Za~en KASAR AMIRKA

A Ta}aice

Jama’ar {asar Amirka dake jefa }uri’a suna da abin za~i.

GABATARWA Za~u~~ukan gaskiya da gaskiya, sune ginshi}an mulkin demokra]iyya. Su kuma ne ke haifar da lumanar harkokin mi}a mulki. A duk lokacin da masu jefa }uri’a suka za~i wakilansu, suna za~ar shugabanni ne, da za su samar ma su makomar al’ummarsu. Wannan shi ya sa za~u~~uka ke }arawa talakawa }warin gwiwar da za su ba su damar da za su kawo wani canji ga manufofin makomar gwamnatinsu, wanda daga bisani ke kasancewa makomarsu. {asar Amirka ta da]e da kafa mulkin demokra]iyyar jama’a, tun lokacin da }asar ta Amirka ta tantance Tsarin Mulkinta, a 1788, kodayake al’adar gudanar da za~e ta fara ne, a lokacin mulkin mallaka, wanda ya somo daga {asar Ingila. Wannan littafin zai yi nazari ne, game da makomar harkokin za~en {asar Amirka, na zamani, da irin yadda ake gudanar da shi a tarayya da jihohi da kuma }ananan hukumomi. Tsarin wanda, a wani lokaci ke zama da wuyar sha’ani, ko kuma ya zo

cikin ruwan sanyi, ya yi ta riki]ar tabbatar da irin wahalolin da maza da matan {asar Amirka ke sha, a duniya, tun daga lokacin da suka kai shekaru 18, da haihuwa, ko kuma fiye da haka.

[an takarar shugabancin Jam’iyyar Democrat ke nan, Barack Obama, a hannun

hagu, tare da mataimakinsa, Joe Biden, ke amsa kiran ‘yan jam’iyyar ta Democrat, a wajen babban taron }asa, na jam’iyyar da aka yi a 2008, a garin Denver, dake

Jihar Colorado.

ZA|U||UKA A {asar Amirka Za~u~~uka na faruwa a koyashe, na babban taron jam’iyya, da kuma a wa]ansu jihohin da ofisoshin }ananan hukumomin dake {asar Amirka. Za~u~~ukan sauran jihohin da maza~u kuma kan faru a wa]ansu shekarun na daban. A kowa]anne shekaru hu]u, jama’ar {asar Amikrka can za~i shugaban }asa da mataimakinsa. Kowa]anne shekaru biyu kuma, a za~i dukan wakilan Majalisar Wakilan {asar Amirka, su 435, da kusan kashi ]aya cikin uku na wakilan Majalisar Dattijai, su 100. {asar Amirka ta sakankance da wani irin tsarin gwamnatin tarayya, inda gwamnatin tarayyar ke da }arfi, amma na jihohi da kuma }ananan hukumomi ke fin ta iko, dangane da harkokin da ba a danganta su ba, da na gwamnatin tarayya. Gwamnatocin jihohi da na }ananan hukumomi na da ‘yancin da suke da shi, gwargwadon iko, ta wajen irin yadda za su shirya za~u~~ukan yankunansu, amma, suna gudanar da za~u~~ukan, akai-akai, yadda ya kamata.

IRE-IREN ZA|U||UKAN {ASAR AMIRKA

Akwai za~u~~uka iri biyu, watau na fitar da ]an takara da kuma babban za~e. ana gudanar da za~u~~ukan fitar da ‘yan takara ne, kafin gudanar da babban za~e, don ganin an fitar da ‘yan takarar da za su tsaya wa jam’iyya za~e. [an takarar kuma da ya ci za~en na fitar da gwani, shine zai wakilci wannan jam’iyyar, a babban za~e (kodayake akwai wa]ansu matakan da jam’iyyu ke bi, na ganin an gudanar da hakan).

Wa]ansu ‘yan jam’iyyar Democrat ne, ke nuna goyon bayansu ga Hillary Clinton, a taron manyan }usoshin jam’iyyar da aka gudanar, a watan Fabrairun 2008, South

Portland, dake Maine.

Tun a {arni na 20, za~u~~ukan fitar da ‘yan takara ya zama wata babbar hanyar za~ar wa]anda za su tsaya za~e. Da wuya kuma, a kauce wa duk wani sakamakon nasarar fitar da ]an takarar da zai tsaya wa jam’iyya takara, a babban za~e. A wa]ansu jihohi, ‘yan }alilan, ana za~o ‘yan takarar ne, ya-Allah a lokacin babban taron jam’iyyar na jihohi, ko na }ananan hukumomi, ko kuma ta wata hanyar da jam’iyyar siyasa ta ga ya fiye ma ta. Da zarar an gudanar da za~en fitar da ]an takara ko kuma an kammala babban taron jam’iyya, to, ana gudanar da babban za~e ne, don sanin wanda zai wakilaci jam’iyya, a kowane mu}ami. A lokacin babban za~e, masu jefa }uri’a ne ke yanke hukuncin wanda ya ci za~e, daga cikin wa]anda suka tsaya takarar. Haka kuma, takardun }uri’ar kan ha]a har da ‘yan takara, masu zaman kansu (watau wa]anda ba su da wata ala}a da wata babbar jam’iyya), dake shiga za~en, bayan sun bayar da sunayen wa]ansu mutanen da suka amince ma su da su tsaya za~en, maimakon su biyu ta hannun za~en fitar da ]an takarar da aka sani. Bugu da }ari, a wa]ansu jihohin, takardun }uri’ar kan tanadi wuraren da za a “rubuta” sunan ]an takarar da babu wata jam’iyyar siyasar da ta za~a, ko kuma wanda bai cancanta ba, bisa ga }orafin da aka yi game da shi. Yana yiwuwa a kira irin wa]annan ‘yan takarar da sunan “wa]anda suka za~i kawunansu,” kuma sukan ci za~en da za su ri}e wa]ansu mu}amai, na wani lokaci.

Magajin garin Birnin San Francisco ne, na wucin-gadi, Ed Lee, ke murnar cin

za~en, a babban za~e na watan Nuwambar 2011.

A {asar Amirka, za~ar wa]anda za su ri}e mu}amai, ya wuce a fagen za~e, kawai. A wa]ansu jihohin da kuma }ananan hukumomi, har gudanar da za~e ake yi, game da aiwatar da manufofin gwamnati, ko hana gudanar da su. Ana kuma

gabatar da al’amurran za~en raba-gardama, ga wakilan majalisun jiha ko }aramar hukuma, ko wata hukumar, ko ma na abinda aka yi }orafi game da shi, musamman irin abinda ya shafi al’amarin lamuni ko bashi (watau amince ranto ku]a]e, don gudanar da wani aikin gwamnati), da kuma irin su ikon gudanar da wa]ansu harkoki, ko kuma dakatar da gwamnati kan gudanar da ayyuka. A cikin ‘yan shekarun nan, irin wannan za~en raba-gardamar, ya yi }wa}}waran tasiri, musamman game da manufofi da kuma kasafin ku]a]en jihohi. Da]in da]awa, ana gudanar da za~u~~ukan tarayya da jihohi da kuma }ananan hukumomi, a shekarun da ba a tsammani, inda wa]ansu jihohin da kuma maza~u ke gudanar da za~u~~ukansu, ba tare da “sauran jihohi” ba. Har ila yau, wa]ansu maza~un na gudanar da za~u~~uka, na musamman, da sukan gudanar, a duk lokacin da suka ga ya dace, saboda wani dalili, kamar cike gurbin da aka samu, a wata maza~a.

ZA|EN SHUGABAN {ASA Ana gudanar da za~en shugaban }asar Amirka, bayan kowa]anne shekaru hu]u, a ranakun Talatar dake gaba da duk wata ranar Litinin, ta farko, a watan Nuwamba. Kafin kuma babban za~en, jihohi na gudanar da za~u~~ukan fitar da ‘yan takararsu, ko kuma manyan }usoshin jam’iyya su za~i wakilan da za su halarci babban taron jam’iyyar, a inda za a za~ar wa jam’iyyar ]an takara. Irin wa]annan za~u~~ukan, na fitar da ‘yan takara, a jihohin, da kuma wanda }usoshin jam’iyya ke gudanarwa, an fi yinsa, a tsakanin watannin Janairu da kuma Yuni, daga nan kuma sai a gudanar da babban taron jam’iyya, a lokacin bazarar da za a gudanar da za~e.

Wata }asida ce game da bayanan yadda ake yin za~e, ta za~en watan Nuwambar

2010, a garin California.

Mataimakiyar ]an takarar shugaban }asa, ta Jam’iyyar Republican ce, Sarah Palin,

a gefen hagu, da ‘yarta, Piper, tare da ]an takarar shugaban }asa, na jam’iyyar, John McCain, a babban taron Jam’iyyar ta Republican, na 2008, a Birnin St. Paul,

na Jihar Minnesota.

Shugaba Obama ne, ke gaida magoya bayansa, a Birnin Miami, a cikin watan

Yunin 2011, bayan da aka }addamar da gangamin sake za~arsa, tsayawa takarar shugabancin }asa, a 2012.

Tun a shekarun 1970, akan san wa]anda za su tsaya wa jam’iyyunsu takarar shugabancin }asa, kafin ma babban taron jam’iyyun, domin su suke da rinjayen masu za~en kafin ma za~en fitar da ]an takara, da kammala taron }usoshin jam’iyya. A }arshe ma, manyan tarurrukan kan zama tamkar dai bidi’a. Abubuwan da ake gudanarwa, a lokuttan manyan tarurrukan jam’iyyun, sun ha]a da jawaban shugabanni, da bayar da sanarwar wanda aka za~a a matsayin ]an takarar mataimakin shugaban }asa, da tantantace masu za~en ‘yan takara, da kuma bayyana kundin matsayin “dabarun” jam’iyya, (watau }asidar dake bayyana matsayin manufofi). Tunda yake akan nuna dukan tarurrukan, kai-tsaye, a gidajen telebijin, da kuma babban taron yekuwar neman }uri’u, manyan tarurrukan jam’iyyun wata dama ce, ta yayata ]an takara da kuma fayyace bambancin dake tsakanin jam’iyyun siyasar. Kason yawan masu jefa }uri’a yana shan bamban, a kowane za~e, amma, akan samu }arancin masu jefa }uri’a, ko a lokacin za~en shugaban }asa, a {asar Amirka, fiye da sauran }asashen da ake gudanar da mulkin demokra]iyya. Tun kuma cikin 1960, fitowar masu jefa }uri’ar, a lokuttan za~e, ke ta raguwa, tun daga kashi 64, cikin 100, a 1960, ya zuwa kimanin kashi 50, cikin 100, a 1996, kodayake, yawan ya ]an }aru, a za~u~~uka uku da suka wuce. Akwai dalilai da dama, na bambancin fitowar masu jefa }uri’ar, a {asar Amirka. Dole ne, mai jefa }uri’a a {asar ta Amirka, ba kamar sauran }asashen da ake gudanar da mulkin na demokra]iyya ba, da ya yi rajista, wani matakin za~en dake shan bamban a tsakanin jihohi. Wata hujjar kuma ita ce, ba a tilasta wa kowa da ya yi za~en, kamar a wa]ansu }asashen. Mai yiwuwa kuma saboda yawan za~u~~ukan da ake gudanarwa, don cike gurbin mu}amai fiye da miliyan ]aya, a dukan fa]in }asar, na iya sa masu jefa }uri’ar su gaji, wanda kan iya kawo }arancin fitowa wajen za~en.

[an takarar majalisar wakilai, Raul Labrador ne, ke jiran sauraren sakamakon

za~e, a daren watan Nuwambar 2011, a babban ofishin Jam’iyyar Republican, na {aramar Hukumar Boise, a Jihar Idaho.

{ididdiga ta nuna cewa, ana samun raguwar fitowar masu jefa }uri’a, a duka lokacin da jama’a suka gamsu da matsayin yadda ake gudanar da harkokin siyasa, ko a lokacin da takun za~en ya nuna alamun ]an takarar da zai lashe za~en. A wani lokacin kuma, masu jefa }uri’a kan yiwo tururuwa, da zarar an fahimci cewa, babu wata tazara mai yawa, a tsakanin ‘yan takarar, ko kuma wata ta}addama ta kunne kai, game da za~en.

