MK380 - SQL SQL

- SQL- SQL- SQL- SQL- - -

(SQL) SQL ( 2 (SQL) (Sequel))

Structured Query Language (relational database) SQL relational calculus relational algebra SQL almaden research center IBM (Sequel) (SQL) SQL SQL ORACLE ACCESS SQL Base Sybase INGRES SQL Server Microsoft .. 1986 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) SQL SQL ANSI ANSI

ANSI = American National Standards Institute

MK380 - SQL 2

Ch 4 Data Base

1. SQL SQL

SQL (The subdivision of SQL) 3 1. (Data Definition Language : DDL)

2. (Data Manipulation Language : DML)

3. (Data Control Language : DCL)

2. SQL SQL (data

type)

SQL

MK380 - SQL 3

Ch 4 Data Base

2.1 (character) SQL - (fixed-length character) char (n) character(n)

n 255

- (variable-length character) varchar (n) n 4000

2.2 ( numeric)- (decimal) SQL dec(m,n) decimal(m,n)

m () n

- SQL int integer 10 2,147,483,648 +2,147,483,647 SQL smallint 5 32,768 + 32,767 integer

- SQL number(n)

2.3 - (Date/Time) SQL date

yyyy-mm-dd (1999-10-31) dd.mm.yyyy(31. 10.1999) dd/mm/yyyy (31/10/1999)

3. SQL SQL DBMS DBMS

SQL SQL 2 SQL (interactive SQL) SQL (embedded SQL)

MK380 - SQL 4

Ch 4 Data Base

3.1 SQL SQL SALENAME SALECOM SALESTAB SQL

SELECT SALENAME, SALECOMFROM SALESTAB; SALESTAB

SALENO SALENAME ADDRESS SALECOM1001 Chaiwat Bangkok 0.121002 Mitree Puket 0.131004 Benjawan Bangkok 0.111007 Kanjana Chiangmai 0.151003 Ternjai Nonthaburi 0.10

SALENAME SALECOMChaiwat 0.12Mitree 0.13Benjawan 0.11Kanjana 0.15Ternjai 0.10

3.2 SQL SQL SQL SQL SQL (control statement) if..thenelse fordo loop while SQL SQL SQL SQL

MK380 - SQL 5

Ch 4 Data Base

while not end-of-file(input) dobeginreadin(id-num, salesperson,loc,comm);EXEC SQL INSERT INTO SALESTABVALUES(:id-num,:salesperson,:loc,:comm);end;

INSERT INTO SALESTABVALUES (:id-num,:salesperson,: loc, :comm); id-num salesperson loc comm

(loop) id-num, salesperson, loc, comm SALESTAB

SQL SQL SQL

SQL (The subdivision of sql) 3 - (Data Definition Language : DDL)- (Data Manipulation Language : DML)- (Data Control Language : DCL)

1. SQL

2 (rows) (columns)

MK380 - SQL 6

Ch 4 Data Base

(SALESTAB)SALENO SALENAME ADDRESS SALECOM1001 Chaiwat Bangkok 0.121002 Mitree Puket 0.131004 Benjawan Bangkok 0.111007 Kanjana Chiangmai 0.151003 Ternjai Nonthaburi 0.10

SALENO Integer SALENAME Char(10) ADDRESS Char(10) SALECOM Decimal

(Data Definition Language : DDL) SQL (schema) 2.

SQL CREATE TABLE CREATE TABLE CREATE TABLE(< >[][[ constraint ]constraint_type][,data type>[],]);

MK380 - SQL 7

Ch 4 Data Base

CREATE TABLE table name column name data type constraint constraint_name constraint_type

CREATE TABLE SALESTAB(SALENO integer,SALENAME char (10),ADDRESS char (10),SALECOM decimal); SALENO integer

SALENAME char 10 ADDRESS char 10 SALECOM decimal

SALENO SALENAME ADDRESS SALECOM

3. (constraints)

(integrity) (integrity)

MK380 - SQL 8

Ch 4 Data Base

3.1 (NOT NULL) NOT NULL

(primary key)(NOT NULL ) NOT NULL NULL (DEFAULT) (NULL)

SALENO SALENAME(NOT NULL )

CREATE TABLE SALESTAB(SALENO integer NOT NULL,SALENAME char(10) NOT NULL,ADDRESS char(10),SALECOM decimal);

3.2 (UNIQUE) UNIQUE

UNIQUE

SALENO SALENAME(NOT NULL )

CREATE TABLE SALESPEOPLE(SALENO integer NOT NULL UNIQUE,SALENAME char(10) NOT NULL UNIQUE,ADDRESS char(10),SALECOM decimal);

MK380 - SQL 9

Ch 4 Data Base

3.3. (primary key) 2 1)

SALENO (primary key) SALENAME(NOT NULL)

CREATE TABLE SALESPEOPLE(SALENO integer NOT NULL UNIQUE PRIMARY KEY,SALENAME char(10) NOT NULL UNIQUE,ADDRESS char(10),SALECOM decimal);

2) 1 1

NAMEFIELD FIRSTNAME

LASTNAME (primary key) NAMEFIELD CREATE TABLE NAMEFIELD(FIRSTNAME char(10) NOT NULL ,LASTNAME char(10) NOT NULL UNIQUE,CITY char(10),PRIMARY KEY (FIRSTNAME LASTNAME ));

3.4 (foreign key )

SALENO REFERENCE

MK380 - SQL 10

SALENO ( SALENO ) SALENO

( CUSTOMERSTAB) CUSNO PRIMARY KEY SALENO (foreign key) ( SALESTAB) CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERSTAB

(CUSNO integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,CUSNAME char(10) ,ADDRESS char(10),SALENO integer,FOREIGN KEY (SALENO) REFERENCES SALESTAB(SALENO));

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERSTAB(CUSNO integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,CUSNAME char(10) ,ADDRESS char(10),SALENO integer REFERENCES SALESTAB(SALENO)); Ch 4 Data Base

MK380 - SQL 11

(foreign key ) CASCADES RESTRICTED 2 (referential integrity)

CREATE TABLE CUSTOMERSTAB(CUSNO integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,CUSNAME char(10) ,ADDRESS char(10),SALENO integer REFERENCES SALESTAB(SALENO)UPDATE OF SALESTAB CASCADES,DELETE OF SALESTAB RESTRICTED);

