BY: Somdutt Bhardwaj 14001007912

MUSCULOSKELETAL GEOMETRY

Introduction

The Musculoskeletal system is made up of two different systems.

It is important to know how each system works.

Three Types of Muscles

The three types of muscles tissues are:– Smooth– Skeletal – Cardiac

Smooth Muscle

smooth (or visceral) muscle- – forms the muscle layers in the walls of the

digestive tract, bladder, various ducts, arteries and veins, and other internal organs.

– Smooth- muscle cells are elongated and thin, have only one nucleus, and form sheets rather than bundles of muscles.

– Smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

Skeletal Muscle

skeletal (or voluntary/striated) muscle, is the most abundant tissue in the human body, it produces movement.

Each skeletal-muscle fiber is roughly cylindrical, contains many nuclei, and is crossed by alternating light and dark bands called striations.

Fibers bind together, via connective tissue, into bundles; and these bundles, in turn, bind together to form muscles.

Thus, skeletal muscles are composite structures composed of many muscle fibers, nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue.

Skeletal muscles are controlled by the somatic nervous system (SNS).

Cardiac Muscle

cardiac (or heart) muscle, a cross between the smooth and striated muscles, makes up the heart tissue.

Like smooth muscle, it is controlled by the autonomic nervous system  (ANS).

Muscle Function

There are two important proteins involved in muscle function.

– Actin – Myosin

They overlap at an area called the sarcomere.

Muscle Function

Skeletal System

Its 206 bones form a rigid framework to which the softer tissues and organs of the body are attached.

Vital organs are protected by the skeletal system.

They also function to move, support, produce red and white blood cells and store minerals.

The parts of the skeleton

The human skeleton is divided into two distinct parts:

– Axial– Appendicular

Axial Skeleton

The axial skeleton consists of bones that form the axis of the body and support and protect the organs of the head, neck, and trunk.The Skull The SternumThe RibsThe Vertebral Column

Appendicular Skeleton

The appendicular skeleton is composed of bones that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton.– The Upper Extremities– The Lower Extremities– The Shoulder Girdle– The Pelvic Girdle--(the sacrum and coccyx are

considered part of the vertebral column)

Sacrum

Composition of bones

Bone is not a uniformly solid material, but rather has some spaces between its hard elements.

Two types of bone tissue

– Compact– Spongy

Compact Bone

The hard outer layer of bones is composed of compact bone tissue, so-called due to its minimal gaps and spaces.

This tissue gives bones their smooth, white, and solid appearance, and accounts for 80% of the total bone mass of an adult skeleton.

Spongy Bone

Filling the interior of the organ is the trabecular bone tissue (an open cell porous network also called cancellous or spongy bone) which is composed of a network of rod- and plate-like elements that make the overall organ lighter and allowing room for blood vessels and marrow.

Trabecular bone accounts for the remaining 20% of total bone mass, but has nearly ten times the surface area of compact bone.

Bone Cells

Osteoblasts: are mononucleate bone-forming cells. Osteoblasts also manufacture hormones, to act on the bone itself.

Osteocytes originate from osteoblasts. Their functions include formation of bone, matrix maintenance and calcium homeostasis.

Osteoclasts are the cells responsible for bone resorption (remodeling of bone to reduce its volume).

Five different types of bones

Long (femur) Short (carpus) Flat (sternum) Irregular (vertebrae) Sesamoid (embedded

in tendon)

How do they work together?

The musculoskeletal system consists of the skeletal system -- bones and joints and the skeletal muscle system. These two systems work together to provide basic functions that are essential to life, including:

Protection Support Blood cell formation Mineral homeostasis Storage: stores fat and minerals. Leverage

Tissues involved

There are 5 basic tissues comprising the musculoskeletal system:  – bones,  – ligaments (attaching bone to bone)  – cartilage (protective gel-like substance lining the

joints and intervertebral discs),  – skeletal muscles– tendons (attaching muscle to bone). 

How do our muscles and bones work together to cause locomotion?

Joint: where two bones meet

2 types: – Structural– Functional

Moveable joints

Ball and socket Hinge Pivot Gliding Saddle Condyloid

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