ABUBUWAN DA AKE BUKATA GA [AN TAKARA

Kowane mu}ami, na tarayya, na da bukatunsa, da dokoki na I da na II, na Tsarin Mulkin {asar Amirka ya tanada. Alal misali, dole ne, ]an takarar shugabancin }asa, ya kasance haifaffen ]an }asar Amirka, dake da shekaru 35, da haihuwa, kuma yake zaune a }asar ta Amirka, har tsawon shekaru 14. Shi kuma mataimakinsa, dole ya kasance daidai da shi, ya fi wuce shi. A }ar}ashin Gyaran Tsarin Mulkin {asar Amirka, na 12, babu yadda za a yi, mataimakin shugaban }asa, ya kasance a jiha ]aya da shugaban }asa. Dole ne kuma ]an takarar Majalisar Wakilan {asar Amirka, ya kasance, a}alla, ]an shekaru 25, da haihuwa, kuma ]an asalin {asar Amirka, koda na shekaru bakwai ne, kuma zaunannen jihar da zai tsaya takarar majalisar. Shi kuma ]an takarar Majalisar Dattijai, dole ya kasance, a }alla, ]an shekaru 30, da haifuwa, kuma zaunannen {asar Amirka, na kimanin shekaru tara, kuma mazaunin jihar da zai wakilata, wajen takarar. Su kuma masu neman mu}aman jiha da }aramar hukuma, dole su cika sharu]]an da wa]annan dokokin suka shimfi]a. Gyaran Tsarin Mulkin {asar Amirka, na 22, wanda aka amincewa, a 1951, ya haramta da a za~i, duk wani mahaluki, a matsayin shugaban }asar Amirka, fiye da karo biyu. Amma, Tsarin Mulkin bai }ayyade yawan shekarun da wakilin majalisa ko ]an majalisar dattijai zai yi ba, a majalisa, kodayake, }ungiyoyin siyasa, da

dama, a cikin ‘yan shekarun nan, na ta fadanci game da wannan haramci. Koda akwai wata }ayyadewar da aka yi wa yawan shekarun, sai dai a dokokin jihohi da }ananan hukumomi. [an majalisar dokoki, Aaron Schock, na Jam’iyyar Republican, daga Jihar Illinois, shekarunsa 30 ne, a duniya, kuma shine wakilin majalisa, mafi yarinta, a majalisar.

Kakakin Majalisar Dokoki, mai jiran gado, John Boehner, na Jam’iyyar Republican, ke nan, lokacin da yake amsa kirarin Shugaban Majalisar, mai baring

ado, Nancy Pelosi, ta Jam’iyyar Democrat, a watan Janairun 2011.

RAWAR DA JAM’IYYUN SIYASA KE TAKAWA

Iyayen Jumhuriyar {asar Amirka, wa]anda suka zayyana kuma suka amince da Tsarin Mulkin {asar Amirka, ba su ta~a tsammanin wata rawa da jam’iyyun siyasa za su taka ba. Hakika, babu irin binciken da ba su gudanar ba, game da tanade-tanaden Tsarin Mulkin, irin su tantance ayyukan shugaba mai ikon zartaswa da na majalisa da kuma na ~angaren shari’a, da siffofin jumhuriya da kuma gudanar da za~en shugaban }asa, na fakaice da Kwamitin Raba Gardama ke gudanarwa, wanda ke bayar da kariya ga sabuwar jumhuriyar daga jam’iyyun siyasa da kuma ~araka. Duk da yake kyakkyawan manufar Iyayen na {asar Amirka, a 1800, shine matakin farko na }asar, da ta inganta la~u~uwar siyasar jam’iyyun da aka kafa, bisa turbar }asa, bai wuce na da su aiwatar da mi}a mulki, a hannun masu cikakken iko, daga ~angarorin da ake da su, ta hanyar gudanar da za~e ba. Abin kuma da ya biyo baya, game da ingantawa da kuma fa]a]a jam’iyyun siyasar, na da nasaba, }warai, da fa]a]a ‘yancin jefa }uri’a. A cikin ‘yan shekarun farko, na jumhuriyar, maza ne, ka]ai, kuma wa]anda suka mallaki }addarori, ke da ‘yancin jefa }uri’a, amma, sai tarna}in ya fara sukulkucewa, a farkon {arni na 19, a sakamakon zuwan ba}i, da fa]a]ar garuruwa, da kuma wa]ansu tanade-tanade na mulkin demokra]iyyar,

kamar irin fa]a]ar da }asar ta yi, zuwa ~angaren yammacinta. A cikin shekarun da suka wuce, sai aka fa]a]a ‘yancin jefa }uri’ar, ya zuwa jama’a, da dama, balagaggu, inda aka cire tarna}in da aka sanya wa, wa]anda ba su mallaki }addarori ba, ko launin fata, ko kuma jinsin dake tsakanin namiji da mace. Fa]a]a ‘yancin jefa }uri’ar ke da wuya, sai jam’iyyun siyasa, suka ~ullo da dabarun janyo ra’ayoyin masu jefa }uri’a, da dama, don zama wani }o}ari, na mamaye harkokin siyasa. Jam’iyyun siyasar sai suka kahu, don ganin sun samu galaba. Don haka, sai jam’iyyun siyasar {asar Amirka suka zama wani nau’i ma, na fa]a]a harkokin mulkin demokra]iyya, a kuma farkon shekarun 1830, sai suka }ara fahuwa da kuma }arfi.

[an takarar Jam’iyyar Democrat, Barack Obama, ne, a hagu, tare da ]an takarar

Jam’iyyar Republican, John McCain, suna muhawara, a watan Oktobar 2008.

[an Majalisar Dattijai, John McCain ne, daga Jihar Arizona, inda yake amsa kiran tsayawa takarar shugabancin }asa, a tutar Jam’iyyar Republican, a babban taron

jam’iyyar, da aka yi, a Birnin St. Paul, na Jihar Minnesota, a watan Satumbar 2008.

Yau, dukan jam’iyyun Republican da Democratic, su ne ke jagorancin jam’iyyun siyasa, tun daga {arni na 18, har ya zuwa na 19, wa]anda kuma suka mamaye harkokin siyasa. Saboda ficen da suka yi, manyan jam’iyyun siyasar, biyu, su ke cinye za~u~~ukan shugaban }asar, da mamaye Majalisar {asar, da za~u~~ukan gwamnoni da kuma na kujerun majalisun dokokin jihohi. Alal misali, kowane shugaban }asa, tun cikin 1852, kan kasance na Jam’iyyar Republican ne, ko na Jam’iyyar Democrat, kuma tun a }arshen Yakin Duniya na Biyu, manyan jam’iyyun ke bayayyar shugabancin }asar, da kusan kashi 95, cikin 100. Da wuya ka ga an za~i wani gwamna, a cikin jihohin }asar 50, da bai zai fito daga jam’iyyar

Democrat ko ta Republican ba. Wakilan majalisar }asa, ko a majalisun dokokin jihohi, daga wata jam’iyya, ba su. A cikin ‘yan shekarun da suka wuce, an samu }aruwar masu jefa }uri’a, dake kiran kansu “masu zaman kansu,” kuma ana }yale su, da su yi rajisatar jefa }uri’a, a kusan dukan jihohi. Amma, duk da haka, a cewar wata }ididdigar da aka gudanar, ko wa]anda ke cewa, su masu zaman kansun ne, ba su kan nuna }aunarsu da wata jam’iyya ba. Amma, akan samu akasin hakan, a }ananan hukumomi, musamman, a }ananan garuruwa da birane, inda ‘yan takarar ma ba su da wani tasirin da idan sun shiga wata jam’iyya, ko suka tsaya za~e, za su kasance da ra’ayoyi, iri ]aya, da wa]anda ke }ar}ashin tutar wata jam’iyya, dangane da irin abinda ya shafi ha~en birni, ko kawo wani ci gaba, ko kuma giggina makarantu. Kodayake, manyan jam’iyyun siyasar, biyu, sune kan gaba, kuma wa]anda suka mamaye gwamnatoci, a tarayya da jihohi da kuma }ananan hukumomi, amma ba su da wata a}ida ko wani tanadi, fiye da sauran jam’iyyun dake cikin mulkin na demokra]iyya. {o}arin manyan jam’iyyun, na kankane harkokin ci gaban jam’iyyun siyasar, ya kawo wata rarrabuwa game da harkokin siyasa.

ME YA SA SIYASAR SAI JAM’IYYU BIYU?

Za~a~~un wakilan Majalisar Wakilan {asar Amirka ne, ke rantsuwa, a wajen bikin bu]e harkokin majalisar, karo na 112, ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2011.

Kamar yadda aka sani ne, jam’iyyun Republican da Democrat, sun mamaye harkokin za~e, a siyasa, tun cikin shekarun 1860. Wannan adawa, na nan, tana ci gaba da kankane duk wata siyasar za~en }asar, da ma, duk wani mu}ami da ]aukacin harkokin siyasar {asar Amirka, kazalika da dukan wata sigar jam’iyyar siyasar da za ta kunno kai, nan gaba.

Tsarin gudanar da harkokin za~en }asa, a majalisun {asar Amirka, bai wuce na “]an takara guda” ba, a kowace gunduma, inda ]an takara ke samun }uri’u (su kasance masu rinjaye, a kowane za~en gundumar), kafin ya lashe za~e. kodayake, wa]ansu jihohi, }alilan, na bukatar rinjaye, a wajen za~en, mafi yawan masu ri}e da mu}aman, ana za~ar su ne, da }uri’u masu rinjaye. Ba kamar yadda ake yi ba, a sauran }asashen da suka rungumi mulkin demokra]iyya, tsarin samun }uri’un, masu rinjaye ne, ka]ai, ke sa jam’iyya lashe za~e, a kowace gunduma. Don haka, tsarin na haifar da irin yadda ake samun jam’iyyun da ba su da tabbataccen gindin zaman bayar da isassun masana gudanar da harkokin mulki, da hanyoyin samar da ku]a]e da kuma }wa}}waran begen samun rinjayen majalisu, a dukan fa]in }asar. A }ar}ashin irin wannan tsarin, }anana da kuma ‘yan takarar }ananan jam’iyyun siyasa, ba su samun galaba. Dukan jam’iyyar da ba ta da isassun ku]a]e, da kuma goyon baya, to, da wuya ta ci za~e. don haka, da wuya, wata sabuwar jam’iyya ta cimma burinta, na wakiltar jama’a, yadda ya kamata, ko ta samu galabar wani al’amari, a harkokin }asa, saboda irin “baba-keren” da ake yi, a za~en {asar Amirka. To, me ya sa sai jam’iyyu biyu, maimakon a samu jam’iyyu }warara uku, dake da ku]a]en gudanar da za~en? Da farko dai, jam’iyyun biyu ne, ke da dabarun bai wa mai za~e za~i, ta ]ayan ~angaren kuma, saboda, a tarihance, jama’ar {asar Amirka ba su }aunar siyasar tsattsauran ra’ayi, kuma a wani gefen, saboda jam’iyyun biyu, na da }o}arin ~ullo da sababbin manufofi.

{UNGIYAR {USOSHIN JAM’IYYU

Tsarin yin amfani da }ungiyar }usoshin jam’iyya, wajen za~ar ‘yan takarar shugabancin }asa, na }ara wa jam’iyyun biyu, wani }warin gwiwa. A }ar}ashin tsarin }ungiyar }usoshin jam’iyyar, a fakaice, jama’ar {asar Amirka, ba su gudanar da za~e kai-tsaye, wajen za~ar ‘yan takarar shugabancin }asa da mataimakansu. Maimakon haka, suna za~e ne, a tsakanin }ungiyoyin kowace jiha, don wani rukunin “masu za~e”, da suka yi wani ]an takarar shugabancin }asa, ko kuma wani mahalukin alkawari. Yawan irin wa]annan masu za~en, daidai yake da yawan masu za~e, a babban taron jihohi, misali, sun kai yawan za~a~~un wakilan majalisun wakilai da dattijai, da suka fito daga jihar. Za~en ]an takarar shugaban }asa, na bukatar rinjayen }uri’u 538. (Wannan jimillar ta ha]a da }uri’u, uku-uku, daga manyan biranen Washington, da Gundumar Columbia, wadda ba jiha ba ce, amma take da ikon ka]a kuri’a daidai da ta wakilan babban taron jiha.)

