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Baseline Survey to Identify Locational Criteria, Basket of Priced Services and Revenue Potential for CSCs –

Manipur

ORG Centre for Social Research ( A Division of ACNielsen ORG-MARG Pvt. Ltd.) 1

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Baseline study to identify locational advantages and basket of priced services for ICT-enabled Common Service Centres (CSC)

May 2006

ORG Centre for Social Research

(A Division of ACNielsen ORG MARG Pvt. Ltd.) 2nd & 3rd Floor, Bharat Yuvak Bhawan, 1, Jai Singh Road , New Delhi – 110 001 India.

Phone: 91 11 52899106-15

Fax: 91 11 23366045 Website: http://www.acnielsen.co.in Regd. Office: Voltas House ‘Z” Block, 2nd Floor, T.B. Kadam Marg, Chinchpokli, Mumbai – 400 033


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CONTENTS

Chapter Content Page No

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Project Background 4

1.2 Need for the study 6

1.3 Study Objectives 6

1.4 Sampling methodology and sample coverage 7

1.5 Analysis methodology 9

Chapter 2 National and State-wise findings on current buyer behaviour,

preferred basket of services and CSC locational criteria

2.1 Current buyer behaviour 11

2.1.1 Service usage pattern & Coping cost on

transport

13

2.2 Basket of services as per buyer preference 16

2.3 Top 80% revenue generating services 18

2.4 Location of Kiosks 21

Chapter 3 National and State-wise finding on profile of nodal (CSC)

villages and buyer profile

3.1 Profile of nodal villages 22

3.1.1 Distribution of nodal villages by

topography and village sizes

22

3.1.2 Road connectivity 22

3.1.3 Rural electrification and telephone

connectivity

23

3.1.4 Distribution of facilities and amenities 23

3.1.5 CBOs and knowledge leaders 24

3.1.6 Places of social activity and community

gatherings

25

3.1.7 Primary and secondary occupations 25

3.1.8 Major crops, cropping pattern and

agricultural and non-agricultural wage

rates, and major challenges faced by

farmers

25

3.1.9 Markets at differing distances for

buying and selling different goods and

products

26

3.1.10 Major cottage industries – type of

employment and marketing channels

26

3.1.11 Major forestry and allied agricultural

activities – type of employment and

marketing channels

26

3.1.12 Presence of industries and industrial

employment

26

3.1.13 Migration patterns 27

3.1.14 Village youth – educational attainment,

occupations, major challenges and

aspirations for knowledge and skills

27


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Chapter Content Page No

3.1.15 School Infrastructure and Performance 29

3.1.16 Availability of tuition classes and cost 29

3.1.17 Village issues and causes of disputes 30

3.1.18 Village needs 30

3.1.19 Knowledge and access to government

programmes

32

3.1.20 Knowledge of kiosks, interests,

preferences of kiosk location, and

preferences for kiosk operators

33

3.2 Buyer profile 34

3.2.1 Demographic profile – social group,

type of family, household size

34

3.2.2 Educational attainment among

population in different age groups

34

3.2.3 Status of indebtedness, major sources of

borrowing and reasons for borrowing

35

3.2.4 Type of house 35

3.2.5 Ownership of household and

agricultural assets

35

3.2.6 Marketing channels for different goods

and products

36

3.2.7 Problems of accessing markets 36

3.2.8 Media exposure and habits, and favorite

programmes

36


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List of Tables

Table 1.1 Sample of districts and villages covered for survey in Assam

Table 2.1 Distribution of households by mean monthly expenditure

Table 2.2 Mean monthly Expenditure on Different items of Household Consumption

Table 2.3 Average number of visits for availing different private services and average

transport cost

Table 2.4 Average number of visits for availing different government services and

average transport cost

Table 2.5 Usage, Mean Number of Visits and Revenue for Assam

Table 2.6 List of services accounting for top 80% CSC revenue in mainstream nodal

villages

Table 2.7 Comments and Remarks on Usage Patterns of Services in Assam

Table 3.1 Knowledge and Access to Government Programme

Table 3.2 Average number of Households Benefited in Different Government

Programmes

List of Figures

Figure 3.1 Facilities and Amenities

Figure 3.2 Economic Category

Figure 3.3 Social Category

Figure 3.4 Educational Attainment


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1

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Project Background

The Department of Information Technology (DIT), Government of India recently announced

a National Level Scheme to create a network of 100,000 access points termed Common

Services Centres (CSCs) as outlets for essential services in rural India. The CSC would be

ICT-enabled. ICT provides a powerful platform to enhance social empowerment. To be

effective, however, ICT needs to be woven into existing systems and processes in a localized

fashion, and not as an external variable. This would need innovative use of ICT–led

interventions, in a collaborative framework, through:

⇒ an ingenious combination of structured environments;

⇒ rural entrepreneurship and market mechanisms

⇒ government policy and support

The challenge is not about setting up IT Infrastructure or providing access to content and

services to rural villagers. The challenge is to build a sustainable business model that emerges

out of the developmental needs of the rural population of India through:

⇒ focused collaborative efforts of various stakeholders

⇒ a non-exclusive, transparent and professionally managed process

To this effect, in August 2005, the Department of Technology (DIT), Government of India

has formulated a “Draft Framework for Establishment of 100,000 Common Services Centers”

that outlines the policy framework, structure, roles and responsibilities of stakeholders and

contours of financial support of government, for rapid proliferation of CSCs across the

country. It is intended that this Framework would create an enabling environment for

establishment of 100,000 Common Services Centers in the rural areas by the year 2007, to

provide all possible government and private services.

The Scheme is expected to be rolled out to establish CSCs across the country with an

equitable geographical spread, to the extent feasible, through a three-tier structure for the

States. At the first (CSC) level would be the local Village Level Entrepreneur (VLE- loosely

analogous to a franchisee). At the second/middle level would be an entity termed the Service

Centre Agency (SCA – loosely analogous to a franchiser). At the third level would be the

agency designated by the State to facilitate implementation of the Scheme within the State.

The project will be based on an integrated functioning of multiple stakeholders and an

efficient system of management so that the services to the end user are delivered

appropriately, accurately and in the least possible time. There are therefore well defined roles

and responsibilities for all stakeholder linked in this service chain, which will be increasingly

better defined with the operation of the project.


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The role of IL&FS

Implementation of a mission-oriented project of this size and scope would pose significant

challenges of project management at the national level as also in exploiting opportunities to

achieve significant economies of scale in the identification, customization and

implementation of the physical and digital infrastructure required for the project. Further,

many of the potential citizen-centric services would lend themselves to aggregation at the

national level. To serve the above objectives and to enable the State-specific implementation

plans to benefit from such economies of scale, aggregation of best practices, content

providers, etc. DIT would select a National Level Service Agency (NLSA). IL&FS is

positioned as the NLSA for this project.

Challenges that face IL&FS in the design and initiation of the project include:

• Financial Support

• Policy and Regulatory Support

• Awareness amongst users

• Internet connectivity

• Regular capacity building and training

• Capabilities for rapid scale up

• Organizational design

• Standardization of products and services

• Customer service skills

• Administrative support from Government officials

The expected role as a NLSA would include:

• National level facilitation

• Technology – Hardware, Software, Back-end and Front-end Architecture

• Market Research and Field Surveys

• Training and Capacity Building

• Financial Support

• Content aggregation and management

• Digitalization of e-Government Data

• Private sector services like Micro-finance, Telemedicine, education, etc.

• Branding, advertising and marketing of CSCs

The role of the government

The government, as a partner will face the challenges of providing:

• Common Operational Platform

• Administrative Intent

• Replicable Business Model

• End-to-end service delivery

• Transparency

• Sharing Best Practices

• Optimum use of limited national resources

• Leveraging economies of scale

• Investment in building e-Governance service platforms


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The expected role of the government will be:

• Payment Gateway

• In-house digitalization of sensitive data

• Data Centers and Servers

• Policy and Regulations – Legal, IPR, Tax, IT, etc.

• Bidding and selection processes

• Physical, administrative and connectivity infrastructure

• Financial Support and Grants for non-viable CSC locations

What are CSCs?

A typical CSC would be a retail outlet of services that are offered in a structured framework

of ICT Infrastructure (PCs, Printers, Scanners, Digital Camera, Projection Systems, Tele-

medicine Equipments, etc.), rural entrepreneurship and market mechanisms. The CSC will be

established through a bottom-up approach and will be customer centric and be a single

window for all IT-related services and other retail functions. The CSC has been visualized as

a self-sustaining viable rural business, with neither capital cost nor operating subsidies.

The CSC is envisaged to offer different kinds of functions:

• Providing e-governance services within easy reach and thereby save consumer’s costs

on distant and repeated travel

• Providing critical information on available government developmental programmes,

beneficiary criteria and present beneficiary list to bring in transparency and efficiency

in the programmes and an opportunity for development of the marginalized sections

of the community

• Providing information and opportunities for income enhancement/generation

• Providing the platform for e-communication

• Providing avenues for e-marketing and e-shopping

• Providing other services required by the community and linked to the usage of the

ICT infrastructure

1. 2. Need for the study

To roll out a project of this dimension, an initial feasibility study is critical to understand (i)

where to establish these centres, or what maybe locational advantages in different

regions/states; (ii) what should be the services offered; and (iii) at what cost, so that the CSCs

would be viable business entities.

1.3. Study objectives

This study is being undertaken to provide the initial directions and guidelines pertaining to

the establishment and operation of the CSCs. It is part of a detailed benchmark study in

different regions of the country to assess demand and viability, identify content, create

appropriate service package, evaluate the suitability of a location for establishing a CSC, etc.

The key objectives of this study are therefore:

1. To test the criteria for selection of the CSC locations

a. Minimum size of the population to be covered by each CSC, and the number

of villages to be included in the cluster


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b. The factors that affect the sustainable use of the CSCs

2. To identify the mix of services that are required by the community within easy reach

pertaining to:

a. The e-governance related service requirements which translate to (requiring

front-end and back-end applications) income saving and access to efficient

services

b. Services linking to income enhancement opportunities (requiring front-end

and back-end applications)

c. Development related information and services (requiring front-end and back-

end applications)

d. Other services (requiring only front-end applications)

3. The costs presently incurred for procurement of these services, and the affordability

and willingness to pay for these services if they are available in a CSC (especially the

price point for government services). This will provide information on the rural

community’s disposable income that can accessed by the project.

4. To identify the reasons for good and unsatisfactory performance of the different

initiatives pertaining to ICT-enabled village services centres.

1.4 Sampling Methodology and Sample Coverage

All States and Union Territories in the country, excepting Delhi and Chandigarh were

selected for the survey. 40% of districts in each state were selected using a combination of

two parameters:

1. Development Indices for each district as developed by Institute of Economic

Growth (IEG)

2. Rural population of each district

All districts in each state were arranged in descending order of their development indices

(more developed districts were placed at the top) and the corresponding rural population

pertaining to this district was placed alongside. In each state, 40% of the districts were then

selected using probability proportionate to size (PPS) sampling method.

The list of all districts for each state and UT were sent to ILFS Ecosmart who then carried out

the next stage of the sampling. In this stage nodal villages in each district were found out –

i.e. all the villages of the selected districts were divided into village clusters, centred around a

nodal or higher order village. To understand possible different factors that account for

population agglomeration, and also therefore potential CSC use, nodal villages were

identified with different combinations of characteristics. The following five categories were

identified in each selected district:

1. Gram Panchayat (GP) with Post & Telegraph (P&T) office + Higher Secondary school/senior

secondary school/junior college (HSS/SSS/JC) only & not Major District Road (MDR)/Other

District Road (ODR) or Khadi Village Industry Centre (KVIC)

2. GP with P&T office + having major district road / other district road (MDR/ODR) within 2 km

(in lieu of bus stop) only & not HSS/SSS/JC or KVIC

3. GP with P&T office + having KVIC village only & not MDR/ODR or HSS/SSS/JC

4. GP with P&T office + having at least two of the following features - viz. HSS/SSS/JC,

MDR/ODR and KVIC

5. Only GP and PTO


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Along with each such nodal village falling in any one of the above categories a group of

villages forming a cluster along with the nodal villages was also identified. In any such

village cluster all the cluster villages were within a radius of 5 km from the nodal village and

together with the nodal village there was a total population of 7500 or more. Groups of such

cluster villages and nodal village were given as outputs by Ecosmart, using GIS technology.

The rationale for the selection of such nodal and cluster villages was that the nodal village

would be the most developed village in the group and the cluster villages would depend on

the nodal village for their day-to-day requirements. Thus it was envisaged that the nodal

villages would be ideal choices for setting up of the kiosks and the population from the

cluster villages as well as the nodal village would be served by each kiosk that would be set

up.

Once the list of all nodal-cluster villages was provided by Ecosmart, the total population in

each of these clusters (including the population of the nodal and the cluster villages) were

found out. The proportion of each category of nodal village by their population to the total

population of that district was found out. This proportion was the basis of allocating the

sample of 10 village clusters that had to be surveyed in each district (as per ToR). Once the

number of nodal villages by type in each district was ascertained, PPS random sampling was

done on these to select the allocated sample in each category.

