thi khng th ti s dng

Cc loi cht thi pht sinh t cc trang tri nui rn phn ln u c th ti s dng c. Tuy nhin, vn cn mt s loi cht thi khng th ti s dng v c ngi dn thi b cng vi cht thi sinh hot.

Cc loi cht thi khng th ti s dng c bao gm: Nc thi; Kh thi; Cht thi nguy hi v cc cht thi rn thng thng nh: V hp thuc phng v tr bnh cho rn, bn lng t cc mng dn nc thi.Qua kt qu iu tra v kho st thc t ti cc trang tri chn nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn cho thy:

- Lng cht thi rn thng thng pht sinh hng ngy tng i nhiu. Tuy nhin hu ht u c th ti s dng c, do mc nhim mi trng do cht thi rn l khng ln;

- Vo ma nng, lng nc thi pht sinh t cc trang tri nui rn l tng i ln. Tuy nhin, ngi dn thng thi trc tip nc thi ra mi trng m cha c cc bin php qun l, x l ph hp dn n tnh trng nhim mi trng nc mt khu vc.

- i vi cht thi nguy hi: Tuy lng pht sinh khng nhiu nhng ngi dn thng thi b cng vi cht thi rn sinh hot m cha c bin php thu gom, qun l v x l ph hp;

- Kh thi: y l ngun thi rt kh kim sot do cc trang tri chn nui rn trn a bn x Vnh Sn u c quy m h gia nh nn vic trang b h thng x l kh thi cha th thc hin c. Cng nh cc ngnh chn nui khc, lng kh thi t hot ng chn nui rn cng c thi trc tip vo mi trng m khng qua x l. 2.3. Tc ng ca cht thi pht sinh t hot ng chn nui rn ti mi trngCht thi pht sinh t hot ng chn nui hin ang l mt vn bc xc trong tt c cc d n chn nui t quy m va v nh cho n quy m ln. Cht thi chn nui c th gy nhim mi trng t, nc, khng kh v gy nh hng n sc khe, i sng ca con ngi v ton b h sinh thi t nhin nu chng ta khng bit cch qun l v bin cht thi chn nui thnh mt ngun ti nguyn qu gi.

Trong cht thi chn nui lun tn ti mt lng ln vi sinh vt hoi sinh. Ngun thc n ca chng l cc cht hu c, vi sinh vt hiu kh s dng xy ha tan trong nc to ra nhng sn phm v c nh: NO2, NO3, SO3, CO2,... Qu trnh ny xy ra nhanh v khng to mi hi thi. Nu lng cht hu c qu nhiu, vi sinh vt hiu kh s s dng ht lng xy ha tan trong nc lm kh nng hot ng phn hy ca chng km i, lm gia tng qu trnh phn hy ym kh to ra cc sn phm nh: CH4, H2S, NH3, Indol, Scortol,... to mi hi, nc mu en v c vng. Nhng sn phm ny l nguyn nhn lm gia tng bnh ng h hp, tim mch ngi v ng vt. [2]Mt s nh hng ca cht thi chn nui n mi trng c k n nh sau:

- Trong qu trnh lu tr, lm phn bn cho cy trng, mt lng ln kh NH3, CH4, CO2,... b pht thi vo khng kh dn n tnh trng nhim mi trng khng kh ca x v cc khu vc ln cn;

- Cht thi chn nui thng cha hm lng Nit v Photpho cao, khi thi vo mi trng s gy nn tnh trng ph dng t, nc mt;

- Cc cht thi rn nh: Phn kh, vt liu lt chung c th hnh thnh nn bi trong khng kh chung nui. Tc hi ca bi thng kt hp vi cc yu t khc nh vi sinh vt, endotoxin v kh c. Bi bm vo nim mc gy d ng c quan khu gic, gy kh chu, lm cho vt nui mc hi chng bnh h hp. [2]