Don haka, da wuya wani ]an takarar wata }aramar jam’iyya ya samu rinjayen da zai iya lashe za~en shugaban }asa, domin kowane rukunin masu za~en dake jihohi, sun kasu, bisa ga tsarin nan na baba-kere (idan banda yankuna biyu). Abinda kuma ya sa ke nan, duk wani ]an takarar da ya samu mafi rinjayen }uri’u, a jihohi, komai }an}antarsa, to, ya lashe dukan }uri’un sauran jihohin ke nan. Dawarar {ungiyar {usoshin Jam’iyya Bayan an daddale yarjejeniya, a kowa]anne shekaru 10, akan rarraba }uri’un {ungiyar {usoshin, a tsakanin jihohi, gwargwadon yawan jama’arsu. Kamar kuma yadda wannan taswirar ta nuna, tun daga 1960, ya zuwa 2012, irin wa]annan }uri’un, sun fi karkata zuwa arewa maso gabas, da tsakiyar yammaci, da kuma kudancin kudu, a inda ake samun }arin yawan jama’a, a jihohin Yamma da Kudu maso yamma da kuma Kudu, wajen ga~ar Tekun Atlantic. Har ila yau, tun za~en 1964, Birnin Washington, D.C., wanda shine babban birnin }asa, ke samun }uri’u uku. A 2012 kuma, ana bukatar }uri’u 270, daga cikin }uri’u 538, na }ungiyar }usoshin, kafin ]an takara ya lashe za~en. Cikakkar taswiwar {asar Amirka

{usoshin Jihar Virginia ne, su 13, ke ]aukar alkawarin bai wa Barack Obama, na

Jam’iyyar Democrat, goyon baya, a watan Disambar 2008, a Majalisa, dake Birnin Richmond, wata guda, bayan da aka gudanar da babban za~e.

A Maine daNebraska, duk ]an takarar da ya samu }uri’u masu rinjaye, kan samu }arin }uri’u biyu, daga }ungiyar }usoshin, sai kuma }uri’a guda, ga duk wanda ya lashe za~en na gunduma. Kamar kuma tsarin da ake bi, na tsayar da ]an takara, ]aya tilo, a gunduma, tsarin, na {ungiyar {usoshin, na }warar duk wata }aramar jam’iyyar siyasa, wadda, da wuya, ta samu cin za~en, na jiha, balantana ta samu yawan jihohin da har za ta samar da shugaban }asa. Iyayen {asar Amirka ne suka ~ullo da yin amfani da {ungiyar {usoshin Jam’iyyar, don zama wani ~angare, na tsara rarraba mu}amai, a tsakanin gwamnatocin Tarayya da jihohi. A }ar}ashin shirin, rinjayen da shugaban }asa zai samu, a ]aukacin fa]in }asar, ba shi ne ke da tasiri ba. A sakamakon haka, zai iya yiwuwa a bayar da }uri’un bisa ga tafarkin za~u~~ukan jihohi, da za sui ya kawo bambancin sakamakon }uri’u, a ]aukacin }asar. A gaskiya ma, akwai za~u~~uka 17, na shugaban }asa, inda wanda ya lashe za~en bai samu }uri’un jama’a mafi rinjaye ba. Na farkonsu shine lokacin da aka za~i John Quincy Adams, a za~en 1824, na kwanan nan kuma shine wanda aka za~i George W. Bush, a 2000. Wa]ansu mutane na ganin cewa, tsarin yin amfani da }uri’un {ungiyar {usoshin Jam’iyyun, bai da wani tasiri kuma, yayinda wa]ansu masu lura da al’amuran yau da kullun, ke ganin cewa, yana da tasiri, domin ana bukatar shugaban }asa ya tsaya takarar za~e, a jihohi da dama, maimakon a jihohin da suka yi suna, ka]ai.

SAURAN MATSALOLIN {ANANAN JAM’IYYU

A bisa ga wannan tsarin, na shagala da }wararan jam’iyyun siyasa biyu, musamman ganin irin yadda jam’iyyun na Democrat da Republican ke mamaye duk wani mu}ami na gwamnati, ba abin mamaki ba ne, idan har aka ga cewa sun }ir}iro wa]ansu dokokin za~en da za su }ara ba su galaba. Alal misali, da wuya wata jam’iyyar siyasa ta cika sharu]]an cinye za~en jiha, a wani lokacin ma, sai dubban jama’a sun sanya hannun amincewa da wani al’amari, ko kuma bayar da }wazon janyo hankulan kawo isasshen “canji tun daga tushe”, na yawan }uri’un da za a ka]a, a za~u~~uka, kafin ta tsaya.

[an Jam’iyyar Libertarian, Scott Wise ne, a tsakiya, ]an takarar jam’iyya ta uku, a za~en Majalisar Wakilai, daga Jihar Indiana, yake mahawara da Marlin Stutzman

na Jam’iyyar Republican, a gefen hagu, sai kuma Tom Hayhurst na Jam’iyyar Democrat, a watan Oktober 2010.

Haka kuma, tsarin da {asar ta Amirka ke bi, wajen za~en ‘yan takarar, ba }aramin cikas ba ne, ga }ananan jam’iyyun. A dukan }asashen da ake gudanar da mulkin demokra]iyya, {asar Amirka ce, ka]ai, ke jingina da yawan }uri’u, wajen tsayar da ]an takarar shugabancin jam’iyyar siyasa, ko na majalisar dattijai, ko kuma wa]ansu mu}amai, a jihohi. Kamar yadda aka gani, a }ar}ashin wannan tsarin, banza da wofi ma na iya za~ar wa jam’iyyar siyasa ]an takarar babban za~e. a }asashe, da dama, }ungiyoyin jam’iyyun siyasa da shugabanninsu ne, ke za~ar wanda zai tsaya takara. Amma a {asar amirka, abin ya zama jikin da duk mai }uri’ar dake da han}oron jefa wa wani ]an jam’iyyar Republican, ko Democratic, na iya za~e. Kodayake wannan tsarin yana sukulkuta duk wani }arfin da }ungiyoyin jam’iyyar siyasa ke da shi, fiye da irin wanda ake samu, a sauran }asashe, haka ma, tafarkin gudanar da za~en na ‘yan takara, na kawo irin mamayar da jam’iyyun na Republican da Democratic ke yi, a lokuttan za~e. Koda ]an takara ya lashe za~en fitar da gwani, wani bore, ko kuma wa]ansu ‘yan takarar na iya mur]e jam’iyyar, don ganin sun kai ga samun }uri’un babban za~en, wanda na iya inganta }o}arinsu na samun nasara, ba tare da sun kafa wata jam’iyya ba. Bugu da }ari, tsarin fitar da ‘yan takarar, na iya kawo ~araka, a manyan jam’iyyun siyasar biyu, da kuma takure }o}arin wa]anda aka musgunawa, da su kafa wata }aramar jam’iyya. Da]in da]awa, jam’iyyun siyasar da ‘yan takararsu, na iya yin amfani da wa]ansu dabarun za~e, don }ulla }awance da }ananan jam’iyyu da masu zaman kansu, don kawo wani ru]ami.

GAGARUMIN GOYON BAYA

Dukan jam’iyyun na Republican da Democrat, na bukatar gagarumin goyon baya, kuma suna iya }wato masu za~e, daga dukan ~angarorin tattalin arziki da wa]ansu }ungiyoyi. Idan banda ba}a}en fata da Yahudawan dake da }uri’u, mafi yawan ‘yan takarar shugaban }asar da ake za~owa daga jam’iyyun na Democrat, da ma dukan jam’iyyun, suna samo goyon bayansu ne, daga }ungiyoyin da suka shafi tattalin arziki da kyautata jin da]in rayuwar jama’a. Har ila yau, jam’iyyun na kauce-kauce, game da ra’ayoyin manufofi, kuma, ba kasafai ba suke tilasta yin aiki da wa]ansu manufofin, ko su tsara yadda za a bi su, don samun nasarar aiwatarwa. Maimakon haka, sun fi karkata ga lashe za~u~~uka da kuma mamaye duk wani za~en da za a yi, a dukan ~angarorin na gwamnati.

Bisa ga irin yadda suke samun gagarumin goyon bayan }ungiyoyin na tattalin arziki da kyautata jin da]in rayuwa, da kuma bukatar dake akwai, ta in hul]a da masu sassaucin ra’ayi, jam’iyyun {asar Amirka na amfani ne da manufofin ra’ayoyin masu sassautan ra’ayin. Kamar yadda aka gani, har ila yau, suna nuna tan}warowa game da duk wata manufa. Wannan rashin kangarewar, na sa jam’iyyun na Republican da na Democrat, da su ri}a ha}ure wa duk wani gagarumin bambancin dake tsakaninsu, da kuma bayar da gudunmawar janyo ra’ayoyin }ananan jam’iyyun, a duk lokacin da suka taso da wani bore. Gaba ]aya dai ana ganin cewa ‘yan jam’iyyar Republican, masu ra’ayin mazan-jiya ne, wa]anda sun fi mayar da hankali ga kare duniyoyi da kuma tara dukiya, su kuma ‘yan jam’iyyar ta Democrat, wai masu ra’ayin ‘yan gurguzu ne, wa]anda suka fi son kyautata jin da]in rayuwa da aiwatar da manufofin da suka shafi tattalin arziki. A aikace kuma, a duk lokacin da suka samu mulki, dukansu sukan yi iyakacin bakin }o}arinsu, na cimma biyan bukata.

Sarah Rogers ce, ke ma}ala lambar “Jariran Obama”, ga jaririnta, Soren Hillman, a wajen gangamin siyasar Za~en Obama, na watan Janairun 2008, a garin Coralville,

na Jihar Iowa.

RARRABA MU{AMAN SIYASA Duk da irin yadda ake tan}wara su, game da ra’ayoyinsu, manyan jam’iyyun siyasar na {asar Amirka, na rarraba mu}aman siyasa, zuwa kowane lungu. Da zarar ya kama mulki, shugaba, ba zai fara bugun }irjin cewa, wakilan jam’iyyarsa, dake majalisu, za su goyi bayan dukan manufofinsa ba, haka kuma, shugabannin Majalisar {asa, ba za su sa ran kowane ]an jam’iyyarsu zai ka]a ma su }uri’a ba. Taron manyan }usoshin jam’iyyun na Democrat da Republican (wa]anda suka ha]a har da ‘yan majalisar dake ci yanzu), masu cin gashin kansu ne, kuma suna iya goyon bayan wa]ansu manufofin da suka sa~a wan a shugaban, koda kuwa shugaban }asar ya fito daga jam’iyyarsu ne.

Haka ma }addamar da gidauniyar ya}in neman za~en jam’iyyun ya bambanta, a lokacin da kwamitocin ya}in neman za~en na majalisun dattijai da wakilan jam’iyyun na Republican da Democrat ke gudanar da ayyukansu, sun fi mayar da hankali ga za~en shugaban }asa. Bugu da }ari, idan banda ikon zartaswa, wajen za~en masu jefa }uri’ar manyan tarurrukan }asa, da wuya }ungiyoyin jam’iyyun, na }asa, su tsoma baki ga harkokin jam’iyya, a jihohi. Wannan rabon ayyukan, na nuni ne game da irin ikon da Tsarin Mulki ya bayar, na bai wa kowa ikon da yake da shi, a tsakanin majalisa da ofishin jami’in zartaswa, da kuma sashen shari’a, na kowane rukunin gwamnati, ya-Allah a Tarayya ne, ko a jiha. Tsarin na rarrabe ikon, na iya haddasa wani ta}aitaccen yun}uri, game da ha]in kan jam’iyya, dangane da ‘yan majalisa da kuma shugaban jam’iyya. Hakika, haka al’amarin yake, ko muna Magana ne gake da wakilan majalisun, ko kuma game da shugaban }asa, ko ma game da irin dangantakar dake tsakanin ‘yan majalisar jiha da kuma gwamna.

[an takarar za~en shugaban }asa, na Jam’iyyar Republican ne, ke nuna kansa,

kafin mahawarar watan Satumbar 2011, a Birnin California. A gefen hagu kuma, tsohon Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai ne, Newt Gingrich, da [an Majalisar Wakilai Michele Bachmann, na Minnesota, sai tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Massachusetts, Mitt

Romney, da Gwamnan Jihar Texas, Rick Perry da kuma Wakilin Majalisar Wakilai, Ron Paul, na Jihar Texas.

