大気圧プラズマジェット鉄鋼の局所的硬化法の開発 - oita …-arc plasma jet...

研究論文

大気圧プラズマジェットによる

鉄鋼の局所的硬化法の開発

市來龍大*，永松寛和**，井上貴史*，山本宏文*，赤峰修一*，金澤誠司*

Development of Local Hardening for Steels

using Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet

Ryuta ICHIKI, Hirokazu NAGAMATSU, Takashi INOUE, Hirofumi YAMAMOTO

Shuichi AKAMINE, and Seiji KANAZAWA

Plasma nitriding is achieved by spraying the nitrogen pulsed-arc plasma jet under atmospheric-pressure

N2/H2 mixture gas. The quality of nitriding is found to depend on the H2 flow rate, which has an optimal value. We

propose a simple mechanism of this dependence. Moreover, the amount of H2 necessary for best nitriding can be

decreased to 1/20 by changing the way of H2 addition.

Key words: atmospheric-pressure plasma, nitriding, surface hardening, heat treatment

11. 研究背景

鉄鋼の表面硬化技術のひとつに，窒素（N）原子

を鉄に固溶させ硬化させる窒化処理法がある[1-4]．

窒化処理では鉄鋼の最表面に窒化鉄からなる「化合

物層」が 1 m オーダーの厚さで形成され，その下部

には深さ 100 m 程度まで鉄の結晶に N 原子が固溶

して硬化した「拡散層」が形成される．拡散層は耐

摩耗性・疲労強度を向上させ，化合物層は耐食性・

耐焼付性を改善する．窒化処理は各種金型，機械の

摺動部に適用されており，今日では特に自動車産業

で欠かせない技術である．窒化処理には幾つか手法

があるが，低圧下での DC（もしくはパルス DC）放

平成 25 年 12 月 12 日受理

* 大分大学工学部電気電子工学科

**大分大学大学院工学研究科博士前期課程電気電子工学専攻

（現在，三菱電機株式会社）

電を用いたプラズマ窒化（イオン窒化）法が広く普

及している[1-4]．プラズマが利用される理由は，気

相中での化学反応により窒化処理に必要な活性種が

多く生成されるためである[5-7]．しかしイオン窒化

では大規模な真空装置を必要とするため設備が高価

であり，またバッチ処理の作業時間および作業工程

が増える．プラズマを用いた窒化技術が大気圧下で

可能になれば，より簡便な処理，設備投資の低減，

安価な部品製造ラインへの導入の実現につながると

期待される．

これを実現すべく我々は，大気圧下で生成される

パルスアーク型（PA）プラズマジェットによる窒化

処理の研究を推進してきた．数多くの種類が存在す

る大気圧プラズマから PA プラズマジェットを選択

した理由は以下のとおりである．第一に，窒化処理

平成26年2月大分大学工学部研究報告　第61号－1－

に必要なN原子等が生成されることが報告されてい

る[8-10]．第二に，パルス励起によりジェットプルー

ムの温度が制御できるため，DC アークとは異なり

金属表面の溶融により表面粗さを上げることがない

と考えられる．一方，プラズマジェットという特性

上，大面積処理に不向きという短所があるが，「局所

的硬化処理」という新規シーズの提供に工業的価値

があると考えている．これに関しても PA ジェット

は利点を有しており，窒素雰囲気中ではプルームが

200 mm 程度まで伸長することが分かっているため

[8]，比較的広い範囲，もしくは高アスペクト比の穴

やスリットの内壁が硬化できる可能性がある．

我々は初期の調査において，窒素（N2）ガス置換

された大気圧処理雰囲気においてもわずかな残留酸

素（O2）により鉄鋼試料の表面が酸化し，窒化が阻

害されることをつきとめた．そこで，残留酸素を還

元し酸化を防ぐために水素（H2）ガスを雰囲気中に

導入することで，窒化処理による鉄鋼の表面硬化が

原理的に可能であることを実証した[11-14]．ここで

は，H2導入量が窒化層の形成に与える影響について

説明し，処理結果をふまえプラズマジェット窒化の

メカニズムについて議論を行う．さらに，H2添加法

を変更することにより，窒化処理に必要な H2 量を

1/20 程度に大幅に低減した結果について報告する．

2. 実験方法

2.1 パルスアーク型プラズマジェット

図 1(a)に示されるステンレス製同軸円筒型電極ノ

ズル中に N2ガスを 20 L/min で導入し，高周波電源

（plasmatreat 社 FG3001）により印加電圧 4.5 kV，放

電電流 1 A，周波数 21 kHz のパルスアーク放電を発

生させる．典型的な電圧電流特性を図 1(b)に示す．

生成したパルスアークプラズマのアフターグローを

ノズル先端のオリフィスから噴射することにより，

ジェットプルームを発生させる．

2.2 プラズマジェット窒化処理

本処理実験では，供試材として熱間工具鋼 SKD61

（Cr 5%, Mo 1%, Si 1%, C 0.4%）を用いた．円盤形（直

径 20 mm，厚さ 4 mm）に加工した試料を 600 Hv 程

度の硬さに熱処理した．試料表面をアルミナ研磨剤

（0.3 m）で鏡面研磨し，アセトンによる超音波洗

浄で脱脂した．図 2 に示されるステンレス製密閉容

器（内径 153 mm，深さ 223 mm）の中にセラミック

ヒーターを設置し，その上に試料を配置した．プラ

Fig. 1 Pulsed-arc plasma jet. (a) Schematic of jet

nozzle. (b) Typical voltage-current waveforms.

Fig. 2 Schematic of air-tight container.


ズマジェットノズルは容器上部から挿入した．容器

下部には 3/8 インチ管の排気口が 4 本付いており，

ノズルから窒素ガスを導入し密閉容器中の窒素置換

を 15 min 行った．窒素置換により雰囲気中の酸素濃

度を 1%以下に下げるとプルーム長が 20 mm から

200 mm程度に伸長することが知られており[8]，我々

も同様の現象を確認した．窒素置換後にプラズマジ

ェットを点火し，ジェットを試料上面に照射し，ヒ

ーターにより処理温度を 530°C に設定して 2 h 処理

を行った．今回，ノズル－試料間距離は試料表面の

異常加熱が起こらないという理由から 15 mmに設定

した．N2流量は 20 L/min とし，H2添加量を変化さ

せ窒化処理を行った．ここでは，２つの H2添加法を

紹介する．一方は H2ガスを密閉容器のポートから処

理雰囲気中に導入する手法（雰囲気添加モード）で

あり[11]，他方は H2ガスをパルスアーク放電の動作

ガスに混合する手法（動作ガス添加モード）である

[12]．図 3 は試料にジェットを照射し処理を行って

いる写真である．

金属組織観察はナイタールエッチング後に光学顕

微鏡（ニコン MM-800/LMU）を用いて行った．化

合物層の相の評価には X 線回折（XRD）装置（日本

フィリップス x'pert，Cu-K線）を用いた．試料中の

窒素濃度分布は電子線マイクロアナライザー

（EPMA）（島津 EPMA-1720）を用いて測定した．

硬さの評価はマイクロ Vickers 硬さ試験器（Akashi

HM-102）により行った．ジェットプルーム中の励起

種の観測には発光分光計測（Andor SR-500i-B1）を

用いた．

3. 実験結果

3.1 窒化層の基礎特性

図 4 は典型的な窒化層断面の金属組織写真である．

最表面の白い層が化合物層であり，XRD 分析の結果，

主に−Fe2-3N 相からなることが分かった．化合物層

の下部に広がる黒色の層が拡散層に対応している．

拡散層の硬さ分布は後に示す（図 6,7）．得られた金

属組織は従来の窒化処理法により得られるものと同

様のものであった[15]．

図 5 は，EPMA により得られた窒化試料断面の窒

素濃度の深さ分布である．最表面付近数m までの

ピークは化合物層に対応している．さらに深い場所

でも有限の窒素濃度が観測されており，これは拡散

層がN原子の拡散により硬化していることを示して

いる．これらの結果より，我々は鉄鋼試料は確かに

窒化処理により硬化していると結論した．

Fig. 3 Photograph of plasma-jet nitriding.

Fig. 4 Metallographic section of treated sample

surface.

Fig. 5 Raletive nitrogen concentration profile as a

function of depth from sample surface.


3.2 水素添加法・添加量の影響

図 6 は「雰囲気添加モード」で窒化処理した後の

試料表面付近の硬さ分布であり，横軸が円盤試料の

径方向（0 mm は照射中心），縦軸が表面からの深さ

である．Vickers 硬さは色の濃淡で表している．ここ

では水素添加量を変化させ，硬さ分布がどう変化す

るかを示している．図より，H2流量が 4 L/min の場

合が最も深く硬化していることが分かる．すなわち，

H2流量には窒化処理に最適な値があり，H2流量が多

すぎても少なすぎても硬化層の厚さが減少すること

が分かった．一方，図 7 は「動作ガス添加モード」

で窒化処理した後の試料の硬さ分布である．このモ

ードにおいても H2 流量には最適値があることが明

らかとなった．

最適な H2 流量での硬化深さは両モードとも 100

m 弱で同等であり，これは従来のイオン窒化法と

同様の硬化深さである[15]．ここで重要なことは，

動作ガス添加モードの場合，最適な H2流量が雰囲気

添加モードの 1/20 である．さらに，動作ガス添加モ

ードの方が硬化範囲が広いことが分かる．すなわち，

動作ガス添加モードを採用すれば，使用する H2量の

大幅な低減および硬化範囲の拡大が達成されること

が明らかとなった．

3.3 生成される活性種の調査

ジェットプルームの発光分光計測により，図 8 の

発光スペクトルを得た．H2ガスを導入しない場合は

N2 分子の第一正帯（1PS），第二正帯（2PS）が顕著

であるが，両モードにおいて H2の導入に伴い，NH

ラジカルからの336 nm付近の発光（*印，A3→X3）

が最も顕著となることが分かる．図 9 は NH ラジカ

ル発光スペクトル強度の H2 流量依存性を示してい

る．いずれの H2 添加モードにおいても，H2 のわず

かな導入で NH ラジカルの発光強度は最大値を迎え，

Fig. 6 Hardness profiles of smaple cross-section obtained for several H2 flow rates in atmosphere H2 mode.

Fig. 7 Hardness profiles of smaple cross-section obtained for several H2 flow rates in nozzle H2 mode.

Fig. 8 Optical emission spectra of jet plume for

several H2 flow rates in nozzle H2 mode. (a) 0 L/min,

(b) 0.015 L/min, (c) 0.22 L/min, (d) 0.3 L/min.


