北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1):...

Hokkaido University of Education

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Titleユダヤ人としてのシャイロックヴェニスの商人におけるエリザベス朝の

ユダヤ人観

Author(s) 佐々尾, 知; 東川, 洋一

Citation 北海道教育大学紀要. 人文科学・社会科学編, 56(1): 83-109

Issue Date 2005-08

URL http://s-ir.sap.hokkyodai.ac.jp/dspace/handle/123456789/808

Rights

北海道教育人学紀要（人文科学・社会科学編）第56巻第1弓 JournalofHokkaidoUniversityofEducation（HumanitiesandSocialSciences）Vol．56，No．1

平成17年8月 August，2005

ShylockasaJew：

TheElizabethanViewofJewsin The胞rchantqfT々nice

SASAOTomoandHIGASHIKAWAYoichi＊

GraduateSchoolofEducation，HokkaidoUniversityofEducation

＊DepartmentofEnglishLiterature，SapporoCampus，HokkaidoUniversityofEducation

ユダヤ人としてのシャイロック

『ヴェニスの商人』におけるエリザベス朝のユダヤ人観

佐々尾知・東川洋一＊

北海道教育人草人学院教育学研究科

＊北海道教育人学札幌校英文学研究室

Abstract

IntheElizabethanera，althoughtherewasnoJewofficially，theprejudiceagainstJewswasdeeply

rooted．Asurprisingcasehappenedin1594；theJewishphysicianLopezattemptedtopoisontheQueen．

Marlowe’s TheJew ofMalta，firstplayedin1592，WaSreplayed atleastfifteen timesin1594．

Shakespeare’s The脇rchantqftjbnicewasplayedprobablyin1596．Elizabethanssawtheseeventsand

dramasinthesameviewandformedatypeofJew．Whenthetwoplaysareviewedasthesucceeding

playswiththeprejudiceformedbytheLopezcase，itrevealshowcloselytheseplayswereinterrelated

WitheachotherandhowvariouslyeachplaycrystallizedtheviewofJews，inwhichbothdramatists

WOuldhavedifferentviewsofJewsandintendedtoexpresseachfigurepartlyinthesimi1arwaybut

mostlyinthedifferentway．Shylockneededtobealosereconomicallyandreligiously．Shakespeareused

theMarlowe’straditionalviewofJewstoestablishthenewviewofJewsbywhichElizabethansrecog－

nizedJewsasaliens．The脇rchantqftjbnicewasasocialcomedyandthefigureofJewwasakindofa

SCapegOatfortherecoveryoftheElizabethansidentityandconfidence．

analyzeChristopherMarlowe’s TheJewqf腸Ir

ta，Writteninthesameperiod，Whichprobably

influenced The腸rchantげtjbnice．Inthelate

Sixteenthcentury，anumberofplaysabout

JewswereperformedinLondon，butexceptfor

1．Introduction

Thepurposeofthisthesisistoexaminethe

ElizabethanviewofJews，mainlyinWilliam

Shakespeare’s TheMerchantqftjbnice．Iwi11

83

SASAO Tomo and HIGASHIKAWA Yoichi

ThreeLadiesqfLondon，nOfavorableJewwas

portrayed．InElizabethanperiodtherewereno

Jewsofficially．TheJewwasdescribednotas

StrangerSinappearanceorreligiousdoctrine，

butasothersofLondon．AmongtheseJewish

characters，themostfamousandcontroversial

CharacterisShylockinThe脇rchantqftjbnice．

ThedifferencebetweenShylockandthe

OthercharacterswasthatShylockwasinvested

withhumanity，Whichmadehimatragicchar－

acter．Shylocksurelyhadhumanity，butthe

humanitywasnotthesameasthatofaudiences

inElizabethanperiod．Wereanyofhisspeeches，

performancesandinsistencesbasedonhis

Jewishness？WhenweviewtheJewishnessin

the historicalcontinuanceElizabethan audi－

encewatched TheMerchantofVeniceaj壱w

yearsqfierTheJewqfA4dlta，itmakesclear

WhathappenedbetweenShylockandBarabas

and how Jewish figures had been formed

throughthetwodramas．1

AsforShylock，ElmerEdgarStollsuggests

thatalthoughmanycriticshaveseenShylockin

themoderncontext，WeShouldviewhiminthe

Elizabethancontext．IfweseeShylockinthe

Elizabethancontext，thenweknowShylockwas

no doubt a comical”character at the Eli－

zabethanperiod（Stol1274）．IIarleyGranville－

BarkersaysofTheMerchantofVenicethatit

is afairytaleandthatShylockisfabulous

（Granville－Barker55）．MaxPlowmansuggests

thatTheMerchant。fVeniceisa“r。mantic

COmedyofheart’sdesire，designedtothrowthe

life－Valueandmoney－Valueintothestrongest

possiblecontrast，”andShylockdefeatsPortia，

because he depends only on the power of

money（Plowman79）．HaroldFischseesShy－

lock as“thecharacteristicsofGalut，”theHeb－

rewtermfortheDiaspora，inShylock（Fisch

34）．Manyresearchershaveformedvarious

Shylock’straits．

Atfirst，Wewi11analyzeJewishdaughters，

AbigailandJessica．Inthecomparisonofthe

two，Wewi11viewhowthetwoJewishdaught－

ersseemtobedescribedasJews，andintheir

relationshipstotheirfathers，BarabasandShy－

lock，Weknowthatthetwodaughtersarere－

gardedasJewishrepresentation．Secondary，We

wi11viewBarabasasthepredecessorofShy－

lock，eSpeCiallyabouthisreligiousdoctrineand

moneyastheyappearinbothhisspeechesand

his acts．We know that he was seen as a tradi－

tionalJewishcharacter．Lastly，Wewi11scruti－

nizeShylock．AlthoughShylock’scharacteris

partlyinheritedfromBarabas’，hisidentityis

SharplydistinguishedfromBarabas’one．When

WeCOnSiderShylockinthelightofElizabethan

Situations，WeknowthatShylocktranscended

thetraditionalviewoftheJewandthathis

identityasaJewwascり7Siallizedtofiercelyex－

presshisJewishness，equatingandconfronting

withChristiansintheeconomical，SOCial，andre－

1ig10uSSituations．

2．Abig・ailandJessic

Amongmanydramaswhicharerelevantto

theportrayalofJewsin1iterature，theclosestto

TheMerchantqftjbniceisChristopherMar－

lowe’s TheJew ofMalta．In aseriesofEli－

Zabethandramas，TheMerchantofVenice

／′・／∴1小∴ヾ．ヾ′∴ご′J／り．ヾ／′．リイ／り／り／い：／；′り仙′「／■∫川ノ7日1帖

hasastrongrelationshipto TheJewqf腸Ita

J〈、／J／（、／J／∫∫′／んJ／（り／′／／イ／〃／）（・♪り二／iげ〃け′り）▲川ノJl封lユ

Lopez，aJewishphysician，isbroadlyknownas

asocialincidentofJew．Lopezwasaccusedof

tryingtopoisontheQueen．Aftertheincident，

TheJewげ肋Itawasplayedagainandagain，

SOtheygotagoodreputation．TheJezL，qf腸Iia

WOuldinfluence TheMerchantqftjbnice：au－

84

ShylockasaJew：TheElizabethanViewofJewsin TheA忽rchantqf．一々nice

diencesprobablywatcheditremembering The

ノー〃・イlんイ／′∴

One ofthe similarities between the twois

theJewishmerchantBarabasandhisdaughter

Abigail，andtheJewishmoneylenderShylock

andhisdaughterJessica．TheroleofJewish

daughterhadnotappearedbeforetheperiod．

Thetwoauthors，thoughMarlowefirstim－

agined，WOuldassignspecifictraitstothese

Characters．Ontheonehand，thetwodaughters

aredescribedasaJewandbothhaveChristian

lovers，andtheywishtoconverttoChristianity．

Onthecontrary，theyresultedinaquitedif－

ferentsituation．Abigailbelievedherfather’s

WOrdsandfinallylostherlover，WhileJessicais

married to herlover and receives halfofher

father’sfortune．Itisnecessarytoviewwhat

roletheyareplayingandhowtheyarede－

SCribed．JoanOzarkHolmerarguesthat“these

playsalsoincludeacontrary，andperhapsquite

remarkableandcomplicating，elementofphilo－

Semitism embodied in the Christian love and

admirationthatthetwoJewishdaughtersin－

Spireintheirrespectivedramaticworlds”