Wannan shimfi]ar da ake yi wa tsarin na tarayya da jihohi da kuma }ananan hukumomi, a {asar ta Amirka, na bayar da damar }ara ~ullo da rarrabe harkokin jam’iyya, ta yadda za a }ir}iro da dubban maza~un da za su samu mu}amai, a tarayya da jihohin da kuma }ananan hukumomi. Kamar kuma yadda aka gani, a da, yin amfani da za~en fitar da ]an takara, na sukulkuta jam’iyyar siyasa, wajen hana ma su duk wani }o}ari na yin baba-kere, wajen fitar da ‘yan takarar jam’iyya. Don haka, ana }ara wa kowane ]an takara, }warin gwiwar da zai tsara kwamitin ya}in neman za~ensa da harkokin za~en da za su biyo baya, na faro dai don ya lashe za~en fitar da gwani, daga bisani kuma ya lashe babban za~e.

Masu za~e ne, a Jihar Atlanta, ke ka]a }uri’unsu, a wata makarantar sakandare, a

babban za~en da aka yi, a watan Nuwambar 2010.

WAYAR DA KAN JAMA’A Duk da irin tsawon loakaci da kuma }wararan shaidun ha]in hannun da }ungiyoyi ke yi, a harkokin siyasar {asar Amirka, akwai wani abu, ]aya, da, a kodayaushe, ke }ara kawo rashin yarda, a tsakanin jam’iyyun siyasa. Yin amfani da kuma bun}asar da tsarin fitar da ‘yan takara, a babban taro, da kuma ‘yan takarar jiha, wata alama ce ta amincewar jama’a ko hatta ma yi wa jam’iyya zagon-}asa, ko guna-guni, a tsakanin jama’a. Jama’ar {asar Amirka, na zamani, na yi wa shugabannin jam’iyyun siyasunsu, kallon hadarin kaji, inda suke ganin wai suke nuna }arfin dake son ya fi na gwamnati. Ra’ayoyin jama’a na ta nuna cewa, mafi yawan jama’a sun yi imanin cewa, a wa]ansu lokuttan, suna rikita su, game da wa]ansu al’amurra, fiye da fayyace masu su, kuma zai fi kyau, idan aka kawar da wani matsayin siyasa, a wajen harkokin jefa }uri’a. Don haka, dole ne, jam’iyyun siyasa su amince da irin muhimmancin dake tattare da gagarumin bambancin da ake samu, game da raguwar masu jefa }uri’a, maimakon mayar da hankali ga harkokin jam’iyya. Wata alamar hakan, ita ce, irin yadda ake samun rarrabuwar kawuna. Alal misali, mai jefa }uri’a na iya za~ar ]an takarar shugabancin }asar jam’iyyarsa, ya kuma za~i wanda zai halarci babban taron jam’iyya daga gundumarsa. Don haka, a wannan }arnin da ake ciki, inda samun rarrabuwar gwamnati, shugabannin }asa kan samu kawunansu cikin }o}arin gudanar da mulki, ba tare da samun rinjaye a ]aya ko dukan majalisun }asa ba. Rarraba kawunan ‘yan jam’iyyar da shugabannin mulki da ‘yan majalisa ke yi, a kowane rukuni na gwamnati, ya zamo ruwan-dare, a gwamnatin tarayya da kuma gwamnatocin jihohi 50 da ake da su. Wa]ansu masu lura da al’amurra, sun yi imanin cewa, masu jefa }uri’a, sun fi amincewa da wannan tsarin, domin ya fi

tauye duk wani babban yun}urin da gwamnati za ta yi, na musguna wa masu jefa }uri’ar.

{ANANAN JAM’IYYU DA ‘YAN TAKARA

MASU ZAMAN KANSU Duk da irin cikas ]in da aka bayyana, tun farko, }ananan jam’iyyu da kuma ‘yan takara masu zaman kansu, ba su fasa shiga harkokin siyasar {asar Amirka ba. Mafi yawan lokutta sukan haifar da matsalolin dake kawo kasawar manyan jam’iyyu na da su }alubalanci duk wani al’amarin jama’a, da kuma ayyukan da gwamnati ta shimfi]a yi. Amma, mafi yawan }ananan jam’iyyun na ta bun}asar da sukan tsaya a wani za~en, daga bisani kuma su dur}ushe, ko su sallace, ko kuma su ha]e da wata babbar jam’iyya. Tun cikin shekarun 1850, sabuwar jam’iyya ]aya ce, watau Jam’iyyar Republican Party, ta dage wajen kai wa ga matsayin babbar jam’iyya. A wannan lokacin, akwai al’amuran da suka sosa zuciya, watau cinikin bayi, wanda ya raba }asar. Wannan ne ya haddasa biyan ‘yan takara da kuma janyo ra’ayoyin masu jefa }uri’a.

H. Ross Perot ke nan, wanda ya tsaya takarar shugaban }asa, mai zaman kansa, a

shekarun 1992 da 1996.

Akwai kuma shaidar cewa }ananan jam’iyyun sukan yi tasiri a sakamakon za~e. Alal misali, Theodore Roosevelt, ]aya daga cikin ’yan takarar }ananan jam’iyyun, wanda ya fito za~e a 1912, ya rarraba }uri’un ‘yan Jam’iyyar Republican, wadda ta sa aka za~i Woodrow Wilson, da wani ]an }aramin rinjaye. Kuma a 1992, wani ]an takarar, mai zaman kansa, H. Ross Perot, ya samu }uri’un ‘yan Jam’iyyar Republican, a shekarun 1980, wa]anda suka yi sanadiyyar kayar da shugaban }asar Jam’iyyar ta Republican, George H.W. Bush. A kuma wata gagarumar fafatar da aka yi, a 2000, tsakanin George W. Bush, na Jam’iyyar Republican da Al Gore, na Jam’iyyar Democrat, an ga alamun cewa, ]an takarar Jam’iyyar Green Party, Ralph Nader, bai samu samu }uri’un da ake bukata bam a yankin Florida, wanda mai yiwuwa ya sa Gore ya cinye za~en jihar, ya kuma zama shugaban }asa. Binciken ra’ayoyin jama’a, tun cikin shekarun 1990, yana ci gaba da nuna ]imbin goyon baya ga irin tafarkin da }ananan jam’iyyun ke bi. A canjaras ]in da aka yi, a

za~en 2000, }uri’ar raba-gardama, ta nuna cewa, kashi 67, cikin 100, na jama’ar {asar Amirka, sun fi }aunar }ananan jam’iyyun, ta ~angaren gabatar da ]an takarar shugabancin }asa, da wajen babban taron za~ar wa]anda za su kayar da ‘yan takarar jam’iyyun na Republican da Democrat, a jihohi. Ba kuma son zuciya ba ne, ko kuma fankama da ]imbin ku]a]e suka sa hansha}in attajiran nan na Jihar Texas, Perot, ya samun kashi 19, cikin 100, na manyan }uri’un za~en shugaban }asar ba, a 1992, wa]anda kuma sune }uri’u, mafiya yawa da wani ]an takarar wata }aramar jam’iyya ya ta~a samu, tun lokacin da Theodore Roosevelt (na Progressive Party), ya samu kashi 27, cikin 100, a 1912.

Wani mai za~e ne, ke dangwala }uri’arsa, a wajen za~en fitar da ‘yan takara, na

watan Afrilun 2008, a Jihar Pennsylvania.

Masu za~e ne, a cikin layi, da hantsi, a ranar za~en 2 ga watan Nuwambar 2010, a

Mararrabar Apache, dake Garin Arizona.

ZA|EN [AN TAKARAR SHUGABAN {ASA

Dokokin Jam’iyyu, na za~ar ]an takarar shugaban }asa, ba su a cikin Tsarin Mulkin {asar Amirka. Kamar yadda aka lura, babu wata jam’iyyar siyasar, a shekarun 1700, lokacin da aka zayyana, aka kuma amince da Tsarin Mulkin na {asar Amirka, kuma wa]anda suka kafa }asar, ba su da wata sha’awar soke wata dokar da za ta shimfi]a hakan. Tun daga farkon 1796, wakilan Majalisar {asar Amirka, dake cikin wata jam’iyyar siyasa, a wa]annan lokuttan, kan yi tarurruka, don amincewa da ]an takarar

shugabancin }asa, da mataimakinsa. Wa]annan mutanen an san su da suna “Manyan {usoshi,” wajen tsarin za~ar ‘yan takara, na tsawon kusan shekaru 30. Amma, a cikin 1824, sai alkadarinsu ya }arye, inda turar harkokin siyasa suka karkata zuwa yammacin {asar Amirka. A kwana, a tashi, sai aka maye gurbin manyan tarurrukan, da su wa]annan Manyan {usoshin, a wajen za~ar ‘yan takarar jam’iyyu. A 1831 kuma, wata }aramar jam’iyya, mai Hamayya da {ungiyar Matsafa (Freemasons), ta gudanar da wani taro, a Birnin Baltimore, don za~ar ‘yan takarar, da kuma zayyana wa]ansu }a’idodin da za su tsaya takarar. A shekara mai zuwa kuma, sai Jam’iyyar Democrat, ta yi irin wannan taron, don za~ar ‘yan takara. Tun kuma wannan lokacin, manyan jam’iyyu ke gudanar da manyan tarurrukan da masu za~en ‘yan takara ke halarta, domin za~ar ‘yan takarar shugaban }asa, da mataimakansu, da kuma amincewa da wa]ansu manufofi.

KUNNO KAN HARKOKIN TELEBIJIN A ]aukacin {arni na 19, har ya zuwa cikin {arni na 20, duk da yake manyan magoya bayan jam’iyyun siyasa na halartar manyan tarurrukan, amma shugabannin jam’iyya, a jihohi ne, ke yi ma su jagora. Wa]annan “dakarun” siyasar, kan za~o wakilan da za su za~i ‘yan takarar, su kuma tabbatar da ganin cewa, sun za~i, “wanda ya cancanta”, a wajen babban taron jam’iyyar. Masu hamayya da shugabannin jam’iyyun kuma, na bukatar da a kawo canjin da zai sa duk wani mai jefa }uri’a ya ri}a za~ar wakilan dake za~ar ‘yan takarar. Kwanan nan ne, aka fara bin wannan tafarkin, a wajen za~en ‘yan takara. Ya zuwa 1916, fiye da rabin jihohin dake }asar, sun gudanar da za~u~~ukan fitar da ‘yan takarar shugabancin }asa. Amma al’amarin bai yi tsawon kwana ba. A sakamakon kawo }arshen Yakin Duniya na [aya, shugabannin jam’iyyu, wa]anda suka san cewa za~en fitar da ‘yan takarar na son gurgunta ikon da suke da shi, sun janyo ra’ayin wakilan majalisun dokoki, da su soke masu gudanar da wannan za~en, wai don ana kashe ku]a]e, babu kan gado, kuma ba mutane masu yawa ba ne, ke gudanar da za~en. Ya zuwa 1936, jihohi 12 ne, ka]ai, suka ci gaba da gudanar da za~en fitar da ‘yan takarar.

[an Majalisar Dattijai Barack Obama ne, ke amincewa da tsayawa takarar

shugabancin }asar Jam’iyyar Democrat, a babban taron jam’iyyar, a Garin Denver, na Jihar Colorado, a watan Agustar 2008.

Amma harkokin na mulkin demokra]iyya sun fi kawo ]auki, bayan Ya}in Duniya na Biyu. A karo na farko da aka gidajen telebijin suka fara yayata irin abinda ake yi, har da ya}in neman za~e, don jama’a su gani, ko kuma su ji, a ]akunansu. ‘Yan takarar shugabancin }asar dake zage gaskiya, na iya amfani da gidajen telebijin, wajen yi wa jama’a bayanin a}idarsu. Amma, a shekaru na gaba, an samu ya]uwar sake fasalin harkokin mulkin na demokra]iyya, a wajen manyan tarurrukan jam’iyyu, da ake za~ar ‘yan takara. A sakamakon haka ne, mafi yawan jihohi ke gudanar da za~en fitar da ‘yan takarar. Ya kuma danganci irin dokar da jiha ta zartar, wanda mai yiwuwa masu za~ar ‘yan takarar, su jefa wa ‘yan takarar shugabancin }asa, ko kuma su za~i “amintattun” masu za~en ‘yan takarar, ko kuma su za~i ‘yan takarar shugabancin }asar, daga baya kuma su za~i wakilan dake za~ar ‘yan takarar, don nuna yawan wa]anda ke za~en ‘yan takarar, kai-tsaye, ko kuma a fakaici, wajen za~ar “amintattun”.

Shugabar Gundumar Judy Wittkop ce, ke bayani game da dokokin za~e, ga

}usoshin garin Le Mars, na Jihar Iowa, a watan Janairun 2008.