Ch 4 Data Base

- UPDATE OF SALESTAB CASCADES SALENO SALENO

- DELETE OF SALESTAB RESTRICTED SALENO SALENO

Chaiwat (SALESTAB) SALENO Arlee Surasit

MK380 - SQL 12

Ch 4 Data Base

SALENO SALENO Chaiwat 1009 Arlee Surasit SALENO

3.5 (CHECK)(entity integrity)

CHECK

SNUM SNAME

(NOT NULL ) SALENO SALENAME SALECOM

CREATE TABLE SALESPEOPLE(SALENO integer NOT NULL UNIQUE,SALENAME char(10) NOT NULL UNIQUE,CITY char(10),SALECOM decimal CHECK (salecom < 1);

4. 3.1 1 3.2 comma (,)3.3 semicolon (;)

*

MK380 - SQL 13

Ch 4 Data Base

5. DROP TABLE

DROP TABLE [CASCADE CONSTRAINTS];DROP TABLE table name CASCADE CONSTRAINTS (constraint)

(SALESTAB) DROP TABLE SALESTAB; ( index)

SALESTAB DBMS

6.

SQL ALTER TABLE 2

- ALTER TABLE - ALTER TABLE ALTER TABLE

ALTER TABLE

MK380 - SQL 14

Ch 4 Data Base

ALTER TABLE Database update( data type [SIZE]);ALTER TABLE table name Database update column_name data type [SIZE]

ALTER TABLE SALESPEOPLE ADD SALESTAB_FAX CHAR(15); SALESTAB_FAX char

15

ALTER TABLE SALESPEOPLE RENAME ADDRESS TO COUNTRY; ADDRESS

COUNTRY

7. 1

( u n i q u e ) ( C U S N O ) (CUSTOMERTAB) (integrity) (unique)

MK380 - SQL 15

Ch 4 Data Base

DBMS

8. (Index)

DBMS

DBMS 2999 2999 CUSNO CUSNO 2999

CREATE INDEX ON (name>[,]..);CREATE INDEX index name table name

( SALENO)

MK380 - SQL 16

Ch 4 Data Base

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX CLIENTGROUP ON CUSTOMERSTAB(SALENO);

UNIQUE ( index) CLIENTGROUP SALENO CLIENTGROUP ( index) SALENO index CLIENTGROUP

9. DROP INDEX

DROP INDEX ;DROP INDEX index name

CLIENTGROUP DROP INDEX CLIENTGROUP ; CLIENTGROUP

***

SQL (Data manipulation Language : DML) SQL SQL CREATE TABLE

MK380 - SQL 17

Ch 4 Data Base

(INSERT) (UPDATE) (DELETE) (SELECT)

SQL (INSERT) (UPDATE) (DELETE) 3 SQL (SELECT)

1. INSERT 2

1.1 INSERT

INSERT INTO [(column 1, column 2,)]VALUE();INSERT INTO tablename column 1, column 2,value1,value2,

INSERT INTO SALESTABVALUES( 1001, Chaiwat, Bangkok,0.12);

SALENO SALENAME ADDRESS SALECOM1001 Chaiwat Bangkok 0.12

MK380 - SQL 18

Ch 4 Data Base

Bangkok Arlee

2001 INSERT INTO CUSTOMERSTAB(ADDRESS,CUSNAME,CUSNO)VALUES( 'Bangkok','Arlee', 2001); ADDRESS Bangkok CUSNAME Arlee CUSNO 2001

CUSNO CUSNAME ADDRESS RATING SALENO2001 Arlee Bangkok

RATING SALENO NULL

1.2 SQL INSERT

INSERT INTO [(column 1, column 2,)]SELECT statement;INSERT INTO tablename SELECT statement SELECT

BANGKOKSTAFF

BangkokINSERT INTO BANGKOKSTAFFSELECT *FROM SALESTABWHERE ADDRESS = Bangkok;

MK380 - SQL 19

Bangkok ( ADDRESS = Bangkok) BANGKOKSTAFF BANGKOKSTAFF CREATE TABLE BANGKOKSTAFF 4 ( )

2.

SQL 1 WHERE UPDATE SET [, column 2,] = [WHERE];UPDATE table name SET

MK380 - SQL 20

expression WHERE RATING 200 UPDATE CUSTOMERSTAB SET RATING = 200;

RATING 200 Ch 4 Data Base

MK380 - SQL 21

RATING

(SALENO) 1001 RATING 200UPDATE CUSTOMERSTABSET RATING = 200WHERE SALENO = 1001;

1001 RATING 200 Ch 4 Data Base

MK380 - SQL 22

Ch 4 Data Base

3.

WHERE DELETE FROM [WHERE];DELETE FROM table name WHERE

Ternjai

(SALENO)=1003 DELETE FROM SALESTABWHERE SALENO = 1003;

(SALESTAB)SALENO SALENAME ADDRESS SALECOM

1001 Chaiwat Bangkok 0.121002 Mitree Puket 0.131004 Benjawan Bangkok 0.111007 Kanjana Chiangmai 0.151003 Ternjai Nonthaburi 0.10

SALENO SALENAME ADDRESS SALECOM1001 Chaiwat Bangkok 0.121002 Mitree Puket 0.131004 Benjawan Bangkok 0.111007 Kanjana Chiangmai 0.15

MK380 - SQL 23

Ch 4 Data Base

DELETE

DELETE FROM SALESTAB;

DROP TABLE

SALESTAB DROP TABLE SALESTAB;

Query

SQL SELECT

1. SELECT SELECT *FROM ;SELECT * FROM table name 1 1

(,) (*) SELECT SELECT FROM

SELECT (*) SELECT

MK380 - SQL 24

Ch 4 Data Base

CHECKSCHECK# PAYEE AMOUNT REMARKS1. Malee Benjanee 150 Have sons next time2. Reading R.R 24534 Train to Chiangmai3. Malee Benjanee 20032 Cellular Phone4. Surasit Utities 98 Gas5. Jintana $ Mitree 150 Groesries6. Cash 25 Wild Night Out7. Benjawan Gas 251 Gas

(*)

select * from checks;