（HolmerllOrlll）．Saito regards the two

daughtersasasymbolofconflictinreligionand

Culture，andhealsosuggeststhatShakespeare

Selectedtheoppositeconsequenceasthecoun－

terpartofMarlowe（Saito177）．Iwi11viewtheir

processthroughwhichtheyseemtobetrans－

formedintoChristianityandtheirJewishness

Whichtheyarenotconsciousof．

OzawadescribestheChristian society

aroundJessicainThe腸rchantqftjbnice．Jessi－

Caisapartfromherfatherandfledwithher

lover，Lorenzo．Theadjectivejdirisusedrepe－

atedlyintheprocessofherturningChristian

（Ozawal17）．ThefollowingspeechisLorenzo’s：

Andwhiterthanthepaperitwriton

Isthefair handthatwrit．

（rゐg腸γCゐα〝≠げ睡〝毎Ⅲ．vii．11－13）乞

Lorenzousestheword“fair”whenhecallsJes－

Sica．Othercharactersoftheplaycallher“fair

Jessica”aswellexceptforShylock．Additionally，

the“fair”is alsousedinthe case ofPortia．Bas－

saniotalksofPortia：

InBelmontisaladyrichlyleft，

Andsheisfair，and，（fairerthanthat

word），（朋γⅠ．i．161－62）

Theword“fair”expressesthebeautyinappear－

anceandmind．Thewordoriginallyexpresses

PortiaanditsmeaningaddsthesensethatJes－

SicahasapossibilitytoturntoChristianinthe

blessingoffairChristian．Thewordfairalso

means“givingpromiseofsuccess”（OEDfair，

14．a）．ThisisPortia’sspeechwhenMorocco

visits Belmontto selectone outofthree caskets：

Your self（renowned prince）then

stood as fair

AsanycomerIhavelook’donyet

Formyaffection．（MVII．i．20r22）

Thefairhassomewhatironicalmeaning．When

Moroccofailstoselecttherightcasket，Portia

Sighed，relieved，andsaid：

Agentleriddance，rdrawthecurtains，

gO，‾

Letallofhiscomplexionchoosemeso．

（朋ⅤⅢ．vii．78－79）

Theword“gentle”hasapunofgentileand

SeemStOhaveastrongrelationshipwithfair．

Thewordfairoftenfunctionsasasymbolof Iknowthehand，infaith’tisafairhand，

85


Christiancelebration，Whichworksasthemark

foreliminatinggentile．

David Bevington argues that“His

［Barabas’］loveforhisdaughterAbigailproves

tobemerelyan expressionofhisself－absorbed

greed”（Bevington35）．Abigailislovedbythe

MaltaseGovernor’sson，Lodowick，Whomshe

doesnotloveatall，andbyMathias，Whomshe

trulyloves．Inthebeginningoftheplay，Abigail

likes herfather and believes hisword．After

Barabas forfeited all his wealth to the Maltase

Governor，BarabasmetAbigailandsaid：

OrderofBarabas，MathiasandLodowicktryto

COnVertherintoChristianity by usingthe

Christianizedfair．Asseeingabriefview，the

twoJewishdaughtersarecelebratedbythe

WOrdwhich signifiesChristian beautyinboth

internalandexternalbeauty．Theyseemtobe

COnVertedtoChristianity．

Thereisnoclueforthespecificpointof

ViewforaJewishdaughterinElizabethan

period．Wassheblessedwiththewordfairby

theaudiences？PeopleinthePostReformation

PeriodthoughtthatJewwasneversavedwith－

OutSalvation．AlthoughAbigaildiesinthemid－

dleoftheplay，itisclearthatshedoesconvert

toChristianityinherspeech．ThisisAbigail’s

SpeeChatthepointofdeath：

ButwhitherwendsmybeauteousAbi－

gall？

Ohwhathasmademylovelydaughter

sad？

What，WOman，mOanenOtforalittle

losse：

Thyfatherhasenoughinstorefor

thee．3

（TheJewqf腸Iia，I．ii．224r27．，italics

mine）

Abigail．SoIhaveheard；praythere－

forekeepeitclose．

Deathseizethonmyheart：ahgentle

Fryar，

Convert my father that he may be

SaV’d，

AndwitnessethatIdyeaChristian．

ニハム．ヾ．］

2．Fryar：I，and a Virgin too，that

grleVeSmemOSt：

ButImusttotheJewandexclaimeon

him，Andmakehimstandinfeareof

Barabasuses“beauteous，”not“fair．”True，ifthe

fairisasymbolofChristianityinElizabethan

period，heneverusesit：heisaJew．Onthecon－

trary，MathiascallsAbigailinthefollowing

Way：

朗Ⅲ．vi．37－43） me．

Whosethis？Faire Abigalltherich

JewesdaughterBecomeaNun？

朗Ⅰ．ii．366－68）

Herdyingwishhereexpresseshergentlemind

forherfathereventhoughherdeathisderived

fromhim．Abigailalsodeclaresthattheconver－

SiontoChristianityistheonlywayofsalvation

forhim．Then，Whatshewishesforisthatthe

gentlefriarturnsBarabasintoaChristianand

giveshimakindofeasebyGod’sgrace．Butthe

friardoesnotintendasshewishes；thefriar’s

SpeeChmakesitclearthatheintendstogive

Lodowicksaysaswell：

YondWalkstheJew，nOWforfaireAbi－

gall．㈹Ⅲ．iii．38）

ForAbigailwhopretendstobeanunbythe

86


SayIwi11come．（M㌣II．v．2839） Barabasfear．Fromhisspeech，the“gentle”re－

mindsusofthewordgentiletherepeatedly

usedimagefortheJew．Audiencesmaybeanx－

iousabouthereaseofconvertingtoChristian－

ity．Theword“virgin，”whichmeansChristian

chastity，lostitsmeanmg．4

Jessica，unlikeAbigail，ismarriedtoLoren－

ZO，andcallsherselfChristian．Holmerindicates

thesimi1aritybetweentherolesoftwodaught－

ers．He alsothinksthatMarloweisthefirstdra－

matistthatpresentedJew’smarriagetoChrist－

ian，andShakespearecreatedthedramain

Whichthemarriageiscelebrated．Healsowrites

that“marriagemightbeseenassymbolizing

theidealunionofloveintermsofmutualassist－

ancetoeternalsalvation”（HolmerllOrll）．But

Jessicasometimesexpressesasadcountenance．

AfterhertalkwithLauncelotGobboJessica

isnotsavedbecausesheisaJew，Jessica

seems to be sad because Lorenzo calls her

“whatcheer．”5continuallyshesays，“Iam

nevermerrywhenIhearsweetmusic”（Ⅴ．i

．69）．The“sweetmusic”isambiguous．Thefol－

lowingisShylock’s speechaboutthe mas－

querade：

Shylockexpresseshostilityforthesoundin

masquerade．Theword“sweet”whichJessica

usesimplies“pleasingtothemindorfeeling

（OEDsweet，5．a）．The“sweet”necessarilyim－

pliesthefestivalsoundwhichShylockhates．6

ThefestivalsareheldintheChristiansociety，

WhichisheterogeneousfortheJew．Jessica

feelssadfromthesweetmusicnotonlybecause

sheis sentimentalbut also she takesfrom her

deepJewishness．

Frombothcases，Jessicadoesnotneces－

SarilyturntoChristianity；herJewishnessdis－

turbsher．Sheisconstantlyafraidofbecoming

aChristianeventhoughsheinsiststhat“Ishall

besav’dbymyhusband，－hehathmademea

Christian！”（Ⅲ．v．17r18）．Bothdaughtersdonot

becomeChristiancomfortably．Atleasttheaudi－

encecannotfeelthattheyaresaved．

Theothersimi1arityofthetwodaughtersis

therepresentationofjewelsaroundthem．In

Venice，SuCCeSSfulJewishmoneylendersoften

accumulatedquantitiesofunredeemedpledges，

especiallyjewels．In TheJewqfMdlta，Lodo－

Wick，Who wants Barabas to act as a go－

betweenforLodowickandAbigail’smarriage，

talked to Barabas：

Whataretheremasques？Hearyoume

Jessica，Lockupmydoors，andwhen

youhearthedrum

And the vile squealingofthewry－

neck’dfifeClambernotyouuptothe

CaSementSthenNorthrustyourhead

into the public street To gaze on

ChristianfooIs withvarnish’dfaces：

Butstopmyhouse’sears，Imeanmy

CaSementS，Letnotthesoundofshal－

lowfopp’ryenterMysoberhouse．By

Jacob’sstaffIswearIhavenomindof

feastingforthto－night：

ButIwi11go：Goyoubeforeme，Sirrah，

Lodowick．Well，Barabas，CanSthelpe

metoaDiamond？

Barabas．Oh，Sir，yOurfatherhadmy

Diamonds．

YetIhaveoneleftthatwi11serveyour

turne：

／川＝．リJ＝ノり・′J′．リJ、ぐ／ご／－∫・．・－／りJ／－、∫・－／ご＝／ご－〃

ゐαγgゐgγ』∫ブdg．朗Ⅲ．iii．48－51）

LodowicklikensAbigailtoadiamond．IIeex－

pressesherbeautylikethatofadiamond．Bara－

87


bas recognizes that the diamond is the

metaphorofhisdaughter，andanswerstohim

aswell：Barabasacceptsherastherepresenta－

tionofajewel．Additionally，Barabastalkedto

MathiasinthefollowlngWay：

HowIshalltake herfrom herfather’s

house，

Whatgoldandjewelssheisfurnish’d

With，

Whatpage’ssuitshehathinreadiness，－

If e’er theJew her father come to

heaven，

Itwi11beforhisgentledaughter’ssake，

（〃㌣Ⅲ．iv．29－34）

PardonmethoughIweepe；theGov－

ernorssonneWill，WhetherIwi1lorno，

haveノ4∂な昔JJ：

Hesendsherletters，bracelets，jewels，

rings． UMII．iii．257r59） LorenzointendstobringnotonlyJessicaher－

Self，butalsoShylock’sgoldandjewels．When

hehearsthatJessicaisfleeingwithLorenzo

andsheisnotfoundyet，Shylockcriesasfol－

lows：

BarabasregulatesLodowickwithinhistitle；

ShylockdoesseeLodowickonlyinconnection

Withhisfather，theMaltesegovernor．Addi－

tionallyLodowicksendsAbigailajewelwhich

representsher．AsissorrowfulforLodowick，

hispresentsneverheldherheart；forthejewel

CandefineherasJew．Inadditiontothepre－

ViousLodowick’swords，theBarabas’following

SpeeChalsolinksAbigailtojewels：

Whythere，there，there，there！adi－

amondgonecost

metwothousandducatsinFrankfort，－

the curse

neverfelluponournationtillnow，I

neverfeltittill

now，－tWOthousand ducatsinthat，and

Otherprecious，

preciousjewels；Iwouldmydaughter

Were

deadatmyfoot，andthejewelsinher

ear！：WOuld she

Were hears’d at my foot，and the

ducatsinhercoffin：（Mtj：Ⅲ．i．76r82）

Bagsoffiery（ブタals，S＊hires，Amatisis，

ノ′．・■・．ごJJ／．ヾ∴l；－l・tl／り／り∴ヾ、、ぐ∫・′∴ヾ．ヾい、ぐ∫・＝…

／二1ナノけ／1〃／／′人．

BeauteousRuわ′eS，SparklingDhImOndk，

Andseildsenecostlystonesofsogreat

prlCe， UMI．i．25r28）

Barabasusestheadjective“beauteous”tode－

SCribejewelswhichepithetheattachestohis

daughter，Abigail．

How is Jessica described in The

Shakespeare’sDrama？Thefollowinglinesre－

VealthestrongrelationshipbetweenJessicaand

thejewel．ThisistheLorenzo’sspeechwhenhe

bringsJessicaduringthemasquerade：

Shylockisbesidehimselfwithanger．Shylock

Cries，“thejewelsinherear！”Itremindstheau－

diencesofthestrongrelationshipbetweenJessi－

Caandthejewel．Ofcoursethejewelsareex－

Changeableforgoldandmoney．Asisclearfrom

thewordsofTubal，aShylock’stribe，Jessica

usesthejeweltobuyamonkey．Thejewelhas

twofunctions：arepreSentationofaJewanda

metonymyofgoldandmoney．

Imustneedstelltheeall，－Shehath

directed

88


ItisclearthattheJewishdaughtersand

JeWelhaveastrongrelationshiplnthetwo

plays．Ajewelsometimesrelatesthemandrep－

resentsthemasaJew．Abigailisrepresentedas

ajewelitselfandisportrayedasafortune－

bearertoherfather，Barabas．Whilethejewelis

anornamentofJessica，Sheisportratedasa

fortune－Stealer from her father，Shylock．

Althoughbothdaughtersseemedtobesavedin

Christiancelebrationbythewordfairtheydo

not become true Christians because oftheirim－

agecloselyrelatedtojewelsandmoneywhich

theaudiencealwaysassociateswithaJew．7

Theyarenottrulyblessed．Theirfathersdonot

know the difference between surface fair

CelebrationanddeepJewishnessinjewels．Asa

result，themisunderstandingfathershavea

StrOngmOtiveforrevengetowardsChristians．

doesnotsuggesttheChristian’svictoryorthe

Jewishdefeat．Rather，“TheJewqf肋Itacon－

tinuallydemonstrateshowcloseBarabasisto

the gentile world against which heis set”