H2 流量の増加とともに発光強度が減少していくこ

とが分かる．この現象の原因は調査中である．ここ

で強調すべきは，横軸スケールに 40 倍の違いがある

にもかかわらず，動作ガス添加モードでも雰囲気添

加モードとほぼ同じ NH 発光強度が得られているこ

とである．

4. 窒化メカニズムの考察

前章で紹介した調査結果を踏まえ，ここではプラ

ズマジェット窒化処理において H2 流量の最適値が

ある理由および動作ガス添加モードで H2 流量を低

減できる理由について考察する．

まず発光分光計測の結果より，プラズマジェット

窒化処理では NHラジカルが N 原子を鉄鋼表面に輸

送する役割を果たしていると考えられる．アンモニ

ア（NH3）ガスを用いたガス窒化処理においては，

鉄鋼表面における触媒作用により，NH3が NH2，NH

へと段階的に解離し，最終的に N 原子の表面拡散が

達成されることが知られている[1]．すなわち，NH

ラジカルに鉄鋼の窒化処理を達成する能力があるこ

とは既知の事実であるため，プラズマジェット窒化

処理においても NH ラジカルが重要であるという結

論は自然なものである．これが事実であるという前

提で話を進めると，H2流量が多すぎる場合の硬化層

深さの減少は，図 9 に示される NH ドーズ量の減少

に起因すると思われる．一方，H2流量が少なすぎる

場合の硬化層深さの減少は，H2の還元力不足により

残留 O2が完全に排除できず，鉄鋼表面の酸化が進み

N 原子拡散が阻害されていることが考えられる．こ

れは文献[11]で報告したように，H2 を添加しなけれ

ば試料表面は酸化し窒化処理が全く達成されない事

実とも矛盾せず，さらにわずかに窒化が達成された

場合でも（例えば図 7 の左端），試料表面の XRD ス

ペクトルにわずかな Fe2O3 由来のピークが見られる

事実も証拠となる[12]．従ってここでは，図 10 に示

されるように，プラズマジェット窒化処理に最適な

H2 流量は「NH ラジカルの生成」と「雰囲気中の残

留 O2の還元」のバランスによって決まるという窒化

メカニズムを提案したい．

続いて，動作ガス添加モードにおいて最適な H2

流量が雰囲気添加モードの 1/20に低減される理由に

ついて考察する．図 9 の分光計測結果から，動作ガ

ス添加モードでの NH ラジカル生成効率は雰囲気添

加モードよりも高いと推測される．これは，前者で

はパルスアーク放電部へ直接 H2を供給するため，高

エネルギー電子を含めた活発な化学反応により，H2

導入量が少なくても NH が高効率で生成されるため

と考えられる．これにより，動作ガス添加モードに

おいてはH2流量が少なくても十分なNHドーズ量が

得られるのではないかと推測している．これらをよ

り明確化するには，詳細な素過程の調査が必要であ

る．

5. まとめ

大気圧窒素雰囲気中においてパルスアーク型プラ

ズマジェットを鉄鋼表面に照射することで，窒化処

Fig. 9 Dependence of NH spectral intensity on H2

flow rate.

Fig. 10 Suggested mechanism of how the optimal H2

flow rate is determined.


理による表面の硬化が可能である．しかしこれには

H2ガスの導入が必須である．今回得られた結果は以

下の通りである．

1. 窒化処理を達成するための H2 ガスの添加量に

は最適値が存在する．

2. 動作ガス添加モードを採用することにより，窒

化処理に必要な H2 量を１桁以上低減すること

ができる．

3. 以下の窒化メカニズムを提案した．プラズマジ

ェット窒化処理では NH ラジカルにより鉄鋼表

面に N 原子が供給され，H2流量の最適値は「NH

生成量」と「残留 O2の還元」のバランスにより

決まる．

NHの生成量や残留 O2量はもちろん使用する装置や

環境によって異なるが，今回見られた「H2流量に最

適値が存在する」という定性的な特徴はユニバーサ

ルなものであると考えられる．

本研究成果は，金型や摺動部材の局所的硬化とい

う新規技術の普及につながると期待される．また，

これまでは困難であった高アスペクト比の穴もしく

はスリット内壁の硬化処理を達成する可能性につい

ても検討を行っている．さらに，密閉容器を必要と

しない大気下での窒化処理の可能性も追求していく

考えである．

謝辞

本技術の研究開発にあたり，静岡理工科大学・吉

田昌史准教授に元素分析観察についてご協力を頂き

ました．また，大分県産業科学技術センター・園田

正樹主任研究員に金属分析全般についてご指導を頂

きました．また，本学・堤紀子助教に試料研磨につ

いて，衣本太郎助教に金属組織観察について，三浦

篤義技術職員に硬さ試験について技術的なご指導を

頂きました．ここに御礼を申し上げます．本研究は

科研費（22760214）の助成を受けたものです．

参考文献

[1] ディーター・リートケ他著，宮本吾郎監訳，

石田憲孝訳『鉄の窒化と軟窒化』，アグネ技術

センター, 2011.

[2] 河田一喜著，『本当によくわかる窒化・浸炭・

プラズマ CVD』，日刊工業新聞社, 2012.

[3] 日本材料科学会編，『先端材料シリーズ：表面

処理と材料』，裳華房, 1996.

[4] 山中久彦著，『イオン窒化法』，日刊工業新聞

社, 1976.

[5] T. Czerwiec, H. Michel, E. Bergmann, Surf. Coat.

Technol. 108–109, 182 (1998).

[6] H. Michel, T. Czerwiec, M. Gantois, D. Ablitzer, A.

Ricard, Surf. Coat. Technol. 72, 103 (1995).

[7] M. Hudis, J. Appl. Phys. 4, 1489 (1973).

[8] Y. Takemura, Y. Kubota, N. Yamaguchi, T. Hara,

IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 37, 1604 (2009).

[9] Y. Kubota, R. Ichiki, T. Hara, N. Yamaguchi, Y.

Takemura, J. Plasma Fusion Res. Series 8, 740,

(2009).

[10] 堤康彦，寺本慶之，張加強，小野亮，小田哲治，

静電気学会講演論文集 2010, p.217 (2010).

[11] R. Ichiki, H. Nagamatsu, Y. Yasumatsu, T. Iwao, S.

Akamine, S. Kanazawa, Mater. Lett. 71, 134 (2012).

[12] H. Nagamatsu, R. Ichiki, Y. Yasumatsu, T. Inoue, M.

Yoshida, S. Akamine, S. Kanazawa, Surf. Coat.

Technol. 225, 26 (2013).

[13] 市來龍大，永松寛和，井上貴史，山本宏文，吉

田昌史，赤峰修一，金澤誠司，ケミカルエンジ

ニヤリング 58, 868 (2013).

[14] 市來龍大，永松寛和，安松勇太，岩男忠典，赤

峰修一，金澤誠司，特願 2011-170515.

[15] 吉川泰晴，原民夫，アブラハペトロス，表面

技術 63, 113 (2012).


The Legacy of Anglo- Norman French

Thomas J. Harran*

This paper examines the influence of Anglo-Norman French on the English language. The period of Norman

rule, which lasted from 1066 to 1399, could have had led to the extinction of English as its written form was

largely replaced by either Latin or French for legal and governmental purposes. In spite of this development,

the English language survived. A plethora of French lexical terms in law, architecture, and cuisine were

assimilated into modern English, making an indelible mark on English vocabulary. In fact, it is estimated that

about a third of all English words are derived from Anglo-Norman. The remarkable richness of the English

lexicon can be attributed to the assimilation of French lexical items into English as a result of

intercommunication between the Normans and the English people during this period.

Key words: Anglo-Norman French, loan words, lexicon, faux-ami

1. Introduction

The victory of William the Conqueror over King

Harold of England at the battle of Hastings in October

1066 could have spelled the demise of Old English. It

was William’s intention to assert his claim to the

English throne, but he did not intend to eradicate the

language of the indigenous population. Over the next

three hundred years, the English language, to a large

extent, became marginalized - that is, a language of

lower social standing. As French-speaking officials

became prevalent in government, English could have

been driven out of existence under Normal rule.

However, due to a fortuitous combination of

circumstances the English language regained its status

as the official language of law, education and

government by the end of the 14th century (Gooden,

2011:45). When King Henry IV delivered his speech

in English to claim his right to the throne in 1399, it

was a symbolic victory for the English people and

Received on December 20, 2013, Department of Architecture and

Mechatronics, Faculty of Engineering, Oita University

their language. English would emerge from near

obscurity and develop into Middle English represented

by the words of Chaucer and Langland.

2. The Norman and English Relationship

Assessing the extent to which the Normans and the

English interacted with one other during the period

between 1066 and 1100 is somewhat speculative due

to the paucity of texts providing evidence of their

communicative exchanges as well as the diversity of

the ethnic backgrounds of speakers.

Historical records suggest that the conquest of

England by the Normans was quite violent, yet there

are accounts of intercultural communication between

the English and the Normans that reveal a degree of

amicability between each group. Shelly (1921:94)

writes that modern writers have had a tendency to

overemphasize the negative repercussions of the

Norman Conquest. He suggests that writers of popular

history may have created in the public mind slanted

views of the Normans. Such views may have caused


misconceptions about their relationship. Therefore,

one needs to bear this in mind to examine objectively

the influence of Norman rule on the English language.

Interestingly, the English chronicler Orderic in his

work (as cited in Shelly,1921:75) notes that King

William tried to learn English in order to hear the

complaints of his subjects. It should be pointed out

that the new King issued most of his edicts and legal

notices in Latin or English.

Shelly maintains that there is no evidence that the

Normans despised the English language. Moreover, he

contends that they never really held the English in

contempt, and that there is evidence that both the

Normans and the English made considerable efforts to

learn one another’s languages due to the social

circumstances in which they found themselves (p.95).

In their work, Baugh and Cable (1978) also point out

in a similar vein that there was ‘mutual and peaceful

cooperation between the Normans and the English’.

Evidence of this can be corroborated by the fact there

was considerable intermarriage between the two

peoples. In fact, Oderic was said to have been a child

born of a mixed marriage. Furthermore, the negative

depiction of relations between the Normans and the

English as hostile has given rise to the false notion that

there was little collaboration between them, and that

for generations they were separated into two distinct

camps. Contrary to such circumstances, the fusion of

these peoples is said to have begun even before

William’s invasion.

Norman incursions into areas of northern England

are known as the Harrying of the North. In 1070

Norman troops are said to have burned and

slaughtered large numbers of English in an attempt to

quell rebellions and to subjugate the Northern area of

the Kingdom. More than a hundred thousand people

are said to have perished in the wake of attacks by

Norman soldiers (Crystal , p127). Also, resistance

flared up in western Mercia against Norman

occupation. As a result, almost all the old English

nobility were eliminated in campaigns to crush

uprisings against William’s rule.