- Cc vi sinh vt c trong cht thi chn nui c th xm nhp vo trong t, bm vo cc ht t do kch thc nh v c kh nng tch in. Cc iu kin lm tng s hp thu cc vi sinh vt trn ht t gm c s hin din ca cc cations. Trong t ct c bao bc bi ion st c th hp thu ti 6,9x108 vsv/gram ct. Khong kim loi ca t st to cc v tr bm, nng cc cht hu c thp, pH thp. Lng ma ln s to iu kin cho vic di chuyn ca cc vi sinh vt qua t. Tri li, trong iu kin hn hn, vic di chuyn ny s b hn ch hn;

nh hng ca bi v kh thi chn nui:

- Bi trong chung nui c ngun gc t c th vt nui, thc n, cht lt chung, b mt c th vt nui, phn v cc ngun khc nh nn chung v tng vch. Bi trong khng kh chung nui thng khng ng nht v hnh dng, kch thc v thnh phn, chng c th gy tc hi n sc khe con ngi v vt nui c bn ngoi khi tip xc vi da v nim mc, cng nh bn trong khi ht hay nut vo. Phn ng u tin i vi bi l s gia tng tit dch nhn nhm loi b bi khi ng h hp. Tuy nhin s tip xc lu di vi nng bi cao s lm gim s lng cc t bo nim mc c lng v tng s lng t bo goblet, cui cng cc mng nhy s b teo v cc tuyn nhn b suy kit. Bi c th kt hp li to thnh cc ht trong phi, gy nh hng n chc nng phi. Cc tn thng ny s d dng dn n s nhim trng th pht v gy vim phi mn tnh. [2]

- Hai yu t quan trng nh hng ti tc ng gy nhim ca cc cht kh nhim trong chn nui l nng cht gy nhim v thi lng phi nhim. Da vo kh nng gy c ca cc kh ny, ngi ta phn thnh cc nhm sau:

+ Cc kh thuc nhm gy kch thch bao gm: NH3, H2S, Indol, Skatole, Phenol, Mercaptant,... nng bn cp tnh, cc kh ny gy tn thng ng h hp v phi, c bit l gy tn thng nim mc ng h hp. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) l kh rt c, sinh ra t s phn hy ym kh phn. C ch gy c ch yu l kch ng mng nhy gy ph nim mc ng h hp v tch ly K2S, Na2S; c ch cc men cytochrome oxidase, lm ri lon cc chuyn ha t bo, cui cng tc ng ln thn kinh trung ng. H2S cn kt hp vi St trong Hemoglobin lm mt kh nng vn chuyn xy ca hp cht ny. Ngoi ra, NH3 cn gy kch thch th gic v lm gim th lc; [2]

+ Cc kh gy ngt: CH4, CO2, CO,... tr v mt sinh l nhng nu ht vo vi nng cao s lm gim kh nng tip nhn xy, gy nn hin tng ngt th. Kh gy ngt ha hc (nh CO) s kt hp vi hemoglobin ca hng cu trong mu lm ngn cn s thu nhn xy hay lm gim qu trnh s dng xy ca m bo. Kh Carbonic (CO2) c sinh ra t h hp v t cc qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c. Theo Barker & ctv (2000), khi nng CO2 trong khng kh mc 6% vi thi gian tip xc trong 30 pht s gy ra tnh trng kh th, n, au u; Khi nng trn 10% s gy ra tnh trng hn m, chong vng, bt tnh, v vi nng trn 25% s gy t vong ngi. [2]

+ Cc kh gy m: L cc hp cht carbonhydrate c nh hng t hoc khng nh hng n phi, nhng nu ht vo vi mt lng ln s c hp thu vo mu v s c tc dng nh dc phm gy m. [2]

- Trong khng kh chung nui cn c nhiu loi vi sinh vt gy bnh c ngun gc ch yu t c th hay cc cht tit t vt nui, cht thi, thc n v cht lt chung. Cc vi sinh vt trong khng kh thng kt hp vi bi v cc kh c, phn ln chng l cc vi sinh vt gy bnh c hi, c th c mt s vi sinh vt gy bnh truyn nhim, c bit l trong cc dch bnh. Vi sinh vt trong khng kh c th lm suy gim cc c ch phng v ca c th, gy ra cc bnh h hp mn tnh do tip xc trong thi gian di. [2]2.4. nh gi mc nhim do cht thi pht sinh t cc trang tri nui rn