Za~en {asar Amirka Na 2 ga watan Nuwambar 2010

Miguel Fuentes ne, ke taimaka wa matarsa, Cristina, jefa }uri’a, a Gabashin Birnin

Los Angeles, na Jihar California.

Masu za~e ne, ke jefa }uri’a, a Kolejin Henry W. Grady, dake Birnin Atlanta, na

Jihar Georgia.

Wata mai za~e ce, ke dangwala }uri’arta, a garin Dearborn, na Jihar Michigan.

Robbie Walker ce, ke kulawa da ‘yan tagwayenta, ‘yan shekaru uku da haihuwa, watau Bryce da Brayden Hughes, ga kuma }uri’a, a hannu, ranar da ake gudanar

da za~e, a Makarantar Sakantaren Lardi dake garin Chesterfield, na Jihar Virginia.

Vicki Vargus ne, a cikin sutura, mai launin Tutar {asar Amirka, ke ka]a }uri’arsa,

a Garin Sacramento, na Jihar California.

Masu za~e ne, ke nazarin }uri’arsu, a wata maza~ar dake garin Kiryas Joel, na

Jihar New York.

Greg McFarland ne, ke barin wata maza~a, a garin Tempe, na Arizona, bayan da

ya jefa }uri’arsa.

Yun Wang ne ke ka]a }uri’a, a gaban wani katafaren gida, dake Tsakiyar Birnin

Colorado.

A }ar}ashin tsarin na }usoshin jam’iyya, ‘yan jam’iyyar dake zaune a }ananan yankuna, ko kuma ha~en birni, kan taru, domin za~ar wakilan da za su za~i ‘yan takara, bisa ga alkawarin taimaka wa, wa]ansu ‘yan takarar shugabancin }asa. Daga bisani, wa]annan wakilai, kan wakilci yankunansu, a babban taron na gunduma, wanda ke za~ar wakilan da za su halarci babban taron yanki, da kuma na jiha. Asali ma, wakilan wa]annan manyan tarurruka ne, ke za~ar wakilan da za su wakilce su, a tarurrukan jihohi da kuma }asa baki ]aya. Kodayake ana share watanni, ana gudanar da irin wannan tsari, amma a karon farko, na za~en, ake tantance ‘yan takarar da ake bukata. Ana }ayyade yawan wakilan da za su halarci manyan tarurrukan na }asa ne, ta wata sigar da kowace jam’iyyar siyasa ta shimfi]a, wadda ta }unshi sharu]]an yawan jama’ar jihar, da kuma irin goyon bayan da ake bai wa shugabannin }asa, da kuma yawan za~a~~u da shugabannin jam’iyyar dake kan gado, a jihar. Tsarin da Jam’iyyar Democrat ke amfani da shi, na yawan wakilan tarurrukan }asar, ya ninka yawan wakilan da Jam’iyyar Republican ke da shi. A sakamakon irin canje-canjen da aka samo, tun lokacin Ya}in Duniyar na Biyu, muhimman abubuwa biyu, sun bayyana. Na farko, jihohi, da dama, sukan fara gudanar da za~u~~ukan fitar da ‘yan takarar shugabannin }asa da kuma na }usoshinsu, da wuri, tun kafin lokuttan da aka ke~e, na gudanar da su, wata tabi’ar da ake kira “riga-malam-masallaci.” Ya-Allah an gudanar da za~en ‘yan takarar ne, ko na }usoshin, da wuri, jihohin na iya bai wa masu jefa }uri’ar gagarumar damar da za su nuna abinda suke son a yi, a wajen za~en ‘yan takarar. Bugu da }ari, wannan na iya taimaka wa ‘yan takarar, wajen cimma bukatun jihohin, tun da farko, da kuma tilasta wa ‘yan takarar tsara yanda za su gudanar da harkokinsu, da irin ku]a]en da za su kashe, wajen biyan ma’aikata da kafofin watsa labaru da wuraren kwana, a otel-otel, da kuma }o}arin sanin tunanin jama’a, na kai wag a samun nasarar, a wajen gudanar da tsare-tsaren jam’iyya, game da za~en ‘yan takarar. Da]in da]awa, a wa]ansu sassan }asar, jihohi kan haka }arfi, wajen shirye “za~en ‘yan takarar na yanki”, ta hanyar gudanar za~en fitar da gwanayen da }usoshin jam’iyya, a rana guda, don samun gagarumar kar~uwa a yankin. Dukan wa]annan hanyoyin sun tilasta wa ‘yan takara, da su fara ya}in neman za~e, tun da wuri, don samun kar~uwa a jihohi, da dama, da suka gudanar da za~u~~ukan, da wuri. Har ila yau, ‘yan takarar suna dogara, matu}a, da gidajen watsa labaru, irin su rediyo da telebijin da kuma yanar-gizo, kazalika da

amincewar shugabannin jam’iyya, wajen taimaka ma su, da su samu ]imbin }uri’o’i, a ranar da za a gudanar da za~en fitar da ‘yan takarar.

Rick Erwin ne, ke rubuta sakamakon za~en fitar da ‘yan takara, a }auyen Dixville

Notch, dake New Hampshire, a cikin watan Janairun 2008.

TA|AR|AREWAR MANYAN TARUKAN SIYASA

Wa]ansu matsaloli da irin wannan canjin ke haddasa wa, ga za~en ]an takarar shugabancin }asar sune, koma-bayan farin jinin jam’iyyar da yadda telebijin ke yayata manufofinta da kuma babban taron za~en ‘yan takarar na }asa. A yau kam, masu jefa }uri’a ne, ke nuna irin yadda za a gudanar da za~en fitar da ‘yan takarar. Irin wannan za~en na iya ma nuna ko wa zai zama mataimakin ]an takarar shugaban }asar, kafin ma a gudanar da babban taron. (Mataimakin ]an takarar shugaban }asa, ba ya tsayawa, shi ka]ai, a za~en na fitar da ]an takara, domin wanda ya ci za~en fitar da ]an takarar na shugabancin }asa ne, ke za~ar mataimakinsa.) Ta haka ne, za~en na fitar da ]an takarar ke ta sake fasali. A cikin ‘yan shekarun nan, wa]annan canje-canjen, sun inganta tsoma bakuna, da inganta yawan wakilai da kuma }arfafa zumuncin dake tsakanin talaka da ]an takara. Kamar kuma yadda al’amarin yake yanzu, da kuma tsarin da ake bi, duk wani sanannen ]an takara kan samu ]imbin ku]a]e, ko kyakkyawan tsarin gudanar da ya}in neman za~e, kuma yana iya samun kyakkyawar kar~uwa a tsakanin masu gudanar da za~en, da wuri, a za~en na fitar da ]an takarar shugabancin }asa.

Masu za~en ‘yan takara ne, ke hallara, a wajen Babban Taron Jam’iyyar Republican da aka gudanar a 1868, a garin Chicago.

[an takarar Jam’iyyar Democrat ne, Obama, ke jawabin tabbatar da amincewarsa

da tsayawa takarar, a wajen babban taron jam’iyyar da aka gudanar a 2008.

ALA{AR YANAR-GIZO ‘Yan takara da magoya bayansu, kan hanzarta yin amfani da yanar-gizo, wajen ya}in neman za~e. An kuma tabbatar da ingancin yin hakan, da kuma alfanun hanyoyin neman gudunmawa daga magoya baya da kuma yayata manufofi da }warewar ]an takara. Wasi}un yanar-gizo da kuma shafukan yanar-gizon, sun yi tasiri a za~en shugaban }asa na 2008. Shafukan yanar-gizo, irin su Facebook da Twitter, sun taka gagarumar rawar gani, a za~en na 2012. {ungiyoyin ya}in neman za~e kuma sun bayar da himma, wajen nuna muhimmancin yin amfani da shafukan yanar-gizon, da wayoyin tafi-da-gidanka, da sauran na’urorin zamani. Musayar hotonan bidiyo, a shafukan, irin su YouTube, sun bayar da damar da kuma matsaloli, wajen gudanar da ya}in neman za~en. ‘Yan takara sun samu galabar yin amfani da na’urorin fasahar, wajen shirya fina-finan bidiyo game da kawunansu, da kuma yin shagu~e. A wa]ansu lokuttan ma, ‘yan takarar kan na]i wa]ansu batutuwan wofi, ko su ~arje guminsu, na na]ar wa]ansu batutuwan da ba za su iya furtawa ba, a gaban jama’a, don aikewa da su, a yanar-gizon ko kuma gidajen telebijin.

‘Yan takara ne, ke ro}on masu za~e a shafuka da sauran linzaman yanar-gizo.

Terri Sewell ce, a hannun dama, je murnar za~en da aka yi ma ta, zuwa Majalisar Wakilai, a watan Nuwambar 2010, don wakiltar yankin Alabama.

ZA|EN MAJALISAR DATTIJAI

Za~u~~ukan Majalisar Dattijan {asar Amirka kusan walaharsu da muhimmancinsu ]aya da na shugaban }asa. Hakan na faruwa ne, a sakamakon irin yadda }usoshin jam’iyya ke }aga sharu]]a, yadda suke so. Ba kamar za~en majalisar wakilai ba, inda gwamna ke fitowa daga majalisa, tsarin na {asar Amirka, kamar yadda aka gani, yana bambanta ayyukan majalisa, da na shugaban }asa. Ana kuma za~ar shugaban ne, da ‘yan majalisa, dabam daban. Kodayake, shugaba, mai ci, na iya aikewa da doka zuwa majalisa, amma majalisa ce, da ma}arrabanta, ke da ha}}in tsara ta, kuma, dole, majalisa ta zartar da ita, kafin shugaban ya sanya ma ta hannu. Wakilan majalisun dokoki da na dattijai, masu cin gashin kansu ne, kan duk wani }uduri na shugaban }asa. A Majalisar Dattijai, ka kasafai ake bin dokokin jam’iyya ba, a tsarin na {asar Amirka, fiye da tsarin dokokin majalisa. Ya fi sau}i wakilan majalisar dattijan, su amince da wata manufar da suka ga ta dace, ciki har da abinda suke tsammani shine mafi kyau, don sake cin za~e. A sakamakon haka, dole, shugabannin majalisar su tanadi irin yadda kowane wakili zai ci za~e, a lokaci guda, maimakon su ri}a hasashen goyon bayan da za su samu, kai-tsaye, daga manyan }usoshin jam’iyya. Wannan ne kuma ke sa, ake cin ba}ar wuyar cimma nasarar gudanar da kowane zaman majalisa. Haka kuma za~en majalisun yana da muhimmanci ga }asa, domin majalisun na da cikakken iko, kuma da wuya a san inda wani wakili, ko kuma majalisar suka dosa.

Katafaren ginin Capitol ke nan, inda manyan majalisun {asar Amirka suke, watau

Majalisun Wakilai da ta Dattawa.

BAMBANCIN MAJALISUN WAKILAI DA NA DATTIJAI

Kusan majalisun na Wakilai da na Dattijai na da iko, daidai wa daida, amma, tsarin za~ensu ya sha bamban. Magabatan da suka ~ullo da Jamhuriyar {asar Amirka, sun }udurta wakilan Majalisar Dokokin su kasance kusa da jama’a, don kare bukatu da burin jama’a. Don haka, magabatan sun tsara Majalisar Wakilan, ta fi girman da za ta ]auke wakilai, da dama, daga }ananan gundumomi, a kuma za~e su, a cikin kowa]anne shekaru biyu. Da farko, wa]ansu suna ganin cewa ri}on na shekaru biyu, da aka amincewa, ya yi tsawo. A lokacin, ana safara ne, da dawaki, wanda ri}on mu}amin majalisar, na tsawon shekaru biyu, a Birnin Washington, na iya sa wakili, ya }aurace wa maza~arsa, har tsawon shekaru biyu. To, a yau kuma, ana damuwa ne, da irin yadda wakilai, zai yi ta hawa jirgin sama, a kowane }arshen mako, don komawa gundumarsa, ko kuma don zantawa game da samun goyon bayan siyasa. Kowace kujerar majalisar wakilan da yankin da take wakilta, kuma, kamar yadda aka sani, ana za~ar kowane wakili ne, a matsayin wakilin wata gundumar dake son sa. Ana tabbatar da bayar da, a}alla, kujera guda, cikin kujeru 50 dake majalisar, ga kowace gunduma, yayinda ake rarraba sauran kujerun ga jihohi, gwargwadon yawan jama’arsu. Alal misali, Jihar Alaska, ba ta da yawan jama’a, don haka, kujerarta guda ce, a majalisar ta wakilai. Jihar California kuwa, ta fi kowace jiha yawa, don haka take da kujeru 53. Bisa ga kowace }idayar jama’ar da aka gudanar, yawan kujerun da ake bai wa kowace jiha, ya danganci irin yadda aka samu }aruwar jama’a, a jihar, a cikin shekaru 10 da suka wuce, kuma majalisar dokokin jihar ce ke aiwatar da sake za~on maza~un, don nuna irin yawan kujerun da za a ba jihar, ko kuma saboda yawan }aruwar jama’ar da aka samu, a jihar.