A habitation survey was carried out at each nodal village so selected and 15 households were

also surveyed in that village. A randomly selected cluster village associated with the nodal

village was also surveyed and 5 households were surveyed there. The households were

selected using systematic sampling from the villages based on their APL/BPL status and

occupation. In this way 10 habitation questionnaires and 200 household questionnaires were

canvassed in each district. Thus in Manipur, where there are 9 districts, a total of 4 districts

was selected for the survey. 40 habitation schedules and 798 household schedules were

canvassed in the state (Refer Table 1.1).

Table 1.1 Sample of districts and villages covered for survey in Manipur

District Nodal Village Node category

Nodal Population

Cluster Population

Ukhrul Shangzing B 412 1456

Lambui B 1488 3195

Sikibung B 971 4695

Huining(Halang) B 2135 4903

Somdal B 1920 7111

Seikhor B 812 8329

Nungbi Khullen B 1382 9365

Ukhrul B 20156 27643

Kashung E 392 1235

Khamlang E 305 2529

Imphal East Khabeisoi B 3040 3040

Lairikyengbam Leikai

B 4006 4006

Lalpani B 1157 4104

Rasidpur B 162 6778

Top Dusara(West) B 1700 10607

Nungoi B 2808 14828

Kairang Meitei B 1140 24241


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Kiyamgei B 4801 43740

Chingangbam Leikai

D 4433 4433

Pukhao Ahallup E 389 3994

Thoubal Uyal B 1022 1574

Kangthokchao B 1927 1927

Kang Samaram B 2836 2836

Langmeidong B 5152 5152

Elangkhangpokpi B 2527 7249

Irengband B 8437 8437

Hiyanglam B 7333 12580

Khangabok B 14667 14667

Sangaiyumpham B 11063 18180

Chongtham Kona B 777 27380

Bishnupur Changpikot B 169 784

Oinam Thingel B 2796 2796

Irengbam B 2956 2956

Saiton B 3946 3946

Ngaikhong Khullen B 4612 8656

Sunusiphai B 1388 10770

Khoijuman Khunou B 2391 13584

Hita Khunou B 417 14041

Kakyai Langpok B 2212 16613

Ithai E 1645 12097

1.5 Analysis Methodology

At the outset, it was observed while checking the data for suitability of kiosk locations, that

the buying behaviour and the expenditure patterns (especially towards coping) of consumers

varied significantly depending upon the topography and the size of the habitation. Hence, in

each state, the habitations were broken up into mainstream topography

(plains/riverine/coastal) and difficult terrain (forest/desert/hilly) topography and analysed

separately for villages having household sizes less than 500, between 500 and 1000 and

beyond 1000. This was done, because the survey data showed marked differences in the

buying and expenditure patterns of people living in different village sizes.

The crux of the analysis was based upon the inputs from the three following sections of the

household questionnaire:

Section 8: Willingness to Pay for Services

Section 7: Present buying behaviour and coping costs of the household; and

Section 6: Present Expenditure on all Household Items

Section 8 asked the household about their willingness to pay for a set of 30 services/products

that may be available from the kiosk. For each such service, a set of price ranges that the

consumer may be willing to pay for the service (stated prices) was shown to the consumer

and he was prompted to choose the one that he would be willing to pay. If he wanted to

choose the lowest price for a service, he was told of the advantages of getting the service for

the kiosk and the savings that he/she would make from the coping costs on transportation,

including repeated visits to procure the service, if he/she were to avail the product/service


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from the kiosk. In this manner, the household was persuaded to revisit their willingness to

pay for the service by going for higher prices levels within the limits of affordability. This

method of eliciting the response for the willingness to pay is known as Contingent Valuation

Method (CVM). The consumer was informed specifically that all his visits to the kiosks

would lead to effective transactions – meaning that the amount of time and resources that he

may presently be investing in obtaining the similar services through multiple visits to the

procurement centre would drastically go down when such services would be available at the

kiosk.

Excerpts form the Household Questionnaire before the Willingness to Pay section These kiosks will be linked to different government departments and private companies and provide services through the computers placed at these kiosks. These services will range from government services, market related information (which will help you to buy and sell products at the most competitive prices), information about government programmes (which you may not know about presently, but are eligible for); knowledge about other work opportunities, facilities to allow you to undertake health diagnostic services (like x-rays, blood pressure check, etc.), besides opportunities to use the available infrastructure for computer based education, IT training, movies, games, photography, browse for information or undertake plain electronic typing and print-outs. These kiosks will be a single location from where many distant services and information will be easily accessed, but at some nominal charge. The kiosks will be located at nodal villages, which maybe Panchayat villages. The maximum distance that you would have to travel would not be more than 3 km. You will have the convenience of accessing most of the services that you need from one location. The kiosk will be located in a place which is accessible to men, women and children. You will not have to face problems of bureaucracy or corruption when you avail of services from the kiosk.

While the data from section 8 provided the feedback on consumers willing to buy and pay,

data from section 7 and 6 were used as sanity checks – i.e. to see how much the consumer

pays presently on his coping, whether he is presently using the services that he has said he

would be willing to buy and pay for in section 8.

The data on Section 8 was analysed to find out the percentage of consumers willing to use a

particular service, the willingness percentages at each price ranges and the mean number of

annual visits that a consumer may do at the kiosk in order to avail the service.

Once the data on price wise willingness to pay was obtained for a service, the cumulated

percentage of households who would be willing to use the service at that price range was

obtained. The rationale for this is that any consumer who is willing to pay a higher price for a

service would obviously pay a lower price for the service. Once all such cumulated

percentage figures were obtained, these were multiplied with the mean number of visits for a

hypothetical 100 households to obtain the revenues that may be accrued from each stated

price ranges for the service. The price at which the revenue came out highest for a service

was taken as the best price for the service and the subsequent revenue determination analysis

was done on the basis of this price.

In order to find out the revenue that may be accrued from a product/service, the best price for

the service was multiplied with the cumulated usage percentage at that price for a base of 100

households in each category. The annual revenues for each service so obtained were added to

get the total annual revenues and monthly revenues (division by 12) that may accrue to

category wise villages having hypothetical 100 households. This analysis was undertaken for

mainstream and difficult terrain villages, and within both these group, by the size of the nodal

village.


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2

Chapter 2: State-wise findings on current buyer behaviour, preferred

basket of services and CSC locational criteria

2.0 Secondary information on the status of development

This chapter discusses the current consumer expenditure patterns and willing to buy

behaviour for the state of Manipur.

With an area of 22,327 sq. km and population of 23,88,068, Manipur is one of the seven

North East states of the country. The literacy rate of Manipur is 59.9%. Manipur is mainly an

agricultural state. A wide range of handloom material and artistic handicrafts from bamboo,

papier mache and ivory, are sold at Khwairamband market, said to be the largest exclusively

managed women's market in the country.

Source: www.webindia.com

2.1 Current Buyer Behaviour

This section presents the expenditure levels and patterns of the survey households.

Considering that 75% of the sample households are residents of some or the other category of

nodal villages, it may represent affordability levels higher than the overall rural population of

the state. If one is to assume that BPL households mostly spend what they earn, then the first

group of households (Refer Table 2.1) maybe termed as the poor and account for about 29%

of the total households. The second lowest expenditure level of Rs. 1321 – Rs.3000 is

accounted for by another 57% households. The remaining 14% of the households have

middle to high levels of expenditure, and may be the group which will go for multiple

transactions for different services.

Table 2.1: Distribution of households by mean monthly expenditure

Expenditure Patterns of Surveyed Households % of households

Total Monthly Expenditure

Rs. <1320 28.6 1321 - 3000 57.4 3001 - 5000 10.1 5001 - 7500 1.2 >7500 2.7 Total 100.0

Mean monthly expenditure for about 29% of the people surveyed were below the BPL figure

for Manipur (about Rs.15,840 a year). The percentage of rural BPL households in Manipur is

40.04 (Source: Planning Commission, 1999-2000). Thus the survey actually covered a

smaller sample of BPL households compared to what the actual values are.


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Table 2.2 shows the breakup of household expenditure among different items across the

different expenditure group categories. Even though about one thirds of the surveyed

households have expenditure levels, which suggests that they are mostly BPL, the mean

monthly expenditure among surveyed households is low, at Rs.2406. Of this the maximum

amount of expenses is incurred on household goods items (61.5%). An analysis of the mean

spending for different other domestic expenditure reveals the second highest expenditure is

incurred on transport costs (14.4%) followed by that on education and tuition (8.6%).

Medical expenses (common medical expenses, expenses related to pregnancy, infant issues,

etc. and those requiring advanced treatment) is at 1.78% of total household expenses,

followed by that on communication (1.72%). Expenses incurred in the purchase of

agricultural investment are high (6.52%). Apart from these, entertainment and leisure forms

1.02% of household expenditure and expenses on social and cultural functions form 2.1% of

total household expenditure.

Of the expenses on different items, let us review what can be fully or partially accessible to

the CSC from an average rural Meghalaya household.

• At least 25% of the expenditure on ‘other transport cost’ (14%), as this could be the

saving if a large part of the services for which transport is presently incurred, is

available at the CSC. This will account for 3.5% of the total household expenditure.

• The total expenditure on tuition classes (0.77%)

• At least 50% of the expenditure on medical expenses on common illnesses and on

pregnancy related check-ups and diagnosis (1.64%). This will account for 0.82% of

the total household expenditure.

• The total expenditure on communication (1.72%)

• 50% of the expenditure on entertainment leisure (1.02%). This will account for

0.51% of the total household expenditure.

Therefore, a conservative estimate of the total expenditure that a household could spend on a

CSC for different services will be 7.32% or Rs.176.

The expenditure on different items is found to vary with the income levels. For some items

like agricultural inputs, household consumption, medical expenses, transport, litigation,

insurance, interest on loans, is found to be very high among the high income groups, although

the same level of variation is not observed in terms of tuition and basic education expenses.

For the BPL households the proportion of income that they may spend on the CSC could be

11.65 %, which would be a total of Rs.88 per month. Thus in Manipur, the CSC may expect

to earn most of its revenue from less than half the households which are APL, but they can

also expect the remaining BPL households to also contribute.

Table 2.2: Mean monthly Expenditure on Different items of Household Consumption

Total Monthly Expenditure Rs. Total

<1320 1321 - 3000 3001 - 5000 5001 - 7500 >7500

Transport – bus pass 3.07 9.51 1.25 10.26 143.43 10.43

Other transport cost 95.88 246.62 659.20 1044.29 3307.34 337.20 Household goods (milk, grocery, other food items, electricity, clothes, etc.) 389.37 1520.86 2231.07 2641.30 8871.31 1480.05

House Rent 5.17 7.32 23.55 5.81 38.21 9.16

Education - school 75.62 95.78 173.74 422.36 2526.77 167.15


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Education - College 11.94 11.43 29.34 224.26 188.41 20.77

Education - Tuition 16.38 8.08 51.50 248.83 32.84 18.49 Medical expense – for common illnesses (Fever/Cough/Diarrhoea, etc.) 49.16 18.60 42.37 235.93 16.00 32.37

Medical expense – Diagnosis for pregnancy, infant issues, child diseases, etc. 4.12 8.60 8.21 5.67 0.07 7.02

Medical expense – Advanced treatment for TB/malaria/Pneumonia, etc. 0.00 1.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.81

Medical expense – Advance treatment – for heart diseases/cancer, etc. 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Medical expenses – on diagnostic tests (blood reports, x-rays, ultra sound, etc) 0.25 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.58 Medical expense – on major operation in the past 2 – 3 years 2.35 1.28 0.69 39.68 0.00 1.97

Communication (postage, phone, telegram, etc.) 18.58 30.23 157.62 120.68 44.58 41.28

Entertainment and leisure (cable charges, movies etc.) 5.59 16.39 89.25 291.05 37.60 24.64 Expenses on social and cultural function 8.27 18.73 25.00 38.26 1285.17 50.58

Expenses due to agricultural investment 49.08 37.68 80.22 0.94 4212.65 156.78

Expenses due to litigation 0.00 1.86 0.01 0.00 0.00 1.07

Interest on loan 3.65 1.01 5.24 113.36 510.28 17.24

Premium paid on insurance 6.21 8.28 29.32 349.39 135.20 17.45

Any other (specify) 14.02 6.24 0.00 0.00 133.64 11.18 Total Monthly Expenditure Rs. 758.70 2050.80 3607.59 5792.07 21483.50 2406.21

2.1.1 Service Usage Pattern and Coping Costs on Transport

The following table gives the mean number of visits by consumers who are presently using

the services as shown and the associated mean transport costs of attaining those services. The

total number of respondents in Manipur is 798.