Norman troops probably did commit acts of violence

against the English, but details of events during this

time are often slanted in favor of the English because,

as aforementioned, writers were often interested in

romanticizing English history by depicting the English

as hapless victims of arrogant Norman oppressors.

Such depictions have remained embedded in public

perceptions.

Shelly (1921:94) notes that many Englishmen took

part in putting down disturbances and revolts.

Moreover, after 1066 the English are said to have

displayed a willingness to accept the new conditions as

a result of William’s victory by cooperating with him

in building a new government and by helping to codify

and administer laws. Shelly writes that the relationship

between the English and the Normans was in fact

often close and amicable in the army and at the court,

and that the fusion of these groups began even before

1066. In fact, Edward III (1042-1066), known as the

Confessor, had been brought up in France before

becoming King of England. It is said that he brought

with him a number of Norman followers who were

given important positions in government (Baugh &

Cable, 1978). Furthermore, many Normans had

already settled in England before 1066, and there were

Englishmen in the upper echelons of church

government who probably had a fairly good command

of French.

3. Language shifts

Language change is a reflection of social change.

The Norman Conquest set in motion far reaching

changes in English society and in turn linguistic

changes emerged. The period of Norman rule is an

important turning point in the history of the English

language as it marks the end of Old English and the


emergence of the use of Norman French among the

upper classes. French gradually became the

predominant language of the ruling class in England,

and by the middle of the 13th century French was

being used an as alternative to Latin in administrative

settings (Crystal ( 2004:138). It was during this

period that the children of Norman fathers and English

mothers became proficient in both languages. The

English chronicler Ranulf Higden (as cited in Bragg,

2003,p.65) writes that intermarriage “bred

English-speaking children who could carry native

language with them inside the fortresses of the

foreigner.”. John Trevisa (1342-1402) who translated

Higden’s work Polychronicon from Latin into English

noted that “by 1385 in grammar schools of England,

children had abandoned French and learned in

English”. It is against the backdrop of these

circumstances that one should examine the influence

of French on English.

After the Battle of Hastings in 1066, it is said that

no King in England spoke English until 1399

(Bryson,1990:46). Under Norman rule the English lost

their leaders, but miraculously their language survived,

even though it was later inundated by numerous

French words and terms. Thus, contrary to what might

have occurred, English was not displaced by French

but was enriched and refined by its influence.

However, French did not become the official

language immediately after the conquest (Heys, 2001).

As mentioned previously, William did not intend to

replace English with French. In fact, he writes that

Latin and English were often used for most documents

and formal proclamations, and Shelly (1921:95)

concludes that the effect of the Conquest was not to

increase French usage but rather to increase the use of

Latin as the language of record.

Contrary to popular belief, Shelly argues that the

dormancy of English during this period was not the

result of the Norman Conquest but rather due to the

increased use of Latin by churchmen. In contrast,

French became the language of the court and the upper

classes. Crystal (2004) points out that French

eventually became essential for both administrative

communication within Britain and a sin non qua for

social advancement. These circumstances would

gradually change as exchange between the English and

Normans became more common. As a result, cultural

distinctions blurred and Norman French and Old

English gradually merge into Middle English. In fact,

by the end of the 12th century the English and the

Normans had intermingled to such an extent that it

became increasingly difficult to tell who was English

and who was Norman (Baugh & Cable, 1978).

When King Philip of France (circa 1204) seized

Normandy and Anjou from King John, the

Anglo-Normans at this point had to decide whether to

become English or French. In a sense, English

patriotism was born when the Normans in England

began to consider themselves more English than

French. It is thought that by the reign of Henry II

(1133-1189) the Normans were becoming more

English than French. Also, English had developed into

a triglossic nation. English was spoken by the lower

classes, French by landowners and the upper classes,

and Latin was used by record-keepers and church

prelates. Such a state of affairs was fertile ground for

the development of a new kind of English known as

Middle English.

4. The Impact of French

Modern English bears the imprint of Anglo-Norman

French; that is, the variety of French used in England

after 1066 until 1399. Henry IV made an address in

English at his coronation in October 1399. This was

the fist time an English King had addressed his people

in English for almost three hundred years.

According to Crystal (2004: 155) some 30,000

English words are derived from French. Bryson


(1990:47) writes that of the 10,000 words adopted

from Norman French, about three-quarters are still

used today. From this data, one can surmise that most

educated English speakers who have never studied

French probably already know approximately 15,000

French words. It should be mentioned that there are

about 17,000 words which are identical in both

English and French.

By the end of 12th century new domains of

expressions introduced by the Normans had created a

situation where there was a dearth of suitable terms in

English. Fredeen (2010) notes that local inhabitants

had to borrow French words to communicate with

their masters. Over the period of Norman rule, French

words permeated the English language in numerous

domains such as jurisprudence, entertainment,

architecture, estate management, music, religion,

fashion, food and drink, government and

administration, home life, medicine, scholarship and

learning, military matters, riding and hunting, and

literature. As a result, a vast amount of French

vocabulary was assimilated into English and

eventually assumed an English identity. Gooden

(2011:54) states that the ‘blending of Norman French

and Old English greatly increased the store of

vocabulary and in that way enhanced the variety and

complexity of English.

It is beyond the scope of this paper to examine in

detail all the domains influenced by the influx of

imported words. Therefore, only a few aspects of the

French lexicon which contributed to the development

and richness of the English lexicon will be examined

in the next section.

5. French Loan Words

French and Latin loan words greatly altered the

nature of English in that they contributed to its

remarkable diversity of specialized lexical items.

Crystal explains that new vocabulary brought about

new patterns of sounds which served as a catalyst to

stimulate changes in pronunciation and spelling.

French words infiltrated into the language of

government, the court and many aspects of English

culture via Latin during the Middle Ages. Notions

such as chivalry, honor, courtesy, chastity, largesse,

and étiquette gave rise to new concepts of morality

and behavior.

The assimilation of French vocabulary into English came

in two waves or influxes. (Fitzmaurice, 2003): The first

wave lasted 150 years after the Conquest until about 1250.

She states that before 1250 native English speakers

borrowed terms and labels used by their French speaking

rulers. Also, in the first century after the Conquest, Bragg

(2003:45) notes that the majority of imported words came

from Normandy and Picardy. The second wave began

when England lost its French possessions around 1250.

During this period, Bragg writes that Francien (the French

spoken in the Île-de-France) contributed greatly to the

assimilation of French loan words into English. Words

such as guardian, royal, guarantee, and regard are all

derived from Francien. Interestingly, Crystal notes that

many new words entered English in the south and

gradually moved north.

In the first 150 years the system of feudalism

introduced by King William resulted in the adoption of

numerous words defining economic and social

relations such as villain, vassal, laborer, baron, noble,

prince, peer, duke and duchess, count and countess,

servant, and sovereign. There was also an inflow of

French lexical terms related to governmental and

administrative matters. Words such as state,

government, parliament, nation, prison, minister,

chancellor, counselor, and bailiff were assimilated in

English, and are today an essential part of modern

English vocabulary. By the middle of the 13th century

it is estimated that French was commonly used as an

alternative to Latin in administrative settings (Crystal,

2004:138).


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A9tiquette%23French

The military lexicon in English is also influenced by

French words. Battle, army, soldier, armor, enemy,

navy, general, and war are just a few examples. Scores

of English legal and religious terms further exemplify

the profound influence of the Normans on the English

language: felony, arrest, warrant, prison, justice, judge,

jury, jail, crime, plaintiff, verdict, defendant, murder,

marriage, manor, clergy, abbey, abbot, cardinal, and

miracle are all words derived from Old French.

Crystal (2004:152) writes that from around 1260 to

1535 court reports, called Year Books, were written

entirely in French. However, during the 15th century

English gradually replaced French as the language of

law. The transition was difficult and is said to have

caused considerable concern among medieval lawyers

about the exact meaning of words and whether to use

French or English in certain contexts. As a result, they

often decided to use both, resulting in an increase in

lexical doublets as in null and void, aid and abet,

breaking and entering, and give and grant. The use of

such pairs became common in English to avoid

possible ambiguity.

The English language is inundated with French

culinary words. According to Bragg almost five

hundred English words dealing with food, eating, and

cooking are derived from French. Many cooking terms

were passed on by Norman masters to their servants.

The dominance of French food terms provides

evidence of how French has pervaded the English food

lexicon. The following words illustrate the profound

impact of French culture on the English language.:

pork, salmon, mackerel, sausage, beef, broil, mutton,

veal, bacon, mutton, lemon, grapes, biscuit, cream,

vinegar, mustard, appetite, chef, crème caramel,

cuisine and maitre d’ .

The influx of architectural French terms into English

spread rapidly in the 11th and 12th centuries as the

Normans erected cathedrals and monasteries.

Incidentally, during this period the Normans erected

hundreds of parish churches and most of the great

cathedrals. The designs of structures required new

words to express architectural concepts. The style of

architecture known as Romanesque made an

immeasurable contribution to the architectural lexicon.

Words such as castle, monastery, arcade, cathedral,

chapel, buttress, façade and vault are all essential

architectural words.

Finally, many new adjectives were generated by

combining Old French nouns with the Old English

suffix -ful meaning ‘full of’ or ‘characterized by’.

Adjectives such as beautiful, graceful, merciful,

faithful, and pitiful are examples cited by Crystal. In a

similar vein, the French suffix -able was combined

with old English words to create neologisms such as

knowable, makeable, doable, honorable, and

numerous others. It French introduced many (Latin

derived) prefixes such as con-, de-, dis-, en-, ex-, pre-,

pro-, and trans-, as well as suffixes such as -able,

-ance/-ence, -ant/-ent, -ity, -ment, and –tion. These

affixes have undoubtedly enriched English.

The proliferation of French loan-words contributed

greatly to the loss of inflectional endings of Old

English. One reason for this loss was that it was

difficult to assimilate new words into an inflected

language like Old English. Many French words were

borrowed without their own native inflections in order

to adapt them to Old English. For instance, as French

words with their noun-adjective constructions were

adopted, English words were modified to fit English

adjective-noun constructions. As a result, inflected

number endings that were used in Old English were

dropped from adjectives. The disappearance of

inflectional endings coincided with an increasing

reliance on word order and prepositional constructions

(Crystal, p.101). Another reason for the simplification

of Old English could be attributed to the proliferation

of English dialects during Norman rule. Bryson

(1990:51-52) notes that by the 15th century English


speakers often had difficulty in understanding one

another when traveling in other parts of England. In

the end, he suggests that the East Midlands dialect

spoken in the area around London became the most

widely spoken dialect perhaps because it had fewer

grammatical extremes than other dialects.

The influx of French loan words into English led to

changes in English phonology and spelling. For

example, the phonemic distinction between / f/ and / v/

appeared in Middle English because of the influence

of French sounds. The adoption of French loan words

is said to have brought about changes in pronunciation.

