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Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Metingen van luchtkwaliteit engrenslaagprocessen met een Zeppelin boven
Nederland: de PEGASOS 2012veldcampagne
Laurens Ganzeveld, Earth System SciencesMaarten Krol, Meteorology and Air Quality, WU
Thomas Mentel, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr, Frans RohrerForschungszentrum Juelich, Ankie Pieters, KNMI
et al. (TNO, UU, RIVM, ECN, BIRA, Leiden Universiteit)
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
PEGASOS (Pan-European Gas-AeroSOls-climate
interaction Study)
Airborne Studies with Zeppelin
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Airborne Studies with Zeppelin
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
EU-FP7 integrated project:
PEGASOS (Pan-European Gas-AeroSOls-climate
interaction Study)
• To quantify the magnitude of feedbacks between atmospheric chemistry and a changing climate and to reduce the corresponding uncertainty of the major ones.
• To identify mitigation strategies and policies to improve air quality while limiting climate change.
Workpackage 7: Field observations over contrasting biomes. Airborne St udies
What is this whole project about?
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
EU-FP7 integrated project:
PEGASOS (Pan-European Gas-AeroSOls-climate
interaction Study)
Workpackage 7: Field observations over contrasting (European)
biomes, Airborne Studies
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
depositionPhotosynthesis/
depositionemission
chemistry
NO NH3
NO2NO2
Turbulence
Biogenic aerosols
O3
OH
CO2Nr:Cr
CH4
Nr:Cr
Radiative forcing
BiogeochemistryBiogeochemistry
VOCVOC
Deposition impacts
Oxidizing capacity Aerosol effect
VOCVOC
Canopy-interactions
Atmospheric chemistry in a changing world
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
� Atmospheric chemistry controls lifetime of greenhouse gases such as CH4 and pollutants: oxidizing capacity
� Some reactive gases affect radiation, e.g, ozone
� and aerosols….
� Atmospheric chemistry controls lifetime of greenhouse gases such as CH4 and pollutants: oxidizing capacity
� Some reactive gases affect radiation, e.g, ozone
� and aerosols….
Atmospheric chemistry in a changing world
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
OH HO2
recyclingsource
sink NMHC
CO, CH4, CH2O
CO2, H2O
CH2Ohν
H2O2
HO2
NO2
NOhν
NO2
O3 + hvO(1D) + H2O
Primary OH Formation OH Recycling
Atmospheric chemistry : OH radical, the atmosphere’s detergent
The OH oxidizes CH 4, CO, CH2O and NMHC
Resulting in the formation of HO 2 and recycling of OH
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
0.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0
OH [1e6 molec. cm-3]
Alti
tude
[m]
17-20UTC
SCM, 3-10
SCM, 4-10
Lelieveld et al., Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest, Nature, doi:10.1038/nature06870, 2008.
Observations of OH concentrations in the BL much hi gher than simulated in any state-of-the-art atmospheric chemistry and transport model.
GABRIEL Campaign over South American rainforest: Surprisingly high atmospheric oxidizing capacity over tropical forest:
OH recycling in isoprene oxidation product reactions
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Introduction of OH recycling
Too large isoprene oxidation: Decrease in R OH-ISOP of 50%
Courtesy: Si-Wan Kim, NCARCourtesy: Si-Wan Kim, NCAR
Chemistry affected by boundary layerturbulence: does the mixing affect the efficiency of chemical interactions?
But
ler
et a
l., 2
008
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Simulated formaldehyde concentrations, tropical fores t
Nocturnal build-up of isoprene oxidation products relev ant to daytimechemistry?
How does nocturnal residual layer chemistry and removal c hange in response to changes in turbulent exchanges?
Diurnal cycle in BL dynamics – Atmospheric chemistry
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Importance of residual layer and FT in organic aero sol studies
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
AutomobilesIndustry
Biomass burning
SO2, NOx, Organics
Oxidation, Nucleation
Activation
soot, organics, soil dust, sea salt
CCN
Primary aerosol
Condensation, Growth,
Coagulation
CoagulationRemoval
© Ken Carslaw, School of Earth and Environment, Unive rsity of Leeds
Condensation
Cloud Condensation Nucleï
Secondary aerosol
Chemical composition of the aerosol also determines water uptake
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Atmospheric chemistry : deposition impacts
Transpiration
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Photosynthesis/Transpiration
qa Ta
qs Ts
H20
Ci
Cs
Ca CO2
PAR
Glucides
qsat
stomata
10µµ µµ
m
H2O CO2 O3, SO2, etc.
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Atmospheric chemistry : deposition impacts and carbon sequestration
Sitch et al., Nature 2007, Indirect radiative forcin g of climate change throughozone effects on the land-carbon sink
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
• To quantify the magnitude of feedbacks between atmospheric chemistry and a changing climate and to reduce the corresponding uncertainty of the major ones.
• To identify mitigation strategies and policies to improve air quality while limiting climate change.