Manipur being an agriculture dependent state, so far as occupation of people is concerned, the

percentage of respondents who have said that they are presently using agriculture-related

services is fairly high. The number of visits to procure agriculture input related services like

seeds fertilizers and insecticides and the costs on transport are high. The survey results show


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that in Manipur, most of the respondents engaged in agriculture were small or medium

farmers (compared to mainland India) who do 1-2 crops in a year. Also around 30-35% of the

surveyed respondents did jhum cultivation requiring only one or two visits in a year for

agricultural procurements. Hence the number of visits to procure agricultural inputs is high

and with procurement centres located only in major towns or district headquarters, the costs

associated with such visits are high too. Since the terrain is undulating all across Manipur,

going from rural areas to the neighboring big towns can also be a costly exercise.

Formal primary and secondary education and illnesses (mainly common illnesses and

advanced treatment) form the other major sources of high usage and associated coping costs.

Mean number of visits are high for education purposes but low for health related services,

with associated high transport costs. This is understandable given the undulating terrain of the

state.

Photocopying, download of marksheets and forms and entertainment through movies are the

only other private services which are currently also used to some degree in the state. Among

government services, some demand exists for land records.

Table 2.3: Average number of visits for availing different private services and average

transport cost

Services Valid N % of N Mean

number of

trips

Annual Mean

Transport Costs

Procurement of agricultural seeds 422 53 26 495

Procurement of agricultural

fertilizers 398 50 17 368

Procurement of agricultural

insecticides & pesticides 269 34 15 193

Agricultural inputs - information 7 1 3 90

Agricultural consultancy 2 0 0 0

Marketing facilities to the farmers

for their produce 63 8 63 919

Primary education classes 92 12 127 1192

Secondary education classes 99 12 118 867

Higher Secondary education 51 6 152 1895

College 33 4 112 3332

Vocational education 4 1 57 1037

Basic computer training 6 1 228 2089

Tuition – primary school 22 3 169 776

Tuition – secondary school 18 2 210 1077

Tuition – Hr. Sec. school 8 1 227 1391

Tuition – College 2 0 84 27


Manipur


Services Valid N % of N Mean

number of

trips

Annual Mean

Transport Costs

Download of

Marksheets/Admission forms 92 12 3 37

Prescription for common illnesses

(Fever/Cough/Diarrhoea, etc.) 459 57 8 160

Prescription for pregnancy, infant

issues, child diseases, etc. 109 14 5 189

Prescription for advanced treatment

for TB/malaria/Pneumonia, etc. 6 1 2 46

Prescription for advanced treatment

– for heart diseases/cancer, etc. 5 1 1 71

Medical expenses – on diagnostic

tests (blood reports, BP checking

etc) 50 6 2 71

Retail banking services 17 2 10 160

Entertainment - movies 172 22 12 294

Information on Loans and Insurance 9 1 9 84

Non-banking financial services for

loans/credit 0 0 0 0

All types of application forms 12 1 7 169

Crop insurance (Application and

payments) 2 0 0 8

Internet browsing and email

(includes information search) 13 2 13 24

E-daak 16 2 16 655

Bio data Maker 3 0 9 445

Tickets - Rail/Road/Air 48 6 3 70

Long distance Telephony through

internet ( ISD ) 4 0 43 290

Photocopying 124 15 9 279

Desk Top Printing (DTP) services 1 0 0 6

Astrology 4 0 15 77

CD burning 27 3 5 24

Digital Photographs 13 2 13 366

Soil Testing 4 0 1 0

Land ownership certificate 82 10 2 35

The government services which are most availed is the different kinds of certificates, and the

payment of utility bills. Cost on transport is fairly high though the number of visits is low,

meaning that people have to travel long distances along the mountainous terrain to access

these.


Manipur


Table 2.4: Average number of visits for availing different government services and

average transport cost

Services Valid Mean Transport

Certificates available at GP (Birth/ Death certificate) 31 2 21

Certificates available outside GP 140 1 22

Examination results 80 2 27

New bus pass 1 2 10

Bus pass renewal 0 0 0

Application for Voters ID/PAN card 0 0 0

Payment of taxes 17 1 26

Payment of utility (electricity, telephone, property tax,

water bills) 285 2 29

2.2 Basket of Services as per buyer preference

The following Table gives the cumulative percentage of buyers who are willing to buy a

product/service at the best price. Given Manipur’s occupational background in agriculture

and the abundance of especially small and medium farmers in the survey, there is an overall

interest in the buying of agricultural procurements and services.

There is a strong present enrollment in primary and secondary schools and a good demand for

tuitions. There is also a moderate demand for vocational education and for basic computer

training.

Present demand for medical services is high across all categories of households and there is a

corresponding high willingness to use the services if they are available at the kiosk. This is

more so as such facilities are not readily available near the villages.

Most private services like photocopying, digital photography, forms and marksheets (all

downloads), astrology, internet browsing, e-daak, ticketing, as well as movies are also

expected to be in moderate to high demand as CSC services. Demand for e-governance

services such as certificates, payment of utility bills, grievances and ration cards range from

moderate to high. However, apart from utility bills and grievances these services are required

once in more than a year’s time.

Table 2.5: Usage, Mean Number of Visits and Revenue for Manipur

Services Usage Price

Annual Mean

Number of visits

Annual Revenue for

100 households

(Rs.)

Agricultural procurements 24.6 5 1.7 209

Agricultural consultancy & marketing facilities to

the farmers for their produce

42.5 10 2.2 936

Vocational education 14.8 200 8.8 2951

Basic computer training 14.0 450 11.0 6280


Manipur



Annual Mean

Number of visits

Annual Revenue for

100 households

(Rs.)

All tuitions 15.7 50 15.0 785

Forms and marksheets (all downloads)

19.7 5 6.4 628

Tele-medicine 36.0 10 7.2 2606

Entertainment – movies 38.2 5 14.9 2844

Internet browsing and email (includes information

search) 21.4 5 7.3 784

E-daak 41.1 5 11.4 2341

Bio data Maker 16.3 5 2.3 187

Ticketing - Rail/Road/Air 21.4 10 1.6 350

Long distance Telephony through internet ( ISD )

42.3 1 10.4 440

Photocopying 39.8 0.5 1.9 38

Desk Top Printing (DTP) services

7.4 6 4.1 182

Astrology 7.5 20 1.9 288

CD burning including CD cost 23.5 15 8.0 2807

Digital Photographs – passport size

56.2 2 8.4 949

Digital Photographs – postcard size

32.5 5 2.5 413

Soil Testing 8.8 20 0.9 152

Land records 9.0 30 0.6 33

Ration cards – issue of new cards/ change of

name/ change of name

37.6 5 1.4 53

Bus pass 5.0 2 2.8 28

Certificates available at GP (Birth/ Death

certificate) 25.1 5 1.0 124

Certificates available outside GP

(Residency/caste/income/marriage/power of

attorney/unemployment/disability certificate)

41.7 10 1.9 807


Manipur



Annual Mean

Number of visits

Annual Revenue for

100 households

(Rs.)

Application for New passport/renewal/change of

name & address

23.4 50 2.6 309

Payment of all bills 27.8 4 9.7 1080

Grievances 33.8 10 0.7 253

Total Annual Revenue (Rs.) 28857

Total Monthly Revenue (Rs.) 2404.75

(For all services, the yearly revenue was obtained by multiplying the usage percentage with 100, with the mean

annual number of visits with the price willing to pay for the service. The exceptions to this are for the services –

Vocational education, Basic computer training and all tuitions – where the mean number of visits was not

multiplied to arrive at the revenue. This was done because for these services, the usage was asked for per

service, and not on the number of trips. Also, for services such as land records and ration cards, we have

assumed an usage of once in five years and for change of name/address in passports we have assumed a usage

of once in ten years.)

2.3 Top 80% Revenue Generating Services

The major revenue generating services amongst the top 80% services are basic computer

training, vocational education, telemedicine, CD burning and e-daak. Some interest can also

be seen in entertainment through movies.

Table 2.6: List of services accounting for top 80% CSC revenue in mainstream nodal

villages

Services Annual Revenue for

100 HHs

Basic computer training 6280

Vocational education 2951

Entertainment - movies 2844

CD burning including CD cost 2807

Tele-medicine 2606

E-daak 2341

The following Table 2.7 gives the reasons behind the differences in Manipur in the service

usage patterns as compared to the other states. The reasons are mostly compiled from the

primary database collected during the survey as well from common secondary sources such

as the Census, data on migration, occupational pattern, patterns of employment, etc.

Table 2.7: Comments and Remarks on Usage Patterns of Services in Nagaland Agricultural procurements


Manipur


Agricultural consultancy & marketing

facilities to the farmers for their produce

Willing to use these services is high as

most surveyed people are farmers.

Agriculture is the main occupation of about

75% of the surveyed population. The value

for agricultural procurements is lower than

the national average while that for

agricultural consultancy is higher than the

national average.

Vocational education The spate of unemployment in the North

Eastern states is very high. Hence

unemployed youth look forward to getting

opportunities for training so that they can

get gainful employment. This is the reason

for demand for vocational education to be

higher than the national average.

Basic computer training The spate of unemployment in the North

Eastern states is very high. Hence

unemployed youth look forward to getting

opportunities for training so that they can

get gainful employment. This is the reason

for demand for basic computer training.

However the value is lesser than the

National average, as qualitative data shows

present exposure to computers in the rural

areas is minimal.

All tuitions There is some demand for tuitions in the

state. People were interested to go for

tuitions at the CSC provided they get the

service at an affordable price. Hence there

is a demand for the service, though not as

high as the national average.

Forms and mark sheets (all downloads) This service is mainly in demand by

educated unemployed youth in the rural

areas. The value for intended usage for the

state is higher than the corresponding

national average.

Tele-medicine The poor medical infrastructure (PHCs,

subcentres and hospitals), absenteeism of

doctors, dispensing of medicines by

pharmacists without due consultation, are

all reasons, which make tele-medicine

attractive for the villagers. The demand is

lower than the national average for the

service.

Entertainment - movies Entertainment options include movies and

people are interested in it to a fair degree,

higher than the National average.

Internet browsing and email (includes

information search)

Internet browsing and email is very

common among unemployed youth who

look at it as a pastime and also for


Manipur


searching jobs.

E-daak This figure is very high compared to the

national average. While in other north

eastern states and even in mainland areas

this was not received with interest, in

Manipur people showed a lot of interest in

this service, because they felt it would

become much easier for them to

communicate over long distances and

difficult terrain if this service is introduced

at the kiosk.

Bio data Maker The demand is higher than the national

average. Manipuris migrate to other parts

of the country both to study and in search

of jobs. Bio data maker seemed to be a

useful service to them.

Ticketing - Rail/Road/Air Ticketing demand is lower than the

national average, but substantial, as

Manipur has a steady stream of intra state

migration, both in the form of students and

workers.

Long distance Telephony through internet

(ISD)

There is a lot of international migration, as

the qualitative data shows; hence the figure

for this is high.

Photocopying The demand for photocopying is high, and

at par with the national average.

Desk Top Printing (DTP) services The demand for desk top printing is high,

and at par with the national average.

Astrology The demand for astrology in eastern and

north east India is high. People wear rings

on their fingers and almost everybody has

visited some idea of astrology. In Manipur,

the demand is lower than other North

Eastern states, but moderate.

CD burning including CD cost There are a lot of entertainment options

through CD viewing – in the form of

movies.

Digital Photographs – passport size

Digital Photographs – postcard size

There is sizeable demand among

unemployed youth for passport size digital

photographs. But, for postcard size

photographs, the demand is lesser than the

national average.

Soil Testing Demand for soil testing is low as the

farming community does not practice large

scale extensive agriculture.


Manipur


Land records There is very little demand for land records

as land is a common property and the

Village Councils distribute land to every

family each year on a rotation basis.

Ration cards – issue of new cards/ change

of name/ change of name

The demand for ration cards and

amendments to names and addresses in

ration cards is much lower than the

National average.

Bus pass Bus services are practically non existent

and thus demand for bus passes is low.

Certificates available at GP (Birth/ Death

certificate)

Certificates available outside GP

(Residency/caste/income/marriage/power

of attorney/unemployment/disability

certificate)

Willingness to use figure are low, as most

certificates are not required for any official

purposes. The only reason why the figures

are at this level is that caste certificates are

required for getting benefits to different

programmes.

Application for New

passport/renewal/change of name &

address

There is substantial international migration

from Manipur, and hence the demand for

passports is high.

Payment of all bills There is a lesser demand for this compared

to the National average.

Grievances There is a high demand for this, as people

believe this would be an easy way to

complain about corruption and ill-

handlings in the hands of bureaucracy. The

demand is at par with the national average.

2.4 Location of Kiosks

As per the findings of the survey, in Meghalaya, all nodal villages, which are Panchayat

villages and having a Post and Telegraph office (GP + PTO), having a market attending

to local needs within 10 km of the habitation and having population of more than 935

households are possible candidates for kiosk locations. The basis for this is the revenue

model estimated which shows that villages having more than 935 households would give

more monthly income as compared to the benchmark of Rs. 22,500 as set up by ILFS.

It may be mentioned over here that only 1% of all villages in Manipur have household sizes

greater than 1000 (Census, 2001).