（Greenblatt210）．villainsareChristiansaswell

asBarabasintheplay．MarlowemploysBara－

bastosatirizeChristianmoralpretensions．Con－

SideringMarloweasanatheist，“hehascapitu－

1atedtovulgaranti－Semiticprejudice．”8when

hecomposedthedramawhoseliterarysource

wasnotknown，hewouldusetheElizabethan

COnVentionaboutaJewishtradition，afolktale，

andofcourseprejudice．Hisfigurecouldsurely

influenceShakespeare’sShylock．Atfirst，We

needtorevealBarabas’Jewishness．

Surfaceparticularity，Orphysicalcharacter－

isticsare，aSIthamoresays，Only“bottlenose

（Ⅲ．iii．10）whichisusedtoexpressthetypical

viewofaJew．9Nodescriptionsofsurfacetraits

areseenintheplayexceptforthenose．Bara－

bas’physicalfeatureisintheexpression“mas－

ty．”Duringtheplay，thereisnorelevancebe－

tweenhimbeingfatandthatheisaJew．The

WOrdmasty，however，Startedtobeusedfor

swinefromthefourteenthcentury，（OEDmasty，

2）whichmayhaverelevancetomarano，pigin

EnglishadiscriminativewordforJewswho

COnVertedtoChristianity．IIisJewishnessisex－

pressedinthehierology，faith．ThenameBara－

basisfrom New Testament．The biblicalBara－

basisacriminal．Hisnameoriginallysignifies

theconfrontationtoChristianity．

It was the most wellknownin the Eli－

ZabethanperiodthatJewishcharactersoften

quotedthetextoftheOldTestamentintheir

SpeeCh．Therearemanybiblicalquotationsin

TheJewqf腸Ita．ThisisBarabas’speechafter

theforfeiture．

3．Barabas

Barabas，theprotagonistinTheJewqf腸Ir

ta，isaJewishmerchant．Hehastradewith

forelgnCOuntries．Therearemanyviewpoints

aboutBarabas：anunrepentingprotagonist

when the play is regarded as a homiletic

tragedy（Bevington31）and，aS T．S．Eliot

Writes，theprotagonistwhentheplayisviewed

asafarce（Eliot92）．Bevingtonarguesthat“he

isclever，miserly，devoidofconscience”inthe

firsthalfoftheplayandthat“Barabasgrows

moreviolentandevil”inthelasthalfoftheplay

（Bevington35，44）．Grossarguesthat“Mar－

loweputsagooddealofhimselfintoBarabas－

hispowerfantasies，hisdynamism，hisscornfor

receivedopinion”（Gross21）．Fischsuggests

that“the old ritual－murderthemeis recalledin

thequestionofFriarJacomo”（Fisch27）．Even

ifBarabashasaclearmalice，andifMachiavelli

declares“thetragedyofaJew，”thedramaitself What tellyou me ofJob？Iwot his

89


wealth

Was written thus：he had seven

thousandsheepe，

ThreethousandCamels，andtwohun－

dred yoake

OflabouringOxen，andfivehundred

Shee－Asses：butforeveryoneofthose，

Hadtheybeenevaluedatindifferent

rate，

Ihadathome，andinmineargosie

Andothershipsthatcamefrom蝕少t

last，

Asmuchaswouldhaveboughthis

beastsandhim，

And yet have kept enough to live

Sixthly，theyoughttobestoppedfrom

usury．［Usurymeansanydegreeofin－

terest，nOtOnlyanexorbitantrate．］All

their cash and valuablesifsilver and

goldoughttobetakenfromthemand

putasideforsafekeeping．Forthis

reason，aSSaidbefore，eVerythingthat

theypossesstheystoleandrobbed

fromusthroughtheirusury，forthey

havenoothermeansofsupport．This

moneyshouldbeusedinthecase（and

innoother）whereaJewhashonestly

bec。meaChristian．11

（Ⅰ．ii．181－90） Barabasis also a usurer as wellas a merchant．

ChristiansregardedthefortuneoftheJewsas

WhatwasstolenfromChristian，Whichisclear

inFerneze’sspeech．Theideaunderlyingthe

proverbistrueofthenotionoffortune；thefor－

tuneistransferredfromChristianstoJews，and

VICeVerSa．

AsforBarabas’Jewishness，CharlesLamb

arguesthat“hisJewishnessdefineshisconde－

mnation”andEliotinsiststhat“hisJewishness

actuallydefinesnothingnotallitis，inafact，

asubjecttheplayinvestigates．”12Barabas，

Jewishnessdefinesnotonlyhiscondemnation，

butalsohisidentityspringingupfromthe

hatredagainstaChristian．ExceptforBarabas’

hatredofChristians，Weneedtofocusonthere－

1evancybetweenmoneyandtheJew．

In the beginning ofthe play，Barabas’

argosyreturnstotheMaltaseharborinSceneI，

ActI．Barabasis described as amerchantwho

hasmanyargosiesandfortune．Theglobalmer－

Chantpraiseshisjewels．Barabasisproudthat

therearemanyJewishmerchantsintheworld，

andthattheyallarerich，Whichshowsboththe

largeeconomicalnetworkformedbyJewsand

upOn；

ThoughthereisacomparisontoJobonthefor－

tuneindex，Barabasnotonlycriesforthelossof

hisfortune，butalsodeclaresJewishcompara－

tivethinkingJewsalwayscomparetheirex－

periencetothepastone．10Barabasquotesthe

bibleinhisspeechbecauseofhishatredagainst

Christians．Eachspeechmakesclearthecon－

frontation：Ontheonehand，Ithamore’s“Toun－

dueaJewischarity，andnotsinne．”（Ⅳ．v．81）

resonates asBarabas‥‘It’sno sinneto deceive a

Christian”（II．iii．311）．Eachjustifieshisownbe－

havior．ThisisBarabas’speech：

ThisisthelifeweJewesareus’dto

lead；

Andreasontoo，forChristiansdoethe

like：（Ⅴ．ii．115－16）

Barabas here expresses a Jewish biblical

proverb“eyeforeye”（Exodus，ⅩⅩi：24）．This

proverbstrangelyechoesMartinLuther’sConr

Cg”gブ′gg≠ゐg′g紆∫α′gd rゐgブγ⊥ゴビ∫in1543，in

Whichhedeclaredtheampleanti－Semitism．

90


theirsuffocationfrompower． meansoriginallyfather’sjoy．ForBarabaswho

eagerlydesiresmoney，Abigailandthejewel

Whichisexchangeablewithmoneyareunited．

Barabas has dualmeanings aboutmoney，

jewels．fJethinksofjewelsaslikepebblestones

andking’sransom（I．i．7r23）．Histhinking

Showsthatmoneyhasavaluenotwhenitisin

hishand，butwhenitisused；inotherwords，

Whosevalueisnotinhispossession，butinhis

COntrOl，incurrency．Thisthinkingalsocorres－

pondstothecurrencysysteminthemonetary

economyandtherepresentationofjewelsin

Abigail：BarabasiscuriousaboutAbigailwhen

Sheisinhishand，buthelosesthecuriosityas

SOOnaSitscontrolislost，inotherwords，Shebe－

COmeSa“pebblestone．”Thephrase“Kingran－

SOm”isremindedofthepasteventthatRichard

rsransominthetwelfthcentury．Inthosedays，

JewspaidaransomofRichardI．SinceEngland

COuldnotreimbursethemoney，Jewswerede－

portedfromEngland．Barabasclearlysatirizes

thepastevents．Barabas’sethnicismasaJew

appearshere．

Barabasspeaksaboutthemarriagebe－

tweenAbigalandLodowick：

Bagsoffiery（ブタals，S砂hires，Amatisis，

Jacints，hard To♪as，graSSe－greene

／■．1川り1〃／／／人．

Beauteous Rubyes，Sparkling Dir

／／〃川JJ′J∫．

Andseildsenecostlystonesofsogreat

prlCe，

Asoneofthemindifferentlyrated，

AndofaCarrectofthisquantity，

Mayserveinperillofcalamlty

ToransomegreatKingsfromcaptiv－

ity．（Ⅰ．i．25－32）

InthetalkwithAbigail，afterhereceiveshis

hiddenmoneywhichAbigailbrings，hespeaks：

Omygirle，

Mygold，myfortune，myfelicity；

Strengthtomysoule，deathtomine

enemy；

Welcomethefirstbeginnerofmyblis－

Se：

OhAbigal，Abigal，thatIhadtheehere

too，

Thenmydesireswerefullysatisfied，

ButIwillpractisethyenlargement

thence：

Ohgirle，Ohgold，Ohbeauty，Ohmyblis－

se！

Oh，butIknowyourLordshipwuddis－

daine

TomarrywiththedaughterofaJew：

AndyetI’1egivehermanyagolden

CrOSSe

WithChristianposiesroundaboutthe （Ⅲ．i．47－54）川1ぐ．ヾ／∴1ヾ／一′．こぐ．ヾ．

（Ⅲ．iii．294－97） rlng．

BeforeBarabasgothisownhiddenfortune，he

mentionedtohisjewel（1．ii．349）．Despitethe

StrOngpraiseforJeWels，thejoyforthejewels

doesnotappearinhisspeech；itcanbesaid

Simultaneouslythatthevalueofjewelsbecomes

thatofgoldandthatthevalueofthedaughter

becomesthatofthejewels．Thename“Abigail”

Thisspeechmakesclear“thesubtleidentifica－

tionofreligious’profession’withfinancialadvan－

tageifthewoodencrossdividesJewand

Christian，thegoldenoneunitesthem”（Levin

66）．Abigailalsoimpliestherelevancyabout

Jewsandmoney．

91


Abigailasjewelswhosevalueisnotitsbeauty，

butitsexchangeability．Fromtheviewpointof

themonetaryeconomy，thereisnocleardistinc－

tionbetweenJewsandChristians．Bothdesire

moneyandtheirviewsabouttheinterestare

inversed．

Althoughthereseemstobeareligiousdis－

tinctionbetweenthetwo，aStheplaygoeson，

the distinctreligionis beingunitedinthe

mediumofthedesireforthemoney．Forthe

playshowsnoChristianvirtuewhichisalways

attached totheChristian play．Finallythe

Christians’imageisunitedwithBarabas’image．

Thisambiguous，OrCOmmOn，religiousdistinc－

tionneedstobefixed．Thedistinctionemerges

ill川（∴1んソ・（、／J′川／（イl’r〃／什．

GivechargetoMoプ少heusthathemay

dream

Agoldendreame，andofthesudden

wake，

Come and receive the TreasureIhave

found．（II．i．36r38）

Abigailwishes Barabas to have a’golden’

