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Oral Health Survey Department of Preventive D entistry School & Hospital of Sto matology Wuhan Universi ty Minquan Du

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Oral Health Survey. Department of Preventive Dentistry School & Hospital of Stomatology Wuhan University Minquan Du 杜民权. Oral Epidemiology. 思考题 : 如何开展社区口腔健康调查? 调查方法 调查年龄 调查标准 质量控制. Oral Health Survey 是口腔流行病学中最常用的一种方法, 就是在特定时间内收集一个人群患口腔 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Oral Health Survey

Oral Health Survey

Department of Preventive Dentistry

School & Hospital of Stomatology

Wuhan University

Minquan Du 杜民权

Page 2: Oral Health Survey

Oral Epidemiology

思考题思考题 : : 如何开展社区口腔健康调查?如何开展社区口腔健康调查?

调查方法 调查年龄调查方法 调查年龄

调查标准 质量控制调查标准 质量控制

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Oral Health Survey

是口腔流行病学中最常用的一种方法, 就是在特定时间内收集一个人群患口腔 疾病频率和流行特征的资料,是一种横 断面调查

了解口腔健康状况; 描述流行特征; 揭示影响因素; 提供防治依据。

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Design of oral health survey口腔健康调查设计

• 调查目的 调查目的 ObjectivesObjectives

• 调查项目 调查项目 Information collectionInformation collection

• 调查表格 调查表格 Assessment formAssessment form

• 指数和标准 指数和标准 Indices and criteriaIndices and criteria

• 调查方法 调查方法 Oral health survey methodsOral health survey methods

• 样本含量 样本含量 Sample size determinantSample size determinant

• 质量控制 质量控制 Quality controlQuality control

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To describe the epidemic distribution of oral health and diseases in the population

To study the determinants of oral diseases and to indentify epidemic factors

To establish the cause and diagnostic testing To study preventive measures for oral diseases and to

evaluate the effectiveness To evaluate the treatment need of a population and

manpower

Objectives

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Survey Items 调查项目 General information 受检者的一般情况,如:姓名、性别、年龄、职业、民

族、籍贯、文化程度、经济状况、宗教信仰、出生地区、居住年限等

Oral Health Status

包括各种口腔疾病的调查项目。最常用的调查项目如龋病、牙周病、牙列状况等,其它如氟牙症、釉质发育不全、白斑、磨损情况等

Questionnaire

包括口腔卫生知识、态度与信念、行为与实践等方面的内容。如刷牙状况、牙膏选择等

Page 8: Oral Health Survey

第三次全国口腔健康调查的项目

年龄组年龄组 临床检查内容临床检查内容

55 岁岁 冠龋冠龋

1212 岁岁 冠龋 氟牙症冠龋 氟牙症牙龈出血 牙结石牙龈出血 牙结石

35-4435-44 岁岁 口腔粘膜 冠龋和根龋口腔粘膜 冠龋和根龋牙龈出血 牙结石 牙周袋 附着丧失牙龈出血 牙结石 牙周袋 附着丧失

义齿修复状况义齿修复状况65-7465-74 岁岁

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第三次全国口腔健康调查表 姓名 ID 号

男 =1 女 =2 性别 职业 民族 受教育年限 出生日期 检查日期 检查者编号

Assessment form 调查表格设计

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氟牙症( 5 岁不查)0 正常1 可疑2 很轻3 轻度4 中度5 重度X 除外牙9 不记录

义齿修复状况

0 无义齿1 单桥2 多桥3 局部义齿4 桥和局部义齿5 全口义齿9 不记录

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1(5) 上颌 2(6)

55 54 53 52 51 61 62 63 64 65

18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

85 84 83 82 81 71 72 73 74 75

4(8) 下颌 3(7)

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2005 年第三次全国口腔调查问卷 ( 学生 ) ID : 姓名: ________ 学校: 年级 班

同学们:你们好!为进一步做好儿童、青少年的口腔保健工作,我们很想知道你对口腔保健的想法和做法,本调查与你的学习成绩无关,结果不会告诉家长和老师。希望你们按题目的要求如实回答。