CHECK# PAYEE AMOUNT REMARKS

1. Malee Benjanee 150 Have sons next time2. Reading R.R 24534 Train to Chiangmai3. Malee Benjanee 20032 Cellular Phone4. Surasit Utities 98 Gas5. Jintana $ Mitree 150 Groesries6. Cash 25 Wild Night Out7. Benjawan Gas 251 Gas

select * CHECKS (from checks)

MK380 - SQL 25

Ch 4 Data Base

2. SELECT

SELECT SELECT FROM ;SELECT column 1, column 2,FROM table name

CHECK# AMOUNT

SELECT CHECK#, amount from checks;

CHECK# AMOUNT1 1502 245343 200324 985 1506 257 251

MK380 - SQL 26

Ch 4 Data Base

SELECT PAYEE, REMARKS, AMOUNT, CHECK#FROM checks;

PAYEE REMARKS AMOUNT CHECK#

Malee Benjanee Have sons next time 150 1Reading R.R. Train to Chiangmai 24534 2Malee Benjanee Cellular Phone 20032 3Surasit Utilities Gas 98 4Jintana $ Mitree Groesries 150 5Cash Wild Night Out 25 6Benjawan Gas Gas 251 7

3. Distinction CHECKS AMOUNT select amount from checks;

AMOUNT15024534200329815025251

MK380 - SQL 27

Ch 4 Data Base

AMOUNT 150 Distinct SELECT

select DISTINCT amount from checks;

AMOUNT25251981502003224534

6

4. SELECT WHERESELECT FROM [WHERE];SELECT column 1, column 2,FROM table name WHERE WHERE SELECT

SELECT

MK380 - SQL 28

Ch 4 Data Base

BIKESNAME FRAMESIZE COMPOSITION MILESRIDDEN TYPETREK 2300 22.5 CARBON FIBER 3500 RACINGBURLEY 22 STEEL 2000 TANDEMGIANT 19 STEEL 1500 COMMUTERFUJI 20 STEEL 500 TOURINGSPECIALIZED 16 STEEL 100 MOUNTAINCANNONDALE 22.5 ALUMINUM 3000 RACING

BURLEY WHERE SELECT * FROM BIKESWHERE NAME = BURLEY ;

NAME FRAMESIZE COMPOSITION MILESRIDDEN TYPEBURLEY 22 STEEL 2000 TANDEM

5. SQL WHERE

SQL 4 1. (Arithmetic Operators)2. (Comparison Operators)3. (Character Operators)4. (Logical Operators)

1. (Arithmetic Operators) operators plus (+) minus (-), divide(/), multiply (*), and modulo (%)

- Plus (+) 2 PRICE

MK380 - SQL 29

Ch 4 Data Base

ITEM WHOLESALETOMATOES 34POTATOES 51BANANAS 67TURNIPS 45CHEESE 89APPLES 23

WHOLESALE 15

WHOLESALE 15 WHOLESALE PRICE WHOLESALE PRICE

WHOLESALE+15 WHOLESALE +15 RETAIL

SELECT ITEM, WHOLESALE, (WHOLESALE + 0.15) RETAILFROM PRICE;

ITEM WHOLESALE RETAIL

TOMATOES 34 49POTATOES 51 66BANANAS 67 82TURNIPS 45 60CHEESE 89 104APPLES 23 38

ITEM PRICE PRODUCE (,) ITEM PRODUCE SQL ITEM PRODUCE

MK380 - SQL 30

Ch 4 Data Base

SELECT ITEM PRODUCE, WHOLESALE, WHOLESALE * 0.25 RETAILFROM PRICE:

PRODUCE WHOLESALE RETAILTOMATOES 34 59POTATOES 51 76BANNANAS 67 92TURNIPS 45 70CHEESE 89 114APPLES 23 48

Minus (-) Minus 2 1. 2.

1. HILOW HILOW

STATE HIGHTEMP LOWTEMPCA 120 -50FL 110 20LA 101 15ND 99 -70NE 100 -60

HIGHTEMP LOWTEMP

HIGHTEMP LOWS LOWTEMP HIGHS

SELECT STATE, - HIGHTEMP LOWS, -LOWTEMP HIGHSFROM HILOW;

MK380 - SQL 31

Ch 4 Data Base

STATE LOWS HIGHSCA -120 50FL -110 -20LA -101 -15ND -99 70NE -100 60

2.

HIGHTEMP LOWTEMP DIFFERENCE

SELECT STATE,HIGHTEM LOWS,LOWTEMP HIGHS, (HIGHTEMP - LOWTEMP ) DIFFERENCEFROM HILOW;

STATE LOWS HIGHS DIFFERENCECA -50 120 170FL 20 110 90LA 15 99 84ND -70 101 171NE -60 100 160

MK380 - SQL 32

Ch 4 Data Base

Divide (/) PRICE

ITEM WHOLESALETOMATOES 34POTATOES 51BANNANAS 67TURNIPS 45CHEESE 89APPLES 23

WHOLESALE 2 SALEPRICE

SELECT ITEM, WHOLESALE, (WHOLESALE/2) SALEPRICEFROM PRICE;

ITEM WHOLESALE SALEPRICETOMATOES 34 17POTATOES 51 25.5BANNANAS 67 33.5TURNIPS 45 22.5CHEESE 89 44.5APPLES 23 11.5

SALEPRICE WHOLESALE 2

MK380 - SQL 33

Ch 4 Data Base

Multiply (*)

PRICEITEM WHOLESALETOMATOES 34POTATOES 51BANANAS 67TURNIPS 45CHEESE 89APPLES 23

WHOLESALE 0.9

NEWPRICE SELECT ITEM, WHOLESALE, WHOLESALE * 0.9 NEWPRICEFROM PRICE;

ITEM WHOLESALE NEWPRICETOMATOES 34 30.6POTATOES 51 45.9BANANAS 67 60.3TURNIPS 45 40.5CHEESE 89 80.1APPLES 23 20.7

MK380 - SQL 34

Ch 4 Data Base

Modulo (%) REMAINS

NUMERATOR DENOMENATOR10 58 323 940 171024 1685 34

REMAINDER

NUMERATOR DENOMINATOR REMAINDER

SELECT NUMERATOR,DENOMINATOR,NUMERATOR%DENOMINATOR REMAINDERFROM REMAINS;