dreamwhichiscloselyrelatedwithmoney．

AdditionallyBarabasdeclarestheirrelationin

hisspeech：“Whohatethmebutformyhap－

pinesse？RatherhasIaJewbehatedthus，”（I．

i．113r14）．Butthedesireformoneyisnotonly

forBarabas，mOrebroadly，forJews．Thespeech

OfFerneze，theChristianGovernor，“Bepatient

andthyricheswi11increase”（I．ii．122）clearly

COntraStSwithBarabas’speech：“Ofnoughtis

nothingmade”（I．ii．104）．Thesespeechesre－

mindusnotonlyoffortuneitselfbutalsoofthe

interestwhichthefortune breeds．Totake an

interesthasbeenprohibitedinaChristiansocie－

ty．ChristiansseverelycondemnJewsbecause

Oftheirtakinginterest．AlthoughBarabasisex－

pressedasaJewishmerchant，itisrevealed

duringtheplaythatheisalsoausurer．Onthe

Onehand，Barabasinsiststhatmoneydoesnot

increasewithoutthebase，Whichisobviouslya

Christianconceptforaninterest．Ontheother

hand，Fernezeinsiststhatmoneyincreasesby

itself，anditisaJewishconcept．Ferneze’s

SpeeChshowstheconvertedconceptionabout

interest． 13

TheJewishnessaroundBarabasgivesthe

audienceakindofprejudiceformedbyanold

JewishtraditionsuchasaccountsintheOld

Testament．Barabasisintegratedintothe

monetaryeconomicsystemwithAbigailwhois

representedbythejewel．Barabas’strongde－

Sireformoneyisreinforcedbytheimageof

4．Shylock

4．1BackgroundofShylock

Among Shakespeare’s plays，the best

knownJewishcharacterisinTheMerchantqf

t句nice．AsLeslieA．Fiedlersuggests，“The脇rr

ChantofVeniceisundeniably，amOngOther

things，aplayaboutaJew”（Fiedler86）．AJew－

ishmoneylenderShylockperformsthecentral

roleintheplay．ShylocklendsAntoniothree

thousandducats．AlthoughShylockdoesnot

Chargeanymonetaryinterest，Shylocksaysto

Antoniothathewouldtakeapoundoffleshif

Antoniocannotrepay themoney．Antonio

agreestothesuggestionandentersintoabond

WithShylock．Later，Shylocktakesactionbe－

CauSeAntoniocouldnotrepayit．Inthejudg－

ment，Shylockinsistsonhislegitimacyrepe－

atedly．Portiadisguisedasanlawyerdefeats

Shylockinthemiddleofthecourtscene．Shy－

lockloses andisforced toconverttoChristian．

Thefirstperformanceof The脇rcha71tqf

Veniceissaidtohavetakenplacein1596．In

92


thelastpartofthesixteenthcentury，there

WeremanyplaysaboutJewssuchasthelost

play TheJewwhichwasmentionedinStephen

Gosson’spamphletandanalmostunknown workbyThomasT）ekker，TheJewqftjbnice．14

Inmanyplays，Jewswereseeninthetradition－

alviewofJewexceptWilson’s ThreeLadiesqf

London．ThesourceofThe脇rchantqftjbnice

istheItaliannovel，11Pecorone．Althoughthe

twoplaysaresimi1araboutthedramaticaction，

thesearenotaboutJews．First，inllPecorone，

theJewishmoneylenderhasnonameandno

noteworthyfeatures．Second，inthelastscene，

heisangryforthesentence，tearSthecontract

andexitsfromthecourt．Third，thereisnoJew－

ishdaughterintheItaliannovel．Asforthe

third，manyCriticshavepointedoutthesimilar－

ityofTheJewqf腸Iia（Brownxxxi．）．Although

thereareotherdifferencesbetweenthetwo，

maybeShakespearecreatedtheJewishfigure

COnSideringthesocialproblemsoftheJewsin

London．Oneoftheconspicuousexampleswas

Lopez’sjudgmentin1592，Whowasexecuted

fortryingtopoisontheQueen．15

Fiedlersaysthat The腸rchantqftjbniceis

acomedywrittenatamomentwhenaquite

uncomiccourtscandalinvoIvingaJewishphysi－

Cianhadstirredthepassionsofacommunity，”