• Enhancement of carbon sequestration through reducing poll utants
• Reducing aerosol resulting in enhanced warming
• Impact of improved urban air quality on oxidizing capaci ty
• Climate change induced changes in hydrological cycle and i ts impacton wet and dry deposition
• Impact of reduced nutrient deposition on GHG emissions
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
EU-FP7 integrated project:
PEGASOS (Pan-European Gas-AeroSOls-climate
interaction Study)
Workpackage 7: Field observations over contrasting biomes: Airborne St udies
• To address some of the remaining key open issues on therepresentation of atmospheric chemistry-climateinteractions in models to assess air quality or/and climat echange
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Mission Objectives :
• HOX recycling
• Explore spatial variability and the chemical regimes of HOXrecycling
• Detect key compounds for HO X recycling• Quantify related formation of photo-oxidants and air
pollutants
• Formation of new particles• Formation and chemical aging of secondary aerosols
• Boundary layer dynamics and atmospheric chemistry
• Spatial and vertical gradients of medium long-lived trace gases: dispersion of pollutants downward of main source regions
• Early morning transition in BL mixing in atmospheric chemistry
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
EU-Project PEGASOS 2012 / 2013Overview of conducted/planned Campaign routes
Stockholm
Pallas
Kopenhagen
Friedrichshafen
Lyon
Cabauw Tower
Hyytiälä
Bologna
Supporting ground-site measurements:
- Stationary and long term measurements- Mobile lab measurements
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Main Tool:Zeppelin Airship
Top Platform:OH, HO2, τOH, j-values
Boom:T, rH, p, 3d-wind
Cabin:O3, NOx, CO, HCHO, HONO, VOC, Aerosols, Soot, HG, Natural Ions, Clusters, j-values
ZEPPELIN NT
Scientific payload 1 ton
Flight speed 0 – 115 km/h
Operating altitude 20 – 3000 m (ASL)
Max. flight endurance 20 hours
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Major advantage of Zeppelin Platform:
• Regional distribution of trace gases and related pr ocesses with high spatial resolution (slowly moving platfor m)
⇒ during transfer flights to stations⇒ transects near stations
• Vertical distributions of trace gases and related p rocesses
=> Detailed and low-altitude (~50m) vertical profilesnear stations
• Time evolution of air masses
⇒ Lagrangian type experiments near stations
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Major advantage of Zeppelin Platform:
• Regional distribution of trace gases and related pr ocesses with high spatial resolution (slowly moving platfor m)
⇒ during transfer flights to stations⇒ transects near stations
• Vertical distributions of trace gases and related p rocesses
=> Detailed and low-altitude vertical profiles near stations
• Time evolution of air masses
⇒ Lagrangian type experiments near stations
• Anticipated maximum flight altitude: ~1200m.
• During the campaign it turned out to be limited to a maximum of ~500m (also due to weather
conditions)
• Implying that you can only sample the lower part of a typical summer maximum BL of 1500m
• No daytime FT samples
• But early morning transition measurements
• Unfortunately only some of these also due to relati ve bad and windy conditions (no build up of
strong nocturnal inversions)
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Partners in Airborne Study WP of PEGASOS
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany
University of Helsinki, Finland
Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland
Fa. AIREL, Estland
University of Leicester, United Kingdom
CNRS, Nat. Res. France
NERC, Nat. Res. United Kingdom
Zeppelin LT, Germany
Complemented by a great Dutch team of partners!! KNMI, ECN, TNO, RIVM, Leiden University
and PEGASOS partner WUR to organize, to communicate with the press andmeasurements with the SkyArrow
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Weather balloon, with NO2 sonde
Zeppelin
NOx analysers
2 MAXDOAS instruments (NO2
columns)
FTIR (columns of CO, CH4, N2O)
along the tower: in-situ measurements NO, NO2, CO,
CH4, CO2, N2OTrace gas measurements during PEGASOS (KNMI,
RIVM, BIRA, ECN)
NO2 lidar (profiles of NO2) Ankie Pieters, KNMI
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Default:TOP PLATFORM: OH, HO 2, ττττOH, j-values ( ↑)
BOOM: T, rh, p, 3d wind
CABIN: Avionik, GPS
CO, NO, NO2, O3, j-values ( ↓)
Particles (#, d p: 1 nm – 5 µm)
Cabin Layouts; selection based on anticipated events andlimited payloads
CL8 – Photo-chemistry
VOC, OVOC
HONO
Formaldehyde
CL5 – SOA
VOC, OVOC
AMS - aerosol comp.
Soot
Hygroscopic growth
CL-9 NUC
Neutral and charged clusters
Natural ions
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
EURAD-IM Model based mission planning
• Forecast Products (Datasets)Hourly 3D-fields
Gas-phase concentrationsO3, NOX, CO, Isoprene, HCHO, OH,...
Aerosol concentrations and integrated valuesPM10, PM2.5, PM0.75, organic PM1, PND (Particle Number Density), NO3
- ,...Reactivities and photolysis-rates
kOH (VOC[+CO] / SO2 / aromatics), J(O1D), J(NO2),...Chemical characterisation
kOH (VOC+CO) / NOX, Anthropogenic Enhancement, kOH (SO2) / VOC-Turnover (asnucleation indicator),...
Meteorological parametersTemperature, relative humidity, winds,...
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Daily 72 h forecast for nested grids
• Europe (EUR) 349x287 15 km
• Central Europe (CEN) 316x388 5 km
• Jumping Grid (J01) 1 km
Flexible grid to be placed on area of interest
EUR
CEN
J01
EURAD-IM Model based mission planning
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
EURAD-IM based mission planning: Chemical forecasting
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
The actual campaign: Transfer Flight to Cabauw
Mission 17.5. – 29.5.2012: 23 flight hours
Measurements of air-quality and climate interactions over NL with Zeppelin
Mission 19.5. – 27.5.2012: 25 flight hours includingflights over Northsea and „Gelderwold“
Mission Cabauw