NUMERATOR DENOMENATOR REMAINDER10 5 08 3 223 9 540 17 61024 16 085 34 17

MK380 - SQL 35

Ch 4 Data Base

% Modulo SQL MOD %

SELECT NUMERATOR,DENOMINATOR,MOD(NUMERATOR, DENOMONATOR) REMAINDERFROM REMAINS;

4.2. (Comparison Operators Operator 3 (TRUE) (FALSE) (Unknown)

NULL PRICE

ITEM WHOLESALETOMATOES 34POTATOES 51BANANAS 67TURNIPS 45CHEESE 89APPLES 23ORANGES

ITEM WHOLESALE WHOLESALE SELECT *FROM PRICEWHERE WHOLESALE IS NULL;

SELECT *FROM PRICEWHERE WHOLESALE = NULL;

MK380 - SQL 36

Ch 4 Data Base

ITEM WHOLESALEORANGES

4.3 (Character Operators) LIKE

LIKE (WILD Card) % _()

- % T WHERE SALENAME LIKE T%

- _ 1 S 7

WHERE SALENAME LIKE S______SELECT PAYEE, AMOUNT, REMARKSFROM CHECKSWHERE PAYEE LIKE (CA%);

PAYEE AMOUNT REMARKSCash 25 Wild Night OutCash 60 Trip to SaraburiCash 34 Trip to Nonthaburi

LIKE WITHSELECT PAYEE, AMOUNT, REMARKSFROM CHECKSWHERE PAYEE STARING WITH (Ca);

MK380 - SQL 37

Ch 4 Data Base

PAYEE AMOUNT REMARKSCash 25 Wild Night OutCash 60 Trip to SaraburiCash 34 Trip to Nonthaburi

PAYEE Ca REMARKS G

SELECT PAYEE, AMOUNT, REMARKSFROM CHECKSWHERE PAYEE STARTING WITH(Ca)

ORREMARKS LIKE G%;

PAYEE AMOUNT REMARKSSurasit Utilities 98 GasJintana $ Mitree 150 GroceriesCash 25 Wild Night OutBenjawan Gas 251 GasCash 60 Trip to SaraburiCash 34 Trip to NonthaburiBenjawan Gas 1575 Gas

MK380 - SQL 38

Ch 4 Data Base

4.4 (Logical Operator) 2

VACATIONLASTNAME EMPLOYEENUM YEARS LEAVETAKENARLEE 101 2 4AMPORNI 104 5 23JINTANA 107 8 45BOLIVAR 233 4 80TANACHOTE 210 15 100TAWATCHI 211 10 78

12 B 50

SELECT * LASTNAME, YEARS * 12 LEAVETAKEN REMAININGFROM VACATIONWHERE LASTNAME LIKE B%ANDYEARS * 12 LEAVETAKEN > 50;

LASTNAME REMAININGJINTANA 51TANACHOTE 80

YEARS * 12 LEAVETAKEN

AND 2 TURE TURE

TRUE TURE FALSE FALSE 5 50%

MK380 - SQL 39

Ch 4 Data Base

SELECT LASTNAME WORKAHOLICSFROM VACATIONWHERE YEARS >=5AND((YEARS *12) LEAVETAKEN)/(YEARS *12) >=0.50;

WORKAHOLICSAMPORNIJINTANA

OR SELECT LASTNAME WORKAHOLICSFROM VACATIONWHERE YEARS >=5

OR((YEARS *12) LEAVETAKEN)/(YEARS *12)>=0.50;

WORKAHOLICSARLEEAMPORNIJINTANATANACHOTETAWATCHI

NOT

SELECT *FORM VACATIONWHERE LASTNAME NOT LIKE B%;

MK380 - SQL 40

Ch 4 Data Base

LASTNAME EMPLOYEENUM YEARS LEAVETAKENARLEE 101 2 4COSTALES 211 10 78

NOT NULL not null PRICE

ITEM WHOLESALETOMATOES 34POTATOES 51BANANAS 67TURNIPS 45CHEESE 89APPLES 23ORANGES

not null null

SELECT *FROM PRICEWHERE wholesale is not null;

ITEM WHOLESALETOMATOES 34POTATOES 51BANANAS 67TURNIPS 45CHEESE 89APPLES 23

MK380 - SQL 41

Ch 4 Data Base

IN BETWEEN IN

SELECT *FROM FRIENDSWHERE STATE= Chiangmai

ORSTATE = Bangkok

ORSTATE = Puket;

LASTNAME FIRSTNAME PHONE ADDRESSSIRIWAN ARLEEWAN 555-6666 BangkokSURASIT CHAIYO 555-6767 PuketWICHAI AMPORNWAN 555-3116 Chiangmai

SELECT *FROM FRIENDSWHERE STATE IN (Chiangmai , Bangkok , Puket );

LASTNAME FIRSTNAME PHONE ADDRESSSIRIWAN ARLEEWAN 555-6666 BangkokSURASIT CHAIYO 555-6767 PuketWICHAI AMPORNWAN 555-3116 Chiangmai

BETWEENAND

BETWEENAND

MK380 - SQL 42

Ch 4 Data Base

SELECT *FROM PRICEWHERE WHOLESALE >25

ANDWHOLESALE < 75;

ITEM WHOLESALETOMATOES 34POTATOES 51BANANAS 67TURNIPS 45

BETWEEN SELECT *FROM PRICEWHERE WHOLESALE BETWEEN 25 AND 75;

ITEM WHOLESALETOMATOES 34POTATOES 51BANANAS 67TURNIPS 45

MK380 - SQL 43

Ch 4 Data Base

SQL SQL SQL 6

1. (Aggregate functions)2. (Date and tune functions)3. (Arithmetic functions)4. (Character functions)5. (Conversion functions)6. (Miscellaneous functions)

1.(Aggregate Functions) 1 (Aggregate

Functions) COUNT,SUM,AVG,MAX MIN SQL

COUNT 2

COUNT (*) ( NULL)

COUNT (DISTINCT ) ( NULL)

SUM AVG

(NULL VALUE) AVG ( DISTINCT AVG (DISTINCT )

MAX MIN

MK380 - SQL 44

Ch 4 Data Base

1.1 COUNT (X) (X) TEAMGAME

NAME AB HITS WALKS SINGLES DOUBLES TRIPLES HRJONES 145 45 34 31 8 1 5DONKNOW 175 65 50 50 10 1 4WORLEY 157 49 35 35 8 3 3DAVID 187 70 48 48 4 0 17HAMHOCKER 50 12 10 10 2 0 0CASEY 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