（Fiedler86）andtheeventprobablygavea

StrOnginfluenceto TheMerchantqftjbnice．

EvenifShakespearedidnotseetheexecution，

hewouldsurelyhaveheardabouttheincident．

Lopez，theQueen’sphysicianandtheMarano，

WaSjudgedbecauseofthediscordwithEssex

althoughLopezhadbeenunderthewingof

Essex．16Lopezwaseventuallyconvictedonthe

basisofaconfession extracted underthreatof

torture，hung，drawnandquarteredatTyburn．

WhenLopezwasatthegallowshedeclared

thathelovedtheQueenaswellasheloved

JesusChrist，WhichcomingfromoneoftheJew－

ishprofessionmovednosmalllaughterinthe

Standers－by．Abouttheevent，itissaidthat

thereweresomepointsalludedin TheMerr

Chantqftjbnice．Oneofthemappearedinthe

COurt SCene：

thycurrishspirit

Govern’dawolf，Whohang’dforhuman

Slaughter－

Evenfromthegallowsdidhisfellsoul

fleet，

Andwhilstthoulayestinthyunhal－

loweddam，

Infus’ditselfinthee：（Ⅵ．i．133r37）

AlthoughGracianospeaksofawolf，hemaybe

thinkingofaman．Thewordwolfmeanslupus

inLatin，andthewordalludestoLopez．WoIves

WereOftenhungsoitcouldberelatedtoLopez．

Ausurerwasoftencalledawolfintheperiod，

andwolfisthesymbolofgreed．17Theselines

havemanysuggestions．Grossarguesthathu－

manpredatorswereoftencomparedtowoIves

anyway．Brownarguesthat“themoregeneral

theorythatShakespearewrote The腸rchant

qftjbniceasaresponsetotheLopezcaseand

therenewedsuccessof TheJezL，OfMalta，is

likewiseinsecure”（Brownxxiv）．Howeverallof

theseimagesgreed，humanpredator，andus－

uryremindusofBarabas，Shylock，andJews．

AlthoughShakespearedidnotwritetheplayas

aresponsetotheLopezcase，Shakespeare

perhapswroteitthinkingofLopez．Theimage

OfLopezthepoisoningJewishdoctoris

trueofBarabasratherthanofShylock．The

firstplayofTheJewqf腸Iia，aSmanyOpinions

haveit，WaSperformedprobably26Februaryin

1592，andthelastwasprobablylFebruaryin

1593．Theplayswerereplayedatleastfifteen

93


timesaftertheLopez’sduranceon4February

in1594．Barabas’declarationsofpastcrimes

SuChas“SometimesIgoeaboutandpoyson

wells”（II．iii．176），and“BeingyoungIstudied

Physicke”（II．iii．181）haveastrongassociation

WithLopez．InRobertWistrich’sAntisemitism：

TheLongestHatred，hesuggestsofTheMerr

chantqftjbnicethat“his［Shakespeare’s］por－

traitservedtocrystallizeandreinforceananti－

Semiticliterarystereotypeforcenturiestocom－

e”（WistrichlO2）．Rather，eVeniftheplayreinr

jbrcesthestereotypeforcenturiestocome，the

Criticalplaywhichcrystallizesthestereotype

forJewswasnot TheMerchantqftjbnicebut

TheJewqf腸IiaintermsoftheLopezcase．A

poisoningJew”wasreinforcedbothwithBara－

bas’declaration，pOisoningpottageoftheNun－

nery，andlearningphysicsinItalyandwiththe

ChristiantraditionalprejudiceforJews．Asfor

anothercluethatShakespeareintendedtowrite

aboutLopez，SOmeCriticshavepointedoutthe

similar name between AntonioinThe脇rchant

qft句niceandSpanishMarano，DonAntonio，

WhostayedinLondon．ButAntonioisapopular

nameintheShakespeareandramasuchas

TweLfih几なht，SOitisnotnecessarilycrucial．

ExceptfortheLopezcase，therearemany

COntrOVerSiesabouttheJewsinthesixteenth

CenturyLondon．Ontheonehand，Bradbrook

arguesthat“Elizabethanshadvirtuallynoex－

periencewithJews”（105）．180ntheotherhand，

KogishiarguesthatMaranostayedinLondon

becauseoftheordinanceaboutusury；Queen

Elizabethwasphilo－Semitistandifshetrusted

Lopezdearly，ShetooktheJewishusurersinto

accountandtheystayedinLondontoaclear

extentforcitizens（Kogishi63）．Inconsidering

theElizabethan economicalsituationthein－

crease oftheinternationaltrade and the rise of

financiers，JewishcitizenscouldliveinLon－

donthoughtheywerebanishedin1290．Again，

Shakespearedidnotnecessarilymeetandsee

Jews，butatleastheprobablyknewabout

Lopez．

Shylock’spossiblefigurescouldbemadein

thesesituations．19Asmanycriticspointedout，

Shylockclearlyresemblesanddiffersfrom

Barabas．BradbrookandKitagawaargue，Shy－

lockis notsomuchdemonic as humanethan

Barabas，（BradbrooklO7，Kitagawal12）and

Elizabethan audiences more orlessfeltthat he

WaS．ShylockisclearlypresentedasaJew：he

CannOtfleefromhisethnicity．Itismostimpor－

tanttoconsiderwhatkindofJewShylockisde－

scribed tobe．

ThereseemstobenorecordsofhowShy－

lock’scharacterwasperformedontheEli－

Zabethanstage．VariousShylockcharactersin

theeighteenthcenturyshowtheambiguous

Shylock．200neclearclueisthefrontpageon

thequartoversionofThe腸rchantqftjbnice

publishedin1621：

The mostexcellent

Historie ofthe MerchantofVenice．

ⅤViththeextreamecrueltieofShylocke

theIewe

towardsthesaydMerchant，incutting

aiustpound

Ofhisflesh：andtheobtayningofPortia

bythechoyseofthreechests．

Asithathbeenediuerstimesactedby

the Lord

Chamberlaine his Servant．（italics

mine）

This“extremecruelty”showedtheviewpointof

JewsinElizabethanperiod．Theplaycouldpost－

ulatethosewhohaveaprejudicecreatedbythe

Lopezcaseand TheJewqf肋Ita．Besides，the

94


frontpageshows‘theJew’functionedasthe

markofracial，ethical，Orreligiousdistinction．

EventhenamesofAntonioand Bassanioare

notdescribedonthepage；Antonioisimpliedin

amerchant．”Fromthefrontpage，thereseems

neitherrelig10uSCOnfrontation，nOrapparent

vocationalone such as amerchant and a usurer

thoughtheJewimpliesausurer：Shylockisfi－

guredonlyin“theJew．”Thereisalsonoim－

plicationoflaterjudgmentscene，eVenOfBel－

mont．Thepageshowsthatextremelycruel

Shylockcutsamerchant’sfreshinamainplot

andsomeoneobtainsPortiabythechoiceof

threecasketsinsecondplot．Astheplaygoes

On，itrevealsthatShylockisconfrontedwith

Portia，nOtAntonio．Shylockwouldperformasa

representativeofJewsandPortiawouldasa

representativeofChristians．Beforethebegin－

ningoftheplay，audienceneverknowsthedif－

ferenceinthegeographicalborderbetween

VeniceandBelmontandinthereligiousborder

betweenShylockandtheotherChristians．

Fewlinesarethereabouttheappearance

OfShylockonthestage．Asforclothes，nOde－

SCriptionabouthischaracteristicsexceptthat

Shylock’scostumeis“Jewishgabardine”appears

inSceneIActⅢ（I．iii．107）Shylockputson

theyellowbadgewhichdistinguishedtheJews

fromothermen．Althoughsomecriticsassume

thatShylockhadabottle－nOSelikeBarabas，and

ared－hairedwigwhichwascharacteristicof

Jewishcharacters，thereisnoevidencethat

Shylockwasplayedasacomiccharacterin

Shakespeare，sday．210nthestage，Shylock

would have no distinctfeaturesfromtheother

Characters．Portia’sspeechclarifiesthesimi1ar－

itybetweenthem．

Duke：AntonioandoldShylock，both

standforth．

Portia：IsyournameShylock？

Shylock：Shylockismyname．

（Ⅳ．i．170－73）

Althoughaudiencesalreadyknewwhichone

WaSAntonioandShylock，Portiadoesnotknow

them．Afterthewordofduke，Portiadisting－

uishesthetwoandtalkstoShylock，“Isyour

nameShylock？”PortiacanperceiveShylock’s

physicalcharacteristicorparticularappearance．

Inthiscourtscene，Elizabethanaudiencewould

recognizeJewishpeculiaritydifferentfromEn－

glishalthoughJewishgabardinecouldbean

ordinarycIothamongLondoners．22 Thesur－

facedifferencestrengthensShylock’sJewish－

ness．Duringthejudgment，Portiacallshim

“Shylock”threetimes，“theJew”ninetimes．The

SuCCeedingcourtmarkshimwiththeJewor

otherswhois derived notsomuchfrom his

appearanceasfromhisethnicity．

Shylock，Who was distinct from other

Citizens，WaSmarkedasotherswhetherornot

thathestayedinLondonandexpressedout－

burstsofhisidentity．WeneedtoviewShylock

bythefollowingthreeelementsbywhichShy－

lockismarkedasaJew，Others：Shylockasa

usurer，Shylockasafather，ShylockasaJew．

4．2MoneyandShylock

Itisdifficulttoextractusuryfromthese

elementswhichformShylock’sfigure；uSury

meantJewintheElizabethanera．23Forallthe

Jewishvarietiesinrelationtotheconceptionof

usury，itisnecessarytoviewtheusuryalone

forgraspingthedynamicmovementfroma

usurertoaJewasIwi11arguelater．Itisalso

difficult to use freely the inclusive word

money”withoutsubdividingitintomany

Portia：Whichis the merchant here？

andwhichtheJew？

95


elements；inthefrequencyoftheuseinthe

play．Thefollowingthreesubcategorieswi11be

usefultoread：1）goldormoney．（goldisused

twentytwotimesincludinggolden）：2）interest

（usedsixtimes，Whichcamealmostallfromthe

speechesbetweenAntonioandShylock）：3）

jewels（usedfivetimes）ThoughIhavesug－

gestedtheexchangeabilitybetweenmoneyand

jewel，Itakethemonebyoneinthelightof

eachdramatic effect．

In TheMerchantqftjbnice，manymOney

elementsaredeeplyinscribedintothestructure

Ofthedrama．AntonioborrowsitfromShylock

becauseAntoniohadnomoney．Bassaniowants

Antoniotoborrowthemoneybecauseheneeds

ittopaythedebthimselfandtoobtainthe

handofPortia．Jessicabringsmuchmoneyand

jewelswhenshefleeswithLorenzo．Shylock，

Whois ofcourse a usurer，Speaks，“Three

thousandducats，Well”athisentrance（I．iii．1），

Which“identifiesShylockfromtheoutsetwith

thespiritofcalculationandmoney”（Gross

47）．Inspiteofusingthesamewordmoney，

Antonio，Bassanio，andPortiauseitinadif－

ferentwayfromShylock．Antoniousesmoney

forhisfriendandPortiaforherhusband，Whose

moneyisdescribedasaChristianvirtue，pOSi－

tivewealth．Shylock，bycontrast，embodiesa

money－pOWerinitsmostnakedform．

SigurdBurckhardtarguesthatmoney

makesitpossibletouniteShylockandPortia

betweenthetworealms，VeniceandBelmont

and that money also unites the lovers

（Burckhardt211r12）．precisely，mOneyOrin－

terestseemstobeShylock’sstrongmotiveof

revengeforAntoniountilJessicafleesfromher

father．

Butmore，forthatinlowsimplicity

Helendsoutmoneygratisandbrings

down

The rate of usance here with usin

Venice．

IfIcancatchhimonceuponthehip，

Iwillfeedfatthe ancientgrudgeI

bear him．

He hatesour sacrednation，and he

rails

（Eventherewheremerchantsmostdo

congregate）

Onme，mybargains，andmywell－WOn

thrift，

Whichhecallsinterest：CurSedbemy

tribe

IfIforglVehim！（I．iii．36r47）

ShylockhatesAntonionotonlybecauseheisa

Christian，butalsobecausehetakesnointerest

fromanyone．ShylockalsocomplainsthatAnto－

nioregardsinterestnotasprofitbutas“ven－

ture”（I．iii．85）．Thewordinterestwasabetter

namethanusury．Interestcanbethetermbe－

tweenwhatShylockcalls“thrift”andwhat

Christianscall“usury，”whichunitesShylock

andAntoniostronglyintheeconomicalsociety．

Incidentally，thisinterestiscorrelatedwith

Jews．ChristiansintheElizabethanperiodwere

prohibitedtotakeinterest，WhileJewsinsisted

upontheirlegitimacybecauseofthequotation

fromtheOldTestament．24Antonio，sspeech，

“Butlenditrathertothineenemy”（I．iii．30），eX－

emplifiesthatheisinvokingthebiblicaltradi－

tionasmostChristiansinterpretit．

Bothdifferent attitudestowardstheinterest

areexpressedinthefollowingwords：

IIowlikeafawningpublicanhelooks！

Ihate himfor heis aChristian：

Ifthouwi1tlendthismoney，1enditnot

Astothyfriends，forwhendidfriend－

96


ship take

A breedfor barren metalofhisfriend？

（Ⅰ．iii．127－29）

Ididreceivefairspeechlessmessages：

HernameisPortia，nOthingunder－

valu’d

ToCato’sdaughter，Brutus’Portia，

Noristhewideworldignorantofher

worth，

Forthefourwindsblowinfromevery

COaSt

Renownedsuitors，andhersunnylocks

Hang on her templeslike agolden

fleece，

（I．i．161r70．，italicsmine）

ThisclearlycontrastswithShylock’s，“Tcannot

tell，Imakeitbreedasfast”（I．iii．91）．Antonio

regards money as“barren metal，”which

negatestheinterestwhichmoneyproduces．

Shylockcontrarilyaffirmstheinterestwhich

moneybreeds．Apointshouldbemadeclear：

Antonio’smoneyisrepresentedasamotifofex－

Changebasedonthetrade，Venture．Thesame

image，however，isusedbybothcharacters

Whentheyspeakaboutinterest．Theimageis

produceandbirth，inotherwords，SOmethingis

madefromnothing．Inasense，aSmanyCritics

havepointedout，Antoniocan be seen asa

homosexual．25AntoniowhosecretlylovesBas－

sanioisexpressedasa“barren”character．26

ShylockspeakstoAntoniowithametaphorof

ewesandrams，”towhichAntonioresponds：

BassaniocomparesPortiato“goldenfleece

Whichimpliesmoney．HerePortiais“asymboI

ofthefortunesfor whichmerchants ventured”