填空题把答案写在“ ”上。选择题在相应选项前面的“□”内划

“ X”; :

你是独生子女吗 ? 1) □ 是 2) □ 否

你刷牙吗? 1) □ 每天刷 2 次及以上 2) □ 每天刷 1 次 3) □ 不是每天都刷 4) □ 很少 / 从不

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Questionaire survey for oral health

Self-administered questionnaire Mail questionnaire Delivery questionnaire

Structured questionnaire Phone inerview Personal interview or face to face interview

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The answer format to a question

A dichotomous choice Multiple choice of items A rating scale A numerical answer The coding format

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Questionaire survey for oral health

Pre-test Training of interviewers Reducing the rate of nonresponse Data processing

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Indices and Criteria 指数和标准The criteria and index for dental caries

A crown is recorded as sound of it shows no evidence of treated or

untreated clinical caries. The stages of caires that precede cavitation,

as well as other conditions similar to the early stages of caries, are

excluded because they cannot be reliably diagnosed.

White or chalkly spots,

Discolour or rough spots

Stained pits or fissures

Dark, shiny, hard, pitted enamel

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Decayed crown

is recorded as present when a lesion in a pit or fissure, or

a smooth surface, has an unmistakable cavity, undermined

enamel, or a detectably softened floor or wall.

The CPI probe should be used to confirm visual evidence

of caries on the ossclusal, buccal and lingual surfaces. Wh

en any doubt exists, caries should not be recorded as prese

nt.

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Decayed root Caries is recorded as present when a lesion feels soft

or leathery to probing with the CPI probe.

只有在牙根面暴露的情况下才可能发生根面龋,因此在进行根龋检查时首先要判断牙根是否暴露。

根龋可始自釉牙骨质界或釉牙骨质界下面,早期为小而圆的龋坏,可沿牙颈部向两侧扩展,与相邻龋坏相连形成沟或成为牙颈部的一个根面龋坏。牙根龋在活动期为黄色或桔色,活动性差时颜色可发暗或呈黑色。

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Community periodontal Index

牙周疾病流行病学诊断标准 Bleeding, caculus, and pocket depth

牙龈出血记分 牙周袋记分0 无 0 无1 有 1 牙周袋 4-5mm

X 除外牙 2 ≥牙周袋 6mm

P 缺失牙 X 除外牙P 缺失牙

牙周附着丧失( 15 及 15 岁以下不查)0 0-3mm

1 4-5mm(釉牙骨质界在第一个黑区内)2 6-8mm(釉牙骨质界在两个黑区之间)3 9-11mm(釉牙骨质界在第二个黑区内)4 ≥12mm(釉牙骨质界超过第二个黑区)X 除外牙9 不记录

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A specially designed light weight CPI probe with a 0.5-mm ball tip is used,with a black band between3.5 and 5.5 mm and between 8.5 and 11.5 mm from the ball tip

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CPI

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Dean’s Index for dental fluorosis

以釉质表面光泽度、颜色改变程度、缺损程度和侵犯面积作依据

Fluorotic lesions are usually bilaterally symmetrical and tend to show a horizontal striated pattern across the tooth

The recoding is made on the basis of the two teeth that are most affected.

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可疑 轻度

中度 重度

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调查方法

(( 一一 ) Mass survey () Mass survey ( 普查普查 ))

(( 二) 二) Sampling surveySampling survey (抽样调查) (抽样调查)

(三) (三) Pilot surveyPilot survey (预调查)(预调查)

(四) (四) Pathfinder surveyPathfinder survey (捷径调查(捷径调查 ))

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Mass examination 普查 普查是指在特定时间、对特定范围内的人群进行全面调查。特定时间较短,一般为 1 ~ 2天或 1 ~ 2 周

普查有利于早期发现、早期治疗,在检查时还能普及医学知识。但普查的应答率要求在95 %以上,漏查率太高会使结果正确性差 这种调查需要的工作量大,成本太高,只在较小范围内使用