TEAMGAME HIT AB 0.35

SELECT COUNT(*)FROM TEAMGAMEWHERE HITS/AB < .35; HIT AB 0.35

COUNT (*)4

NUM_BELOW_350SELECT COUNT(*) NUM_BELOW_350FROM TEAMGAMEWHERE HITS/AB < .35;

NUM_BELOW_3504

MK380 - SQL 45

Ch 4 Data Base

HIT AB 0.35SELECT COUNT(NAME) NUM_BELOW_350FROM TEAMGAMEWHERE HITS/AB < .35;

-NUM_BELOW_3504

TEAMGAME SELECT COUNT(*)FROM TEAMGAME;

COUNT(*)6

1.2 SUM (X) (X)

SINGLES TEAMGAME TOTAL.SINGLES

SELECT SUM(SINGLES) TOTAL_SINGLESFROM TEAMGAME;

TOTAL_SINGLES174

SINGLES, DOUBLES, TRIPLES, HR TEAMGAME TOTAL.SIGLES, TOTAL_DOUBLES, TOTAL_TRIPLES, TOTAL_HR

MK380 - SQL 46

Ch 4 Data Base

SELECT SUM(SINGLES) TOTAL_SINGLES, SUM(DOUBLES) TOTAL_DOUBLES,SUM(TRIPLES) TOTAL_TRIPLES, SUM(HR) TOTAL_HRFROM TEAMGAME; SINGLES, DOUBLES, TRIPLES, HR

TOTAL_SIGLES TOTAL_DOUBLES, TOTAL_TRIPLES, TOTAL_HR

TOTAL_SINGLES TOTAL_DOUBLES TOTAL_TRIPLES TOTAL_HR174 32 5 29

SINGLES, DOUBLES, TRIPLES, HR TEAMGAME HITS AB .300 TOTAL_SIGLES, TOTAL_DOUBLES, TOTAL_TRIPLES, TOTAL_HR

SELECT SUM(SINGLES) TOTAL_SINGLES, SUM(DOUBLES) TOTAL_DOUBLES,SUM(TRIPLES) TOTAL_TRIPLES, SUM(HR) TOTAL_HRFROM TEAMGAME;WHERE HITS/AB > = .300; HITS

AB .300 TOTAL_SIGLES, TOTAL_DOUBLES, TOTAL_TRIPLES, TOTAL_HR

TOTAL_SINGLES TOTAL_DOUBLES TOTAL_TRIPLES TOTAL_HR164 30 5 29

NAMESELECT SUM(NAME)FROM TEAMGAME; ERROR NAME

SUM SUM ERROR

MK380 - SQL 47

Ch 4 Data Base

ERROR:ORA-01722: invalid numberNo rows selected

1.3 AVG (X) (X)

HITS HIT_AVERAGESELECT AVG(HITS) HITS_AVERAGEFROM TEAMGAME; HITS HIT

6HITS_AVERAGE40.166666

1.4 MAX (X) (X)

HITS SELECT MAX(HITS)FROM TEAMGAME; HITS 70

MAX(HITS)70

HITS SELECT NAMEFROM TEAMGAMEWHERE HITS = MAX(HITS); ERROR (Aggregate function)

WHERE ERROR WHERE HITS = MAX(HITS); MAX(HITS)

MK380 - SQL 48

Ch 4 Data Base

WHERE CROUP BY HAVING

ERROR at line 3:ORA 00934: group function is not allowed here

MAX SELECT MAX (NAME)FROM TEAMGAME; (A-Z)

MAX(NAME)WORLEY

1.5 MIN (X) (X)

ABSELECT MIN(AB)FROM TEAMGAME; AB

MIN (AB)1

MIN SELECT MIN(NAME)FROM TEAMGAME; (A-Z)

MIN (NAME)CASEY

MK380 - SQL 49

Ch 4 Data Base

ABSELECT MIN(AB), MAX(AB)FROM TEAMGAME; AB

MIN (AB) MAX (AB)1 187

1.6 VARIANC (X) 2(S2) X

VARIANC HITSSELECT VARIANCE(HITS)FROM TEAMGAME; VARIANCE HITS

VARIANCE(HITS)802.96667

VARIANCE NAMESELECT VARIANCE(NAME)FROM TEAMGAME; ERROR VARIANCE

ERROR:ORA-01722: invalid numberNo rows selected

1.7 STDDEV (X)

(sum of squares) X

MK380 - SQL 50

Ch 4 Data Base

HITSSELECT STDDEV(HITS)FROM TEAMGAME; HITS

STDDEV(HITS)28.336666

SELECT STDDEV(NAME)FROM TEAMGAME;

ERROR STDDEV ERROR:ORA-01722: invalid numberno rows selected

AB

SELECT COUNT(AB),AVG(AB),MIN(AB),MAX(AB),STDEV(AB),VARIANCE(AB),SUM(AB),FROM TEAMGAME;

COUNT(AB)

AVG(AB)

MIN(AB)

MAX(AB)

STDDEV(AB)

VARIANCE(AB)

SUM(AB)

6 119.167 1 187 75.589 5712.97 715

MK380 - SQL 51

Ch 4 Data Base

2. (Date and tune functions)

PROJECTTASK STARTDATE ENDDATEKICKOFF MTG 01-APR-2001 01-APR-2001TECH SURVEY 02-APR-2001 01-MAY-2001USER MTGS 15-MAY-2001 30-MAY-2001DESIGN WIDGET 01-JUN-2001 30-JUN-2001CODE WIDGET 01-JUL-2001 02-SEP-2001TESTING 03-SEP-2001 17-JAN-2002

2.1 ADD_MONTHS (X,Y) (Y) X

ENDDATE 2 TASK, STARTDATE ENDDATE ORIGINALEND 2 ADD_MONTH

SELECT TASK,STARTDATE, ENDDATE ORIGINAL_END,ADD_MONTHS(ENDDATE,2)FROM PROJECT; ADD_MONTHS 1 ENDDATE

2

TASK STARTDATE ORIGINAL ADD_MONTHKICKOFF MTG 01-APR-2001 01-APR-2001 01-JUN-2001TECH SURVEY 02-APR-2001 01-MAY-2001 01-JUN-2001USER MTGS 15-MAY-2001 30-MAY-2001 30-JUN-2001DESIGN WIDGET 01-JUN-2001 30-JUN-2001 31-AUG-2001CODE WIDGET 01-JUL-2001 02-SEP-2001 02-NOV-2001TESTING 03-SEP-2001 17-JAN-2002 17-MAR-2002

