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1. - Extraction - Spray drying - Fluid-bed drying - Freeze drying

Extraction 3 1.Maceration 7

Extraction 2. Soxhlet Extraction Thimble extractingchamber

Extraction3. Extraction of volatile oil Rotary Evaporator

Continuous ExtractionHigh yield of extractable materialHigh solid content in extractEasy scale upEfficient extraction

Spray dryingUnit operation converts a bulk liquid into powder and used for production of dried powder across a wide range of material tablet excipient spray dried lactose dry powder for inhalation drug delivery micro/nanoparticle, liposome

PrincipleTransform a concentrate into many small droplets that are then exposed to a fast current of hot airBecause of the very large surface area of the droplets, the water evaporates almost instantaneously and the droplets are transformed into powder particles

Schematic of spray drying process

Spray dryer Feed pump Atomizer Air heater Air disperser Drying chamber Exhaust air cleaning system Powder recovery system CIP system : Cleaning in place system

M?Mini-spray dryer (Buchi cooperation)

Formation of spray dried particle

Liquid droplet temperature during during spray drying

COMMON POWDER CHARACTERISTICSUniform Particle size

Low bulk Density Free Flowing Non-Hygroscopic Agglomerate Better solubility

Nearly spherical regular particle shape

Fluidization= mfv mfv mfv(minimum fluidization velocity)

Application of fluidization*DryingGranulatingCoating

Application of fluidization*

Fluid Bed dryer*

Fluid bed granulator*

Freeze-dryingFreeze-drying Lyophilization

Lyophilization- - - -

Reconstituted powder for injectionHigh value therapeutics : interferon, cytokine, hormone, vaccinePeptide drug

Lyophilized:Freezing: Vacuum: (sublimation) Heat: (eutectic temp) 4. Condensation: (low-temp condenser plate)

Basic Industrial Freeze Dryer

Basic Industrial Freeze Dryer

Shell FreezerFreeze Dryer

Accessory Part

2. - Pill making or Pelletization - Microencapsulation

Pellets: 200 2 mm ( 0.5-1.5 mm) :

Dosage formscapsuletablet

Extrusion/spheronizationEXTRUSIONSPHERONIZATIONWet mixing Drying

Product produced by the first four extrusion-spheronization process steps:(a) powder from dry mixing, (b) granules from granulation, (c) extrudatefrom extrusion, and (d) spheres from spheronization.

Wet mixing wet mass plastic wet granulation

extrusionTypes of Extruder

Axial typed extruder

radial typed extruder

Extrusion Steady-state flow smooth skinLow speed (R) (L)

spheronization

Mechanism of spheronization

Microencapsulation is one of the quality preservation techniques of sensitive substances and a method for production of materials with new valuable properties. Microencapsulation is process of enclosing micron sized particles in a polymeric shell. There are different techniques available for the encapsulation of drug entities. The encapsulation efficiency of the microparticle or microsphere or microcapsule depends upon different factors like concentration of the polymer, solubility of polymer in solvent, rate of solvent removal, solubility of organic solvent in water etc.

Morphology of microcapsule

Reasons for Microencapsulationconverting liquid to solid particle size reduction for enhancing solubilityretarding evaporation of volatile oilImproving the handling of sticky materialenvironment al protection incompatible ingredient protection sustained or control the release characteristicsTaste and odor masking of drug dilution the ingredient cell encapsulation