andasymbolofmoneyitself．27 Astheplay

goeson，however，Antoniospeakswithadif－

ferentaspect：

Youmayaswellusequestionwiththe

wolf，

Whyhehathmadetheewebleatfor

thelamb：（Ⅵ．i．73r74）

ThiswasaventuresirthatJacobserv’dfor，

Athingnotinhispowertobringtopass，

Butsway’dandfashion’dbythehandofheaven．

Wasthisinsertedtomakeinterestgood？

Orisyourgoldandsilverewesandrams？（I．

iii．86－90）

ThoughAntoniocondemnsShylockwiththe

imageofthewolfoftenusedasametaphorof

usury，thenextlineofhisaddsthatanother

meaningtotheimageofewethatthewolfkills

theewe．Shylockneverkillstheewewhichis

deeplyimplicatedwithinterest．Itisnecessary

toconsiderwhethertheuseofimageherehas

COherencyornot．Antoniospeaksinthecourt：

AgainAntonioclearlynegatesShylock’sviewof

interest．Nevertheless，Antoniousestheimage

Ofsheep．ThestronglmplicationwithmoneylS

notonlyforAntonioandShylock．Bassanio

shows as well：

Iamataintedwetheroftheflock，

Meetestfordeath，－theweakestkindof

fruit

Dropsearliesttotheground，andsolet

me；

Youcannotbetterbeemploy’dBassa－

InBelmontisaladyrichlyleft，

Andsheisfair，and（fairerthanthat

word），

Ofwondrousvirtues，－SOmetimesfrom

hereyes

97


（Ⅳ．i．11417） girl，

Shehaththestonesuponher，andthe

ducats．” （II．viii．15r22）

nlO．

Antoniocallshimself“ataintedwether，”andhis

WOrdsfinishaseriesofimages：Shylock，the

wolfkills Antonio the wether．The shift ofhis

imagefromaeweorinteresttoawetherhasa

dualmeaning；theonesignifiesthatAntonio

CannOtbreedmoney；theothermeansthathe

losesthemale．Itisnoteworthythatthisspeech

is hislastone before Portia’s entrance．Antonio

atfirstnegatestheinterestandtheimageof

eweandram，”butgraduallyheusestheimage

repeatedly，SOfinallyexpresseshimselfasa

wether．”This shows Antonio’s conscious shift

aroundinterestandmoney．Antonioisinte－

gratedintotheworldofinterestwhereShylock

lives． 28

ShylockcriesbothforJessica，“myOWnflesh

andblood”（Ⅲ．i．31）fleesfromhimandforhis

lostmoney．HerewhatShylockproposedasa

merrysport”（I．iii．141），thebond，becomes

Ser10uS．

AnoteworthysuggestionaboutJessicaand

ShylockisshowninMarcShell’sArt＆肋nり′：

Having lost the person of his own

“fleshandblood”hissupposedlycon－

SanguineouschildJessicaShylockis

COnCernedwiththelossofhispurse，Or

SCrOtum，bymeansofwhichhemight

generateanothersuchchild．Andlike

manyamoneydevilinChristianideolo－

gy，Shylockcriesoutatthelossofthe

purse，Or mOneybag，by means of

Whichhemightgenerateothercoinsas

interest．（34）

4．3JessicaandShylock

JessicaisShylock’sdaughter，andshe

wishestoconverttoChristianity．Shylockdoes

notloveJessicaasmuchasBarabas．Fromthe

first，ShylocktellshernottomeettheChristian．

ButJessicametherdearest，Lorenzo，andflees

fromherfatherwithhim．Shylockcriesout

Whenheheardofherescapefromhim：

Shellarguesthe stone hasthe dualityin a

monetarychildandinakindredchild．Inaddi－

tiontothat，manyrepeatedcries，“daughterand

ducats”canidentifythemasone．ForJessicais

representedbyajewelexchangeablewith

moneyaswasseenbefore：

“My daughter！O my ducats！O my

daughter！

FledwithaChristian！OmyChristian

ducats！

Justice，thelaw，myducats，andmy

daughter！

A sealed bag，tWO Sealed bags of

ducats，

Ofdoubleducats，StOl’nfrommebymy

daughter！

Andjewels，tWOStOneS，tWOrichand

preciousstones，

Stol’nbymydaughter！Justice！－findthe

Whythere，there，there，there！adi－

amondgonecost

me two thousand ducatsin Frank－

fort，thecurse

neverfelluponournationtillnow，I

neverfeltittill

now，tWOthousand ducatsinthat，

andotherpre－

Cious，preCiousjewels；Iwould my

98


daughter were

deadatmyfoot，andthejewelsinher

ear：WOuld she

Were hears’d at my foot，and the

ducatsinhercoffin！（Ⅲ．i．76r82）

gold．AdiamondisaholystoneintheOldTes－

tament．29Thereremainsanotherspeechabout

」eWel：

Outuponher！Thoutorturestme，Tub－

al：itwasmy

turquoise；IhaditofLeahwhenIwas

abachelor：

Iwouldnothavegivenitforawi1der－

nessofmonkeys．（Ⅲ．i．110r12）

ShylockisangrythatJessicasoldhisjewels．Of

COurSe，ShylockisanxiousforJessicaevenif

Shylock’sindignationdoesnotseemtocarefor

Jessicaherself；forShylock，Jessicaisequalto

hisJewishdaughterwhoonlycanbreedhisde－

SCendants．Jessicaalsohasthedualityina

monetarychildandinakindredchild．Precisely，

jewelsarespecialforJews．IntheOldTes－

tament，therearesomelinesaboutjewels，One

ofwhichis asfollows：

ShylockfuriouslytakesoffenceatJessicabe－

CauSeShesoldhisringwhichwasgivenhimby

hiswife，Leah．Turquoiseswerewidelybelieved

tohavemaglCalproperties．Theyweresup－

posed“toreconcilemanandwife”；theywere

Saidtochangecolor，inordertowarnthosewho

worethemofimpendingdanger（Gross69）．

Thejewelwasnotforsaleatall．Here，three

arethreereasonsforShylock’sanger；firstJessi－

CatOOkjewelswithherwhichbreedmuch

money；SeCOnd，theunpurchasablejewelfor

Shylockissoldbyhisdaughter；third，Jessica

SOldthejewelwhichrepresentsherself．Jessica

isoutofthecircleofharmonyinBelmont．She

alsohastheanxietythatshecannotbecomea

trueChristianbecauseofherJewishblood，

deeplylinkedtoheranxietyaboutprospective

issues．JessicadoesnotbecomeaChristiandis－

turbedbyherjewelimageandherbloodasI

explainedbefore．AlthoughJessicaholdsthe

Seriousfear，Shylockdoesnotknowthat；it

SeemStOhimthatJessicahasconvertedto

Christianity．Lastly，Shylockcriedout，“my

daughterweredeadatmyfoot，andthejewels

inherear！”（Ⅲ．i．79r80）．why“inherear”？

Johnsonwi11giveasignificantimplicationfor

thequestion．Iwi11quotehishistoricalexplana－

tionthoughlong：

17Andthoushaltsetinitsettingsof

StOneS，eVenfourrowsofstones：the

firstrows ofstones：thefirstrow shall

beasardius，atOpaZ，andacarbuncle：

this shallbe thefirstrow．

18And the second row shallbe an

emerald，aSapphire，andadiamond．

19And the third row aligure，an

agate，andanamethyst．

20Andthefourthrowaberyl，andan

OnyX，andajasper：theyshallbesetin

goldintheirinclosings．

21And the stones shallbe withthe

names，1iketheengravingsofaslgnet；

everyonewithhisnameshalltheybe

accordingtothetwelvetribes．

（Exodus，ⅩⅩviii：17r21．）

TheselinesshowthepriestAaron，thebrother

OfMoses，andhisbreast－plateinwhichtwelve

jewelsareembedded．Thesejewelsaresetin

goldrosettes．Itisremarkablethatjewelsare

Setintothegoldrosette；jewelsareunitedwith

99


SuccessfulJewishmoneylendersoften

accumulatedquantitiesofunredeemed

pledges，eSpeCiallyjewels．Localsump－

tuarylawswereenactedtoprevent

themwearingsuchspoil；indeedthe

Jewsdrewuptheirownsumptuary

prohibitions，tOaVert’theenvyand

hatredofthegentiles，Whofixtheir

gazeuponus：（Johnson273）

ChristiansareJews；Jewsareneverdisting－

uishedfromtheirreligiousdisciplinesanddaily

CuStOmSeVenifJewsdistinguishChristiansby

themeansofreligiousthings．Thus，Jewswere

reinforcedinLondon，WhichinvoIved serious

COnfrontationbetweenthetworeligions．Shy－

lockhatesChristiansmorefiercelyafterJessica

ranawayfromhim．WhenShylocklostJessica

economicallyandreligiously，Shylockasher

fathervanishes；heexpressestheoutburstina

usurerandaJew．Aremarkablepointisrepe－

atedlyused“fair”whichfunctionsasthemark

Ofgentile．

Accordingtothelines，Jewswereprohibitedto

putonanyjewels．30shylock，scry“inherear

CanmeanhispartingfromherasaJew．Jessica

isnotsomuchareligiouskinsmanasasymbol

Ofmoney． Benominatedforanequalpound

Ofyourfairflesh，tObecutoffand

takell

Inwhatpartofyourbodypleasethme．

（I．iii．145r47．，italicsmine）

4．4ReligionandShylock

Religiousdistinctions，betweenChristians

andJews，SeemtObecapturedmostclearlyin

thesurfaceconfrontationintheplay．Although

Shylockisregardedasadevilatthebeginning

Oftheplay，aStheplaygoeson，hisdevilishim－

agedeclinesgradually．Inadditiontothelossof

hisdevilishimage，Shylockisnotnecessarilyde－

SCribedasaproperJew．Noghettoisdepicted

andlittleaboutthesynagogue；thelatterwas

mentionedonlyonce（Ⅲ．i．120）．AlthoughShy－

lockdeclareshisreligiousdiscipline（I．iii

．29r33），hescarcelymentionstothereligious

matter．Rather，althoughShylocksometimes

Criesout“Christian，”hehardlycallshimself

“Jew．”Bradbrooksumsupthereligiousback－

groundintheElizabethanperiod．

ShylockdesiresAntonio’sfairflesh，andhis

WOrdmeansnotonlythatShylockwantsjusta

poundofflesh，butalsothatShylockwants

Christianflesh．Inotherwords，SinceShylock

losthis“fleshandblood”（Ⅲ．i．31）Jessica，he

wantsChristianfleshinstead．Antonio accor－

dinglyexpressesasaChristian：

SayhowIlov’dyou，Speakmejdirin

death：（Ⅳ．i．271．，italicsmine）

AntoniodeclareshisChristianityjustbeforethe

SentenCeisannouncedinthecourt．Though

AntoniobehavesasamerchantintheRialto，he

acts as aChristian．WhenLorenzotalks toPor－

tiawhowi11gotothecourtindisguise，anOther

Christianityappearsinthefollowingline：

FromtheGospelstheJewsweretre－

atedasexamplesofthosewhorejected

Offeredgrace；SOaChristiancouldhave

a’Jewishheart’ifherejectedChrist．

17birthoughtsandhappyhoursattend

onyou！（Ⅲ．iv．41．，italicmine） BradbrookclarifiesthefigureofJews；nOn

100


The“fairthoughts”remindsusofthejudgment；

fairshowsaChristian，sattitudeforJews．31

ManydescriptionsclarifythealienShylock．

Thepungentletogentileisawellknowninst－

anceofthem．Tnthetrialscene，T）ukesaysto

Shylock，“WeallexpectagentleanswerJew！”

（Ⅳ．i．34）；althoughDukerequeststheChristian

mercyofShylock，animaginable“gentile”im－

pliesthatShylockrejectsChristianmercy．

Fiedlerarguesthat“morearchaicsetof

associationswiththe bond，mOVed backtocir－

cumcisionandFatherAbraham”（Fiedler123）．

Abrahamwasthefirstpersonwhocircumcised

hisson（Genesis，ⅩVii：9r14）．Hisnameismen－

tionedafewtimesintheplay．Shylockcites

Jacob’scaseinGenesis，ⅩⅩⅩ：33r39．

SCene．Aboutthelaw，Shylocksaidinthefollow－

ingway：

Ihavepossess’dyourgraceofwhatI

purpOSe，

AndbyourholySabbathhaveIsworn

To have the due and forfeit of my

bond，

Ifyoudenyit，1etthedangerlight

Uponyourcharterandyourcity’sfree－

dom！（Ⅳ．i．35－39）

TheVenetianlawandthebondguaranteeonly

thefreedominVenice．ForShylock，thebond

COmeSfromtheJewishTorah，“theLawwhich

GodmadeforJews，WhichJewshaveabond

withGod”（Exodus，ⅩⅩⅩi：16r18）．Inanother

SCene，Portiamentionsaboutthelaw． WhenJacobgrazedhisuncleLaban’s

Sheep，

ThisJacobfromourholyAbramwas

（Ashiswisemotherwroughtinhisbe－

half）

Thethirdpossessor：ay，hewasthe

third．（Ⅰ．iii．66－69）

Itmustnotbe，thereisnopowerinVenice

Can alter a decree established：

’Twi11berecordedforaprecedent，

Andmanyanerrorbythesameexample

Willrushintothestate，itcannotbe．（Ⅵ．i

．214－18）

Aftertheconnectionaboutinterest，Shylock

Speaks： Portiaclearlymentionsaboutinviolabilityofthe

lawandthatnopowerchangesthelaw．About

exactnessofthelaw，althoughBurckhardt

admitsthatthe riddle ofthe casketsmustbe

COrreCtlyinterpreted，hearguesthatPortia

winsShylockbecausesheusesthelawasthe

written bond（Burckhardt 206－36）．His

argumentisdoubtful；althoughDuke’slaw，the

baseofthenation，insistsupontheprescription

Clearlylnitself，Portia’slawallowspeopleto

makesomeinterpretation．Portiainterpretsthe

lawinthesamewayasBassaniointerpretsthe

CaSkets．InBelmont，Jessicaanxiouslysaysas

follows：

OfatherAbram，WhattheseChristians

are，

Whose own hard dealings teaches

them suspect

Thethoughtsofothers！（I．iii．156r58）

AbrahamisthefatherofallJewsandShylock

useshisnameinarepresentationofaconscious

Jew，andhisquotationreinforcestheconflict

againstChristiansbydemandingAntonio’sfair

flesh．

Inthecourt，theVenetianlawcontroIsthe

101


（Eagleton36）．whatShylockexpectsforthe

lawisestablishedrigidly，nOteaSilyinterpreted

ortransformed．

Iflaw，authority，andpowerdenynot，

Itwi11gohardwithpoorAntonio．

（Ⅲ．ii．288－89）

Thisimpliesthechangeabilityoflaw．TnBel－

mont，thelawisneverconstantasifcasket

selection connoted the difference betweenwhat

ison the surface andwhatis hidden．Bassanio

mustchoosetherightcasketbecauseheinter－

pretshersong．

WhatjudgmentshallTdreaddoingno

WrOng？

Youhaveamongyoumanyapurch－

as’dslave，

Which（1ikeyourasses，andyourdogs

andmules）

Youuseinabjectandinslavishparts，

Becauseyouboughtthem，ShallIsay

toyou，

Letthembefree，marrythemtoyour

heirs？

Whysweattheyunderburthens？Let

their beds

Bemadeassoftasyoursandlettheir

palates

Be season’dwithsuchviands？Youwill

anSWer

“Theslavesareours，”SOdoIanswer

yOu：

ThepoundoffleshwhichIdemandof

llilll

Isdearlybought，’tismineandIwi11

haveit：

Ifyoudenyme，fieuponyourlaw！

There is no force in the decrees of

Venice：

Istandforjudgment，anSWer，ShallI

haveit？（Ⅳ．i．89rlO3．，italicsmine）

Inlaw，Whatpleasotaintedandcor－

rupt，

Butbeingseason’dwithagracious

VOICe，

Obscures the show ofevil？

（Ⅲ．ii．75－77）

Hissoliloquyhereatcasketselectionexpects

theconsequencebyakindofdramaticeffect．

Bassanioalsoclarifiestherelativityofthelaw．

Aboutthelaw，TerryEagletonsaysasfollows：

Forlawto belawits decreesmustbe

generalandimpartial，quiteindepen－

dentofandindifferenttoanyconcrete

Situation．Ifthiswerenotsowemight

endupwithasmanylawsasthereare

Situations，Whichwould defeatthe

Wholeideaoflawbyviolatingitscom－

parativenature，itsattempttoapply

thesamegeneralprinciplestowidely

differentconditions．（36）

ShylockrejectsDuke’ssuggestion；Shylock

boughtAntonio’sfleshataveryhighprice．

Simultaneously，ShylockcondemnsChristiansin

thelightofaslavemarketSlaveswerein

Londonbuttheywereregardedasaliens，Or

theywerethesameasShylock．Amongthem，

thephrase“season’d”islinkedtotheentrance

Thisshowsthenecessityofinterpretation，aS

longasthelawisappliedintheextentofits

Splrit．Ifweinterpretthelawcreatively，We

Shouldrespectthespirit．Thus，inThe腸rchant

qft句′lice，“itisShylockwhohasrespectforthe

Spiritofthelaw and Portiawho does not”