MK380 - SQL 52

Ch 4 Data Base

1 SELECT TASK, TASKS_SHORTER_THAN_ONE_MONTHFROM PROJECTWHERE ADD_MONTHS(STARTDATE, 1) > ENDDATE; TASKS_SHORTER_THAN_ONE_MONTH

1 TASKS_SHORTER_THAN_ONE_MONTHKICKOFF MTGTECH SURVEYUSER MTGSDESIGN WIDGET

2.2 LAST_DAY (X) (X)

SELECT ENDDATE, LAST_DAY(ENDDATE)FROM PROJECT; LAST_DAY (ENDDATE)

ENDDATEENDDATE LAST_DAY(ENDDATE)01-APR-2001 30-APR-200101-MAY-2001 31-MAY-200130-MAY-2001 31-MAY-200130-JUN-2001 30-JUN-200102-SEP-2001 30-SEP-200117-JAN-2002 31-JAN-2002

MK380 - SQL 53

Ch 4 Data Base

2.3 MONTHS_BETWEEN (X,Y) X Y STARIDATE ENDDATE

SELECT TASK, STARTDATE, ENDDATE, MONTHS_BETWEEN(STARTDATE,

ENDDATE)DURATIONFROM PROJECT; DURATION STARTDATE

ENDDATE TASK STARTDATE ENDDATE DURATIONKICKOFF MTG 01-APR-2001 01-APR-2001 0TECH SURVEY 02-APR-2001 01-MAY-2001 -.9677419USER MTGS 15-MAY-2001 30-MAY-2001 -.483871DESIGNWIDGET

01-JUN-2001 30-JUN-2001 -.9354839

CODE WIDGET 01-JUL-2001 02-SEP-2001 -2.032258TESTING 03-SEP-2001 17-JAN-2002 -4.451613

ENDDATE SELECT TASK, STARTDATE, ENDDATE,MONTHS_BETWEEN(ENDDATE ,STARTDATE) DURATIONFROM PROJECT; DURATION ENDDATE

STARIDATE

MK380 - SQL 54

Ch 4 Data Base

TASK STARTDATE ENDDATE DURATOPNKICKOFF MTG 01-APR-2001 01-APR-2001 0TECH SURVEY 02-APR-2001 01-MAY-2001 .96774194USER MTGS 15-MAY-2001 30-MAY-2001 .48387097DESIGN WIDGET 01-JUN-2001 30-JUN-2001 .93548387CODE WIDGET 01-JUL-2001 02-SEP-2001 2.0322581TESTING 03-SEP-2001 17-JAN-2002 4.4516129

15 MAY 2001SELECT *FROM PROJECTWHERE MONTHS_BETWEEN(19 MAY 2001,STARTDATE) > 0; 19 MAY 2001

TASK STARTDATE ENDDATEKICKOFF MTG 01-APR-2001 01-APR-2001TECH SURVEY 02-APR-2001 01-MAY-2001USER MTGS 15-MAY-2001 30-MAY-2001

ORA-01428: ARGUMENT -45 is out of range CEIL SELECT A, CEIL(B), POWER(A,CEIL(B))FROM NUMBERS; CELI (B) B

POWER (A,CEIL(B)

MK380 - SQL 55

Ch 4 Data Base

A CEIL(B) POWER(A,CEIL(B))3.1415 4 97.3976-45 1 -455 9 1953125-57.667 42 9.098E+7315 55 4.842E+64-7.2 6 139314.07

3.8 SIGN (X) - 1 X 0- 0 X 0- 1 X 0

SIGN ASELECT A, SIGN(A)FROM NUMBERS;

A SIGN (A)3.1415 1-45 -15 1-57.667 -115 1-7.2 -10 0

SIGN 1 ASELECT AFROM NUMBERSWHERE SIGN(A) =1;

MK380 - SQL 56

Ch 4 Data Base

A SIGN 1A3.1415515

3.9 SQRT (X) 2 X 2 A

SELECT A, SQRT(A)FROM NUMBERS;

ERROR 2 ERROR:ORA-01428: ARGUMENT -45 is out of range

A 2SELECT ABS(A), SQRT(ABS(A))FROM NUMBERS; A 2

AABS(A) SQRT(ABS(A))3.1415 1.772427745 -16.70820395 12.23606857.667 7.593879115 3.87298337.2 2.68328160 0

MK380 - SQL 57

Ch 4 Data Base

4. (Character functions)

CHARACTERS

LASTNAME FIRSTNAME M CODEPURVIS KELLY A 32TAYLOR CHUCK J 67CHRISTINE LAURA C 65ADAMS FESTER M 87COSTALES ARMANDO A 77KONG MAJOR G 52

4.1 CHR ASCII

ASCII CODE

SELECT CODE, CH(CODE)FROM CHARACTERS;

CODE CH3267 C65 A87 W77 M52 4

MK380 - SQL 58

Ch 4 Data Base

4.2 CONCAT (X,Y) (X Y) FIRSINAME LASTNAME

SELECT CONCAT(FIRSTNAME, LASTNAME) FIRST AND LAST NAMESFROM CHARACTERS; FIRSTNAME LASTNAME

FIRST AND LASTNAMESFIRST AND LAST NAMESKELLY PURVISCHUCK TAYLORLAURA CHRISTINEFESTER ADAMSARMANDO COSTALESMAJOR KONG

4.3 INITCAP () (string) FIRSTNAME

SELECT FIRSTNAME BEFORE, INITCAP(FIRSTNAME) AFTERFROM CHARACTERS;

BEFORE AFTERKELLY KellyCHUCK ChuckLAURA LauraFESTER FesterARMANDO ArmandoMAJOR Major

MK380 - SQL 59

Ch 4 Data Base

4.4 LOWER () and UPPER () LOWER () () UPPER () ()

FIRSTNAME UPDATE

UPDATE CHARACTERSSET FIRSTNAME = kellyWHERE FIRSTNAME = KELLY;

1 1 rows update.