Diphthongs (the combination of two vowel sounds)

appeared in English, such as boy, boil, and joy. French

words also brought about changes in orthography.

While Old English used the cw, sc, c spellings, Middle

English adopted new spellings like qu, sh and, ch. The

French ch replaced the old English c such as ceap and

cinn. In Middle English such words were spelled

cheap and chin just as they are today. French also

introduced the diagraphs ou and ow to represent the

phoneme /u/ as in the words like hour and round.

6. The Rise of Modern English

In 1204, approximately a century and half after a

Duke of Normandy, William, defeated an English

King, Harold, at Hastings, King John of England and

ruler of territories spanning two-thirds of France, was

expelled by the French King, Philip August. James

(2011) writes that the loss of this territory was one

factor causing England to be more inward looking.

During the 12th century, he writes that many English

barons, despite their Norman ancestry, gradually

became ‘increasingly conscious of their Englishness,

which was evident by their anti-foreign attitudes

towards immigrant courtiers’. Hereafter, the language used by each generation of

Norman ruling classes in England became more

Anglicized. Anglo-French slowly shifted away from

Francien - the dialect spoken in the Île-de-France

region (with Paris at its center) before the

establishment of the French language as a standard

language. Rothwell (1993) explains that as a

consequence the ruling classes who used French in

England had to make their language adapt to the

changing norms of the society in which they lived and

worked. To meet such norms, French-speaking

inhabitants began to develop their own lexis. This is

said to have given impetus to subtle changes in

pronunciation as the lexis of Anglo-French

degenerated and atrophied. Gradually French became

less and less common and English would once again

become the lingua franca of England. Rothwell

explains that gradually the number native French

speakers became smaller and smaller, resulting in a

proliferation of books for the instruction of French.

This fact provides evidence that the ability to use

French had become increasingly difficult for much of

the upper classes. Eventually, two centuries after the

Conquest, French had to be learned as a “foreign

language” by many landowners of the upper classes

and government officials. In summary, the Normans who had ruled England

since 1066 eventually became Anglophones. Although

French continued to be used in England until the late

15th century, it would metamorphose into a new

language known today as Modern English. From the

12th to the 15th century, three different languages are

said to have been used in the courts. Latin was used

for writing, French as the main oral language during

trials, and English for informal exchanges between the

judge, the lawyer, and the complainant or witnesses.

This situation was not permanent. Gooden (2011:58)

writes that in 1356 orders were promulgated that law

court proceedings should be conducted in English.

Furthermore, the Pleading Act of 1362 stipulated that

all pleas in courts be pleaded, defended, debated, and


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France_(province)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_language

judged in English. Gooden also contends that by the

end of the 1300s all instruction in grammar schools

was carried out in English. Such important legal

changes suggest that the role of French as an official

language of the kingdom was disappearing, and as

aforementioned, an emergent language known as

Modern English would prevail over the language of

the Normans. In spite of these developments, Norman French

contributed to the phenomenal richness and variety of

English. Rothwell (1993) writes that English lawyers

and administrators who developed Anglo-French in the

workplace played an important role in creating many

semantic innovations. Although Anglo-French has

been viewed as a vulgarization of standard French, one

cannot dismiss the importance of the numerous lexical

innovations that emerged from Anglo-French over the

course of the late Middle Ages. Tiersma (1999) sheds

light on the evolving linguistic changes at the time. He writes, “Ironically at the same time that French was in ascendancy

as the language of the law, use of Anglo-French as a living language

was beginning to decline. It is probably no accident that this was

also the period when a professional class of lawyers arose. Soon

after 1400, Anglo-French was virtually extinct as a living language,

but it had become firmly entrenched as the professional language of

lawyers”.

Boxell also provides insight into the social milieu of

this period. He explains as follows: “It should also be borne

in mind that many Normans married English wives, often the

widows or daughters of the previous English landholder. In such

households both parties would need to learn at least a smattering of

eachother’s native language. At a lower level, the need to learn at

least simplified English was essential. Many Normans or Frenchman

were granted holdings (which would be re-name as a manor) as

reward for services rendered during the Conquest. With a totally

English workforce and possibly an English wife and no local French

speakers, learning English would have been a high priority”.

It is against this backdrop that the origin of numerous

faux-amis - pairs of words or phrases in two languages

or dialects (or letters in two alphabets) are found that

appear or sound similar, but differ significantly in

meaning. The appearance of numerous false cognates

reveals the dynamics of a changing language. To

understand why faux-amis pose difficulties for French

and English speakers today, it is necessary to examine

a few common false cognates.

In the next section there is a brief examination of

some false-cognates. The examples listed below

clearly illustrate the differences in meaning between

many French and English cognates. This paper will

not trace in detail how all these differences came about,

but faux-amis can be the cause of frequent

misunderstandings because they are orthographically

very similar. As a result, learners of either French or

English often assume that such words have the same

meanings.

7. Faux-amis

Assister (F) vs. Assist (E)

The French verb assister à means to attend

something: J'ai assisté à la conférence is translated

as I attended or went to the conference. However,

the verb assist in English means help or aid

someone or something: I assisted the woman into

the building in French is translated as J'ai aidé la

dame à entrer dans l'immeuble.

Avertissement (F) vs. Advertisement (E)

The French word un avertissement means a

warning or caution, from the verb avertir meaning

to warn. However, the English word an

advertisement is translated into French as une


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homophone

publicité, une réclame, or un spot publicitaire.

Blesser vs. Bless

Blesser in French means to wound, injure, or offend,

while the English verb bless in French is bénir.

Bras vs. Bras

Le bras refers to an arm, whereas bras in English is

the plural of bra, which in French in French is

translated as soutien-gorges.

Cave (F) = cellar, basement, vault.

Cave (E) = une caverne, une grotte.

Con (F) vs. Con (E)

Con in French is a vulgar word that literally refers to

female genitalia. It usually means an idiot, or is used

as an adjective in the sense of bloody or damned.

Con (E) as a noun is translated as - la frime, une

escroquerie, or as a verb - duper, escroquer. Pros and

cons (E) is - le pour et le contre in French.

Coin vs. Coin

Le coin refers to a corner in every sense of the

English word. It can also be used figuratively to mean

from the area: l'épicier du coin - the local grocery.

Vous êtes du coin ? means Are you from around here?

in English. A coin is a piece of metal used as money -

une pièce de monnaie

Two false cognates are the English verb demand

and the French verb demander. The verb demand in

English means to ask firmly, whereas the French verb

demander means to ask for. For example, in the

French sentence: “Il m'a demandé de chercher son

pull” can be translated as, “He asked me to look for his

sweater”. In English, the verb demand is usually

translated by the French verb exiger: For example,

“He demanded that I look for his sweater“ could be

translated as “Il a exigé que je cherche son pull.

The French verb décevoir (F) means to disappoint

in English: Il va te décevoir is translated as: “He's

going to disappoint you or let you down”.

Deceive in English means to deliberately trick or lead

someone astray: “I didn't mean to deceive you” can be

translated as: “Je n'avais pas l'intention de te

tromper”.

Formidable is a colloquial word in French meaning

great or terrific in English. “Ce film est formidable”

can be translated as “This is a great movie!” However,

the word formidable in English means dreadful or

fearsome. The English sentence, “The opposition is

formidable” would be translated as, “L'opposition est

redoutable”. The English word redoubtable meaning

deserving ofgreat fear or respect and is derived from

Old French.

Impeach (E) means to bring or to charge against and

is derived from the Old French verb Empeechier,

which is derived from the Latin word impedicare

meaning to entangle or catch. Empecher (F) means

to prevent in English. The word impeach (E) in French

is translated as inculper. The English word inculpate

has the same meaning.

Information (F) is a semi-false cognate. Une

information refers to a single piece of information,

while des informations is equivalent to the general

English term information. In addition, une information

means an official inquiry or investigation.

Information (E) should be translated as des

renseignements or informations

Ignorer (F) is a semi-false cognate meaning to be

ignorant or unaware of something: “J'ignore tout de

cette affaire” can be translated as: “I know nothing

about this business”.

Ignore (E) means to deliberately not pay attention to


http://www.myetymology.com/latin/impedicare.html

someone or something. The usual translations are ne

tenir aucun compte de or ne pas prêter attention à.

To the surprise of many English speakers, the

French word préservative is translated as condom in

English. The English word preservative in French is

translated as produit conservateur.

The French word travailler means work in English

and travail from Old French means suffering or

painful effort, trouble.

Scrutin (F) means ballot, poll, election. Une boîte de

scrutin is a ballot box

Scrutiny (E) refers to the French words un examen

minutieux/rigoureux, un regard insistant.

Truculent (F) vs Truculent (E)

Truculent (F) is vivid, colorful, racy, larger than life

in English.

Truculent (E) describes someone who is aggressive or

predisposed to fight: brutal, aggressif

8. The Survival of English

The Norman Conquest could have resulted in the

disappearance of English. This did not happen for

numerous reasons. Although Norman rule over

England had a profound impact on English, the

Normans rulers never adopted a policy to replace

English with French. As a result, the presence of the

Normans not only enriched Old English as new words

and phrases were added to the language, but also the

necessity for easier communication between the

English and the Normans helped to produce

simplification of complex linguistic structures of Old

English. By the 14th century the complex system of

gender for nouns had disappeared in English

(Gooden:45-56). He writes that the Norman

population was much smaller than the English

population of the 11th century, so it can be surmised

that English was never overwhelmed by French

because English inhabitants outnumbered French

occupiers. He also explains that the English already

had a well established spoken and written culture at

the time, making it unlikely that the Normans would

ever be able to obliterate its influence. Gooden also

points out that English survived because French

speakers found themselves in situations where they

had to acquire a modicum of English in order to deal

with the English speaking population once they moved

out of military or court circles. Finally, the Hundred

Years War between the English and the French played

a significant role in arousing English patriotism.

Undoubtedly, this was a catalyst for bringing about the

evolution of modern English.

9. Concluding Remarks

English and French can be likened to two siblings in a

family. Both languages are rich in lexical diversity.

English and French share words like faux-pas and

savoir-faire. Just as siblings share similar qualities,

languages also develop similarities during the course

of their lives. Whether one refers to a particular style

of literature, art, film or music in either French or

English, the meaning of the word genre is almost the

same in both languages. In a similar vein, chefs who

work at hotels in Paris or London may not always be

able to understand each other easily, but they share the

lingua franca of culinary terms like cuisine, dessert,

croissant, hors d’oeuvres, Pinot noir, and à l la carte.