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Sampling survey 抽样调查

抽样即从目标地区的总体人群中,按统计学原则抽取部分人作为调查对象,这个程序称为抽样。被抽到的人群称为样本人群

抽样调查是用样本人群调查的结果 , 推断目标人群的现患情况。这种调查方法的优点为 : 省时间、省劳力和省经费 , 且所得资料同样具有代表性

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Sample methodsSample methods

Random sampling Random sampling 单纯随机抽样

Systematic sampling Systematic sampling 系统抽样

Stratified sampling Stratified sampling 分层抽样

Cluster sampling Cluster sampling 整群抽样

Multistage Multistage samplingsampling 多极抽样

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Simple random sampling

each of the possible samples of size n from a population of N has equal probability of being selected

Population

Sample

s.r.s

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11 、单纯随机抽样、单纯随机抽样 (( Simple Random SamplingSimple Random Sampling ))

最基本的抽样方法,也是其他抽样方法的基最基本的抽样方法,也是其他抽样方法的基

础。它是按一定方式以同等的概率抽样称单础。它是按一定方式以同等的概率抽样称单

纯随机抽样。可以使用抽签的方式,也可以纯随机抽样。可以使用抽签的方式,也可以

使用随机数字表来抽取样本使用随机数字表来抽取样本

Samping MethodsSamping Methods

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Simple random sampling

- draw lots, throw dices

- random number table

- computer generated random number

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Random numbers

Table Random numbers ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Rows Columns

1-4 5-8 9-12 1 96 22 74 70 80 46 2 82 14 73 36 41 54 3 21 47 59 93 48 40 4 89 31 62 79 45 73 5 63 29 90 61 86 39 6 71 68 93 94 08 72 7 05 06 96 63 58 24 8 06 32 57 11 81 59 9 91 15 38 54 73 30 10 54 60 28 35 32 94

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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22 、系统抽样、系统抽样 (Systematic Sampling)(Systematic Sampling)

又称间隔抽样,机械抽样。将抽样对象按次序编号,先又称间隔抽样,机械抽样。将抽样对象按次序编号,先

随机抽取第一个调查对象,然后再按一定间隔随机抽样。随机抽取第一个调查对象,然后再按一定间隔随机抽样。

如一个学校有如一个学校有 10001000 名学生,根据调查要求只需抽取名学生,根据调查要求只需抽取 1010

00 名学生作为调查对象,抽样比例为名学生作为调查对象,抽样比例为 10%10%。抽样可先对。抽样可先对

学生编号,可先在学生编号,可先在 1-101-10 号学生中随机抽取一个号,然号学生中随机抽取一个号,然

后每隔后每隔 1010个编号抽取一个学生。个编号抽取一个学生。

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Systematic sampling

Arrange the sampling units in a list and then select every kth unit in the list starting from a unit selected at random from the 1st to kth unit. n/N = sampling ratio ; k = sampling interval

1 Nk

u u+2ku+k u+3k

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Stratified sampling

The population is first divided into

subgroups or strata according to one or

more characteristics, and random or

systematic sampling is then performed

independently in each stratum.

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33 、分层抽样、分层抽样 (( Stratified SamplingStratified Sampling ))

将总体按某种特征分成若干个“层”,即组别或类型等,将总体按某种特征分成若干个“层”,即组别或类型等,

再在每个层中用随机方式抽取调查对象,再将每个层所有再在每个层中用随机方式抽取调查对象,再将每个层所有

抽取的调查对象合成一个样本,称分层抽样。常用的分层抽取的调查对象合成一个样本,称分层抽样。常用的分层

类别有年龄、性别、居住地、文化程度、经济条件等,将类别有年龄、性别、居住地、文化程度、经济条件等,将

调查人群分成若干组。还可分成等比例(按比例)和不等调查人群分成若干组。还可分成等比例(按比例)和不等

比例(即最优分配)两种分层随机抽样。比例(即最优分配)两种分层随机抽样。

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Stratified sampling

Population

Sample

s.r.s s.r.ss.r.ss.r.s

Strata

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Cluster sampling

In Cluster sampling, a simple random sample is selected not of individual subjects, but of groups or clusters of individuals. The sampling units are clusters, and the sampling frame is a list of these clusters.