LOWER UPPER

SELECT FIRSTNAME, UPPER(FIRSTNAME), LOWER(FIRSTNAME)FROM CHARACTERS; FIRSTNAME

FIRSTNAME UPPER

(FIRSTNAME)LOWER(FIRSTNAME}

Kelly KELLY kellyCHUCK CHUCK chuckLAURA LAURA lauraFESTER FESTER festerARMANDO ARMANDO armandoMAJOR MAJOR major

MK380 - SQL 60

Ch 4 Data Base

4.7 REPLACE (,X,Y) X Y ST ST LASTNAME

SELECT LASTNAME, REPLACE(LASTNAME, ST) REPLACEMENTFROM CHARACTERS; 3 6 LASTNAME ST

LASTNAME REPLACEMENTPURVIS PURVISTAYLOR TAYLORCHRISTINE CHRIINEADAMS ADAMSCOSTALES COALESKONG KONG

ST LASTNAME **SELECT LASTNAME, REPLACE(LASTNAME, ST, **) REPLACEMENTFROM CHARACTERS; 3 6 LASTNAME ST

**LASTNAME REPLACEMENTPURVIS PURVISTAYLOR TAYLORCHRISTINE CHRI**INEADAMS ADAMSCOSTALES CO**ALESKONG KONG

MK380 - SQL 61

Ch 4 Data Base

4.8 SUBSTR (,x,y) () x

2 3 FIRSTNAMESELECT FIRSTNAME, SUBSTR(FIRSTNAME,2,3)FROM CHARACTERS; FIRSTNAME 3

3 FIRSTNAME SUBKelly EllCHUCK HUCLAURA AURFESTER ESTARMANDO RMAMAJOR AJO

3 SELECT FIRSTNAME, SUBSTR(FIRSTNAME,3)FROM CHARACTERS; FIRSTNAME 3

FIRSTNAME SUBSTR(FIRSTNKelly LlyCHUCK UCKLAURA URAFESTER STERARMANDO MANDOMAJOR JOR

MK380 - SQL 62

Ch 4 Data Base

5. (Conversion functions)5.1 TO_CHAR data type

SELECT TESTNUM, TO_CHAR(TESTNUM)FROM CONVERSIONS;

TESTNUM TO_CHAR(TESTNUM)95 9523 2368 68

SELECT TESTNUM, LENGTH(TO_CHAR(TESTNUM))FROM CONVERSIONS;

TESTNUM LEGTH(TO_CHAR(TESTNUM))

95 223 268 2

MK380 - SQL 63

Ch 4 Data Base

1. SELECT FROM [WHERE][GROUP BY < grouping column>][HAVING];

SELECT : column 1, column 2, : FROM : table name : WHERE GROUP BY < grouping column> HAVING GROUP BY GROUP BY

GROUP BY GROUP BY GROUP BY GROUP BY

MK380 - SQL 64

Ch 4 Data Base

CHECKSCHECK# PAYEE AMOUNT REMARKS1 Malee Benjanee 150 Have sons next time2 Reading R.R. 24534 Train to Chiangmai3 Malee Benjanee 20032 Cellular Phone4 Surasit Utilities 98 Gas5 Jintana $ Mitree 150 Groceries16 Cash 25 Wild Night Out17 Benjawan Gas 251 Gas9 Arun Cleaners 2435 X-Tra Starch20 Arun Cleaners 105 All Dry clean8 Cash 60 Trip to Saraburi21 Cash 34 Trip to Nonthaburi30 Surasit Utilities 875 Water31 Surasit Utilities 34 Sewer25 Benjawan Gas 1575 Gas

AMOUNT CHECKS SELECT PAYEE, SUM(AMOUNT)FROM CHECKS; GROUP BY AMOUNT ERROR

Dynamic SQL Error-SQL error code = -104-invalid column reference

PAYEE SELECT PAYEE, SUM(AMOUNT), COUNT(PAYEE)FROM CHECKSGROUP BY PAYEE;

MK380 - SQL 65

Ch 4 Data Base

PAYEE SUM COUNTArun Cleaners 2540 2Cash 119 3Benjawan Gas 1826 2Jintana $ Mitree 150 1Surasit Utilities 1007 3Malee Benjanee 10182 2Reading R.R. 24534 1

ORGCHARTNAME TEAM SALARY SICKLEAVE ANNUALLEAVEASAMS RESEARCH 34000.00 34 12WILKES MARKETING 31000.00 40 9STOKES MARKETING 36000.00 20 19MEZA COLLECTIONS 40000.00 30 27SIRIWAN RESEARCH 45000.00 20 17RICHARDSON MARKETING 42000.00 25 18FURY COLLECTIONS 35000.00 22 14PRECOURT PR 37500.00 24 24

SALARY TEAM TEAM SELECT TEAM, AVG(SALARY)FROM ORGCHARTGROUP BY TEAM;

MK380 - SQL 66

Ch 4 Data Base

TEAM AVGCOLLECTIONS 37500.00MARKETING 36333.33PR 37500.00RESEARCH 39500.00

HAVING HAVING GROUP BY GROUP BY HAVING 38000

SELECT TEAM, AVG(SALARY)FROM ORGCHARTGROUP BY TEAMHAVING AVG(SALARY) < 38000;

TEAM AVGPR 37500.00

GROUP BY HAVING AND SICKLEAVE 25 ANNUALLEAVE 20

SELECT TEAM, AVG(SICKLEAVE), AVG(ANNUALLEAVE)FROM ORGCHARTGROUP BY TEAMHAVING AVG(SICKLEAVE) >25 ANDAVG(ANNUALLEAVE)

MK380 - SQL 67

Ch 4 Data Base

SICKLEAVE ANNUALLEAVE row 1

SELECT TEAM, AVG(SICKLEAVE), AVG(ANNUALLEAVE)FROM ORGCHARTGROUP BY TEAMHAVING COUNT(TEAM) > 1;

TEAM AVG AVGCOLLECTIONS 26 21MARKETING 28 15RESEARCH 27 15

2.