Manipur


3

Findings on profile of nodal (CSC) villages and buyer profiles

3.1 Profile of Nodal Villages

The national level scheme for providing ICT enabled services envisages a three-tier structure

to execute its functional priorities. All the three levels are crucial in building a sustainable

business model that plan to function as a platform for providing all possible government and

private services in the nodal level. This chapter attempts to map the profile of the nodal

villages in the UT of Manipur to observe the UT specific peculiarities that are vital in the

planning and execution of the scheme in the UT that best addresses the development needs of

its people.

3.1.1 Distribution of Nodal Villages by Topography and Villages Sizes

In Manipur, 67% of the villages are in plane areas while 30% are hilly or forested. In each of

the above categories, there was a further classification in terms of village size. Three size

categories included:

• Villages that have less than 500 households,

• Villages having 500 to 1000 households, and

• Villages having more than 1000 households.

Flood and drought are reported to be the major natural disasters in this state, with 87% nodal

villages had incidence of land slide (2 – 3 episodes in the past 10 years) and almost all

having had drought and flood problem at lest once in the past 10 years. Regarding the size of

the villages, 46% villages had population less than 500 households, 29% were villages having

more than 500 and less than 1000 households, and 25% had more than 1000 households.

3.1.2 Road Connectivity

The inter-village road connectivity is found good as 77.5% of the nodal villages were

connected to the cluster villages with all weather roads. The implication of which would be

that the users of CSCs would include a large section of cluster village population, which is

significant, as 46% of the villages are relatively small, and the increased customer base nodal

villages will positively impact the sustainability of the proposed CSCs which would be

located in the nodal villages. (Refer Table. 207 for details). Only 35% of the villages have a

bus stop within 1 km radius and 57.5% of the habitations had access to public transportation

network.


Manipur


3.1.3 Rural Electrification and Telephone Connectivity

The electrification in the selected areas of Manipur is found to be good with 97.5% villages

Electrified. Regarding supply only 15% having more than 13- 18 hours daily power supply.

In 18% villages electricity is not continues during morning and for other 18% it is not

continues during afternoon time. For 64% villages, there is no regular supply through out the

day.

Above 87.5% of the nodal villages have telephone connections in their village; with villages

with <500 households, having 92.9% telephone connectivity, for 500 -1000 household sized

villages have 72.7% connectivity and for 1000+ villages there is 100% connectivity. The

telephone exchange is within 10 km for 50% of the villages, with 28% villages having

telephone exchanges within 5 km. For the smallest village size, 25% of villages have

telephone exchanges at 5 km distance, while for the larger villages, about 27% each have

telephone exchanges within 5 km. Telephone connections are available at PCO (65.7%), at

household level (37.1%), and also at some of the P&T offices (31.4%) and schools (11.4%).

14.3% villages, connections work regularly while 45.7% villages said it is most often..

Across all sizes of villages, as reported in the Habitation level discussions, communication

channels are both by letter and telephone. Only 5% of the villages reported the use of

internet.

3.1.4 Distribution of Facilities and Amenities

50% of the nodal villages reportedly have a PHC near the village. Of the total, 75% have a

Health Sub-Centre within the village, and this is high in case of the largest (100%) village

size and lowest in 500-1000 size (72.7%) villages. 75% of the small sized nodal villages

(<500 households) have a Health Sub-Centre.

Private doctors are available in only 20% of

the villages – 21% in the smallest village size

and 18% in the medium village size.

Chemists are mostly (100% villages) found in

the largest village size and the medium sized

nodal villages (63.6%). Only 32.1% of the

smallest size villages have chemists. Overall,

42.5% of the villages have chemist shops. The

presence of private hospitals is as low as

3.6% villages, and all of them are in smallest

nodal villages. Low presence of PHCs and

low presence of private doctors and private

hospitals seems to indicate that the health

seeking services are not well established. So

the customer base for tele-medicine services may be as high as in the larger states, where the

health infrastructure has lower rural penetration.

1

Confidential & Proprietary ? Copyright © 2006 ACNielsen ? a VNU business

Figure 3.1 : Facilities & Amenities

Availability of amenities

0 20 40 60 80 100

Electricity

Telephone

Internet

% of habitations

Supporting infrastructure

-Presence of telephone line

-Presence of electricity

Villages in Manipur receive

electricity for 9 hours

a day


Manipur


100% of the nodal villages have Anganwadi Centres. 87.5% of the nodal villages have Fair

Price Shops, and this includes all the large size nodal villages. 89% of the small villages and

81% of the medium villages have reported the presence of Fair Price Shops.

42.5% nodal villages have Post and Telegraph offices; and in terms of villages sizes, the

presence is more in small villages. 53.6% of the small villages,18.2% of the medium villages

have Post and Telegraph offices. None of the large villages have the P&T office. The P&T

office could be a suitable focal point for locating a CSC in the large villages, which mostly

have the infrastructure, as the present mode of communication indicates a high dependence

on postal services, and would be the focus of a lot of mobility. In Manipur, as the PCO is

universally present across all nodal villages, maybe chosen as the focal point, as well.

47.5% of the nodal villages have bus stops within 1 km, but none of them have a railway

station within the same distance.

Banking facilities are available only in 3.6% small nodal villages. No banking facility

available in the large villages and medium villages. Credit facilities in terms of private

money lenders are available in 32.5% nodal villages. Across village sizes, their presence is

highest among the small size villages (39.3%). Presence of private money lenders is also not

there in large villages

General stores are available in 60% of the villages, with higher presence (100%) in the large

nodal villages, as compared to medium (54.5%) and small (60.7%) villages.

Considering most households have TV and few villages have movie halls in the near vicinity,

the proportion of villages having CD and cassette shops (65%) is not very high. Those that

are available are mostly located in the large villages (100%) or medium villages (72.7%).

However, the cable TV network penetration is low. Only 36.4% of the small nodal villages

have access to the same. In medium size and large size villages there is no cable TV

penetration, which have high CD and cassette shops.

9.1% of the small nodal villages have cinema halls in the near vicinity and no cinema halls

are available near by the medium and large villages.

18.2% of the medium villages have Govt. College. 9.1% of the medium villages and 3.6% of

the small villages have pvt. college. None of the in large villages have govt. or private

colleges.

Only 10% of the villages have Kissan Seva Kendras and these are only present in the small

villages. 10.7% and 9.1% in medium villages. 77% of nodal villages have mills – these being

100% in large size villages, 78.6% in medium villages and 72.7% in small villages. 9.1% of

the medium nodal villages have co-operative societies –in large and small villages, there are

no co-operative societies.

3.1.5 CBOs and Knowledge Leaders

The nodal villages of Manipur have community based organizations in almost all the villages.

The most common are Mahila Mandals, which are present in 50% villages. The other all

pervasive CBO is the SHGs, which is present in 47.5% villages, Other than this, 42% of the


Manipur


villages have Yuvak amndal; 27.5% have village education committees. No CBOs are present

in 17.5% of the villages.

This section describes the villagers’ advice seeking patterns with regard to agriculture, health,

government related activities and women related issues. Pradhan/Sarpanch/GP is the main

source of (61.5%) information regarding agriculture. For 53.8% villages, panchayat members

are the source of information on agriculture. The School Teacher (86.6%) and anganwadi

worker (35.1%) are the main knowledge leaders in terms of education, and while rolling out

the project, their views would need special consideration, in terms of designing the tuition

module. In terms of government related affairs, the key reference points have emerged as the

Pradhan/Sarpanch/GP (59%), and Panchayat members (48.7%). For women related issues,

the key influencers are the SHG leaders (35%), Panchayat members (35%), and social

workers (30%).

3.1.6 Places of Social Activity and Community Gatherings

The informal gatherings play a crucial role in the information dissemination in villages. The

common meeting places for men are the community hall (35%), near the local market

(32.5%), at panchayat bhavan (27.5%). For 55% of the villages, women only attend the male

gatherings occasionally.

Women mostly meet in common areas in between houses (32.5%), community hall (20%),

near the temple (17.5%). Locations near the community hall or the Panchayat Bhawan maybe

suitable locations CSCs.

3.1.7 Primary and Secondary Occupations

In Manipur, there is no occupation which accounts for the livelihood of a large section of the

population. 14% of the population are in agriculture, 6% are government employees, 4.8%

are deployed in manufacturing, 25.6% are students, and 13% are in household works.

3.1.8 Major Crops, Cropping Pattern and Agrarian and Non-agrarian Wage Rates,

and Major Challenges faced by Farmers

Although, agriculture is practiced by only a small proportion of households, most of them

practiced multiple cropping. The major crop grown is paddy – which is grown as a rabi crop

by all the households.. About 20% households grow potatoes. 60% of households grow

vegetables. A few practice horticulture as well.

Most villages (72.5%) practiced mono, and about 17.5% adopted double cropping. 10%

practiced mono-cropping.

In Manipur, the skilled male agricultural laborers received an average wage of Rs. 109

whereas the non-skilled counterparts received Rs.72 on an 7-hour unit. On an average, skilled

female agricultural laborers collected Rs. 77, and unskilled women laborers at Rs.66 for 8

hour work period. While the skilled male non-agricultural laborers had the 8-hour wage of

Rs.81, which is lower than the skilled agricultural laborers. Female skilled non-agricultural

workers collected Rs.77 while the unskilled workers were paid Rs.66 for an 8 hour job.

Across all categories of labour, the rates were relatively higher in the medium sized villages.


Manipur


Only 13.8% of the households were engaged as agricultural labour while 5.8% of the

households were non-agricultural labour.

The challenges faced by the farming community in Manipur were lack of finance and credit

facility (77.5% farmers), high interest rates (25% farmers), accurate weather data (10%), and

a lack of knowledge about agricultural techniques and best practices (35%).

3.1.9 Markets at Differing Distances for Buying and Selling Different Goods and

Products

For the purchase of daily need items, 55% of the households travel less than a kilometer as

the shops are within the nodal villages. 35% of the households have to travel between 1 and 3

km, and 2.5% between 8 – 10 km distances.

For medicine requirements, 37.5% have to travel between 1 and 3 km, and 15% between 4 –

5 km and another 10% between 8 – 10 km. Only 27% avail of these facilities within 1 km

distance.

For agriculture and trade related services, 17.5% households travel 1 – 3 km, while 7.5%

travel, less than 1 km and 22.5% between 8 – 10 km distances.

47.5% households buy household assets at market locations more than 10 km away. For

17.5% households, these shops are available between 8 – 10 km distances.

For all kinds of shops and markets, lesser households living in the large nodal villages have

to travel as far to avail these services as compared to households in the smaller villages.

As per the survey, the villagers from about 57% villages used nearby town for selling their

produces, 55% relied the local markets for the same. It was mostly the lesser-populated

villages from the mainstream areas which relied on the local markets. 30% households who

sell godds and products, do so within the village or in the nearby village.

3.1.10 Major Cottage Industries- Type of employment and Marketing Channels

Cloth weaving (85%), tailoring (50%), shoe making and embroidery (35%) are the major

cottage industries in Manipur. On an average 37 households are in cloth weaving, 11

households are in tailoring and 18 households are in shoe making. Main marketing channel is

local mandis.

3.1.11 Major Forestry and Allied Agricultural Activities- Type of Employment and

Marketing Channels

On an average, there are 60 household in a village engaged in fishery, 45 in goatery, 36

families in dairying, 13 employed in piggery. The marketing channels are mainly direct sale

to the town or city shops.

3.1.12 Presence of Industries and Industrial Employment

In Manipur, 90% habitations do not have any industries located within 15 km radius. 7.5% of

the habitations had industries within 6 km radius. In more than 44.4% villages, more than 1-


Manipur


10 villagers sought industrial employment. In 11.1% villages, more tahn 100 workers sought

industrial employment.

3.1.13 Migration Patterns

All habitations were affected by migration, especially, as agriculture in the Manipur villages

were limited, and opportunities had to be found in other areas. In 10% villages, more than

100 persons migrated out of the village each year. 71 – 100 persons out-migrated each year in

7.5% of the villages, and in another 12.5% villages, the out-migration was for 51 – 70

persons. Workers from neighbouring areas in-migrate to these nodal villages – for 10% nodal

villages, more than 100 persons reportedly migrate into the village. For a further 2.1%

villages, the in-migration is to the extent of 51 – 70 persons, and for 20% villages, to the

extent of 21 – 50 persons.

The peak season of out-migration is the months of March, April and May. Most of the in-

migration occurs in the months of October to December

3.1.14 Village Youth- Educational Attainment, Occupations, Major Challenges and

Aspirations for Knowledge and Skills

00447928043355

The distribution of the village youth with respect to their educational qualification is

presented below.