102


OfPortia．ThisisPortia’sveryfamousspeech

aboutthemercy．

twoimages theeweandramrepresentedas

interestandducatwhichbreedbyitselfre－

SOnatewitheachother．UnexpectedlyShylock

negatesthepartingducat，Orinterest．There

SeemStObenoimplicationwithmoney；there－

foreheisnotausurer．Shylockhasonlyhisre－

1igiousJewishnessbasedonlawandbond．Im－

mediatelywhenShylocktriestocutAntonio’s

“fairflesh”withhisknife，Portiasays．

Andearthlypowerdoththenshow

likest God’s

WhenmercyseasonsJuStice：

（Ⅳ．i．192r93．，italicsmine）

PortiaspeaksinBelmontafterthejudgment：

Howmanythingsbyseason，SeaSOn’d

are

Totheirrightpraise，andtrueperfec－

tion！（Ⅴ．i．107rlO8．，italicsmine）

Take then thy bond，take thou thy

poundofflesh，

Butinthecuttingit，ifthoudostshed

OnedropofChristianblood，thylands

and goods

Are（bythelawsofVenice）confiscate

Unto the state ofVenice．

（Ⅳ．i．302－307）

Shylockcondemnstheslavemarketbecause

Christiansdonotgiveslavesmercy，bywhich

ShylockinsiststhattheVenetianlawisnever

transformedbymercyoranypower．Onthe

COntrary，Portiaarguesthat“mercyseasonsJuS－

tice”orlawcanbetransformedbymercy

therelativityoflawislikeGod，andsaidthat

manythingsbyseasonseason’d”1eadsto“right

praise and true perfection．”A series of

SeaSOnS”1eadtothelegitimacyoftheinter－

pretation；32theinterpretationispraisedright，

andtruly．Thustheinterpretationreinforcesthe

Christianssacredness，nOtthelegitimacyof

Venice．Shylockadherestothebondhislaw

andtheancestor’sbondandheexpresses

WhatheisnotsomuchausurerasaJew．

Shylock says as a response to Portia’s

judgement：

（Ⅳ．i．309） Is thatthelaw？

Antonio as amerchantvanished because hecal－

1edhimselfawether．Portiafoundhimonlya

Christian．ThereforePortiasentencesShylock，

“OnedropofChristianblood．Shylockbecomes

awarethatPortia’s sentenceisnotbased onthe

Venetianlaw；itistheChristianinterpretation．33

ThusShylockasks，“Isthatthelaw？”Shylockis

defeatednotonlybecausehebelievestherigid－

ityofthelaw，butalsobecauseherejectsthat

heisausurerandentersintothereligiouscon－

frontationunconsciously．

There remains another episode in the

COurt．PortiadenotesalawinVeniceinspiteof

thepresenceofherChristianity．

Ifeveryducatinsixthousandducats

Wereinsixparts，and everyparta

ducat，

Iwouldnotdrawthem，Iwouldhave

mybond！（Ⅳ．i．85r88）

This reminds us of the connection about an ewe

andaram．Moneydoesnotsplitbyitself．The Ifitbeprovedagainstanalien，

103


Thatbydirect，Orindirectattempts

Heseekthelifeofanycitizen，

Theparty’gainstthewhichhedoth

COntrive，

Shallseizeonehalfhisgoods，theother

half

Comestotheprivycofferofthestate，

And the offender’slifeliesin the mer－

Cy

Ofthedukeonly，’gainstallothervoice．

（Ⅳ．i．345－52）

naturalforthemtoacceptthesentencethat

COmpelledShylocktoturnintoaChristian

（Lelyveld6）．whichistrue？Onepersuasive

ClueisthatSt．ThomasAquinasaffirmedthat

truebeliefhastobevoluntary（Gross91．fJe

alsoexemplifiesanotherclueinthesamepage；

“AttheendofthesixthcenturyPopeGregory

theGreatestablishedtheprinciplethatJews

WerenOttObebaptizedbyforce．”Butitseems

tobesomeoldclueforviewingtheElizabethan

period．）．Fromthepointofview，Elizabethan

audiencesmightfeelthatPortia’ssentenceis

Strange．IfTheMerchantofVenicewasakind

ofreligiousdrama（ofcoursetherearelittle

elementstoprobeitintheplay），Shylock’scon－

VerSioncouldbeacceptedasaharmoniousdra－

maturgy．Thecomedy，ifweaccepttheplayas

acomedy，thecompulsorilyconvertedShylock

diesinthelightofnotbeingaJew．Shylockis

ejectedoutoftheVenetiancommunity，withhis

hiddenJewishbeliefandheliveshislifeasan

ambiguous，divided，identity．Hadtheconver－

SionmadeitpossiblefortheElizabethanaudi－

encetoacceptasacruelsentence，Whywasthe

SentenCeputinthestructureoftheplay？This

COnVerSionfunctionsasatechniquetointensify

thelegitimacyoftheChristians；PortiaaChrist－

ian，insistsupontherightseasonedinterpreta－

tionintermsofGod’sgrace．

Theactuallaw34regardsShylockasothersof

Venice；thelawmarksShylockwithanalienre－

gardlessofthefactthatShylockisinVenice．

Thelawdenotessimultaneouslytoprotectthe

lifeofcitizensandtoejectothers．Whydoes

Portiapresentthelawatlast？Oneprobable

reasonisthere：ifShylockhadstillbeenidenti－

fiedwithAntonio，aChristianwithinanecono－

micalaspect，thelawwouldhavenoeffect；Shy－

lockisnotanalien．ItisjustafterShylocklost

hiseconomicalfigureandthewayheincon－

trasttoaChristianthatthelaw hasthe effect．

ShylockendswithexpressinghisJewish－

ness；ChristianscauseShylocktoconvertto

Christianitycompulsorily．Aboutthecompul－

SOryCOnVerSion，Grosssumsupasfollows：

OnereasonwhyShylock’senforced

baptismisdisconcertingisthatitis

COntrarytOpredominantChristian

tradition．［．．．］CountlessJewswere

COerCedintoChristianity；COuntless

Otherssufferedmartyrdomratherthan

Submit．Buthoweverfrequenttheex－

Ceptions，therulewasoneofreluctant

toleration．（91）

5．Conclusion

AtfirstShylockisportrayedasausurer，

aneconomicalfigureandhethrowsoffthefi－

guretocutofftheChristianAntonio’sfairflesh．

However，ShylockisdefeatedbyPortiaandhe

isdeprivedofallhisfortune；forShylockdis－

Cardstheeconomiccharacteristicwhichisonly

commonwithAntonio，Christians．Thisdrama－

ticconsequenceimpliestheChristiandomi－ Onthecontrary，Lelyveldarguesthat“Itwas

104


nancebothineconomyandinreligion．Finally

Shylockisdejectedandejectedasanalien．In

thesixteenthcentury，merCantiletradearose

alsoinLondon，inwhichmerchantadventuring

WaSCIoselyconnectedwithvoyageofexplora－

tion，plunder，COlonization，andimperialcon－

quest；theauraofheroism，greatadventure，and

patriotismwastransferabletothemorestrictly

COmmerCialaspect．Ontheotherhand，there

alsoroseanambiguousdistinctionbetween

Christiansandothersinthelightoftheecono－

micalsociety．Shylock needed to be re－

CryStallizedasanalien，theenemyofChristians．

Strangelyenough，LauncelotGobbothefooIcon－

notesthetruth“ifanymaninItalyhavea

fairertablewhichdothoffertoswearupona

book”（Ⅲ．ii．150－51）．

Jewishnessisundeniablyintertwinedwith

／／ご－ノー〃・・イlんイ／′．・川Itl／／ご－1い・■小′．リJ／・イl－〃J・－．

BarabasclearlycontrastswithChristianonthe

Surface，andheexpressesthedesireformoney

asifhisdesirewaswhatallJewsdesire．The

desire，however，appearSinbothreligions，

ChristianandJew．In The腸rchantqftjbnice，

inadditiontothefactthatShylockalsohasa

desireformoney，heisconfrontedwithChrist－

ianitytoo．Asimi1aritybetweenthetwoplaysis

thattheirdaughtersarepresentedintheplays，

AbigailandJessica．Thetwodaughters，Who

WishtoconverttoChristianity，bothhave

Christianlovers and seem tobe aChristian．

Jewelrepresentationsofdaughters，however，

disturbthemtoturnintoChristian．Theyare

notabletobeChristian．Inthisview，theycom－

monlyplayaroleinthetwoplays．Therepre－

Sentationfunctionsmore；theeconomicalaspect

Ofjewelsreinforcestheunityoftworelig10uS

COnflictsamongthetwoplays．

Barabasclearlyhasastrongdesirefor

money；heregardsmoneyasaesthetic．Heiden－

tifieshisdaughterwithmoney，Whichissuc－

CeededtoShylock．Itisnoteworthytoviewthe

twoplaysinthehistoricalcontinuance；Shylock

expresseshisJewishnessinadifferentway

fromBarabas，aSnOtOnlyreligious，butalsoas

economical，father’saspects．Shylockdoesnot

SeeAntonioonlyasamerchant；Shylockwants

Antonio’sfairfleshascompensationforhislost

daughter，andasacircumcision．

TheMerchantqftjbniceclarifiestheway

thatJewsareunitedwithChristiansintheeco－

nomicsituation；Ontheotherhand，theplayde－

Clarestheabsolutereligiousdistinctionbetween

ChristiansandJewsrigidly．Thereforethough

ShylockisdescribedtobeunitedwithChrist－

ianseconomically，heisfinallydefeatedbythe

rightjudgmentofPortia．Thecruelsentence

Shylock’sconversionWaSthereflectionof

thecontemporaryLondonsocietyratherthan

dramaticeffect，Whichfunctionsastherecovery

OfChristianityofwhichMarlowe’s The

腸ItadeprivesChristiansintheconnectionof

moneyanddesire．JewsandChristianswereso

Closelyinterdependentwitheachotherthat

LondonneededtoejectJewsasaliensothers．In

law，Whichisthebasetoestablishamodern

SOCiety，itisnecessaryforLondonerstoestab－

1ishthesacrednessorlegitimacyofacorrect

rightChristianinterpretation．

Inthelightofsucceedingevents，The脇rr

Chantqftjbniceisasocialdrama：Shakespeare

usedtheimageofBarabaswhoisportrayedas