2.4.1. Hin trng mi trng lng ngh rn Vnh Sn

Theo Bo co kt qu phn tch quan trc hin trng mi trng tnh Vnh Phc, hin trng mi trng t, nc mt, nc ngm ti x Vnh Sn huyn Vnh Tng tnh Vnh Phc trong 03 nm gn y (2012, 2013, 2014) nh sau:a. Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc mt

V tr, thi gian ly mu v kt qu phn tch hin trng cht lng nc mt trong 3 nm (2012, 2013, 2014) ti sng Phan - on chy qua x Vnh Sn c th hin trong cc bng di y:Bng 2. 2. V tr v thi gian ly mu nc mt [5, 6, 7]NmV tr ly muNgy ly mu

t 1t 2t 3t 4

2012Sng Phan (Sn Tng Vnh Sn Vnh Tng)23/4/201229/5/201220/8/201224/9/2012

201308/4/201313/5/201310/7/201303/10/2013

201413/3/201414/5/201420/8/201420/10/2014

Bng 2. 3. Kt qu phn tch hin trng cht lng nc mt nm 2012 [5]STTCh tiu phn tchn v

tnhNM18QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT(Ct B1)

t 1t 2t 3t 4

1pH-6,86,757,026,925,5 - 9

2Hm lng oxy ha tan (DO)mg/l4,434,35,415,18 4

3Nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD5)mg/l17,8220,1719,3419,5215

4Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD)mg/l3233,734,3332,8930

5Tng cht rn l lng (TSS)mg/l8385769150

6Ch (Pb)mg/l0,0020,0060,0040,0030,05

7Asen (As)mg/l0,0050,0070,0070,0080,05

8Cadimi (Cd)mg/l0,0030,0020,0020,0020,01

9St (Fe)mg/l0,3370,3820,3460,3191,5

10ng (Cu)mg/l0,010,0080,0090,0080,5

11Km (Zn)mg/l0,0760,0820,0710,0651,5

12Crm VI (Cr6+) mg/l0,0050,0030,0060,0040,04

13Phtphat (PO43-)mg/l0,0340,0420,0390,0440,3

14Nitrat (NO3-)mg/l0,2980,3240,3120,35110

15Clorua (Cl-)mg/l17,5817,5817,5817,58600

16Amoni (NH4+)mg/l0,2470,2350,2330,2180,5

17Tng du m mg/l0,060,040,070,050,1

18Tng coliformMPN/

100ml7.9007.0007.0007.9007.500


tnhNM18QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT

(Ct B1)

t 1t 2t 3t 4

1pH-7,346,977,226,935,5 - 9



4Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD)mg/l35,433,828,832,230


6Ch (Pb)mg/l0,0010,0040,0020,0020,05

7Asen (As)mg/l0,0040,0040,0060,0050,05

8Cadimi (Cd)mg/l0,0020,0020,001< 10-30,01

9St (Fe)mg/l0,3400,3970,3440,4291,5

10ng (Cu)mg/l0,0130,010,0140,0160,5

11Km (Zn)mg/l0,0630,0760,0580,0661,5

12Crm VI (Cr6+) mg/l0,0030,001< 10-30,0020,04

13Phtphat (PO43-)mg/l0,0410,0490,0470,0510,3

14Nitrat (NO3-)mg/l0,3170,3630,4470,56510

15Nitrit (NO2-)mg/l0,0020,0040,0060,0040,04

16Clorua (Cl-)mg/l19,92717,8318,50917,941600

17Amoni (NH4+)mg/l0,2740,2150,3010,2230,5

18Tng du m mg/l0,10,110,120,110,1

19Tng coliformMPN/ 100ml9.3009.30011.0009.4007.500


tnhNM18QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT

(Ct B1)

t 1t 2t 3t 4

1pH-6,146,456,806,215,5 - 9



4Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD)mg/l31,628,9121,222,430


6Ch (Pb)mg/l0,0020,002

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