An kuma tsara Majalisar Dattijai ta }unshi wakilan dake da manyan maza~u, ko ma jiha, ta kuma wakilci kowane jinsi dake jihar, ba tare da la’akari da yawan jama’a ba. Komai }an}antar jiha, tana da wakilai biyu, a Majalisar ta Dattijai, daidai da kowace babbar jiha. A da, wakilan majalisun dokokin jiha ne, ke za~o wakilan majalisar dattijai. Amma tun lokacin da aka kafa Dokar Kwaskwarima ta 17, ga Tsarin Mulkin, a 1913, sai masu jefa }uri’a suka fara za~o wakilan majalisar dattijan, kai-tsaye. Kowace jiha na da wakilan majalisar dattijai biyu, da ake za~owa, a cikin kowa]anne shekaru shida, inda kashi ]aya cikin uku, na kujerun majalisar ta dattijai, ana za~o su ne, a kowa]anne shekaru biyu. Ana za~o wakilin majalisar dattijai, da }uri’u masu rinjaye, na masu jefa }uri’a.

Abokan adawa ne, Cory Gardener, a hannun hagu, da Betsy Markey, ke tabka mahawara, a watan Oktobar 2010, don neman cinye za~en kujerar Majalisar

Wakilai ta Colorado.

GOYON BAYAN JAM’IYYA KO WANI A da, za~u~~ukan majalisa ya rataya ne, a “wuyan jam’iyya,” domin masu goyon bayan jam’iyya kan sare shekaru, suna bayan wata jam’iyya guda, ko kuma wata, don haka, ba su da za~i, illa wanda jam’iyya ke so, a wakilcin majalissa. Ba za a rasa yin la’akari da }warjini da aikin da ]an majalisa ya yi ba, ko kuma irin goyon bayan da yake da shi. A cikin ‘yan shekarun nan, tunani da }warjinin kowane ]an takara ne, aka fi dubawa, a wajen za~en siyasa, wanda kuma yana nakushe muhimmancin magoya bayan jam’iyya. Hakika, tun cikin shekarun 1960, za~u~~ukan }asa ke }ara mayar da hankali ga irin yadda ]an takara yake. {aruwar ayyukan gidajen watsa labaru da yanar-gizo, da kuma muhimmancin ha}i}ancewa ga neman gudunmawar ku]a]en ya}in neman za~e, da ji~intar ra’ayoyin jama’a da kuma sauran al’amurran }awata ya}in neman za~e, na }ara wayar da kan jama’a, game da ]an takara. A sakamakon haka, masu jefa }uri’a kan jinjina }arfin ]an takara da rauninsa, tare kuma da irin yawan magoya bayan da jam’iyya take da shi, wajen yanke shawarar wanda za a goya wa baya. Kafuwar wata gagarumar harkar ilmatarwa, a farkon {arni na 20,

da kuma }aruwar ilmi, bayan Ya}in Duniya na Biyu, ya kuma sa masu jefa }uri’a da su amince da duk wata shawarar da suka yanke, ba su kuma dogara da irin abinda jam’iyya za ta ce, game da }uri’a. A bisa ga tafarkin za~en ]an takarar, saboda ko shi wanene, ya sa wakilan dake kan kujerun majalisa, ke }ara bayar da himma, da zarar kuma za~e ya }arato, sukan yin }o}arin aiwatar da fiye da kashi 90, cikin 100, na ayyukansu. Wannan kuma ya danganci irin yadda gidajen watsa labaru, ke yayata majalisar, musamman yayata wakilan da gidajen watsa labarun ke yi, a jihohinsu ko kuma maza~unsu. Wannan sunan da suke yi, a gidajen watsa labaru, da kuma tsoma bakunan da suke yi, game da manufofin jama’a, wa]ansu mutane da kuma }ungiyoyi kan nemi, fifita wa]ansu manufofin, haka ma, wakilan, dake ci, kan kashe ma}udan ku]a]e, fiye da irin abinda suka ke~e kashewa, a wajen ya}in neman za~e. Saboda da wa]annan dalilan, ko fiye da haka, wakilan dake kan kujerun, wa]anda ke neman sake tsayawa za~e, kan yi nasara, komai irin zagon }asan da jam’iyyarsu za ta yi.

An fi shekaru 100, ana buga lambobin gangamin ya}in neman za~e, a {asar

Amirka.

Wasan sululu, a kan }an}ara, a Cibiyar Rockefeller dake Birnin New York City, na nuni, tun a jajiberin ranar za~e cewa, jihohin dake dake ]auke da jan launi, za

su za~i Jam’iyyar Republican ne, su kuma masu launin shu]i za su za~i Jam’iyyar Democrat.

ZA|E DA {ORAFI Kodayake ba wani ~angare na doka ba ne, ko shara]i da suka shafi harkokin za~en siyasa, ra’ayoyin jama’a sun zama wani gagarumin al’amari, a harkokin za~e, a cikin ‘yan shekarun nan. ‘Yan takara, da dama, kan yi hayar masana dabarun za~e, don su jiyo ma su ra’ayoyin jama’a. Ra’ayoyin jama’ar kan fahimtar da ]an takara, game da irin yadda zai gudanar da harkokinsa ga jama’a, fiye da abokan hamayyarsa, da kuma wa]ansu al’amurran dake da muhimmaci, a zukatan masu jefa }uri’a. Kafafen watsa labaru, irin su jaridu da telebijin, na kuma gudanar da jin ra’ayoyin jama’a da bayar da rahotanninsu (tare da bayar da sakamakon abinda ke

faruwa), don bai wa jama’a masaniyar irin yadda za su bayar da fifiko ga ‘yan takara, da al’amurra da kuma matsayinsu game da manufofin da suka shafe su, da sauran jama’a. Shekaru 50 da suka wuce, }ungiya guda ce, ko kuma biyu, da suka mamaye harkokin sauraren jin ra’ayoyin jama’a. A yau, watau zamanin da, koyaushe, duniya ke sanin abinda ke faruwa, da yanar-gizo da kuma labarun tauraron ]an adam, na awowi 24, da ]imbin kafofin samun labaru, akai-akai, babu yadda ba a samun jin ra’ayoyin jama’a.

TAHIRIN ZA|E Ya zuwa yanzu, yawaita jin ra’ayoyin jama’a da kafofi, masu zaman kansu ke yi, da kuma masana wannan harkar, ya zamo ruwan-dare ga dukan ]an takara, kazalika da manyan }usoshin gwamnati, irin su shugaban }asa, wanda ke da bukatar sanin inda harkokin siyasa ke dosa. Amma, an fi samun inda kafofin watsa labaru ke gudanar da harkokinsu, na jin ra’ayoyin jama’a, a ko’ina, a tarihin {asar Amirka. Kodayake wata }aramar jarida ce, a garin Harrisburg na Jihar Pennsylvania, ta fara gudanar da jin ra’ayoyin jama’ar, a 1824, ba a fara samun wani shirin na jin ra’ayoyin jama’a ba, da ya zama jiki, ga kafofin watsa labarun ya}in neman za~e, sai a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya zuwa shekarun 1970, dukan mayan gidajen telebijin na {asar Amirka, watau ABC da CBS da kuma NBC, sai suka ri}a bayyana muhimmancin ra’ayoyin jama’a, game da takarar shugabancin }asa, daga bisani kuma, na takarar gwamnoni da kuma wakilan majalisun {asar Amirka. Jin ra’ayoyin jama’ar da gidajen watsa labaru na zamani ke gudanarwa, akai-akai, irin wa]anda ake yi, a labarun gidajen telebijin da kuma takwarorinsu dake gidjaen jaridu, kamar su CBS da Jaridar New York Times, da ABC da Jaridar Washington Post, da kuma NBC da Jaridar Wall St. Journal, na kuma gano ra’ayoyin da ake da su game da ‘yan takara, da kuma al’amurra, a kowane mako, ko kuma kullum. Ana tsara su ne, sosai, yadda ba za su goyi bayan kowa ba. A cikin ‘yan shekarun nan, ra’ayoyin jama’a, masu zaman kansu, suna fayyace irin yadda takarar za~u~~uka za su gudana da tantance }arfi da raunin kowane ]an takara, da kuma bincika irin goyon bayan da wata }ungiya ke bai wa kowane ]an takara. Irin wa]annan ra’ayoyin, masu zaman kansu, na bai wa masu ]auko labaru da editoci ha}i}anin yadda ya}in neman za~e yake, da kuma jagorancin masu jefa }uri’a ga sanin matsayin harkokin siyasa, yadda ya kamata.

Gogaggun ‘yan siyasa, Karl Rove, na Jam’iyyar Republican ne, a hannun hagu,

tare da James Carville, na Jam’iyyar Democrat, ke tabka mahawara, a wani shirin gidan telebijin, da aka gudanar a cikin watan Mayun 2009, a Birnin New York.

KWASKWARIMA DA KIMANTAWA Wani lokacin ana gudanar da jin ra’ayoyin jama’a, da dare tsaka, bayan wani gawurtaccen al’amari, kamar jawabin shugaban }asa, dangane da abinda ya shafi }asa, ko kuma wata mahawara, a tsakanin ‘yan takarar shugabancin }asa. Wani loton kuma, ana gudanar da jin ra’ayoyin jama’ar ne, a jajebirin yayata ra’ayoyin jama’ar ga }asa, idan misalign 500, sun yi wani }orafi game da al’amurran }asa. Yayinda irin wa]annan ra’ayoyi, na “wucin-gadi” ke bayyana ra’ayoyin jama’a, a gurguje, wa]ansu masana harkokin, sun yi imanin cewa, wa]annan mutanen 500, ba su isa, su bayyana abubuwan dake damun jama fiye da miliyan 300 ba. {wararru, da dama, sun gwammace a ji ta bakin, a}alla, mutane dubu, da za su wakilci ra’ayoyin ]aukacin jama’ar. Komai ingancin ra’ayoyin jama’ar sai an ba su wata fassara, kuma akwai misalai, da dama, na ‘yan takarar dake aringizon farin jini, ba kamar yadda ra’ayoyin jama’ar za su nuna ba. Jin ra’ayoyin jama’ar, da wuri, na bayar da cikakkun bayanai, fiye da abinda ]an takara zai nuna, kafin takara. Suna kuma iya bayyana damuwar da ake da ita, game da harkokin yau da kullum, su kuma nuna irin yanayin da jama’a ke ciki. Kamar yadda wani masanin harkokin za~e ya bayyana, “ra’ayoyin wata kwalliya ce ga abinda ]an takara ke gani, da kuma abinda taron jama’a ke jin, ya yi daidai, ko bai yi da]i ba, ko abin ban haushi ko takaici, ko kuma }arin }warin gwiwa, ko ma soki-burutsu.” Duk ra’ayoyin, masu zaman kansu ne, ko wa]anda aka sa, a yi, na taimaka wa ‘yan takara sanin sa}onnin da za su dage a kai, yayinda za su mayar da hankali ga al’amurran da jama’a ke so.

ZA|EN BAYAN FAGE

Ra’ayoyin }arshe, (ra’ayoyin da gidajen telebijin ke tattarawa, bayan da masu jefa }uri’a ke barin runfunan za~e), sun zama jiki, a harkokin za~en {asar Amirka, tun cikin shekarun 1970. Har ila yau, suna haifar da gardandami, domin suna nuna wa gidajen telebijin ]in cewa, ga inda nasarar za~en take, saboda irin hirar da ake yi da jama’ar da suka kammala jefa }uri’a. Ra’ayoyin na }arshe ba su da wani tasiri, tun za~en shugaban }asa na 2000, lokacin da gidajen telebijin suka kasa yin amfani da su, yadda ya kamata, wajen hasashe a kan wanda duk Jihar Florida ta za~a, to, shi zai lashe za~en. Ruguguwar yin hasashen ce kuma ta dakushe samun yin amfani da ra’ayoyin yadda ya kamata. Amma, muddin aka yi amfani da ra’ayoyin na }arshe, suna iya zama gagarumar madogara ga masana harkokin za~e, da ‘yan jaridu da masana harkokin ilmi. Bugu da }ari, su zarce duk wani }orafi, wajen hasashen wanda zai cinye za~e, tun daga farkon jefa }uri’a, kuma za su iya nuna wa masanan da masana harkokin kimiyyar siyasa, irin cikakkun bayanan yadda wani al’amari wata }ungiyar dake wani yankin }asa ta yi za~e, ko kuma ta bayyana dalilin da ya sa ta yi za~en.