� Illiterate and just illiterate: 41 persons

� Studied up to primary level: 25 persons

� Studied up to Middle school level: 24 persons

� Studied up to Class X: 40 persons

� Studied up to Class XII: 28 persons

� Studied up to Class X and completed vocational education: 27 persons

� Studied up to Class XII and completed vocational education: 22 persons

� Studied professional course: 13 persons

The distribution of the village youth vis-à-vis their educational achievement shows, that in

Manipur, illiterate and just literate youth and those who are primary school dropouts are less

than 18% of the total youth. The consciousness of the need of education is apparent,

especially as there is no agricultural back up for many of the youth. Thus vocational

education classes, which are job-oriented, would be attractive to middle school drop-outs,

which accounts 10% of the village youth or an average of 24 persons per village. For class X

and XII students, who have either passed or failed the Board Examinations, good quality

tuitions and practice tests, would be an immediate requirement. This category of population

accounts for 22% of the youth and would mean an average population of 97 persons.

Students who have completed Classes X and XII and a vocational course, may need some

professional courses, including business management options, which is a service opportunity

for the CSC. The universe for this course would be 12% youth, or about 27 persons on an

average. Even if conservative estimates of possible customers are taken and the expectation is

that half of the population universe joins, then the customers for vocational course could be

20 persons, for tuitions about 45 – 50 persons, for other job-oriented professional courses 12

persons, etc.


Manipur


A look into the current occupations of the youth at different levels of education show:

� Illiterate and just illiterate: Pursuit of multiple occupations in a year. 52% and 42%

undertake cultivation and agricultural labour respectively, and 13% also undertake

petty business and 10% non-agricultural labour.

� Studied up to primary level: Pursuit of multiple occupations in a year. 35% undertake

cultivation, 40% agricultural labour, and 20% also undertake non-agricultural labour.

With a minimum literacy level, diversification of occupation is seen, and 12.5% of the

youth have taken up petty business.

� Studied up to Middle school level: Pursuit of multiple occupations in a year. 41%

undertake cultivation, 43.6% agricultural labour, and 23% also undertake non-

agricultural labour. With increasing educational attainment, diversification of

occupation is seen, and 5.1% of the youth have taken up petty business and another

2.6% self employed and government services each.

� Studied up to Class X: Pursuit of multiple occupations in a year. 25% each in

cultivation, and agricultural labour, and 7.5% also undertake non-agricultural labour.

With increasing educational attainment, diversification of occupation is seen, and

30% of the youth have taken up petty business and 10% are unemployed.

� Studied up to Class XII: Pursuit of multiple occupations in a year. 50% undertake

cultivation, 75% agricultural labour, and 75% also undertake non-agricultural labour.

With increasing educational attainment, diversification of occupation is seen, and

6.3% have taken up petty business, 25% are in private service, 12.5% are in

Government service and 12.5% are unemployed.

� Studied up to Class X and completed vocational education: Pursuit of multiple

occupations in a year. 12.5% undertake cultivation, 15% agricultural labour, 15%

undertake non-agricultural labour and 15% undertake petty business. With increasing

educational attainment, diversification of occupation is seen, and 10% are self-

employed, 17.5% are in private tutions, and 15% are unemployed.

� Studied up to Class XII and completed vocational education: Pursuit of multiple

occupations in a year. 12% undertake cultivation, 15.2% undertake non-agricultural

labour and 27.3% undertake self employed. With increasing educational attainment,

diversification of occupation is seen, 18% are in private service, 6.1% are in

Government service and 40% are unemployed.

� Studied professional course: Pursuit of multiple occupations in a year. 3% undertake

cultivation, 18% are in private tution, 12% are in private service, 21% are in

Government service and 27% are unemployed.

Youth with lower educational levels are all found to be employed in primary sector activities.

With increasing levels of education, emergence of private service, government service and

self-employment are the alternative occupations. However, multiplicity of occupations

suggests that none of these are permanent year-round occupations, and dependence on

cultivation or labour during lean season seems to be common. At higher education levels, the

private sector offers greater employment opportunities, but here again; un-employment for at


Manipur


least some months of the year seems to be common. Overall, finding appropriate job

opportunities vis-à-vis investment in educational achievements then becomes a challenge for

the CSC. In order that these goals be realized, it is imperative to note the skill building

aspirations of the different segments of the youth.

� Studied up to primary level: Vocational training and Business Management classes

(geared to self-employment and small business opportunities)

� Studied up to Middle school level: Vocational training, Business Management classes

(geared to self-employment and small business opportunities) and Basic Computer

Course

� Studied up to Class X: Vocational training, Business Management classes, Basic

Computer Course and English speaking course

� Studied up to Class XII: Vocational training, Business Management classes, Basic

Computer Course and English speaking course

� Studied up to Class X and completed vocational education: Business Management

classes, Basic Computer Course and English speaking course

� Studied up to Class XII and completed vocational education: Business Management

classes, Basic Computer Course and English speaking course

� Studied professional course: Business Management classes

3.1.15 School Infrastructure and Performance

Around 95% villages have schools. All villages have government or private schools in

medium and large villages, while in the small villages 92% have schools. In villages where

schools are available 97.5% have primary schools, 55% have secondary schools, and 5% are

higher secondary schools. Mean number of teachers available in primary schools is 7, and

secondary school is 11. On an average, 156 students are enrolled in primary schools and 290

students in secondary schools. The student teacher ratio in primary and secondary schools

respectively are 22.2 and 26.9, which is very favourable. However, these ratios are affected

by teacher and student attendance.

a) Reasons for Dropout

Lack of teaching quality is one of the major concerns for highest dropouts as reported by 75%

of the habitations. Lack of teachers and adequate physical infrastructure as reported by 67.5%

and 20% habitations respectively adds to this concern.

b) Subject Students Usually Fail

The different subjects that students fail in are:

� English: 37.5%

� Mathematic: 97.5%

� Chemistry: 7.5%

� Physics: 7.5%

� Commerce: 5%

3.1.16 Availability of Tuition Classes and Cost

Tuition classes are available in 40% villages, and the availability is higher among small

(46.4%) and medium (27%) villages where the teacher attendance may be poor and un-


Manipur


monitored, as compared to large villages, where due to the dynamics of larger population and

multiple schools, the quality of educational inputs is perhaps better. The cost for tuition

classes is quite low, with 50% villages having tuition charges varying from Rs. 76-100 per

month; and 50% villages with tuition charges varying more than Rs.100 per month. On an

average, about 80 students in each village go for tuition. Qualitative information also

suggests that some students attend two tuition classes in the day for different subjects.

3.1.17 Village Issues and Causes of Dispute

Common disputes related to land, water, common resources, family feuds, unemployment of

youth, abuse of women, migration, law and order, caste feuds lead to social tensions.

a) Water

Around 7.3% villages reported occurrence of disputes related to water. Dispute related to

water is a very common phenomenon. Nearly cent percent villages have water disputes

within the community.

b) Family Feuds

12% villages report social tensions mainly because of family feuds. Mostly such tensions

crop up occasionally between villages.

c) Youth Employment Related

Youth employment related disputes have been reported by 9% villages. Almost all the

villages have reported its occurrence to be frequent and mostly within the community.

3.1.18 Village Needs

Rural India is characterized by lack of availability, accessibility and affordability of certain

services, which may relate to health, educations, banking, communication, etc. The

inhabitants traverse long enough to avail these services. In this context the top most needs of

the villages were identified that may be facilitated through the kiosk.

a) Health

Need for good doctors and health facility was reported by 61% and 29% villages

respectively. The same needs were ranked as the first five top most needs by 11% and 18%

villages respectively.

Felt Needs Important

services

Top 5

Good Doctors 57.5% 47.5%

Health Facility 77.5% 70%

Internet Café for Medical Consultation 22.5% 12.5%


Manipur


b) Agriculture

The need for cheaper credit facility was felt by 11% villages, 10% express the need for access

to market.


services Top 5

Best Practices 40% 22.5%

Access to Market 25% 7.5%

Cheaper Credit 22.5% 5%

Agri-consulting

c) Training and Education

14.8% of the villages have felt the need of better quality education that may be facilitated

through the presence of a rural kiosk. Of them 20% have voted to be one of the top most

needs that can enhance qualitative training and education. Career development and job

planning is one of the felt needs as reported by 11% of the villages. This particular service is

ranked as one of the top most need by 20% of the villages (refer table below).


services Top 5

Better Quality education 67.5% 47.5%

Higher Education Distance Learning 35% 12.5%

Adult Education Distance Learning 10%

IT/Computer Training

English Speaking Courses

Career Development & Job Planning 45% 22.5%

Job Search 22.5% 5%

Vocational Training for men

Vocational Training for women

Upgrading Occupational Skills

Training on use of new tools & technology 32.5% 15%

Business Management/Entrepreneurship Training 25% 5%

Training on Creation of Organized Marketing Channels 40% 7.5%

d) Banking and Insurance

Financial services for farmers are the need as reported by 7.1% of the villages.


services Top 5

Financial services for farmers 35% 100%

Financial services for the entrepreneurs

Financial services for women SHG

Rural banks 10% 100%


Manipur


e) Government and other services

Access to key Government service outlets has been voted as one of the most needed

requirements by at least 27.3%the villages. However only 10% villages ranked it amongst the

top five. Every citizen of the country has the right to be informed about key Government

programmes. Accordingly, 12.% villages have voted it as one of the prime needs.


services Top 5

Easy access to land records

Access to key Government service outlets 27.5% 100%

Information about Government Programmes 20% 100%

Ensuring protection from fake branded products

3.1.19 Knowledge and Access to Government Programme

Majority of the villages are aware of the government programmes. PMGSY and SGSY were

reported to exist in majority of villages (72.5%) followed by AAY (57.5%), TSC (42.5%) and

NOAPS (35%) .

Govt. Programmes Existing Not

Existing DK/CS

National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS) 35 65 0

Widow Pension Scheme (WPS) 17.5 82.5 0

Mid Day Meal Scheme (MDM) 22.5 75 2.5

Indra Awas Yojana (IAY) 75 25 0

Credit cum Subsidy Scheme 2.5 97.5 0

PDS 30 67.2 2.5

National Food For Work Programme (NFFWP) 22.5 77.5 0

Sarvashiksha Abhiyan (SSA) 50 50 0

Freedom Fighter Pension Scheme 12.5 87.5 0

Maternity Benefit Scheme (MBS) 10 90 0

Antadoya Anna Yojana (AAY) 57.5 42.5 0

Swajaldhara 2.5 97.5 0

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) 72.5 27.5 0

Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojana (SGRY) 80 15 5

Total Sanitation Campaign 42.5 57.5 0

ICDS 17.5 82.5 0

Annapurna Scheme 2.5 97.5 0

Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana (SGSY) 72.5 9 5

Kutir Jyoti 37.5 32.5 0

The average number of beneficiaries for the different schemes listed below is presented (refer

table below). The popular and well-accessed programmes are Sarvashikshya Abhiyan, ICDS,

SGRY, MDM, AAY, Credit-cum-subsidy scheme, WPS, NFFWP and PMGSY.


Manipur


Govt. Programmes

Average

No of persons/HH Benefited

PDS 20.8

MDM 41.3

Sarvashiksha Abhiyan 21.1

Swajaldhara 12

AAY 47

ICDS 32.3

Credit cum subsidy 0

WPS 48.4

NFFWP 27.7

PMGSY 232

MBS 37

TSC 17.9

Annupurna scheme 11

SGRY 31.1

IAY 13

Freedom fighter pension scheme 67.5

SGSY 19.6

Kutir Jyoti 25.9

3.1.20 Knowledge on Kiosks, Interest, Preference of Kiosk Location and Operators

Knowledge on internet based kiosks was found to be very low. Only 2.5% of the villages

reported to have heard about kiosk. But all the villagers felt that if kiosks were established in

villages, they would be used (refer table 902).

On the suitability of location of the kiosks the villagers suggested its installation near the

market place (37.5%) or the community hall (25%) would be the most suitable. The other

location as per preference of 20% villages is near the temple and P&T office each (refer

tables 901 - 907).

The buyers’ preference of the characteristic of a kiosk operator is a person who is:

� Computer literate (87.5%)

� Knowledgeable (50%)

� Honest person (7.5%)

� Graduate (35%)

The key services that most villages would like to include in a CSC are:

� Training and education (32.5%)

� Communication (20%)

� Knowledge sharing (20%)

� Government services (15%)


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3.2 Buyer Profile:

3.2.1 Demographic Profile

80.1% of the surveyed households were Hindu, 2% were Muslim and 16.5% were Christian.

General caste households are 52.9%, and most were from OBC (21.7%), SC (2.4%) castes

and ST 23%. 74.7% of the households were living as nuclear families, 24.3% were joint

families and 1.1% of the households were living as extended families. The sex ratio was 882

females per 1000 males.

As per the survey, 53.9% of the households were BPL and 46.1% were APL.

The survey enquired the age of individual members of the surveyed households the age in

completed years. The age-wise distribution of population showed that 4.7% were less than 6

years, 9.8% were aged 6 – 14 years; 27.7% were aged 15 - 25 years; 40.5% were aged 26 –

49 years; 13.4% were aged 50 – 60 years; and 3.9% were more than 60 years of age.