(normalization) (master table) (transaction table) (address table) SQL WHERE WHERE SELECT FROM TABLE1

ROW REMARKRow 1 Table 1Row 2 Table 1Row 3 Table 1Row 4 Table 1Row 5 Table 1Row 6 Table 1

MK380 - SQL 68

Ch 4 Data Base

TABLE 2ROW REMARKRow 1 Table 2Row 2 Table 2Row 3 Table 2Row 4 Table 2Row 5 Table 2Row 6 Table 2

2 SELECT * FROM TABLE1, TABLES2 ROW REMARK ROW REMARKRow 1 Table 1 Row 1 Table 2Row 1 Table 1 Row 2 Table 2Row 1 Table 1 Row 3 Table 2Row 1 Table 1 Row 4 Table 2Row 1 Table 1 Row 5 Table 2Row 1 Table 1 Row 6 Table 2Row 2 Table 1 Row 1 Table 2Row 2 Table 1 Row 2 Table 2Row 2 Table 1 Row 3 Table 2Row 2 Table 1 Row 4 Table 2Row 2 Table 1 Row 5 Table 2Row 2 Table 1 Row 6 Table 2Row 3 Table 1 Row 1 Table 2Row 3 Table 1 Row 2 Table 2Row 3 Table 1 Row 3 Table 2Row 3 Table 1 Row 4 Table 2Row 3 Table 1 Row 5 Table 2

MK380 - SQL 69

Ch 4 Data Base

ROW REMARK ROW REMARKRow 3 Table 1 Row 6 Table 2Row 4 Table 1 Row 1 Table 2Row 4 Table 1 Row 2 Table 2Row 4 Table 1 Row 3 Table 2Row 4 Table 1 Row 4 Table 2Row 4 Table 1 Row 5 Table 2Row 4 Table 1 Row 6 Table 2Row 5 Table 1 Row 1 Table 2Row 5 Table 1 Row 2 Table 2Row 5 Table 1 Row 3 Table 2Row 5 Table 1 Row 4 Table 2Row 5 Table 1 Row 5 Table 2Row 5 Table 1 Row 6 Table 2Row 6 Table 1 Row 1 Table 2Row 6 Table 1 Row 2 Table 2Row 6 Table 1 Row 3 Table 2Row 6 Table 1 Row 4 Table 2Row 6 Table 1 Row 5 Table 2Row 6 Table 1 Row 6 Table 2

3.(subqueries) SELECT

WHERE

SELECT [*] FROM [WHERE

MK380 - SQL 70

Ch 4 Data Base

SELECT column 1, column 2, FROM table name WHERE Select Statement

( SELECT ) Bangkok

SELECT *FROM ORDERSTABWHERE SALENO IN(SELECT SALENOFROM SALETABWHERE ADDRESS = Bangkok);

ORDERNO AMT ORDERDATE CUSNO SALENO3001 1869 6/03/2000 2008 10073003 76719 6/03/2000 2001 10013002 190010 6/03/2000 2007 10043005 516045 6/03/2000 2003 10023006 109816 6/03/2000 2008 10073009 171323 6/04/2000 2002 10033007 7573 6/04/2000 2004 10023008 472300 6/05/2000 2006 10013010 130995 6/06/2000 2004 10023011 989198 6/06/2000 2006 1001

MK380 - SQL 71

Ch 4 Data Base

SALENO SALENAME ADDRESS SALECOM1001 Chaiwat Bangkok 0.121002 Mitree Puket 0.131004 Benjawan Bangkok 0.111007 Kanjana Chiangmai 0.151003 Ternjai Nonthaburi 0.10

ORDERNO AMT ORDERDATE CUSNO SALENO3003 76719 6/03/2000 2001 10013002 190010 6/03/2000 2007 10043008 472300 6/05/2000 2006 10013011 989198 6/06/2000 2006 1001

SELECT ORDERNO AMT ORDERDATE CUSNO ORDERSTAB. SALENOFROM ORDERSTAB, SALETABWHERE ORDERSTAB.SALENO SALETAB.SALENOAND SALETAB.ADDRESS = Bangkok;

PARTPARTNUM DESCRIPTION PRICE54 PEDALS 54.2542 SEATS 24.5046 TIRES 15.2523 MOUNTAIN

BIKE350.45

76 ROAD BIKE 530.0010 TANDEM 1200.00

MK380 - SQL 72

Ch 4 Data Base

ORDERSORDEREDON NAME PARTNUM QUANTITY REMARKS15-MAY-2001 TRUE WHEEL 23 6 PAID19-MAY-2001 TRUE WHEEL 76 3 PAID2-SEP-2001 TRUE WHEEL 10 1 PAID30-JUN-2001 BIKE SPEC 54 10 PAID30-MAY-2001 BIKE SPEC 10 2 PAID30-MAY-2001 BIKE SPEC 23 8 PAID17-JAN-2001 BIKE SPEC 76 11 PAID17-JAN-2001 LE SHOPPE 76 5 PAID1-JUN-2001 LE SHOPPE 10 3 PAID1-JUN-2001 AAA BIKE 10 1 PAID1-JUN-2001 AAA BIKE 76 4 PAID1-JUN-2001 AAA BIKE 46 14 PAID11-JUN-2001 JACKS BIKE 76 14 PAID

SELECT *FROM ORDERSWHERE PARTNUM =(SELECT PARTNUMFROM PARTWHERE DESCRIPTION LIKE ROAD%)

ORDEREDON NAME PARTNUM QUANTITY REMARKS19-MAY-2001 TRUE WHEEL 76 3 PAID17-JAN-2001 BIKE SPEC 76 11 PAID17-JAN-2001 LE SHOPPE 76 5 PAID1-JUN-2001 AAA BIKE 76 4 PAID11-JUN-2001 JACKS BIKE 76 14 PAID

: . Visual Basic 6.0

\(SQL\KanjanaChaiwatMitree

ArleeBangkok

Malee Benjanee

Gas BU

STEELTOMATOESFLTURNIPSTOMATOESTOMATOES

REMAINDER

Cash

AMOUNTEMPLOYEENUMSIRIWANSURASIT BETWEENAND

DOUBLES

CHLAURASELECT FIRSTNAME BEFORE, INITCAP(FIRSTNAME) AFTER

FESTER CHECKS

Cash ORGCHART

MARKETINGMARKETINGCOLLECTIONSTable 1Row 1

AMTADDRESSNAME