The clusters may be villages, households, classes of schoolchildren, housing units or families.

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44 、整群抽样、整群抽样 (Cluster Sampling)(Cluster Sampling)

以整群为抽样单位,从总体中随机抽取若干群以整群为抽样单位,从总体中随机抽取若干群为调查单位,然后对每个群内所有对象进行检查。为调查单位,然后对每个群内所有对象进行检查。

例如:例如:欲知道欲知道 2020所小学所小学 1000010000学生的龋患率,抽样比例学生的龋患率,抽样比例定为定为 20%20%。由于学生太多,且分散在。由于学生太多,且分散在 2020所学校内,此所学校内,此时可随机抽取时可随机抽取 44所学校,再对抽到的学校学生全部进行所学校,再对抽到的学校学生全部进行调查,这样组织比较方便,适用于群间差异较小的调查调查,这样组织比较方便,适用于群间差异较小的调查

单位。单位。

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Cluster sampling

Population

Clusters

Clusters selected by simple random sampling

(s.r.s)

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55 、多阶段抽样、多阶段抽样 (Multistage Sampling)(Multistage Sampling)

在进行大规模调查时,常把抽样过程分为几个在进行大规模调查时,常把抽样过程分为几个

阶段,每个阶段可将以上各种方法结合起来使阶段,每个阶段可将以上各种方法结合起来使

用。我国三次口腔健康流行病学抽样调查均采用。我国三次口腔健康流行病学抽样调查均采

用这种方法。用这种方法。

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Multistage sampling 第三次全国口腔健康调查抽样按照多阶段、分层、等

容量、不等比、随机抽样的原则进行

第一阶段按照湖北省城乡分层。城市按人口规模分大、中、小三层,分别抽取武汉市、十堰市、仙桃市,每个市随机选取 1 个区;农村按县(市)的人均GDP高、中、低水平分层,每一层各选一个县(市),分别抽取松滋、蕲春、五峰县

第二阶段城市每个区随机抽取 3 个街道,每个街道随机抽取 2 个居委会;农村每个县(市)随机抽取 3个乡镇,每个乡镇随机抽取 2 个村。第三阶段每个居委会 / 村 /各年龄组随机抽取 30 人

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湖北省(N= 5400)

武汉市 (1)一个区 (1080人 )

十堰市 (2) 一个区(1080人 )

仙桃市 (3) 一个区(1080人 )

同 (2) 同 (2)

乡 (2700人 )

高 GDP 乡镇 (4)

(300人 )

中 GDP乡镇 (5)(300人 )

低 GDP乡镇 (6)(300人 )

街道 (1)(300人 )

街道 (2)(300人 )

街道 (3)(300人 )

同 (2) 同 (2) 同 (6) 同 (6)

松滋 (4)(1080人 )

蕲春 (5)(1080人 )

五峰 (6) (1080人 )

同 (5) 同 (5)

(按城乡 )城 (2700人 )

居委会(1)

居委会(2)

幼儿园(1)

幼儿园(2)

学校(1)

学校(2)

35- 44岁

(30人)

同 (1)

65- 74岁

(30人)

5岁(30人

)

同 (1)

12岁(30人

)

同 (1)

村(1)

村(2)

幼儿园(1)

幼儿园(2)

学校(1)

学校(2)

同 (1) 同 (1) 同 (1)

15岁30人 )

35- 44岁

(30人)

65- 74岁

(30人)

5岁(30人

)

12岁(30人

)

15岁(30人

)

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Pilot survey 预调查 A pilot study is one that includes only the most importan

t subgroups in the population and only one or two index ages, usually 12 years and one other age group

Pilot survey provides the minimum amount of data needed to commence planning and provide a reliable baseline for the implmentation and monitoring of services.