3.2.2 Educational attainment

The educational attainment of the population is as

follows:

� 8.3% are illiterate

� 7.6% are just literate (able to read and

write)

� 17% have studied up to Primary level

� 21.7% have studied up to Middle

school level

� 24.1% have studied up to Class X

� 11.2% have studied up to Class XII

� 8.0% are graduates

� 0.9% are post-graduates

� 0.6% are professional degree holders

� 0.1% have other qualifications

The population currently studying and at middle school, Class X and Class XII levels would

be main seekers of tuition classes and other educational courses.

9


Figure 3.2 : Economic Category

Economic category41%

59%

APL BPL

10


Figure 3.3 : Social category

19%25%

56%

0%

General SC ST OBC

2

Confidential & Proprietary ?Copyright ©2006 ACNielsen ?a VNU business

Figure 3.4 : Educational attainment

0

5

10

15

20

25

% o

f H

H r

es

po

nd

en

ts

Illiterate Upto

primary

Upto

middle

school

Attended

upto class

X


Manipur


3.2.3 Status of indebtedness and source & reasons for borrowings

3.4% of the households have presently indebted. The major sources of borrowing are the

relatives and friends (35.8%) and big farmer/rich land lord (28.7%)

The reasons for borrowing were medical emergency (50%) and house construction and repair

(42.9%). 42.9% cases was land offered as collateral. For the remaining, there was no fixed

form of collateral, and different domestic assets could be pledged.

3.2.4 Type of house

As per the survey, 49.5% stay in kutcha houses, 46.6% in semi-pucca houses, and 3.9% in

pucca houses. Most of the APL households either stayed in pucca or semi-pucca houses.

3.2.5 Ownership of household and agricultural assets

a) Household assets:

The ownership pattern of household assets which are non-electricity operated are as follows:

� Radio: 94.5% new and 33.7% second hand

� Wooden cot: 26.9% new and 7.5% second hand

� Bicycle: 35.9% new and 25.5% second hand

� Steel almirah: 23.9% new and 20.7% second hand

� Telephone (landline): 5.5% new and 1.6% second hand

� Mobile: 0.5% new and 1.6% second hand

� Scooter/motorbike: 3.6% new and 22.8% second hand

� Four wheeler:3% new and 3.2% second hand

The ownership pattern of household assets shows the commonly owned items are bicycle and

radio. For most items, the purchase behaviour is for new products, except telephone, for other

items people go for second hand items.

The pattern of ownership of electricity operated assets is:

� Fan: 53% new and 27.1% second hand

� Television: 83.5% new and 42.1% second hand

� Stereo: 33.7% new and 47% second hand

� Refrigerator: 5.9% new and 7.9% second hand.

� Air cooler: 4.9% second hand

� Air conditioner: 1.3% new and 12.8% second hand

� Computer: 0.4% new

� Washing machine: 0.4% new

The ownership pattern of electricity operated household assets shows the commonly owned

items are fan and television, which is purchased both as old and new items. Almost all

households have a television and 97% have a cable TV connection. Interestingly, more than

half the households have two television sets.

Figure 3.1 : Status of


Manipur


b) Agricultural assets:

The proportion that owned one or more agriculture assets such as plough (29.1%), tractor

(1.9%), sprayer (4.6%), and camel/bullock cart (11.9%).

3.2.6 Marketing channels for different goods and products

88.3% of the households do not sell any dairy or poultry products. Of the remaining, 7.1%

sell in village mandi (own), and 5.8% sell the products in village mandi (other villages).

Village mandi of own village and other villages are the major place of selling the products.

3.2.7 Problems in accessing the markets

Although only a small percentage of farmers sell their produce, the problems cited were poor

rates at nearby markets, and the inability to sell in distant markets due to the perishable nature

of the goods (mostly vegetables). Some also reported a lack of knowledge on marketing

channels and market demand.

3.2.8 Media exposure and habits, and favourite programmes

a) Having spare time:

Spare time available per day was assessed for children, youth and adult members of the

family, separately. Majority of the adults (male: 77.9%, female: 82.1%) said that they have

spare time during evening hours. Spare time was also available for 8.4% of the males during

morning hours, and for women, 4.9% during morning hours and 8.2% during afternoon

hours. 59.4% of both male and female youth reportedly did not have spare time, with 52%

mentioning evening hours. 49.9% male children and 43.1% female children did not have

spare time. Of the remaining, 24.7% male 24% female mentioned morning hours and 37.6%

male and 36.3% female children mentioned evening hours. The average duration of spare

time for different population segments is as follows:

� Male adults: 4 hours

� Female adults: 5 hours

� Male youth: 4.2 hours

� Female youth: 3.8 hours

� Male children: 4.9 hours

� Female children: 4.2 hours

b) Entertainment options available:

Television was the entertainment option for 100% of the households. About 64.4%

mentioned viewing movie shows on TV with CD/DVD player.

c) Activities pursued during the spare time:

For adult males, the activities pursued during spare time were TV viewing (79%), newspaper

reading (55%) and radio (94.1%). The adult women mostly (95.4%) watched TV or listened

to radio (60%). Only 36% read newspapers.


Manipur


The youth also mostly watched TV (87.3%), or listened to radio programmes (91.1%), or

read newspapers (52.9%). The children mostly watched TV (90.8%) or listened to the radio

(59.7%).

d) Reading newspaper:

65% of the respondents said that someone or the other in their household read the newspaper

at home or anywhere else. Regular reading of newspaper was found high (69.5%) only

among adult males and 54.6% of the adult women regularly read the newspapers..

e) Watching TV:

84.6% of the respondents said that someone or the other in their household watch TV.

Regular watching of TV was, reportedly an adult habits, as expressed by 41.2% adult males

and 32.5% adult females. Regular TV viewership among all other population segments was

about 20% or less, except in case of female children, where it was 23.8%.

Preferred TV programmes:

The programmes usually preferred were:

� Choupal (95.6%)

� Travel programmes (91.7%)

� News (70%)

� Movies (68.9%)

� Religious programmes (48.3%)

� Health programmes (12.5%)

� Quiz (11.6%)

62.5% of the households watched TV in their homes, while about 37.5% watched in

neighbour’s house.

f) Listening Radio:

79.1% of the households reported listening to radio programmes. Mostly, the users were adult

males (76%) and females (47%). Child, youth and old age persons mostly did not listen to

radio programme on a regular basis.

About 82% of those hearing radio programmes - both men and women - listened to the radio

in the morning and evening. Among the youth who listened to radio programmes, 16% heard

in the morning and 77% in the evening. 74% of the child audience, heard radio programmes

in the evening..

g) Availability of video cassettes and CDs:

40.3% reported availability of video cassettes and CDs in the nodal village. For 11.5%, they

were available on both hire and purchase basis. Another 33.4% reported availability only for

hire, while 16.1% mentioned that shops only sold the CDs, and did not permit hire.


Manipur


ANNEXURE-1

HOUSEHOLD DATA

Table 1: Distribution of HHs by religion

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult

Nodal village HHs Total

< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Hindu 402 77.0 248 99.3 26 100.0 676 84.8

Muslim 14 2.6 1 0.2 14 1.8

Christian 96 18.4 1 0.2 97 12.1

Religion

Other specify 10 1.9 1 0.2 10 1.3

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 2 : Distribution of HHs by Caste

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

General 249 47.6 194 77.7 26 100.0 469 58.8

SC 1 0.1 32 12.9 33 4.1

ST 138 26.5 3 1.0 141 17.6

Caste

OBC 135 25.8 21 8.3 155 19.5

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 3 : Distribution of HHs by type of family

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Nuclear 422 80.9 212 84.8 25 97.8 660 82.7

Joint 95 18.2 36 14.6 1 2.2 132 16.5

Type of family

Extended 5 0.9 2 0.7 6 0.8

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 4 : Distribution of HHs by Economics status

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

APL 216 41.4 117 46.7 22 82.6 354 44.4 Economic status

BPL 306 58.6 133 53.3 5 17.4 443 55.6

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0


Manipur


Table 10 : Status of indebted to the sample

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Yes 16 3.1 5 2.0 21 2.7 Are you at present

No 506 96.9 245 98.0 26 100.0 777 97.3

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 11/12/13 : Status of indebted/purpose/collateral to the sample

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000

N % N % N % 0 16 100.0 5 100.0 21 100.0 1 7 41.9 7 31.8 2 1 3.5 1 2.6 6 5 33.7 3 66.7 9 41.6 7 3 17.5 3 13.3

Source of borrowing

8 1 3.5 2 33.3 2 10.6

Total 16 100.0 5 100.0 21 100.0 1 2 10.5 2 8.0 2 4 26.6 2 33.3 6 28.2 3 1 3.5 1 2.6 5 2 33.3 2 8.0 6 1 3.5 1 2.6 7 2 10.5 2 8.0 8 7 41.9 2 33.3 8 39.8

Purpose of borrowing

10 1 3.5 1 2.6

Total 16 100.0 5 100.0 21 100.0 1 7 40.6 3 66.7 10 46.9 2 2 10.5 2 8.0 3 3 17.5 2 33.3 5 21.3 4 1 3.5 1 2.6 5 1 3.5 1 2.6

Type of collateral

7 4 24.4 4 18.5

Total 16 100.0 5 100.0 21 100.0


Manipur


Table 14 : Av. spare time in a day for HH member by sex

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Morning 44 8.4 12 4.7 56 7.0

Afternoon 70 13.3 20 8.1 2 6.5 92 11.5

Evening 209 40.0 78 31.2 10 37.0 296 37.2

Male - Children

Not applicable 292 56.0 171 68.3 15 56.5 478 59.9

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Morning 17 3.3 7 2.9 25 3.1

Afternoon 83 15.8 44 17.7 6 23.9 133 16.7

Evening 303 58.1 135 53.9 12 47.8 450 56.4

Male - Youth

Not applicable 179 34.3 98 39.4 9 34.8 286 35.9

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Morning 34 6.5 9 3.6 43 5.4

Afternoon 45 8.6 15 5.9 2 6.5 61 7.7

Evening 400 76.6 182 72.9 15 56.5 597 74.8

Male - adult

Not applicable 92 17.6 55 22.1 11 43.5 158 19.9

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 14A : Av. spare time in a day for HH member by sex

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Morning 37 7.0 7 2.9 44 5.5

Afternoon 65 12.4 21 8.3 4 15.2 90 11.2

Evening 178 34.1 75 30.2 10 39.1 263 33.0

Female - Children

Not applicable 315 60.5 171 68.5 16 60.9 503 63.0

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Morning 10 1.9 3 1.1 13 1.6

Afternoon 82 15.7 37 14.7 5 17.4 124 15.5

Evening 269 51.6 112 44.7 11 43.4 392 49.2

Female - Youth

Not applicable 205 39.2 117 46.8 11 41.4 332 41.7

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Morning 18 3.4 6 2.3 23 2.9

Afternoon 101 19.3 25 10.2 1 2.2 127 15.9

Evening 404 77.4 171 68.4 12 47.8 587 73.6

Female - adult

Not applicable 80 15.4 60 24.0 13 50.0 153 19.2

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0


Manipur


Table 14B : Av. spare time in a day for HH member by sex

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult

Nodal village HHs

< 500 500-1000 1000+ Total

N 231 79 11 322 Mean 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.6

Male - Children

SD 2.9 2.8 1.1 2.8 N 346 153 17 516 Mean 3.7 3.9 2.8 3.7

Male - Youth

SD 4.1 3.2 0.9 3.8 N 431 195 15 641 Mean 3.6 3.5 2.8 3.6

Male - Adult

SD 2.4 4.1 1.3 3.0 N 207 79 10 296 Mean 4.3 5.0 3.8 4.5

Female - Children

SD 3.0 5.6 1.9 3.9 N 319 134 15 468 Mean 3.6 4.3 3.0 3.8

Female - Youth

SD 3.9 4.0 1.0 3.8

Table 15 : Availability of entertainment option

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

0 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

TV 520 99.6 244 97.7 26 100.0 790 99.0

Moview shows on TV with VCD

383 73.4 209 83.5 24 91.3 616 77.2

Movie shows with help of projectors

20 3.8 6 2.4 3 13.0 29 3.6

Moview hall 1 0.1 1 0.1

Entertainment option currently available within the village

Other specify 7 1.4 6 2.3 13 1.6

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 16 : Activity of HHs member during spare time

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Radio 455 96.0 221 97.0 17 100.0 693 96.4