religiousandeconomic，althoughBarabasis

SeenaSanOld，traditionalorasademonicJew．

ShylockisregardedasademonicJew，butonly

partially．Therefore The脇rchantqftjbnicere－

CryStallizesShylockinatokenofothersinthe

newlyupcomingeconomical，andsocialcontext．

ElizabethanLondonwasexposedtovarious

SOCialincidentssuchastheinternationaltrade，

105


kindofjestorhumorforestablishedChristian，it

SOundsstrangeinthescene．

5 InShakespeareandrama，“Whatcheer”isusually

usedwhentheonefeelssad．Cf The Tempest，I．i．

2．，and7「g椚0プ7q／』抜βプ7∫，Ⅲ．Ⅴ．39．

6 G．WilsonKnightpointsoutthetragicelementsin

theimages of“sea”and“music．”See Knight，

しヾ／J‘止‘、∫♪‘、‘両‘川ハ〃小、∫／．－11J〟J‘／しソJ‘／ノ■／－t／しヾ／J‘止‘、∫♪‘、‘／ハ、＼

βプⅥ椚〟J才cこ万7才㍗β得β，pp．127－38．

7 EdgarRosenberg，nOtmentioningjewel，SuggeStS

that“inbothplaystheco－eXistenceofdaughtersand

ducats，girlsandgoldgeneratesacertainconfusionor

perversioninvalues．”SeeRosenberg，“TheJewin

WesternDrama．，”p．457．

8 WilburSanders，“DramatistasRealist：’Theノβu）d

A4alta，”p．60．Rather，heregardshisattitudeasatech－

niqueofironicinversion．

9 IthamoresaysafterhehearsBarabas’sspeechof

hatingChristian：“Ohbrave，maSter，Iworshipyour

noseforthis”（Ⅱ．iii．173）．TheJewish“bottlenose

could be the conventionin the Elizabethan drama．

PerhapsIthamorewouldbowtoBarabaswithan

artificialbottle nose．

10JamesYoungsuggeststhataJewhasmeasured

andunderstoodtheirsufferingwithpasteventssuch

astheravagedfigureofJerusaleminLamentations，

i：12，tOWhichthescribe’sanswerinLamentations，

iv：6．Hesuggeststhat“eventhescribesofLamenta－

tionsfoundthemselvessimultaneouslydependenton

pastdestructionfortheirfiguresandresistantto

them．”Inthepointofview，Barabas，perhapsuncon

SCiously，issimultaneouslydependentonpastlossof

Jobandresistanttoitinthefollowingseenes．See

＼－い＝‖ゞ．什ノイ／／JJg‘川（／〃i〃リイ／／JJ∫川‘・／Jり／りl・‘／J／∫／∴＼1／川ト

／／J・＝川（／川‘・し’りJJ∫＝／肌〃l・‘・∫り′／JJ／け♪ハ・ん／〟りJJ．P．一再．

11Thisquotationistakenfrom：JacobR．Marcus，The

ノi〃・／JJ仙・．1ム・（／／‘J〟／什りノ・ん／∴lしヾりJ／ノ・l・‘・J？りり万∴J／．；／1り．

p．168．

12 ThesearequotedfromSanders，OP．cit．，p．57．

13 AnotherBarabas’speechalsocanremindofthe

COntrarinessabouttheinterest：‘“Tislikelytheyin

timemayreapesomefruit，”（Ⅱ．iii．87）

14 TheseplaysareexemplifiedfromJohnGross’Shy－

lock：ALegendandItsLegtlCy．NewYork：Simon＆

Schuster，p．18．

15In detail，hewasarrestedon12January，CaSedup

irltOLorldorltOWerOr13February，arldjudgedor123

February，andexecutedon7Junein1594．

16 八sforthe discordbetweenLopezandEssex，See

thediscoveryofanewcontinent，andtheRe－

formation．Onlyhistoricaleventsdestabilized

London，England．TheLopezcasewasthesame．

Lopez’sattempttopoisontheQueenwaslikea

destructionofthenationalsymbol．Sorrowfully

Lopez’sfigurelappedthetraditionalviewof

JewlikeBarabas，Whichenablespeopletomake

useoftheimageofJewseasilytoejectthemfor

theprotectionofnationalidentity．Haditnot

beenfortheLopezcase，Orhadtheturnofthe

playsbeenplayedviceversa，theviewofJews

would not have beenformed．

Englandwasonthevergeofcollapsesimul－

taneouslyfromouterdangerssuchashistorical

eventsandfrominnerdangerssuchasanim－

mersiontoothersin an economicalsituation，in

WhichShylockrepresentsasothersandisre－

CryStallizedasothers；ShylocktheJewwasa

SCapegOat，areflectionofEngland’sanxiety．

Notes

Thisisarevisedversionofthe Master’sthesispre－

Sentedtothe Graduate SchoolofEducation，Hokkaido

UniversityofEducation，byTomoSasao，underthesu－

pervisionofProfessorYoichiHigashikawa．

1 MichaelJ．C．Echeruoarguesthefigurefromthe

ViewoftraditionalJew．SeeEeheruo，“Shyloekand

the‘ConditionedImagination’：AReinterpretation．，

pp．79．

2 JohnRusselBrown，ed．，TheMerchantq［t句nice

（TheArdenShakespeare）．Allthequotationsofthe

playaretakenfromthiseditionifnototherwise

Stated．InthequotationsofChapterI，Iabbreviate

TheMerchantq［t句プIicetoMVtodistinguishfrom

7’／J‘・ノi〃・－イ1ん／ん／．

3 Fredson Bowers，ed．，The Complete Worksof

ChristopherA4arlou，e，I．ii．22427．Allthequotations

Oftheplayaretakenfromthiseditionifnotother－

Wisestated．InthequotationsofChapterI，Iabbrevi－

ate TheJeu，qFル勉ItatoJMtodistinguishfrom The

．1んノ■lイ／‘川／－t／1’l〃ノ、l・‘．

4 KitagawaTeiji，AStu4）′qFル勉rlowe，p．101．Healso

SuggeStSthat“AlthoughMarloweusesthewordasa

106


KogishiAkira’sA Genealo幻′q／ル勉77u10，pp．6472．

17 E．g．，KingLear，Ⅲ．iv．91：“hogln Sloth，foxin

Stealth，WOlfingreediness．

18 Bradbrookalsoarguesthat“Ithasbeensuggested

thatwhatisbehindShylockisthefigureofthePuri－

tanusurer，Whowasveryreadytobackhispractice

WithscripturalquotationasShylockdoes，andwho

maintainedmanyOldTestamentpractices”（106）．

19 Amongmanyresearches，thefollowingexamples

areusefultoviewthevariousfiguresofShylock：

ElmerEdgarSto11’scomicfigureandDerekCohell’s

“theJewishvictim．

20 GrossclarifiestheShylockperformersineighteen

Century．See：Gross，PP．cit．，pp．10564．

21Lelyveld，ShyloekontheStage，p．7．Butheargues

thatthecomicalshylockwasperformedintheEli－

zabethan era．

22 Cf The Tempest，Ⅱ．ii．40：“Mybestwayistocreep

underhisgabardine．”Ofthisgabardine，CecilRoth

argues that“their clothingwas notoutlandish，

however，nOrdidtheywearanyspecialgarments．”

SeeRoth，“TheBackgroundofShylock，”p．154．

23JamesShapiro，ShakespeareandtheJeu，，p．98．In

additiontohisargument，Rosenbergsumsupthe

Closerelationshipasfollows：“Usuryhadbeenpre－

SCribedasbotheconomicallyunsoundandreligiously

damnable byonepatristicwriterafteranother．”See

Rosenberg，Op．Cit．，p．471．

24 Deu／eronomy，ⅩⅩiii：21．Inthis，PaulJohnsonex－

plainsaboutthepassageinthefollowingway：“Lend－

ingthereforecameunderphilanthropybutyou

WerenOtObligedtobecharitabletowardsthoseyou

didnotknoworearefor．Interestwasthussynony－

mouswithhostility．”SeeJohnson，AHisto7TqFthe

Jeu）S，p．173．SeealsoBernardGrebanier，The Truth

〟み0〝′5妙わc点，p．77．

25MotohashiTetsuyaarguesthatthedramais“the

allegoryofconflictbetweengenderprocreativeness

andcapitalmonetaryincreasability”（mytranslation）．

SeeMotohashi，Realb，釣′igh的JShake車ea柁，p．75．

26SomespeechesexemplifyAntonioasahomosexual：

Suchas“Iowethemostinmoneyandinlove”（I．iii．

131）．

27 Aninterpretationforhisspeechchangesatheme

Oftheplay：Ontheonehand，ifthePortiaisregarded，

asBrownandMotohashihavepointedout，aSthe

rrletaphorofrrlOrley，thepurposeofBassarlioisfor

money．On theotherhand，aSGrosssuggests，if

“Wealthwouldn’thave beenenoughinitselftomake

Portiawhatsheis，”hispurposeisthemarrlagetOfair

Portia．

28TsurutaManabuproposestoidentifyaChristian

WithaJewintheeconomicalnetwork．Heexemplifies

thefollowingline：“TheHebrewwillturntoChristian：

hegrowskind”（I．iii．175）．“Kind”means“kinship”

（OED，kind，3．d．）．Surely“Hebrew”doesnotimplythe

hatred］ew，SOShouldberesttoviewtheplayfrom

the economicalnetwork．See Tsuruta，“Theル飽rchant

qFT句nice：theEconomyinEarlyModernEngland

andthe AllegoryofNation，”pp．13042．

29Inthefieldofjewelstudies，however，majorcon－

temporaryinterpretationsdisagreetoadiamondasa

holystone．See：Haruyama，Jewels－Har

㍑点～βゝ几b′〝用／ガ由ねり′，p．6．

30 Sumptuarylawaboutclothesandjewelswassetin

mostEarly Modern Europe．SeeJacob，Ob．cit．，

pp．19397．

31Thewordjおirisnotfixedonlyinreligiousattitude

butalsointheconnectionofmoney．Aftertheexitof

ShylockinSceneIActⅢ，Bassaniosays“Ilikenot

fairtermsandavillain’smind．”（I．iii．176），Which

SuggeStSthatnointerestistheconceptofChristians．

AndjustbeforeBassanio’sspeech，Antoniosaid“Hie

thee，gentleJew．”（I．iii．174）．Considering“gentle”as

punningupongentile，theselinesimplytheintegra－

tionofthetworeligionsintheeconomicalandre－

1iglOuSCOnfrontation．

32 AlexanderSchmidtclassifieseachmeaningofsea－

so71；“tOrendermoreagreeable”inⅢ．ii．76．and V

．i．107；“tOqualify，tOtemper”inⅣ．i．197．；“tOgratify

thetasteof”inⅥ．i．97．SeeShakespeare－Lexicon，

seaso）1，2），3）and5）．Butthesemeaningsof“season

Canbetoodeeplyinterrelatedwitheachothertobe

ignored．

33 The name“Portia”can comefrom Roman tribes

Poricus．Thenameofthetribederivedfromporcusin

Latin，“pig”inEnglish．Ifhernameisderivedfrom

thetribe，Portiais，aSthenameconnotes，eXpeCtedto

COnfrontwithShylock；pigisafilthyanimalinJuda－

ism．SeeOzawa，“MarkingtoStranger：ViewofShy－

lock，”p．121．

34 SeeJohnson，PP．cit．，p．237

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（佐々尾知札幌・岩見沢校大学院生）

（東川洋一札幌校教授）

109

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