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Pathfinder survey 捷径调查

经济实用,节省时间和人力

在较短的时间内了解群体口腔健康状况,估计在该群体中开展口腔保健工作所需的人力、物力

指数年龄组人群( 5 、 12 、 15 、 35-44 ,65-74 )

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Pathfinder survey Pathfinder survey Recommended by WHORecommended by WHO

5 years : for primary teeth5 years : for primary teeth

12 years: chosen as the global monitoring age for caries for interna12 years: chosen as the global monitoring age for caries for interna

tional comparisons and monitoring of diseases trends tional comparisons and monitoring of diseases trends

15 years: also importment for te assessment of periodontal disease 15 years: also importment for te assessment of periodontal disease

indicators in adolescentsindicators in adolescents

35-44 years: standard monitoring group for health conditions for ad35-44 years: standard monitoring group for health conditions for ad

ultsults

65-74 years: monitoring the overall effects of oral health status for 65-74 years: monitoring the overall effects of oral health status for

elderlyelderly

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- 1st edition 1971- 1st edition 1971

- 2nd edition 1977- 2nd edition 1977

- 3rd edition 1987- 3rd edition 1987

- 4th edition 1997- 4th edition 1997

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Sample Size

调查对象的变异情况、患病率大小、精确度和把握度大小而定。

N=K X Q / P N =受检人数 P =某病预期现患率

Q = 1- P K =常数

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样本含量 ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 允 许 误 差 预期阳性率 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 0.1 P 0.15 P 0.2 P ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 0.05 7600 3382 1900 0.075 4933 2193 1328 0.01 3600 1602 900 0.15 2264 1009 566 0.20 1600 712 400 0.25 1200 533 300 0.30 930 415 233 0.35 743 330 186 0.40 600 267 150 –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– 摘自预防医学(陆培廉主编)

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Sample size “Samples which are too small can prove nothing,

samples which are too large can prove anything”

“How big should my sample be ?” has been likened to the question “How much money should I take when I go on vacation? ” ( How long a vacant? Doing what? Where? Which whom? )

Calculations of sample size require both decisions and surmises.

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Error and Bias 误差和偏倚Random error (随机误差 ) 抽样过程中产生,可以通过抽样设计和扩大样本来加以控制,但不能完全避免

Bias ( 偏倚 ) 某些原因造成检查结果与实际情况不符,属于系统误差,可以防止

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Bias Bias is defined as any effect at any stage of

investigation or inference tending to produce results that depart systematically from the true values. Bias may affect both:

Interval validity: yield sound conclusion with respect to the study population

External validity: make valid generalisations to a border reference population

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Types of bias

1. Selection bias ( 选择性偏倚 ) 样本人群的选择方法错误时,调查对象的代表性很差,使调

查结果与总体人群患病情况之间有误差,称为选择性偏倚。 Sample bias: failure to choose a representative sample

2. Unresponse bias (无应答偏倚 ) 无应答偏倚实际就是漏查。在随机抽样时,属于样本人群中

的受检者,由于主观或客观原因未能接受检查,如未接受检查的人数超过抽样人数的 30%,结果就可能出现偏倚。 Non-participant bias: refusal to participate in a trial

Drop-out bias: drop-outs

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3. Information bias (信息偏倚 )

( 1 ) Detective bias 检查器械造成 检查器械不规范,现场工作条件差,如光线不足等,都可造成系统误差 . Observer bias, Diagnosis suspicion bias

( 2 ) Recall bias 调查对象引起 在询问既往史和危险因素时,调查对象常常因时间久远,难以回忆而回答不正确,这种偏倚称回忆偏倚( recall bias )。有时调查对象对询问的问题不愿意真实回答,使结果产生误差,这种偏倚称报告偏倚( reporting bias )

interviewer bias

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( 3 )检查者引起的偏倚

检查者之间偏性 (Inter-examiner Bias)

检查者本身偏性 (Intra-examiner Bias)

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误差及预防方法 疾病的诊断标准要明确

调查前要认真培训,对于诊断标准要统一认识

调查前要做标准一致性试验 (calibration)

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15名受检者的 4 颗第 1恒磨牙龋病检查结果

   

参考检查者  

   

龋 非龋 合计 检 龋 23(a) 9(b) 32(p1)

查        

者 非龋 6(c) 22(d) 28(q1) A

 

29(p2) 31(q2) 

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误差及预防方法公式 2 ( ad- bc) K( Kappa)= p1q2+p2q1

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误差及预防方法Kappa 值的大小与可靠度的关系为:

0.40以下 可靠度不合格 0.41 ~ 0.60 可靠度中等 0.61 ~ 0.80 可靠度优 0.81 ~ 1.0 完全可靠

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Calibration

Examiners:

Variability may be for the same person- Intra examiner variability, or between different examiners- Inter examiner variability

10% sample should be re-examined.