Finally, the French expressions like haute couture,

negligee, à la mode, chic, de rigueur and avant-garde

are prevalent in the fashion world. These words show

clearly the enormous impact French has exerted on

English.


http://dictionary.reverso.net/french-english/produit%20conservateurhttp://dictionary.reverso.net/french-english/produit%20conservateurhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bo%C3%AEte%23French

References

Baugh, A., & Cable, T., ( 1978) The Domination Of

French in England.

Retrieved from http://orbilat.com/Influences

of_Romance/English/RIFL-English-French-The_Domin

ation_of_French.html

Boxell, G. All is the same - All is changed: The Effect of

1066 on the English Language. Retrieved from

http://geoffboxell.tripod.com/words.htm

Bragg, M. (2003). The Adventure of English. London:

Hodder and Stoughton.

Bryson, B.(1990). Mother Tongue. London: Penguin

Books.

Cryer, A.B. (2009) Anglo-Norman language explained.

Retrieved from

http://everything.explained.at/Anglo-Norman_language/

Crystal, D. ( 2004). The Stories of English. London:

Penguin Books.

Fitzmaurice, S. (2003). Lexical Borrowing and the Shape

of Middle English. Retrieved from

http://www2.nau.edu/~eng121-c/lexicalborrowing.htm

Gooden, P.( 2011). The Story of English. London:

Quercus

Heys. J. (2001). French as a Mother-Tongue in Medieval

England. Retrieved from

http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/6361H

eys.htm

Hughes, G.( 1998). Words in Time. London: Bassil

Inc.

James,T.(2011).Overview: The Middle Ages1154-1485.

Retrieved from

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/overv

iew_middleages_01.shtml

Rothwell, W. (1993). The Legacy of Anglo-French:

faux amis in French and English. Retrieved from

http://www.anglo-norman.net/articlesA/fauxamis.x

ml

Shelly, P. (1921). English and French in England

1066-1100. University of Philadelphia, PA The

Historical Background to Middle English.

Retrievedfrom

www.astolat.net/HistoricEnglish/HistEngl1.htm

Tiersma, P. (1999). Legal Language.

Retrieved from

http://www.languageandlaw.org/LEGALLANG/LE

GALLANG.HTM


http://orbilat.com/Influences%20of_Romance/English/RIFL-English-French-The_Domination_of_French.htmlhttp://orbilat.com/Influences%20of_Romance/English/RIFL-English-French-The_Domination_of_French.htmlhttp://orbilat.com/Influences%20of_Romance/English/RIFL-English-French-The_Domination_of_French.htmlhttp://everything.explained.at/Anglo-Norman_language/http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/%7Ecpercy/courses/6361Heys.htmhttp://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/%7Ecpercy/courses/6361Heys.htmhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/overview_middleages_01.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/overview_middleages_01.shtmlhttp://www.anglo-norman.net/articlesA/fauxamis.xmlhttp://www.anglo-norman.net/articlesA/fauxamis.xmlhttp://www.astolat.net/HistoricEnglish/HistEngl1.htm

��DEAE-

� � �� MMA � � � �� "!�# $ %�& � ' ( ��) * � + , - . � �

:/ ! 0 1 2 3 � 4 5 6 7 8 9 :

;�=�?A@CB DFEHG�IKJLB MON�PKQRB S�TVUXWKJLB ;�

ï�� · º �ËÛ º ïÇÁÇÊ��¡��! �� ´ 5) �"�#�$®ïî º% æ'&"�( ¶�)+* ø · ïèé¾ ¤¥�,�-+.þÿ�/ÐÿÓ ¡¤¥ ©�01 ïÎ�24365 * ø7�98 *ø;:ã�Ð Ã�? ï�@!"�A © LB B DC�E�FGÐãB IH�Jèé��¤¥ö~ ¾¡¾ÈÉK� ´ ¡¾Ô ÃMLµ�NO Æ�P¢QR�ST�UVè�-.þÿ¾¤¥=>Ð�W!X N O èé Ò µ è��Ð¤Ð¥Æ ¸ 0�1 ä�Y %!ZI["¢¤¥Æ\�]��^_`� ´ Ã ¾ N O ¨ía Æb+c ~�VèÓ¹¢¤¥dÆfe ½ ~hg¤¥+dÆ�i�+jÁèöê'k�P��Æ�Pè��¤¥ ½ ûljAö~, ½ Æ�STm ã�n`o¾¡�p¯�]�q+/èÊ��£MC�E�S+Tm ãèé�rÛ ) &+s¾æèfU�fq��~��¾¿ÀÁ ´¡Ô ¦ut7v+w+x � § Ãfy½ Î�=Æ N O j+A7z+n ¨ ·{ ïKð|��i��}ö~lVè¾~~¾Æ�+ Ã �¾Æ� { ï��²�ÌÍÆ�³´è

+� ¨ { ï�Æ�ÌÍf²þÿ�� í+µ Æ y½ zn�=+>�j+Aö~ N O Æ í ² í Æ N O zn¶ ¶ æ· ÔÇ ú ( *�%K·�[ "�¸¹ ¦uº§ �]!=Â ´ ×�»¼=Â~l½¾ Ã í+¿ ¥�XfÀ¤Á�Â�Ã ¥ ¶·¹¸K· º & *�%ò Æ\�] ¨�Ä�Å è�ÆÇö~è+�¡Ô 7) Ã DEAE È ¶�)�* ø#ïY ? " · æ+É�Y+Êæî *% æ ¦ MMA § �Ë�#�r ø Ä

Fig. 1: HEK293lEm%npoEq*r DEAE-dextran sutEv)wyx{z 0|2}%~DDMC stv2wxz 130%}5~ xv22w2E�

� DEAE-dextranBE 1 10mg/mL DDMC *2 2 10 mg/mL DDMC BE 3 20 mg/mL, DDMCB)p 28.6 mg/mL

Fig. 2: DNA~p*% n)%,p(r DDMC/DNA ) ( E¡)¢((£)¤E¥%¦ (DNase) §*¨%)©*(%)(ª«

4ml ¬2�¨®°¯r DNase (RQ1 RNase-Free DNase,Promega)

10 ± g ~ 10x ²³´ ( µ·¶¸¶¸¹2º%»½¼¸¾À¿ÁÂÃÅÄÀÆÈÇ ¶É¶Ê¹2º�º5ËÍÌÏÎÐ ÆÑÇ ¶¸¹Òº ÃÓÍÃÅÄÕÔÉÆ×ÖØÂ2Ù ) 0.1ml Ú 37Û�Ü )ÝpÞ ¥ßxàár§�â DNA ªYx[ Ü%ã áä5¬�å�æ

633nmpçEè Úpé)ê

DNase ¿ëì ¾; N*OBP p e DEAE-íîBïñðóò*ô

ëhz |8õ } DDMC x e�ö5÷ ë b T _ �ø ðùò5ôï*ú 4q%6,7 ô uqv(û b T _ õ }�f bÛfÜ º )üý ë DNA e�þ5ÿ õ } Å ô "��qÉ ð µ�6 ï ë��fÃ l7m� ë��ÄÃ�� f Ùlqm � x ¿(X º N%O º ëc � ë ��q �� û�� ë ¾�� ÛfÜ�� 7) ü�� ! �"YX � � N�O$# �� DNA %"�&�'$� DNase(�) ë íYî�ï ð ò�ô �"�&�' ��*� íCî�ï�ð ò�ô�ï�+�ò!,.- / Dextransucrase0 �21�34 � �65%7 û�8�9 õ6:�;= DDMC # DEAE-í(î%ïðò%ô ��^]�_a`cb�dfe ,�g�h�i�j G�>lk�m # ��n�op �!qsr � o!�� tvu!w�x � # DDMC /DNA � Oy�z Q�{�| W G�} � @ n�~ � #�� >l�m� # n x �

{�| \ :�;a^��% � \ : #�% D e��_%�e / transit0 � O y%z Q%% �I�K �� 6qsM O6 oDDMC O A�B� o #!�$!� R +$ �� W � \ :!G �� 6q w%¡s¢$ DDS 3£ o6¤ %Q Y � \ : DDMC i6¥ 3 \ �6¦%§ >6¨%©% %ª%}%k Y � \ :61%3%« �6¬ W�%® r � �6q

3. DDMC/PTX ¯±° ²´³ µ´¶ ·±¸º¹»½¼¿¾ ÀÂÁÄÃºÅ ÆÈÇ

3.1. DDMC/PTX ÉËÊÍÌËÎËÏËÐÒÑÔÓÍÊËÕÖDSC Ê×ÕÈØ

Fig. 3 # DDMC/ PTX ¤ ÙQÙÚ § Y.ÛÙÜ PTX ODSC Ý B�Þ� iàß « q ¡ 4 �á o!â 1ã DDMC /åä æ eèç 102 é!0 > 2ã DDMC/PTX Ú § Y / DDMC 9.6mg/PTX 0.385 mg0 > 3ã DDMC/PTX Ú § Y / DDMC9.6 mg/PTX 0.709 mg0 > 4ã PTX ��*�ê q 4ã o #!ë�ìD w�í Oïîñð�O�òHóïôJ,N+�õ�ö�ðNO { ó÷ôJ,�+�W *ê

(Table 1)22)q

Fig. 3: DDMC/PTX ø�ù�ú�û�ü�ý�þCÿ��PTX��lù�� (DSC ù�� ) � 1� DDMC� 2� DDMC/PTX ûü!ý (DDMC 9.6mg/PTX 0.385mg)� 3� DDMC/PTX û!ü!ý

(DDMC 9.6mg/PTX 0.709mg)� 4� PTX�

I bv_��6U o ò�� r�� :!G ê�� % $O�� / 94.9� 0 II �ï+ �"!�# T�U�$ �%�& 4(' O�� / 171.8� 0 III � +)�*!+# TÙU O-,/. / 220.8 � 0(0 Hm 1

平成26年2月大分大学工学部研究報告　第61号－　19　－

20.6mJ/mg IV2434546 / 236 � 0 q k47 â 2ã ;s¢ Ü 3ãO DDMC/PTX Ú § Y o�8!â49/: h�;!, U i PTX �?4@4A \ :6G ê o @ 4%4 ' } â G%} � @ 220.8� O�,�. o �B « ê ò�óïôJ,�+�W | � 4�CED qvM OM õ 4�' â DDMC/PTX Ú § Y�F o�8�â PTX WHGJI�KL U >4M h e 24N \ :6G ê @ O�õ I�K ' � ê q