TV 379 79.9 181 79.7 13 76.7 573 79.7

Newspaper 324 68.2 139 61.1 13 76.7 476 66.2

Adult Male

Secondary occupation

22 4.5 5 2.2 27 3.7

Total 474 100.0 227 100.0 17 100.0 719 100.0


Manipur


Radio 431 91.9 205 93.1 15 100.0 651 92.5

TV 414 88.4 189 85.6 12 84.6 615 87.4

Newspaper 225 48.1 70 31.8 8 57.7 304 43.2

Adult Female


20 4.2 6 2.8 26 3.7

Total 469 100.0 220 100.0 15 100.0 704 100.0

Radio 334 84.7 174 90.4 18 100.0 525 87.0

TV 364 92.4 180 93.5 18 100.0 562 93.0

Newspaper 241 61.3 132 68.6 18 96.9 391 64.7

Adult Youth


1 0.3 3 1.8 5 0.7

Total 394 100.0 192 100.0 18 100.0 604 100.0

0 34 13.1 16 15.4 6 33.3 56 14.7

Radio 142 54.3 74 70.2 17 100.0 233 60.7

TV 232 88.9 91 86.3 17 100.0 340 88.6

Newspaper 37 14.0 17 16.0 6 33.3 59 15.4

Adult Child

Other specify 2 1.6 2 0.4

Total 261 100.0 106 100.0 17 100.0 384 100.0

Table 16a : Reading News paper at home or anywhere

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Yes 373 71.6 202 80.7 16 63.0 592 74.2 Does anyone in your household read No 148 28.4 48 19.3 10 37.0 206 25.8

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 17 : HH having reading habit of news paper

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Regularly 11 2.9 7 3.3 18 3.0

Occasionally 65 17.5 30 15.1 2 10.4 98 16.5

Never 83 22.1 14 6.7 7 44.9 104 17.5

Children - Male

NA 215 57.4 151 74.9 7 44.8 373 63.0

Total 373 100.0 202 100.0 16 100.0 592 100.0

Regularly 137 36.7 43 21.1 2 13.8 182 30.7

Occasionally 136 36.4 106 52.3 10 62.1 252 42.5

Never 1 0.1 2 0.8 1 3.4 3 0.5

Youth - Male

NA 100 26.8 52 25.7 3 20.7 155 26.3

Total 373 100.0 202 100.0 16 100.0 592 100.0

Regularly 214 57.4 66 32.7 5 27.6 285 48.1

Occasionally 102 27.3 75 37.0 8 48.3 184 31.2

Never 7 1.8 15 7.3 21 3.6

Adult - Male

NA 51 13.5 46 23.0 4 24.1 101 17.0

Total 373 100.0 202 100.0 16 100.0 592 100.0


Manipur


Regularly 28 7.5 8 4.2 36 6.1

Occasionally 15 4.0 11 5.2 2 10.4 27 4.6

Never 7 1.8 1 0.3 7 1.2

Old - Male

NA 324 86.8 182 90.3 15 89.6 521 88.1

Total 373 100.0 202 100.0 16 100.0 592 100.0

Regularly 94 25.2 24 12.1 2 13.8 121 20.4

Occasionally 134 36.0 89 44.0 9 55.1 232 39.2

Never 5 1.2 10 5.0 2 10.4 16 2.8

Youth - Female

NA 140 37.6 79 38.9 3 20.7 222 37.6

Total 373 100.0 202 100.0 16 100.0 592 100.0

Regularly 14 3.8 4 1.9 18 3.1

Occasionally 61 16.4 27 13.4 2 13.8 91 15.3

Never 79 21.2 19 9.5 4 24.1 102 17.3

Children - Female

NA 219 58.6 152 75.2 10 62.1 381 64.3

Total 373 100.0 202 100.0 16 100.0 592 100.0

Regularly 151 40.4 30 15.0 5 27.6 185 31.3

Occasionally 82 22.1 55 27.3 7 44.9 145 24.5

Never 53 14.3 44 21.6 1 3.4 98 16.5

Adult - Female

NA 87 23.2 73 36.2 4 24.1 164 27.7

Total 373 100.0 202 100.0 16 100.0 592 100.0

Regularly 11 3.0 2 1.1 14 2.3

Occasionally 15 4.1 12 5.8 27 4.6

Never 13 3.6 1 0.6 15 2.5

Old - Female

NA 333 89.2 187 92.6 16 100.0 536 90.7

Total 373 100.0 202 100.0 16 100.0 592 100.0

Table 17a : Watch TV programme

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Yes 439 84.2 222 88.7 15 56.5 676 84.7 Does anyone in your HH No 82 15.8 28 11.3 11 43.5 122 15.3

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 18 : HH member with habit of watching TV

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Regularly 97 22.1 29 13.0 126 18.6

Occasionally 104 23.6 50 22.6 7 50.1 161 23.8

Children - Male

Never 12 2.8 3 1.3 15 2.2


Manipur


NA 227 51.6 140 63.2 7 49.9 374 55.4

Total 439 100.0 222 100.0 15 100.0 676 100.0

Regularly 135 30.8 58 26.0 2 11.6 195 28.8

Occasionally 171 38.8 98 44.1 11 76.9 280 41.4

Never 1 0.3 1 0.1

Youth - Male

NA 133 30.4 66 29.6 2 11.6 201 29.7

Total 439 100.0 222 100.0 15 100.0 676 100.0

Regularly 142 32.4 51 22.8 2 11.6 195 28.8

Occasionally 228 51.9 119 53.6 9 61.5 356 52.7

Never 10 2.2 9 4.0 18 2.7

Adult - Male

NA 59 13.5 44 19.6 4 26.9 107 15.8

Total 439 100.0 222 100.0 15 100.0 676 100.0

Regularly 19 4.2 5 2.0 23 3.4

Occasionally 21 4.9 7 3.1 28 4.2

Never 13 2.9 9 4.0 22 3.2

Old - Male

NA 387 88.0 202 90.9 15 100.0 603 89.2

Total 439 100.0 222 100.0 15 100.0 676 100.0

Regularly 119 27.1 37 16.7 2 11.6 158 23.3

Occasionally 161 36.6 102 46.1 10 65.3 272 40.3

Never 3 0.8 3 0.5

Youth - Female

NA 156 35.6 83 37.3 3 23.1 242 35.8

Total 439 100.0 222 100.0 15 100.0 676 100.0

Regularly 79 17.9 26 11.7 105 15.5

Occasionally 111 25.2 48 21.6 6 42.3 165 24.4

Never 16 3.7 2 1.0 18 2.7

Children - Female

NA 234 53.2 146 65.7 8 57.7 388 57.4

Total 439 100.0 222 100.0 15 100.0 676 100.0

Regularly 138 31.5 37 16.5 2 11.6 177 26.1

Occasionally 235 53.5 140 63.1 9 61.5 384 56.8

Never 7 1.7 12 5.3 19 2.8

Adult - Female

NA 59 13.4 33 15.0 4 26.9 96 14.2

Total 439 100.0 222 100.0 15 100.0 676 100.0

Regularly 11 2.5 2 1.0 13 1.9

Occasionally 18 4.1 7 3.3 26 3.8

Never 16 3.5 7 2.9 22 3.3

Old - Female

NA 395 89.9 206 92.7 15 100.0 615 91.0

Total 439 100.0 222 100.0 15 100.0 676 100.0

Table 18a : Watch TV programme

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

0 250 56.9 172 77.5 14 96.2 436 64.5

Cable network 174 39.6 69 31.0 2 15.4 245 36.2

DTH 283 64.4 151 68.1 12 80.8 446 66.0

CAble TV/DTH network

No 86 19.5 26 11.7 1 3.8 112 16.6

Total 439 100.0 222 100.0 15 100.0 676 100.0


Manipur


Table 19 : Time of viewing TV by HHs member

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Morning 26 7.1 16 9.7 43 7.7

Afternoon 21 5.6 20 12.0 1 10.4 42 7.6

Men

Evening 347 93.0 141 83.3 10 89.6 498 90.0

Total 373 100.0 169 100.0 11 100.0 553 100.0

Morning 10 2.6 2 0.9 12 2.0

Afternoon 106 27.6 54 28.7 2 21.0 162 27.8

Women

Evening 330 86.1 162 86.5 8 79.0 500 86.1

Total 383 100.0 187 100.0 11 100.0 581 100.0

Morning 21 6.5 7 4.7 2 13.7 30 6.1

Afternoon 127 39.2 57 36.9 3 22.7 187 38.1

Youth

Evening 254 78.4 128 82.9 11 91.0 394 80.1

Total 324 100.0 155 100.0 12 100.0 491 100.0

Morning 29 13.6 13 14.2 42 13.4

Afternoon 75 34.6 34 37.3 2 18.8 111 34.9

Child

Evening 188 87.0 79 86.0 7 81.2 275 86.5

Total 217 100.0 92 100.0 9 100.0 317 100.0

Table 20 : Preference of HH for different kind of TV programmes

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

0 396 90.2 203 91.7 15 100.0 614 90.9

Travel 408 92.8 193 86.8 15 100.0 615 91.0

Choupal 410 93.4 213 95.9 13 88.4 636 94.1

Religious prog 281 63.9 164 73.7 10 69.3 455 67.3

Health related 94 21.3 47 21.1 3 23.1 144 21.3

Fashion 17 3.8 10 4.7 27 4.0

Other specify 31 7.0 11 5.1 42 6.2

News 304 69.1 123 55.6 5 30.7 431 63.8

Movies 342 77.9 177 80.0 11 76.9 531 78.5

Serials 32 7.3 13 6.0 45 6.7

Cartoons 67 15.3 16 7.4 84 12.4

Talk shows 34 7.7 24 10.7 1 3.8 58 8.6

Quiz 40 9.1 7 3.2 47 6.9

Sports 104 23.8 81 36.7 10 69.3 196 29.0

Television programmes is usually preffered

Music prog. 56 12.8 6 2.8 63 9.2

Total 439 100.0 222 100.0 15 100.0 676 100.0


Manipur


Table 21: Place where HH member watch TV programmes

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

At home 218 49.5 76 34.1 2 11.6 295 43.7

Neighbour home 216 49.2 142 63.9 13 88.4 371 54.8

Community hall 3 0.6 1 0.3 3 0.5

Panchayat bhawan

2 0.5 2 0.8 4 0.6

Where do members of your HH watch TV

Other specify 1 0.1 2 1.0 3 0.4

Total 439 100.0 222 100.0 15 100.0 676 100.0

Table 22 : Habit of listening to radio

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Yes 423 81.1 207 82.8 15 58.7 646 80.9 Does anyone HH radio prog. No 98 18.9 43 17.2 11 41.3 152 19.1

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 23 : Habit of listening to radio by different hh member

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Regularly 26 6.1 20 9.7 2 11.1 48 7.4

Occasionally 116 27.5 45 21.5 5 33.4 166 25.7

Never 51 12.0 9 4.3 60 9.2

Children - Male

NA 231 54.5 133 64.4 8 55.5 372 57.7

Total 423 100.0 207 100.0 15 100.0 646 100.0

Regularly 121 28.7 48 23.2 8 51.8 177 27.5

Occasionally 174 41.2 97 46.7 4 25.9 275 42.6

Never 3 0.7 1 0.3 3 0.5

Youth - Male

NA 125 29.5 62 29.8 3 22.3 190 29.4

Total 423 100.0 207 100.0 15 100.0 646 100.0

Regularly 327 77.2 147 70.8 8 51.8 481 74.6

Occasionally 49 11.6 42 20.5 4 25.9 95 14.8

Adult - Male

NA 47 11.2 18 8.7 3 22.3 69 10.7

Total 423 100.0 207 100.0 15 100.0 646 100.0

Regularly 35 8.3 18 8.5 53 8.2

Occasionally 15 3.6 7 3.2 22 3.4

Never 3 0.8 2 1.1 6 0.9

Old - Male

NA 369 87.3 181 87.3 15 100.0 565 87.6

Total 423 100.0 207 100.0 15 100.0 646 100.0

Youth - Female Regularly 96 22.7 39 18.6 10 63.0 144 22.3


Manipur


Occasionally 179 42.3 93 45.1 2 14.8 275 42.6

Never 3 0.8 1 0.3 4 0.6

NA 145 34.2 75 36.1 3 22.3 223 34.5

Total 423 100.0 207 100.0 15 100.0 646 100.0

Regularly 23 5.4 14 6.8 37 5.7

Occasionally 113 26.7 43 21.0 5 33.4 161 25.0

Never 45 10.7 8 4.1 54 8.3

Children - Female

NA 242 57.2 141 68.1 10 66.6 394 61.0

Total 423 100.0 207 100.0 15 100.0 646 100.0

Regularly 236 55.8 120 57.9 6 37.0 362 56.0

Occasionally 132 31.1 65 31.4 6 37.0 203 31.4

Never 3 0.8 3 0.5

Adult - Female

NA 52 12.3 22 10.6 4 25.9 78 12.1

Total 423 100.0 207 100.0 15 100.0 646 100.0

Regularly 23 5.4 10 4.6 33 5.0

Occasionally 17 4.0 10 4.8 27 4.2

Never 4 0.9 1 0.3 4 0.7

Old - Female

NA 379 89.6 187 90.3 15 100.0 582 90.1

Total 423 100.0 207 100.0 15 100.0 646 100.0

Table 24 : Timing of listening to radio programmes

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Morning 98 24.5 39 20.2 137 22.6