Gwamnan Jihar Texas, kuma ]an neman takarar tsayawa shugabancin Jam’iyyar Republican, a babban za~en 2012, Rick Perry ne, lokacin da ya halaci wani taron

gidauniyar za~e ta watan Satumbar 2011, a garin Jefferson, na Jihar Iowa.

KU[A[EN YA{IN NEMAN ZA|E

Dokokin Tarayya na nuna irin yadda ofisoshin gwamnatin tarayya, da wakilan majalisun tarayya da dokoki, da ma wa]ansu al’amurran da suka shafi harkokin siyasarsu, za su iya tara ku]a]e, kazalika da nawa za su iya samu, daga kuma wa. Dokokin ku]a]en ya}in neman za~e, a tarayya, sun sha bamban, da na jihohi, wa]anda ke }ayyade irin yadda ake gudanar da za~u~~ukan jihohi da }ananan hukumomi. A tsarin {asar Amirka, ‘yan takarar shugabancin }asa na samun miliyoyin dolar Amirka, don gudanar da ya}in neman za~e ga fiye da masu }uri’a, fiye da miliyan 100, a }asar. Kodayake, a al’amurra, da dama, tara ku]a]en sun fi fitowa daga kamfanoni, ku]in da ake matu}ar }ayyade yadda za a tara su, da kuma yadda za a kashe su. Dole ]an takarar shugabancin }asa ya kafa }ungiyar neman za~e, wadda aka fi sani da sunan kwamiti. Wannan kwamitin, dole, ya kasance yana da ma’aji, kuma dole ya yi rajista, a Hukumar Za~e ta Tarayya, FEC. Bayan haka kuma, Hukumar

Za~en ta Tarayya, ba abinda za ta yi, illa ta zura ido, ta kuma tilasta bin dokar tara ku]a]en ya}in neman za~en, amma ba ita ke gudanar da za~e ba. (Nauyin yi wa masu }uri’a rajista da gudanar da za~e, da }idayar }uri’u, yana ga jami’an za~en jihohi da }ananan hukumomi.) Kwamitin harkokin siyasa, da dama, sun yi rajista da Hukumar ta FEC. Bugu da }ari, dole ne, ‘yan takara da jam’iyyun siyasa, su yi rajistar kwamitocinsu da hukumar. Da]in da]awa, kowace }ungiyar jama’a, na iya kafa kwamitin harkokin siyasa. Da zarar kuma an yi ma su rajistar, kwamitocin na harkokin siyasa, na iya fara tara ku]a]en ya}in neman za~e. Ana kuma bayar da rahoton yawan ku]a]en da aka tara da kuma yadda aka yi amfani da su, ga Hukumar ta FEC, ko dai, a duk watanni uku, ko kuma duk wata. Rahotannin na iya zuwa, ta na’urorin zamani, da za a bayyana wa jama’a, a shafin yanar-gizon Hukumar ta FEC, mai suna www.fec.gov. Har ila yau, }ungiyoyi, masu zaman kansu, da dama, na da shafukan yanar-gizon da suke kula da gudunmawa da kuma yadda ‘yan takarar da jam’iyyun siyasa da kuma sauran kwamitocin harkokin siyasar ke kashe ku]a]en. Ma}asudin yin hakan shine, manema labaru da kuma masu jefa }uri’a, na samun sau}in sanin wace }ungiya ce ke bayar da ku]a]en, ga kuma wani ]an takara, ko kuma domin yin me. Akwai sharu]]an dokar sanin irin yawan ku]a]en da wani mahaluki da wata }ungiya za su iya bayarwa, ga ]an takara. A bisa }a’ida, ]an takarar shugaban }asar dake bukatar tara ]aruruwan miliyoyin dolar {asar Amirka, don ya}in neman za~e, dole, ya yi }o}arin neman dubban wa]anda za su bayar da gudunmawar. A 2010, wata mawuyaciyar hukunci, na Kotun Koli, ya yi matu}ar canja dokokin ku]a]en ya}in neman za~en. Kafin kuma a bayar da wannan hukuncin, dokar ta haramta wata hukuma da }ungiyar }wadago, da su kashe ku]a]en, kai-tsaye, wajen goyon baya, ko kuma rashin amincewa da wani ]an takarar shugabancin }asa, da kuma wakilin majalisar dattijai. Amma, an amince wa }ungiyoyi da wa]ansu mutane, da su kafa wata gidauniyar, ta daban, ta abinda ake kira, kwamitocin fafitikar harkokin siyasa, PAC, don bayar da gudunmawa ga jam’iyyun siyasa ko kuma ya}in neman za~en wani ]an takara, ba tare da yin amfani da duniyar baitulmalin hukuma ko }ungiyar ba. Bayan kuma da aka zartar da hukuncin, hukumomi da }ungiyoyi, na iya kashe ku]a]en da ba su da iyaka, wajen za~a ko kuma kayar da wani ]an takara, muddin dai da sanin }ungiyar neman za~en ]an takarar.

Idan kuma kana son tsayawa takarar wani mu}ami, to, ]an takara na bukatar ya yi hayar ma’aikata, ya shirya ofis da kuma yadda za a yi zirga-zirgar ya}in neman za~en da gudanar da bincike, da wallafa }asidu da yin talla a gidajen rediyo da telebijin da kuma wallafe-wallafe, da yin amfani da yanar-gizo da kuma shirye gabatar da kai, a gaban jama’a, da kuma bukukuwan tara ku]a]e. [an takarar majalisar wakilai na iya gudanar da dukan wa]annan harkokin a gundumarsa, yayinda ]an takarar majalisar dattijai, zai yi, a maza~ar da yake son ya wakilta, a ]aukacin tsayawarsa takara. (Wakilan majalisun wakilai da na dattijai, na kuma iya gudanar da wata gidauniyar, ta musamman, a wani wucin, kamar a Birnin Washington.) ‘Yan takarar shugabancin }asa kuma, na da babban aiki, a gabansu, na shirya ya}in neman za~en yadda za a gudanar da za~en fitar da ]an takara, daga wannan jiha zuwa waccan, idan kuma an za~e shi, sai ya sake yin haka, a dukan ]aukacin fa]in }asar.

Shugaba Obama ne, a wajen bikin }addamar da gidauniyar za~en watan

Nuwambar 2011, a garin Hawaii.

Tsohon Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai, Newt Gingrich ne, ke jawabi, a watan Yunin

2009, ga babban taron }addamar da gidauniyar Jam’iyyar Republican, a Birnin Washington.

GUDUNMAWAR KU[A[E DAGA GWAMNATI

Tun 1976, ‘yan takarar shugabancin }asa ke ta shiga harkokin bayar da ku]a]en wa]annan aikace-aikace. Sai dai a za~en 2000, dukan ]an takarar da aka za~a, don shiga za~en takarar shugaban }asa, a wannan tsarin, sai ya kar~i gudunmawar

gwamnati, bisa ga alkawarin ba zai kashe ku]a]en da suka wuce wa]anda aka }ayyade ba. Amma, wannan tsarin ba ya }ara jaddada wannan kiran ga ‘yan takarar, domin yawan ku]a]en da aka amince ya kashe, ba su isa komai ba, a wannan lokacin, ko kuma suna kasa adadin da, mafi yawan, manyan ‘yan takarar kan iya samu, daga kamfanoni. A }arshe, manyan ‘yan takara, da dama, ba su kar~ar gudunmawar gwamnatin. Kashe ku]a]en, barkatai, sai }aruwa yake yi, daga wannan za~en zuwa nag aba. Bugu da }ari, ‘yan takarar da jam’iyyun siyasa da kuma kwamitocin PAC, da ma sauran }ungiyoyi, suna kashe ku]a]e, wajen sayen }uri’u. Wani wayon tara ku]a]en na za~e, na kwanan nan, shine na wa]ansu }ungiyoyin siyasa da ake kira “527 political organization,” da sunanta ya ~ulla a sharu]]an biyan haraji, a {asar Amirka. Wa]annan }ungiyoyin, da farko an kafa su ne, don su ri}a karkata ra’ayoyin mutane, wajen za~a da kuma jefa }uri’a ko kuma na]a wani, kan mu}amin tarayya, ko jiha ko kuma }aramar hukuma. {ungiyoyin siyasar na 527, irin su MoveOn da Swiftboat Veterans for Truth, Hukumar Za~e ta Tarayya ba ta sa ma su takunkumi ba, kuma ba su cikin jerin sunayen kwamitocin PAC, dake neman gudunmawar ya}in za~en. Masu }orafi da makamantan }ungiyoyi, sun sha bayyana cewa, irin ma}udan ku]a]en da ake kashewa, a wajen za~e, a {asar Amirka, tare da irin yadda ake dogara da samun gudunmawa daga kamfanoni, da attajirai da kuma shafaffu da mai, na haddasa nuna son zuciya da dagula tunanin ra’ayoyin jama’a. Akwai kuma mutanen dake ganin cewa, kashe ku]a]en da ake yi, na dakushe duk wani canjin da ake neman kawowa, wanda ya }unshi ku]a]en kayayyaki da kuma ayyuka, a tattalin arziki, a yau. Saboda da haka ne, ake ganin irin ku]a]en da ake kashewar, a wajen ya}in neman za~e, da ~arnar ku]a]en da ake yi, a mulkin na demokra]iyya, tare da ]imbin gudunmawa da kashe-kashen ku]a]en da {asar Amirka ke yi, ya zarce kima. Da wuya, a fayyace wata ala}a, tsakanin }ungiyoyin masu bayar da gudunmawar da manufofin gwamnati. Har ila yau, kotuna na bincikar ko ya kamata, a sanya wa harkokin ya}in neman za~en takunkumi, ko a }ayyake yawan wa]anda za su bayar da gudunmawar, kazalika da kashe-kashe ku]a]en, da kuma kare ‘yancin fa]ar albarkacin baki, a dandalin na harkokin siyasa. Idan aka duba ]imbin ku]a]en da ake kashewa, a wajen ya}in neman za~e, babu shakka, wa]ansu hansha}an attajirai ne, ke bayar da ku]a]en gudanar da su, don samun mu}amai, wanda kuma babu wata dokar da ta hana hakan. Wani lokacin sukan samu nasara, wani lokacin kuma, su tashi a tutar babu.

‘Yan agajin ya}in neman za~en Obama ne, a {asar Amirka, ke amfani da wayar

tarho, a garin Philadelphia, a watan Mayun 2011. Jami’an za~e, Paula Norris, a hannun hagu, da Erlinda Wiggins ne, ke taimaka wa wani mai za~e, a babban za~en watan Nuwambar 2010, a garin Bernalillo, na New

Mexico.

{A’IDODIN ZA|E A AMIRKA Dubban jami’an harkokin mulki ne ke da ha}}in shiryawa da kuma gudanar da za~u~~uka, a {asar Amirka, ciki har da tantancewa da kuma amincewa da sakamakon za~e. Wa]annan jami’an na da ja kuma muhimmin aiki, a gabansu, na sanya ranakun gudanar da za~e, da tantance ‘yan takara da rajistar masu jefa }uri’a da kuma shirya jefa }uri’a da za~ar irin kayayyakin aikin da za a yi amfani da su, da zayyana takardun }uri’a da tsara wani gagarumin aikin wucin-gadi, na gudanar da harkokin mulki, a ranakun za~en, da kuma daidaita }uri’un da amince da sakamakon za~e. Yayinda ba a gudanar da za~u~~uka, daf, da juna, a {asar Amirka, a wa]ansu lokutta ana samun ‘yar tazara ne, a tsakanin wanda ya lashe za~en da wanda aka kayar. Sakamakon za~en shugaban }asar Amirka na 2000, wanda aka yi }i}i-}a}a, wajen samun shugaban }asa, a tarihin na {asar Amirka, ya nuna cewa, Amirkawa, da dama, ba su saba da irin wannan al’amarin ba, da ya faru, a karo na farko. Jefa }uri’a, a {asar Amirka, yana da matakai har biyu. Babu dai wata kammalallar rajistar masu za~e, don haka, dole, jama’a sai sun cancanci su yi rajista. Jama’a na yin rajista ne, a inda suke zaune, idan kuma sun yi }aura zuwa wani wuri, to, sai sun sake yin rajista. Ana yin rajistar ne, domin a kawar da aikata magu]i, amma, tsarin yadda ake yin rajistar, ya bambanta, daga wannan jihar, zuwa waccan. A lokuttan da suka wuce, ana za~ar wa]ansu sharu]]an da ake amfani da su, ga wa]ansu mutane, watakila ma, ba}ar fatar Amirka dake kudanci, na hana ma su yin za~en.