3.2. DDMC/PTX ÉÂÊ ÌÂÎÂÏsÐÈÑPORQTSVUTWX)Y[Z]\

Fig. 4(a)8

DDMC / ä æ e ç 102%0 > PTX >?;÷¢Ü DDMC/PTX Ú § Y�O�^E_a`cbedgfhfifkj�blfhfimon-prqtsvu�wO"x x ò�y�h�z�+ ecU > * Fig. 4(b) 8�L��|{�� OX-H }4~/�4� > *�ê ^/_dhfj�difimon-prquw�O�x x ò�y�h�z$+ eèU > *�ê q PTX 8 dfhfimonEpq u o Þ� �O�ò�y�W * DDMC Û�Ü DDMC/PTXÚ § Y 8 dtblfhfimon-prq u o� , ` ! '�Þ § \ DN-Hâ

O-Hâ

NH-O O�}�~44 o ¢ ê ò�y�W�4 r��ê q÷r ' o� DDDMC/PTX Ú § Y > 8 >FÞ| �O�ò

y�W�4 \ > N-H â O-H O�òy�W�P ]��U� ,� o gæ e \ :�G ê q�M�8 > PTX O Þ� �W�õ � ê õCõ @oDDMC õ Ú § Y�i6Z [s\ > L� ' O Ú § Y�W ¤ 2QE� § \ :HG ê ¬ iHßE \ :F;a< â PTX O Þ § \ D

DDMC8�L�� W Þ § \ :!G G/� ¢$ *�ê õ I�K ' � ê q \ 4 êo�L OHP ]4�U� ,��³�O�g æ e 8 DDMC/PTX Ú §Y >H´+µ�> *Cê q%M O M õ^W > DDMC/PTX Ú § YNW ¶�· õ \ D ¯ Y � ³�¸

Fig. 5: DDMC/PTX ûFü6ý�÷�ø�ù"ùJÔÓúÒ��û�ü�� (a) ÷øFù�ù (b)�ýú"Ò��ÐûHü��2 Q Z [ Oþ�O DDMC/PTX Ú § Y�O � �� Þ §O�ÿ��i6ß \�� G ê q

3.3. ��ÂÊ��K�Ë��N�� GVI�� Q 3�� nano Partica SZ-

100 g(� Ë ��! o ¢ " DDMC/PTX Ú § Y�O��#42%$õ'&4Ë�!)(%*�Ý%+-, D). D DDMC/PTX Ú%/10 2 �3 4�5�6�7�8 , ��9%: (�; > 4-, D�.

Fig. 5(a)< Fig. 5(b) 2>=@?BA �C#EDF$@G 200-300 nm<&ÂË>HI(F* [ (KJCLCMF�FNE�FOP�RQTSE�VUXWZYF[ISFOE! ]GF\E] "_^@`ba +36 mV cCd a>eFf�g)h . Fig. 6 2 SEMi1j e G%\%]lk ^>` ]nm%op]nq1r 3psnt%ulvxw

Fig. 7: *2|222 B16F10 ·&-$=&-& -¡*¢£¥¤ ¹�^^\-¦ ]¡§ PTẌ-© DDMC- ^^\] ¥¡§ DDMC/PTẌÆ´EµC¶ · MTT (WST8) ÓCÔ-ª=«\¬2 48®2¯ ¹ Õ�°&± e�² dn\ A�³pg z a |nô^� ¡� Õ�°|± G�´2S*µ / K)Þ s Ø ³ v'w h�f Õ e%f k[Z 1 e G PTX¶2·P¸ èÞ z-Z[7 ¶-· e G PTX ¶*·$¸ ¡22¹ ¸|º ¡p|�»*¼ 4�q2r Õ*½ 4 î¾S�µP¿nñ }&ZÀ3 ¶*· e*Á PTX¶*·�¸ ¡��Â ¸&º ¡ | ½ 4 îS�µ@Ãxñ } ¸ On|�fÕ }xp d w |nô¥S*µ$¿ } Á*> [�&Ä* � Õ j p|Å^Æ�Û Õ qHrZ SHµ B } Á IJ ?ÈÇ {�¥� Õ ÅHÉÕ q�r} nw�Ênw d w |nô % e& ¡� Õ�Ë Á ¡�*¹ ¸�º ¡ p|�»�¼ 4�q*r Õ�½ 4 Ë @Ì îÍ¿nñ }3 ¶· eHÁ PTX ¶H·¸ ¡�Â ¸�º ¡ ³| ½ 4 Ë Ì îÎÃxñ Õ�Ï S�µ Õ�Ë }n] |nô Õ�Ï S�µ Õ&Ë ¿Ð Ã } Á Z S*µ�¿ Z Ã ¸ a zÒÑ S*µ�¿ \�Ó Ã s�Ôl|&Õ } aLKÖS�µ Õ } e�f k[Z S�µ(¿ Z Ã s�× a ¸�ØÙPÚ } ` Z Ï S�µ Õ Ôl | Ë ÛÌ ( ¿ Ð Ã ) Á*Ü&Ýpe ëvxw |�ôÌ

( ¿ Ð Ã ) Þ Ì îß¿�ñgà Ì îáÃZñÌ îß¿ Ð ÃZñ\âãS�µ(¿��h�Á(Ã s�Ô- | Ë Ì îß¿�ñ âäS�µ�¿ s�Ô `�| Ë Ì îáÃZñ âäS�µ@Ã s�Ô `�| Ë

å ¸ Fig. 7 ¸ ó Ï S*µ Õ Ô | Ë @Ì ( ¿ Ð Ã ) ÁÌ îß¿�ñ } Ì îáÃZñ ò�æ�ç ± } |� °�± } Ú |�ôèé25) Á�ê�ë Å ¸ �³| �Û > .�ì�íA Õ�îï Á

1ð ÅÆ Õ HFñ]ò^óHô Õ]õ^ö O\÷^øFù Õ]ú^û ¸ O|$f Õ � 2ð Å�Æ ;�ü*ý Õ�n î 9 Û � Õ&þ�ÿ ��9 � Õ�ú�û ñ ¸ On|�f Õ � 3ð Å�Æ Õ��î 4 Õ 5� à à �Dn ¸ O�|f Õ � 4ð ë�� ¸ OK|f Õ �5ð

DNA ��ý ¸�� ê |(f Õ � 6ð ê�< å çbÄ(' `�� ê�� < å�ç Ä ' ` '�� B�� Õ-úHû ¸ O�� f Õ Ú / ¸î*ï�� ²! �"�#��%$ &�' ¸ Á�(�)+*�,%-�.½ 4�/�0&ý1 � Ú »�¼ 42q�r , ½ 4 �%243 ��5�6478

9 K:$ ¸ Á ' ` +�A?%@ , 2�3�A�BCDEF /G #�H ÑÍ' ` +$A �I @ Õ�, EF 7�56+� Ú ��$=J�KL @ ,�M�N 29) OP,�Q�R�SPT�UI @PV�W ��ÇXPY Ä �ZPTX[PV�\] ��^_�`bac�deP,�fg�hi�jk VPW)ml PTX no�V�p *�q�"�Ur ] � Z Ur�st [uvwxy ,z w Z|{�}�~ ^_`�a�cd�e�,� ] �%h�fgi [�/+�� $�X��g V� #"�;,h�i u�v w TRAG-3 7��de ��b)� ,� �b s V x�y �"�#m�m(�7��q"�#P��7��M�N 29) OP,�h�i�j�k��^�_`�a�cd�e VP7��g PTX /� �¡ �"� 24 0�¢V �H�q�" 0 1� uv w=xy£ a� /�¤�¥ %�^_`�ac4,%de�¦ �0¢/�§ q�"� , uv w �* , uv w¨ V�©ª 7� "�#��= /�«+W� � %H�%, � 8��$�¬��® £°¯ � , AF =±�²³+´=µ%¶¸·²�¹º%»¼µ¼½¿¾�a�¶ V%ÀÁ PÂ�Ã /�Ä�Å�¡ �ÆPH AFP� �R�ÇÉÈ�� 1024 Èº /�Ê q�" ¤�Ë �"�#��$ 0¢�/�§ q�"�Ì�Í ] ��PTX /¸ �¡ %"ÏÎ 0�¢%Ð PTX ,¸Ñ!Ò u=v w ,ÓÎÕÔ �8�� TUBA4A Z Tubulin alpha-4A chain[Öu=v w �%=Ç�¶�×ØÙ�Ú G ]�Û (��7%Ü+*�)�"�# Û RBM23 �Ý#Þu�v w 7 L � bßPà�V q�"bá�â /�¡ 3 Pãbä�H�$å 0�¢bÐ �æ V� #P"�ç V PTX 7bèP #É(é�,ê é q�"�# Û�u�v w é �"�ÜÉ*ë)P"�# Û TXNIP 7ßPà�V� qH�$Éì 0�¢�Ð P(�, TXNIP B EGR1 P*H �, u�v w V�©�ª 7�í�"# Ûî w 7 « 3 "�ïH�$ñð 0¢bÐ �æ�7� V� #�"�ç V PTX ,�hi u�vw é� �"�ÜÉ*ò)P"�# Û CYR61 7�ó x V� q�"%# Û (é�7 Û $ EGR1 ëá�â /b¡ 3bômõ Û $MN 29) VW )�l�(�, W4�V �7�g¼é�# ÷öùø�úû

Fig. 8: A8BDCFEHGHIDJ B16F10 KFLNMFOQPSR DDMC-T:UWVXHY[Z�\ P PTX]H^H_�`:a,T�U:V X8Y,Z�\ ]cb DDMC-T�UV X�YdZ�\ P DDMC/PTX]8^�_�`eK MTT (WST8) f�g�hiFj�k48 l�m,b

Û & on�p q-�]� o� PTX no�V Ur�so2 V" r]4Û z w Z {�}/r [ =8s�t�Ò Vu� ^_`�a�cdeV�\]mÛ PTX & fèPv�w é Û.-/x &by } �y (z|{8} l� PTX =H~:4Ò V ^�_=`%ac=d�e & X!YÝa & h�i uv w é[y [ S�Q: �� '� � { õ } l� f�è��v�w+é 0 ( { '�� ]�Û �� w = � { õ } l 0 ( S�Q� 8 & + ' ói ÿ� » � a+é ( q-ÿ:��o� Ü/0 } > ( Û�î�V x &�� ï 8 » � a & ' { Û� ä V n�o & PTX no =�� { = Û�-�� DDMC/PTX 9 � &�� n Û � � Ò on Û�- % ¢ é�é Vbþ�ÿ�]�Û ö =� & �� ûV á�â ' õ8¡ Fig. 8 &|¢ é PTX £�n=o éÝU�r�sþ�ÿ Z 2 [�V�¤ Á " r ]�Û�-¦¥�x ^_`�a�cde&