Cohen’s Kappa (WHO,1997)

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Section 8 Statistical Indicators in Oral Health Data

数据的整理和统计分析

Proof-reading 核对

Sorting data 分组

Data set 计算

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In any study there is always the potenial for errors to occur in a data set, either at the outset when taking measurements or when collecting, transcribing and entering the data onto a computer.

You can reduce the errors by checking the data carefully, simple scanning the data by eye.

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Statistical indicators

1. Mean 平均数 反映平均水平或集中趋势的统计指标。

fx 公式 : X = ———— n

X代表平均数, x代表变量, f代表频数, fx代表各变量乘频数后相加的总和, n代表受检人数

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STATISTICS

For the interval scale, the most common building blocks to describe a collection of data and their variation is the mean (or the arithmetic mean to be strict) and the standard deviation.

x

xN

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2. Standard deviation 标准差 标准差是用来说明一组观察值的变异程度

公式 : (fx)2 fx2- f S(标准差)= f - 1

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Standard Deviation

The standard deviation (SD) is as a measure of variation, or scatter of observations, around the arithmetic mean, and this is expressed in the original units of measurement.

Range from the minimum to the maximum values

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Standard error

the standard deviation of means is called a Standard Error (SE).

Confidence Intervals and Confidence Limits

if x is within 1.96 SEs of the population mean with 95% probability, then must be within 1.96 SEs of x with 95% probability.

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95% Confidence intervaI

Confidence Intervals and Confidence Limits

A 95% confidence interval provides the range of values within which a population parameter or effect lies with 95% certainty.

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Hypotheses Testing

Statistical significance

An effect is statistically significant if the null hypothesis is rejected usually if P<0.05

P-value

The P-value is the probability of obtaining the sample results if the null hypothesis, that there is “ no effect ” in the population, is true.

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Rate 率 是用来说明某种现象发生的频率。在评价口腔疾病的患病状况时,常用率来表示人群中疾病状况的高低。

公式如下: 某现象实际发生数 率=×100% 可能发生某现象的总人数

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Proportion 构成比 : 是用来说明某事物内部各构成部分所占的比重

计算公式如下: 某一构成部分的个体数 构成比= ×100% 事物各构成部分个体数的总和

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Measurment data, quantitative data 计量资料: This scale involves measurements that indicate a continuous scale that begins at absolute zero, It includes length, height, weight, area, pressure,volume, dmft, and so on

Enumeration data, qualitative data 计数资料: This scale is fitted into classes or categories

Ordinal data 等级资料 : Measurement is a rank order, severity of periodontal disease, plaque index scores, income levels

数据的统计分析

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Statistical indicators for measurement data

1. 两样本均数的比较 检验两个样本均数差异是否有显著性,若样本含量小,一般用 t检验,样本含量大时一般用 u检验。

2. 多个样本均数的比较 检验两组以上样本均数间差别的显著性,通常用方差分析、秩和检验方法。

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Statistical indicators for emumeration data

2. 卡方检验 两个或两个以上样本率和构成比之间差别的显著性检验常用卡方检验。

1 .两个样本率 检验两个样本率差异是否有显著性,一般用 u检验。

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Statistical Tests Parametric test Non-parametric test

___________________________________________

Two sample ( unpaired) t Mann-Whitney U test One sample (paired)t test Wilcoxon matched pairs One way ANOV Kruskall-Wallis by ranks Two way ANOV Two way analysis by ranks Pearson’s correlation Spearman’s rank correlation --- Chi-square test Multiple regression --- __________________________________________

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SPSS

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 1970

Good programme with a relatively user friendly output.

Wide range of statistical analyses

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