Akwai kuma yiwuwar za a sassauta yin rajistar. Alal misali, a cewar Dokar Rajistar Masu Jefa {uri’a, ta {asa, ta 1993, jama’a na iya amfani da rajistar za~e, a lokacin da suka sabunta rajista, ko aka ba su lasisin tu}i. amma, a kwanan nan kuma, jihohi, da dama, na zartar da dokoki dake kawo wahalar yin rajistar, alal misali, bukatar gabatar da takardar ]an }asa, da hana yin amfani da lasisin tu}in da kuma soke rajista, a ranakun za~e. [aya daga cikin muhimman ayyukan jami’an za~en, shine na tabbatar da ganin cewa, duk wanda sunansa yake cikin rajista, ya cancanci da ya jefa }uri’a, amma, ba a sanya sunan duk wanda bai cancanta ba. Mafi yawa, jami’an za~e, a }ananan hukumomi, na yin kuskuren rubuta sunayen mutanen, a kundin rajista, idan ba su ta~a yin za~e ba, maimakon su soke sunan wa]anda ba su cancanta su jefa }uri’ar ba. A duk lokacin da jama’a suka halarci rumfunan za~en da babu sunayensu, ana ba su wata takarda, ta wucin-gadi, don su jefa }uri’a. Akan kuma sabunta cancantar ta su, kafin a }idaya }uri’arsu.

Robert Brittingham ne, ]an shekaru uku da haihuwa, ke jiran mahaifinsa ya ka]a }uri’arsa, a lokacin babban za~e, na watan Nuwambar 2010, a garin Salisbury, na

Maryland.

GUDANAR DA ZA|E A {asar Amirka, duk wani za~e, hatta, za~en majalisun tarayya, ana gudanar da shi ne, a }ananan hukumomi. Kuma, kamar yadda aka sani, jami’an za~en, musamman na gundumomi da birane da kuma akawu-akawu, suna da mawuyacin aiki, a gabansu. Ba wai rajistar masu jefa }uri’a, ka]ai, suke yi ba, a duk wa]annan shekarun, ko kuma sanin wa ya cancanci ya jefa }uri’ar, a kuma wane za~en, har ma su ke zayyana takardun }uri’ar kowane za~e, su kuma tabbatar da an zana sunan duk wanda ya cancanta, da kuma rajistar sunansa, yadda ya kamata. Kuma, dole, su yi }o}arin ganin an samu sau}in jefa }uri’a, yadda ya kamata. A halin yanzu, babu wani takamammar }a’idar kamanun takardar }uri’a. A }ar}ashin Dokar ‘Yancin Jefa {uri’a, jami’an za~e, na iya rarraba takardun }uri’a,

a cikin harsuna dabam daban (idan akwai wa]anda ba su jin Harshen Turanci). A wa]ansu yankunan ma, ana amfani da sharu]]an da ]an takara, ko jam’iyyar siyasa ta gitta ne. A }arshe ma, jami’in za~e na iya za~ar na’urar za~en da za a yi amfani da ita, da, dole, sai ta yi daidai da injin jefa }uri’ar.

Wannan wata maza~a ce, dake Birnin Los Angeles, na Jihar California, inda ake da

takardun za~e, a cikin harsuna da dama.

A tsakankanin za~u~~uka, wa]annan jami’an ne, ke da ha}}in ajiya da kuma kula da dukan kayayyakin za~e. Kuma ]aya daga cikin manyan wahalolin da suke fuskanta, shine na haya da kuma horar da ]imbin ma’aikatan wucin-gadi, na dogon lokacin da za su gudanar da aiki (musamman awowi 10 zuwa awowi 15), a kowace ranar za~e.

YADDA AKE JEFA {URI’A

Wani mai za~e ne ke ka]a }uri’arsa, a akwatin za~e, lokacin babban za~e na

watan Nuwambar 2010, a kusa da ]arin karatu. Akwai kuma }o}arin da ake yi, a fannin fa]akarwa da shari’a da kuma }warewar tsare-tsaren na za~e. Tunda yake mafi yawan na’urori da takardun za~en ana sayensu ne, a kowane rukuni, samfuri da kuma }arkon kayayyakin da masu jefa }uri’ar za su amfani da su, dole, su yi daidai da halin zamantankewar tattalin arzikin jama’ar dake wurin. Tunda yake masu biyan haraji ne ke biyan ku]a]en da ake tafiyar da harkokin makarantu da ‘yan sanda da masu kashe gobara, kazalika

da wuraren sha}atawa, to, haka ma irin ku]a]en da za kashe, wajen sayen na’urorin za~en, su kasance suna da fifikon da ya dace. Akwai kayayyakin za~e, iri-iri, a {asar Amirka, kuma irin yadda ake gudanar da za~e, na zamani, a kullum canjawa yake yi. Yau, wuraren da ke yin za~e da takardun }uri’a, tsirara, da ake rubuta wa “X”, a sunan ]an takara, ba yawa gare su ba, kamar yadda ake yi, a da, amma, har yanzu, akwai na’urorin za~en, na zamani, dake amfani da takardun }uri’ar dake dangwalawa, ko kuma rubutawa. Ana kuma sa na’ura ta tantance irin wa]annan takardun }uri’ar, a lokacin }idaya, da aka sani da suna na’ura mai gani har hanji. Akwai ma wurare dake amfani da injin “dangwale”, wanda a duk lokacin da mai jefa }uri’a ya zo, zai buga injin ne, a kan sunan ]an takarar da yake so, ko kuma jam’iyya. Wani kuma gama-garin na’urar da ake amfani da ita, ita ce, ta “huda kati”. A kan huda wani rami ne, daidai sunan ]an takara, ko kuma a soka katin cikin wani ramin na’urar, daidai da inda alamar takardar }uri’ar da ake son za~a, sai ya huda. Wannan kuma shine irin hanyar za~en da ta kawo ru]ami, a wajen }idayar }uri’un za~en shugaban }asa, na 2000, a Jihar Florida. A sakamakon haka, wurare, da dama, sun yi watsi da na’urar ta huda takardar }uri’a. Dokar Taimaka wa Masu Za~e a {asar Amirka, ta tanadi wa]ansu ku]a]e, daban, domin maye gurbin irin wa]annan na’urorin za~en na hudawa da kuma dangwale. Na’urar da ake amfani da ita, yanzu, ita ce mai amfani da }wa}walwa, watau DRE, wadda sai dai ka ta~a dukan hoto, ko sunan ]an takarar da ke son za~a, a kan wani gilashi, tamkar dai irin wadda ake amfani da ita, a bankuna, wajen kar~ar ku]a]e. Masana harkokin tsaro, na nan sun bayar da himma, wajen }awata wannan hanyar, domin tsare }uri’a. Wani kuma gagarumin canjin da aka samu, a harkar za~en, a cikin ‘yan shekarun nan, ita ce ta bai wa masu jefa }uri’a takardun za~e, kafin ranar za~en. An fara wannan al’amari ne, da bai wa wa]anda ba su nan, takardun za~en, don su jefa }uri’a, a duk inda suke (inda za su nuna wurin da suke saba yin za~en), a ranakun za~e. Wa]ansu jihohin da }ananan hukumomi, na ta sau}a}a yin amfani da wa]annan hanyoyin, inda suke barin jama’a na yin rajista, a matsayin “masu jefa }uri’ar da ba su nan, na dindindin” da kuma aike ma su da takardun }uri’ar, a akwatunan wasi}unsu dake gidajensu. Jihar Oregon tana gudanar da za~enta ne, kacokam, ta wasi}ar yanar-gizo, amma, a halin yanzu, ita ka]ai ce ke yin hakan. Mafi yawan wa]anda ba su a gida, a lokacin za~en sukan yi amfani da wasi}ar yanar-gizo, su ka]a }uri’arsu.

Wani kuma tsarin, shine na “jefa }uri’a da wuri,” inda ake ajiye akwatunan za~en a kantuna da wuraren da jama’a ke zuwa, har tsawon makonni uku, kafin ranar za~en. Jama’a kan yada zango, a duk lokacin da suke so, su ka]a }uri’arsu.

{IDAYAR {URI’U

A kuma ranar za~en ne, ake tantantace yawan }uri’ar da ake jefa. Duk yake masu jefa }uri’ar da wuri, yanzu sun fara yawa, amma, ba a }idaye }uri’un, sai an kammala za~e, domin babu wata sanarwar da ake bayarwa, game da ]an takarar da ya lashe za~en, ko wanda aka kayar. Hanzarta bayar da irin wannan sanarwar na iya dagula sakamakon za~u~~ukan gaba.

{UNGIYAR CANJA FASALI

[aya daga cikin irin abubuwan da aka gane, a za~en shugaban }asa na 2000, shine, gudanar da za~en da kuma jefa }uri’a da harkokin da suka shafi }idayar }uri’ar, kamar yadda aka gani, a Jihar Florida, na iya faruwa, a dukan sauran wuraren dake {asar Amirka. Bincike, da dama, da aka gudanar, da kuma kwamitocin da aka kafa, sun ji masana na cewa, kuma sun tabbatar game da bukatar sake fasalin za~e. A 2002, Majalisar {asa ta zartar da Dokar Taimaka wa Masu Za~e a {asar Amirka, (HAVA), wadda ta }unshi muhimman al’amurra da dama. Na farko, gwamnatin tarayya ce za ta ri}a bai wa jihohi da }ananan hukumomin ku]a]en da za su maye gurbin tsofaffin na’urori da sababbi. Na biyu kuma, dokar ta kafa Hukumar Taimakawa Wajen Za~e, domin bayar da shawarwari, wajen gudanar da za~e, a yankunan }ananan hukumomi da kuma samar da matsaya kan na’urorin da za a amfani da su, wajen gudanar da za~e. Harkokin hukumar kuma, sun ha]a da kafa wa]ansu tsare-tsaren binciken nazarin na’urorin na za~e da kuma hana magu]i, da tsara hanyoyin da za a bi, wajen ]aukar ma’aikatan za~e da horar da su, kazalika da harkokin ilmantar da masu jefa }uri’a.

Ethel Miller ta shiga za~en neman kujerar Magajin Garin Kansas City, dake

Missouri, a watan Maris na 2011.

‘Yan uwan juna ne, Larry Ferguson, a hannun hagu, da Roger Ferguson, ke barin

wata makaranta, a wani }auye dake yankin Kansas, bayan da suka jefa }uri’arsu, a babban za~en watan Nuwambar 2010.

Majalisar HAVA wata }ungiya ce, game da irin yadda gwamnatin tarayya za ta janye jikinta daga gudanar da wa]ansu ayyukan }ananan hukumomi, da aka sani, a tarihi. Amma, wannan tafarkin }o}arin sake fasalin ya taimaka, wajen }ara jaddada imanin da jama’ar {asar Amirka ke da shi, game da harkokin za~e. Kuma irin ku]a]en da ake kashewa ba su da yawa, idan aka kamata su da irin yadda aka amince da a kafa gidauniyar mulkin na demokra]iyya. Zanen Bangon Mujalla: ©3d brained Sauran Hotuna ©AP Images sai dai wa]anda ke: Shafi na 14 ©Getty Images Shafuka 22 zuwa 23 Vincent Hughes Shafi 50, daga hannun Library of Congress. Jami’in Gudanarwa—Dawn L. McCall Babban Edita—Nicholas Namba Darektan {asidu—Michael Jay Friedman Darektar Wallafe-wallafe—Mary T. Chunko Editan Harkokin Gudanarwa—Bruce Odessey Zane-zane da Hotunan Mujalla—Dori Walker

Na Yi Za~e

OFISHIN HARKOKIN WATSA LABARUN DUNIYA NA {ASAR AMIRKA Gwamnatin {asar Amirka