PTX V�\�]�Û hiP « 0 } ¡ Û d�e�¦ & § &�¨:© � & W� �n � º�ª�R�S ¯ µ%¶�«:¬ &¨�© � & ´� ¯ R¯® ^�SP &�° V n > Û�-� 5�± �²�³ Y�´ Z Cheng-Prusoff[ ° 30) W�� de:?�µ Z Cell death(%)[ (Cd) C¶ ' ¬Éé ��> PTX&�· × &�5�6 a à ¯ & 7�9 �o (dp/dt) Ô�¸ &�¹ºV�Û�- »F¼¾½¿¼ÁÀqÂ�Ã¾¼ÅÄÆ½¿¼ÁÀÈÇo»

¶ (1)· ×+é ¨:©�& �\: &�¨W© � ® £ '8É �8 ´� ¯ RÊ® ^��SP &�°

Ë�Ì�ÍDÎÐÏÒÑÔÓÖÕØ×ÚÙ¾ÓÖÛØ×ÝÜÙ ½ßÞ ÓÖÛØ×ÝÜÙáà�âäãæå (2)x�x âäã P´� ¯ R ¬ ç.èÊé , ( ÓêÛ,ë:ì â ã & ~: Z º�ª¸R%S ¯ µÖ¶H«:¬ [ '8í { F�î � &8ï�ð �ñ ° (3) ¡ { 0 } Û & 30) �´H ¯RÊ® ^��SP &�° (2) =�ò�ó u�d Ô { =�ô Û�-

Fig. 9: õ8ö�÷:ø[g8ù|ú WST8 h:K,I�JHû8üýPÝþ�ÿ8]Hl�m8K�� bË�Ì�ÍDÎÐÏ ÑÔÓÖÕØ×SÙ (3)

x�x �d�e�? �o � Cell death(%) rate� ¨�© � �o Ë �n � PTX & n�o ¨�© £�no ÓÖÕØ× Ù é�Û & ��e�?�µ � Cell death(%)� (Cd)

»¶ '

¬Éé ��> (1) °�� »F¼ØÂ ÍDÎÐÏ ÑÔÓÖÕØ×SÙ ÀÈÇo» ¶À

(4)

24 % ¢ & � »F¼ØÂ� é�� ÓßÕØ×SÙ à �

�� é (5)

48 % ¢ & � »F¼ØÂ� éÁé�� ÓßÕØ× Ù à � é

��(6)

é /� 0.0481�� 0.1082 ¨:© £�n=o ÓßÕØ× Ù &�� £�� ²�� ¬+é í { 0 } , 0 % ¢ 0 é �Û�x é� � Û¸ÿä! H Ò#"�$ � � �%� Fig.9� x } 0 &H° =#&�(' Ô { =� Û�- x�x º�ª)�)* ¯ µ¸¶�«�¬�ó & ´ ¯ � ®,+�-*4 &8° �-. 0/ Û { DDMC/PTX1 w 9 � & º�ª)�-* ¯ µ¸¶%è ð · ×+é ¨©�& �2W &�¨�© � ® £ & . =)3! } Û8- ò4 � � DDMC/PTX 9 � & ° (2) &�¢ é 1 w i ' ��5 �� º�ª)�)* ¯ µ%¶8;:< & �06i & n Ûö ê é ê�7 û ® £ ' ��5 �D ¨N© � é ã98�:!Ò#;< � é í { >�= ( - DDMC/PTX 9 � & �> -5:6�? à ¯ � DDMC/PTX = �2� &�¨�© � ® £� � ��> ( Û é í { 0 } Û�- x } ö DDMC '@ � ½�é � PTX A � ½òé / Û�û�BDC�ÿ 9DE � � � ¥ & 1 w �F =#G Ò ¨N© ® · × N HF '#I � > (


Û & Wn Û8-�x &8· × N 0F = PTX & Ñ4Ò w Wn Û5W6-? à ¯ �JLKé & � ' ��Mo �0�N ô ��O PTX� � 0P)Q x�Û��M�R &�S�T�&)U0VXW�Y)Z �\[0]^0_ � "�] /X`)a0b�c�d�e &0f c � ')gXhXi O 4�j &+�k�l ?�mon ��p n PTX n�q F �#r�sut } ¡ovxw ?oyz�{ J|KD}~ O +DkDl ?Dm �Dp �D [ � ?W � � apoptosis� ] � i�� ` }�� `�0] n PTX n DDS D (DDS } PTX n ) OX

PTX } � yX { n�D ( y k�� { ) O� D¡¢{ nx£¤¥¦ �¢§ z©¨ª ?«¬ PTX ¥®D¯ t° §)0 (EndoTAG-1), ± ` P PTX ¥)²�³ ` ¨´z YXµ {¶ D D· P , D¸D¹�º©» p �¼½D¾¢ �¿ » p -À�Á t ¹o PTX ¿ÃÂ�Ä t ¹HÅ�Æo¥-ÇH³} i�� `�DÈDÉ O DDMC/PTX D P » p �½¾ ¬ ]0Ê i) À�Á t ¹�¸ OÌË n�Í�Í)Î À c } i�)Å�Æ¥�ÇD³ }ÐÏXÑ §�Ò�Ó�¿�Ô HÕ�Ö ÔX× DDMC/PTX ¬ Ô ` v�wÙØ y z9{-Ú ~�Û P Ë n�ÜHÝ0Þàß PTXá¬�â�ã ¿)ä�åXO Ú 0³ `)æ ¬ ÔX×(ç0è t ¹ ` }�Ï�Ñ ¹ `)ÌéLê Xë Ý�ì�í µ Ø ¥)îoï §% k { ë�ð�ñ íWuò { n)ó� O#ô�õ�ö i)¬÷� } Ó(ø Þ ¿�±L×ùO »p�À�ú�û Õ�ü P DDMC/DNA � n a�b0c�d0e¿�ý {þ Ø W ë ¬ Ô× ¸D¹|º ô PDÿ ÷ O�� À P ô ü dDe i�� × O DDMC/PTX � ¬Ô ` Å n)Æ�� } i)Xº k {�� ÿ�� }�Ï�Ñ ¹ `) Ë n� À c n � ÿ À c�� ¥ ÏXÑ ¹�� Ë ¹�� ABC k { ë ¨ Ø µ Ø ± ` ABCB5 �¢¿��g Ä% k { ë ¨ Ø µ Ø · ¥)gXh��¯ Ä�� ` }�� Ó ÏÑ º ± ` ¿ 31) ��¢n }�� í z µ ! n }�"�# ÔXÓ ¬Xº�i ô )À0Á ³0¹��!$ k�l Ø m0» pn

PTXnqÝ } ix&% ABCB5 k { ë ¨ Ø µ Ø

· PTX ' » p ü ¬�g¢h t ¹ `)(+* ± ` i),¢iDDMC/PTX

D -'�.0/ } ¬-1¹¥�ghi�� `�2¬�3�4 � ¹ `)65 �71�¹ n e�8 ¥:9�;� } i):?��@�A�¬ ÏXÑ .LÔXÓ !Bõ�C�D ß transition-state theoryá ¬ Ô ¹��E9�; À c�FG ¬)H Ó ý { �I�J Ø�KML ß ý { NI�J Ø k ��O áP � �I)ë:Q z�� í ÿ�R . ßTS�¸ .�U�'�V�¿�.�á ¿ ` } �Ãâ�ã ' B õ�W�X ¬ ÿ × P ³L÷Y�ÃÜ�Ý�¯ ý�Z�[ Ø ¥ L&\ ` ÈDÉ ��9&;

-âDã ~Û '&]!^ âã ¿9�;�_�`X¬:a�b t ¹ :c:> ¿ KdL ³ ` § �� È�e A0¬

ý { �I&J Ø ' KfL ³ `x i §¿ ïD��)9&; - âã ~

Fig. 10: g�h�ikjkl�monqpsr�tvukwyxozo{q|k}�~km PTXDDMC-x&z&{�|!}N~)m PTX��)))!�)�p!:�:�� tvu : x�z�{�|�}E~�m PTX��g�h:i�j:l�mnNp�tvu : DDMC- x�z�{E|:}E~:m PTX��Ng�hi:j�l:m�nqp Û ¿�E A�¬ è�ö ³d §� ¬ ' � c ý�Z0 [ Ø� ¯¡£¢¥¤¦¡£§©¨&ª0¡0«f¬®!¯ ÿ )°+± ¿±|× � ýM²µ�0J Ø� ¯ ¡³§ º � ÷ K�L-´�ÿ � ¹-� ÿ-µ�ÿ�¶ß ýd²�µ)·J Ø¹¸ ý�²»ºEI�J Ø�¼�½�¾ á Ìæ�¿ �-â�ã ]^fÀD§&�ýM²µ�ÁJ Ø+ ¯ ¡®§�Â 'Ë&À _&` À)Ã�Ä¬ Ô× � ÷ K-L ³- ýf²µ�ÁJ Ø� ¯ ¡Å§�Â 'Fig. 10 À ÜÝ¯ ý&Z [ Ø ¡®ÆEÇÈ¯ Ò�É· ´ ÷Y� ËÀ:Ã�Ä ¬ Ô�× DDMC/PTX 0 �'�Ê�Ë Ø�Ì·Í ² Ú Î Û ¥ ç0è ��19¹ ¿ »ÈÏÈÐ =�>»ÑÒ£ÓÕÔ×Ö�Ø7Â×ÙÛÚÝÜ ¬�Þß Î�à ³� æ ¬ ÔX× DDMC/PTX � ´Ô �$�á�â Øã »�Ï�Ð À)ç0è ¬:ä ÿ ¿ �å:� É � PTX æ�çè�' �éÿ ý�²�µ�·J Ø � X ��é ÿ Ü�Ý�¯ ý�Z� [ Ø ¡MÆNÇ¿ °�± ÿ À�è � Ë&À)ê PTX � ¥!ë�ìÁí° ÿ)¶ ¯ $�áâ Ø ã »�Ï ' Ð¬�î µ�ÿ�¶ ¯ ÏXÑ µ ¹-�å

5. ïñðòôóñõ B16F10 öñ÷ øúù ûôüDDMC/ PTX ýþ ÿ�� in-vivo �� ù

� ¯ ´��PTX

�2DDMC/PTX4

ß��50nmá �

3 DDMC/PTX5ß��

290nmá � 4 ��C�� 0»Ï ¯ ´��in-vitro �! ¯ "M# ã ê ë C57BL/6J c �MÀ" �$# Ý > À ¶ $�á�â Ø ã »�Ï ß Melanoma Cells

B16F10á%�$& ¶ � ¿ �'�( ¯ ´$� ã ê ë (C57BL/6


Fig. 11: )+*-,+.+/10%266643+5+6+.+/10%26+7981: MST ; C , T ;=?@ /C ;A5CB?@� ��qp� B16F10�D�EF CGH$IJ�wK�LENM�O (C57BL/6 P� 6 QR�S h�TMUO ) WV4@ 3 X� �.CY?Z?[?\k PTX DDMC/PTX4^]C_ 50nm DDMC/PTX5 ^]$_ 290nm ` À 6 a!bÅÀdc%e ãgfdh ) ikjml 3 ndop��q%& ´d�%rsutNsuv 'w( ¿ ÁÀ�xwy{zN|�} �~w iNuwN009001oTzNN in-vivo �! N��w� å ¿ 7 T� r ß�� r ã{f$h$u$� z$�

( ¡£¢¥¤¦¡=§ cells/mouse)r ¨T©ª�«C¬ �?®¯}T°± z$²�³ $´�µu¶�· « ¸�¹ « ¤¦º=º¼»A½$½�¾¿ z$À r-Á�«�Â 4Ã�ÄÅ¶4ÆTÇ4È °É?Ê ·�Ë ¨ Å�Ì?Í ?ÎÌCÍ Ï�ÐÑCÒ r �Ó Uz r 10mg PTX/kgÔÕTÖ$×�ØTÙ z$�Ú�Û�Ü ?Ý{Þ$ß?à$á�â�ãTä zuC°Cå�æª á�â�ãTä �?ç�è

T/C i MST é à T éëêì�l /C éíæ�îl�o%ï$ðuñ�ò $ó�ô ¬� ï$õ�ö $Î%ò $ó�ô ¬�u÷Fig. 11

¶ø }�ùwz r á y�ú�û�ü r PTX, DDMC/PTX4iþý�ÿ 50nmo r DDMC/PTX5 i ý�ÿ 290nmo�l Öò È � È 120 hours (T/C, 1.0), 176 hours (T/C, 1.46),352 hours(T/C, 2.93), 292 hours(T/C, 2.43)

Ö�� r��t�� ´ i DDMC/PTXo ÷� h�

�N��(PTX)

�� s�� «��¬ e�ï ø (p 0.03)Î�!�"# r Û�Ü Ò É ä # Ë%$w·wË PTX4 � ° $ ÷ PTX5DDMC/PTX l �&{fCh Ö ÷ ²�³ �')(u¶)*�·uË,+*.-0/2143 �Îuò È z.5�6 dÝ PTX 7 ´48 á y!ú

û!ü æ%î ÷ ²m³ 9'( ÷�: �Î@? È ÷ DDMC/PTX l �& f�h Ö ÷BA�C�D0E ,FHGJIHKML �,N�HOQP)R)S z�$°�T)U tJV�W�X Ù z á "d°9T�U

Fig. 14: PTX ¨ ( ñ ) DDMC/PTX4 ¨ò¥¹ó�ªQ,{H|H 208J,M,?Ý $ °?Î�?? Ö9>� ° (Qb Ö)� °$Îú? È ÷ &��ûHüMý KMþ Þ ²�³Jÿ å��

TNF-E�� ôQõ �� õ N Þ� ø/�TÇ4È °?²�³ Þ ø`�� ÿ å Þ� ( ÖQ� »�¼ Ò ð�� Ã ? Þ DDMC/PTX4 ÍÞ &lÇHÈ Þ

RT-PCR��Åï�� ¼�� ºê Ü � TNF-E��gÞ�� ´ Ù ½ ¾ ÷�� m È Ý $ ° Ó Î $ Ø ²�³ Ù M� & ��û�ü�ý K þ Þ �TLR3/TICAM-1

�� ¶TNF-E � á Þ ��!Qº « °M? /C¶ á Ë È Ý $ ° 32)Î �M�l��"� ÷$#&%Nª � ° $ ÷ ð %Nª(' )&*&+ º$, - ï�Üî/.$021�3�4 m65 Ý ï Ü Ã PTX ÷ M � &g�gû.ü ý Kþ ï87�9;: Ý IL1 F Ã GM-CSFÃ TNF E�Þ ê�

7 c � ô�õ ?� õ N ï êA@ NO ï$B C0m�Æ . 33)D =E 1 Â ê�ù º / » Ý & � û�ügý K þ Þ M1 Ã M2 ÷ OF = �.� ÒImportant Components

Ó�Gg/%í î2H 5 Ý �¼ 1 34) Ã6I = M2 &M�Mû�üý KMþ 1J)$¸/LK ��M 18N$¸/�3�4 m�5/OÝkQm�5 Ý $�. D ?�5 ÷ &��Mû�üMý KMþM218K�P4è T)U Þ ` D _ á 8 �N.� D _ á º�QSR�T

Ü;: Ý $�./U�H ÖJ� . D(V/W H ÷ ? Þ K/P)è T)U 1YX;�'/)Þ/Z þI\[ N ^]$_)O�`RNA

Þ8a�b º�ê » Ý ]ò Þ M2 &��û�üý K�þ ï è�c X � Þ M1 d ºH1 Ôe:èf1 êQù Àf. ? / ï 3�4 : Ý $Y. 32)Dg�h H ÷ õ NQÈ�N�/ !M" ê� z�¼8{/¤ ½ ° .8021�¾ /�¿ R�= £6À y 5 .�Á © ¹ M2 2Â8ÃYÄ �Å B�/ Á h�Æ µ =/.8>�Ç 7/È/É�Ê/ËÍÌvÎ�Ë ¾ /�¿ = /Ï�©�ÐeÑ ¹®Ò/Ó q8r Æ ~ Á8Ô/Õ µYÖÑ stat3 1 o�É& 5 M2 ª Â(Ã2Ä 2Å µ B& 5.8×/Ø Éf8Ù/ £�ÚYÛ H 5 . D Ü/Ý8Þ ¡ Á�ß�à/á/â�ãJ i µ 8ä =�å -1,6 ¼ m8z xçæ /è Á i `�Á8é�êB µ8ë/ì DDMC 8í/�î ¹ï î��ð/ñ Þóò�ô Á ¡ µë Ü�õ �2ö�÷/ø2©�Ð�ö�ùúÌûÊ �ü ýÿþ -1,4� £ ��ò Ñ ¹�� Ì �� ¤ �¯ Jmjd3 �� 36) µ2Ö öM � Â8Ã Ä �Å/Á M2 � Â8ÃfÄ �Å ø��µ�� £�� · ö�� æ�� µ DDMC/PTX � �¡Á� �!�"�# M2 � Â8ÃYÄ �Å/Á Ò/Ó%$�& "�# �'Û �(%) Á�*�+ �'�,�· ö�-�. µ .%/10�©�Ð�210 32)�

6.354765859 :@?

Fig. 15: DDMC/PTX ¸�¹�º�»�¼�½%¾À¿�Á%Â�ÃÖ ö þU��P�¯ Q °Z¤ Ö Ñ DDMC { ÉM| PTX Äå

,þZ��P�¯ Q v°

2 Å^ÆÇÄ ÁUÈMÉ ý DDMC/PTX� -Ê�Ë ýnTaTb��Ì�Í�Æ ý Michaelis complex�� Î ö

Ä À ´ õ ö�� È�É - Ê�Ë Ì�Í�Æ Á�Ï�Ð É «ÒÑÔÓÖÕU× Á8é�ÙØ�ÚR ¨ Ø õ öM�xÛ ÁUÜ Í « / ò ÑÞÝÇØ Ú Ð^20 37)�1Û Á2å , þß��P�¯ Q ° 2 ÅÆÎÄ DDMC/PTXÌ�Í�Æ « (+) ÷�à�á�â Mg ãåä�Ä GTP W�æ1R�Tçéèëêìèîí ï ðñèîò ï óÙô ãåä ï õ�õ�óXö ÷òñèùøûú5üþýÔÿ��Iú� èëêìèîí� ç ï£ðÀõFòÒï£óÙô ã ä ïõFõ�óXö�÷�òñèùø ( � 1)Ä ò ö�� nTaTb W Ê�Ë å , þ��P�¯ Q �° 2 Å�Æ�DDMC-PTX W�� È�É Ä��2ö�� þ��P�¯ Q ³°�� W�� á ý�� àcáM��( å ��P�¯ Q v°�� W�� Ë�� áSÄ Ö � ��!cÝ#" Á#$ Ä ` ô Á ê ø « GDP æ Í&%�IPF¯ Q �° Ú/Ð/ö�� ß/à(' Ú «*)� Á !�Ý+" �*�/Ë� � áxW�!MÝ�"�,÷.-�/ ý10�2 ßà Ú « -�/MÆ.�ÛÛ�Ú « DDMC/PTX Ì�Í�Æ��câ ¤+3 RÀ( � à%á�W ß/àÁ54#6 â � b � 38)� 1 Á�798 â;: T� ��P�¯ Q ° æ Í O« !MÝ�" ÏcÐ � O ÚÐöZ��

Ë:9�;*= ¸\À DDMC/PTX ô�ìLõ

8)Z î BDE : ),

36) . Satoh T, Takeuchi O, Vandenbon A, Yasuda K,

Tanaka Y, Kumagai Y, Miyake T, Matsushita K,

Okazaki T, Saitoh T, Honma K, Matsuyama T, Yui K,

Tsujimura T, Standley D M, Nakanishi K, Nakai K,

Akira S. : Nature Immunology, 11, 936-944(2010).

37) Hill, A.V.:J. Physiol., 40 (Suppl) iv-vii. Retrieved ,

03-18(2009).

38) Wadsworth P. and Khodjakov A. : Trends Cell Biol.,

14,413-419(2004).

39) Xiao, H., Verdier-Pinard, P., Fernandez-Fuentes, N.,

Burd, B., Angeletti, R., Fiser, A., Horwitz, S. B., and

Orr, G. A.: PNAS, 103, 10166-10173(2006).

40) Liu, B., Staren, E.D., Iwamura, T., Appert, H.E., and

Howard, J.M.:J Surg Res., 99, 179-186(2001).

41) Eshita, Y., Ji, R.C., Onishi, M., Runtuwene, R.L.,

Noguchi, K., Kobayashi, T., Mizuno, M., Yoshida,

J., Kubota, N., and Onishi, Y.: J Nanomed. Biother-

apeut Discov., 2:109(2012).


kenkyu-ronbun1kenkyu-ronbun2Cryer, A.B. (2009) Anglo-Norman language explained. Retrieved from http://everything.explained.at/Anglo-Norman_language/Crystal, D. ( 2004). The Stories of English. London: Penguin Books.Gooden, P.( 2011). The Story of English. London: QuercusHeys. J. (2001). French as a Mother-Tongue in Medieval England. Retrieved from http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/6361Heys.htmRothwell, W. (1993). The Legacy of Anglo-French: faux amis in French and English. Retrieved from http://www.anglo-norman.net/articlesA/fauxamis.xml

sougou-houkoku1

大気圧プラズマジェット 鉄鋼の局所的硬化法の開発 - oita …-arc plasma jet...

Documents

大気圧プラズマジェット鉄鋼の局所的硬化法の開発 - oita …-arc plasma jet...