Afternoon 63 15.8 34 17.3 2 12.5 98 16.2

Men

Evening 335 84.0 155 79.4 12 87.5 501 82.6

Total 398 100.0 195 100.0 14 100.0 606 100.0

Morning 45 11.3 18 9.1 63 10.3

Afternoon 135 33.7 62 31.6 196 32.3

Women

Evening 321 80.4 148 75.6 14 100.0 483 79.3

Total 399 100.0 196 100.0 14 100.0 609 100.0

Morning 44 14.5 14 8.7 4 25.9 62 12.9

Afternoon 104 34.3 63 38.9 166 34.7

Youth

Evening 218 72.3 110 68.0 14 88.9 342 71.4

Total 302 100.0 162 100.0 15 100.0 479 100.0

Morning 24 16.5 8 11.4 2 18.1 35 14.9

Afternoon 55 37.9 21 28.8 76 33.0

Child

Evening 103 70.7 54 72.6 12 100.0 169 72.9

Total 145 100.0 74 100.0 12 100.0 232 100.0


Manipur


Table 25 : Availablity of Video cassettes of CDs in the village

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Yes - hire only 172 32.9 80 31.9 5 17.4 256 32.1

Yes - purchase only

102 19.6 27 10.6 8 30.4 137 17.1

Yes - hire and purchase

147 28.2 121 48.2 11 43.5 279 35.0

Are video cassettes

No 101 19.3 23 9.3 2 8.7 126 15.8

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 26 : Availablity of Video cassettes of CDs in the village

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Yes 56 10.7 7 2.9 63 7.9 Do people organize movie shows No 466 89.3 243 97.1 26 100.0 735 92.1

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Yes 16 28.4 2 30.7 18 28.7

No 39 70.6 5 69.3 44 70.4

Does anyone have to contribute money

DK/CS 1 1.0 1 0.9

Total 56 100.0 7 100.0 63 100.0

Yes 1 0.2 1 0.2 2 0.2 Is there a movie theater No 521 99.8 250 99.8 26 100.0 796 99.8

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 26a : Watched movie in last 3 months by member

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult

Nodal village HHs

< 500 500-1000 Total

N 1 1 2 Mean 3.5 0.0 2.3

Watched Movie in theatre in last 3 months - Men

SD 1.5 . 2.7 N 1 1 2 Mean 3.0 0.0 2.0

Watched Movie in theatre in last 3 months - Women

SD 0.0 . 2.2 N 1 1 2 Mean 1.5 0.0 1.0

Watched Movie in theatre in last 3 months - Youth

SD 1.5 . 1.3 Watched Movie in N 1 1 2


Manipur


Mean 2.0 0.0 1.3 theatre in last 3 months - Children SD 0.0 . 1.5

Table 26b : Ticket Rates

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult

Nodal village HHs

< 500 500-1000 Total

N 1 1 2 Mean 0.0 1.0 0.3 SD 0.0 . 0.7

Balcony

Mode 0.0 1.0 0.0 N 1 1 2 Mean 0.0 0.0 0.0 SD 0.0 . 0.0

Dress circle

Mode 0.0 0.0 0.0 N 1 1 2 Mean 0.0 0.0 0.0 SD 0.0 . 0.0

First class

Mode 0.0 0.0 0.0 N 1 1 2 Mean 5.0 0.0 3.3 SD 15.3 . 7.4

Second class

Mode 0.0 0.0 0.0 N 1 1 2 Mean 4.5 0.0 3.0 SD 13.7 . 6.7

General viewing

Mode 0.0 0.0 0.0

Table 501 : Type of house

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Pucca 17 3.2 12 4.9 29 3.7

Semi pucca 205 39.3 57 22.9 1 2.2 263 33.0

Type of house

Kutcha 300 57.5 180 72.2 25 97.8 506 63.4

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 502 : Timing of listening to radio programmes

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

New 440 95.6 170 96.2 24 93.5 634 95.7 Assest - New

2 216 46.9 100 56.5 24 91.3 339 51.2


Manipur


3 220 47.9 103 58.3 8 30.4 331 50.0

4 86 18.7 12 6.7 6 23.9 104 15.7

5 23 5.0 8 4.4 2 6.5 33 4.9

6 3 0.7 2 1.0 2 6.5 7 1.0

7 15 3.3 4 2.5 19 2.9

8 7 1.5 2 1.3 9 1.4

Total 460 100.0 177 100.0 26 100.0 663 100.0

1 18 16.7 10 13.2 28 14.7

Second hand 18 16.7 23 31.3 41 21.6

3 62 56.0 33 45.3 7 92.4 101 53.3

4 8 7.0 8 11.7 16 8.5

5 1 0.5 6 8.6 1 7.6 7 3.9

6 1 0.5 6 7.8 1 7.6 7 3.6

7 14 13.0 10 14.1 1 7.6 25 13.2

Assest - Second hand

8 2 2.0 10 13.3 12 6.2

Total 111 100.0 72 100.0 7 100.0 190 100.0

1 64 12.2 71 28.2 2 6.5 136 17.1

2 288 55.2 128 51.0 2 8.7 417 52.4

Not owned 240 46.0 114 45.7 11 43.5 365 45.8

4 428 82.1 230 91.9 20 76.1 678 85.0

5 498 95.6 236 94.4 24 91.3 758 95.1

6 518 99.4 243 97.1 24 91.3 784 98.4

7 492 94.5 235 94.1 25 97.8 753 94.5

Assest - Not owned

8 513 98.4 238 95.3 26 100.0 777 97.4

Total 521 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 797 100.0

Table : Q503 Electricity connection

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

0 469 89.9 216 86.3 12 45.6 696 87.3

Electricity 460 88.2 216 86.3 12 45.6 688 86.2

Battery operated 12 2.4 1 0.4 13 1.7

Solar operated 2 0.3 2 0.2

Electricity connection

None 53 10.1 34 13.7 14 54.4 101 12.7

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 504 : Ownership of electricity operated household assets

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

1 207 73.2 48 72.1 1 100.0 256 73.1

2 210 74.2 49 72.5 1 50.0 259 73.8

3 73 25.7 7 10.9 1 50.0 81 23.0

Asset - New

4 28 9.8 9 13.4 1 50.0 37 10.6


Manipur


5 2 0.7 1 0.8 2 0.7

6 2 0.7 2 2.5 4 1.0

7 1 0.5 1 0.4

8 4 1.3 2 3.4 6 1.7

Total 282 100.0 67 100.0 1 100.0 350 100.0

1 20 53.6 11 37.0 2 100.0 34 47.9

2 11 28.2 14 44.4 24 34.3

3 8 21.7 11 35.1 19 26.8

4 4 9.8 3 11.1 7 10.1

5 1 3.9 3 9.2 4 6.1

6 4 9.3 5 16.6 9 12.1

7 2 5.9 5 16.6 7 10.4

Asset - Second hand

8 1 1.5 4 13.0 5 6.4

Total 38 100.0 31 100.0 2 100.0 71 100.0

1 242 51.6 156 72.6 8 71.5 406 58.5

2 248 53.1 154 71.4 11 95.3 413 59.5

3 388 82.9 198 91.9 11 95.3 597 85.9

4 437 93.5 203 94.5 11 95.3 652 93.8

5 465 99.5 212 98.7 12 100.0 690 99.2

6 463 99.1 209 97.1 12 100.0 684 98.5

7 465 99.4 211 97.9 12 100.0 688 98.9

Asset - Not owned

8 464 99.3 210 97.4 12 100.0 686 98.7

Total 468 100.0 215 100.0 12 100.0 695 100.0

Table 505 : Mention the place for sale

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Village mandi (this village)

26 5.0 11 4.3 37 4.6

Village mandi (other vill.)

14 2.7 1 0.2 15 1.8

Block mandi 8 1.6 5 2.0 14 1.7

District mandi 3 0.5 3 0.4

Other sp. wholesale mandi

1 0.2 1 0.1

Sold to middlemen 2 0.3 1 0.2 2 0.3

Direct buyer purchases

2 0.4 2 0.3

Sold outside 2 0.3 2 0.7 3 0.4

Household sale - D & P

Not applicable 485 92.9 237 94.8 26 100.0 748 93.7

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0


25 4.8 10 4.1 1 2.2 36 4.5


34 6.6 20 8.2 1 2.2 55 6.9

Block mandi 10 2.0 5 2.0 15 1.9

District mandi 8 1.6 5 2.0 14 1.7

Household sale - F,BK & S


2 0.3 2 0.2


Manipur



2 0.3 2 0.2

Sold outside 2 0.7 2 0.2

Not applicable 456 87.5 218 87.1 25 95.7 699 87.6

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0


20 3.9 8 3.2 28 3.6


19 3.6 8 3.4 27 3.4

Block mandi 4 0.8 3 1.1 7 0.8

District mandi 10 1.9 10 3.8 20 2.5


4 0.8 4 0.5

Sold to co-operatives

1 0.1 1 0.1

Sold to middlemen 6 1.2 6 0.8


12 2.3 7 2.9 19 2.4

Sold outside 2 0.3 2 0.2

Household sale - H & CI

Not applicable 470 90.1 229 91.7 26 100.0 725 90.9

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0


11 2.1 2 0.9 13 1.6


8 1.5 8 1.0

Block mandi 1 0.1 1 0.1

District mandi 1 0.1 1 0.1


2 0.4 1 0.2 3 0.4

Sold to middlemen 2 0.3 2 0.2


1 0.1 1 0.1

Household sale - F & M

Not applicable 508 97.4 248 99.1 26 100.0 782 98.0

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 506a : Distance to market

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

<1 48 9.2 5 2.0 53 6.7

1 to 3 14 2.6 6 2.3 19 2.4

4 to 5 11 2.2 8 3.2 19 2.4

6 to 10 445 85.3 231 92.3 26 100.0 702 88.0

Distance to market - Dairy & poultry

20+ 4 0.7 1 0.2 4 0.5

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

<1 39 7.4 2 0.7 40 5.0

1 to 3 23 4.4 9 3.4 1 2.2 32 4.0

4 to 5 27 5.1 12 4.8 2 6.5 40 5.0

6 to 10 425 81.4 228 91.2 24 91.3 676 84.8

11 to 20 2 0.3 2 0.2

Distance to market - F,BK & S

20+ 7 1.3 7 0.9

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0


Manipur


<1 49 9.3 4 1.6 53 6.6

1 to 3 20 3.9 7 2.7 27 3.4

4 to 5 4 0.8 12 4.7 16 2.0

6 to 10 434 83.1 226 90.5 26 100.0 686 86.0

11 to 20 6 1.2 6 0.8

Distance to market - H & CI

20+ 9 1.7 1 0.4 10 1.2

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

<1 51 9.8 3 1.4 54 6.8

1 to 3 5 0.9 5 0.6

4 to 5 2 0.3 2 0.7 3 0.4

Distance to market - F & M

6 to 10 464 89.0 245 98.0 26 100.0 735 92.2

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 506b : Frequency of market

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

0 488 93.6 234 93.7 26 100.0 748 93.8

Daily 7 1.3 5 1.8 11 1.4

4 times a week 2 0.3 2 0.9 4 0.5

Twice weekly 4 0.8 2 0.7 6 0.7

Once a week 9 1.7 7 2.9 16 2.0

Once a fortnight 9 1.8 9 1.2

Dairy - frequency of market


Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

0 450 86.3 217 86.6 24 91.3 691 86.6

Daily 1 0.3 1 0.2 2 0.3

4 times a week 14 2.6 7 2.7 1 2.2 21 2.6

Twice weekly 44 8.4 19 7.5 2 6.5 64 8.0

Once a week 5 0.9 2 0.7 7 0.8

Once a fortnight 6 1.1 2 0.7 8 0.9

Other specify 2 0.3 2 0.7 3 0.4

Forest based - distance

NA 1 0.1 2 0.9 3 0.4

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

0 467 89.5 224 89.4 24 93.5 715 89.6

Daily 7 1.4 2 0.7 9 1.1

4 times a week 7 1.3 7 2.7 14 1.7

Twice weekly 17 3.3 7 2.7 24 3.0

Once a week 16 3.0 6 2.3 21 2.7


Other specify 6 1.2 3 1.1 9 1.1

Handicarfts -distance

NA 1 0.2 2 6.5 2 0.3

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

0 512 98.2 243 97.3 26 100.0 782 98.0

Daily 1 0.3 1 0.2 2 0.3

Fish,meat - Frequency of market

4 times a week 2 0.3 1 0.2 2 0.3


Manipur


Twice weekly 6 1.2 2 0.7 8 1.0

Once a week 2 0.7 2 0.2

Once a fortnight 2 0.7 2 0.2


Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 507 : Problem in accessing market

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

0 519 99.6 248 99.3 26 100.0 794 99.5

Transportation 282 54.0 157 62.6 14 52.2 452 56.6

Storage 155 29.7 107 42.8 12 45.7 274 34.4

Poort rates 184 35.3 129 51.6 11 43.5 324 40.7

Lack of credit 85 16.4 28 11.1 2 6.5 115 14.4

Middlemen 30 5.7 3 1.4 33 4.2

Perishable 4 0.8 3 1.1 7 0.9

Lack of knowledge 62 11.9 12 4.7 74 9.3

Lack of marketing 64 12.3 30 12.0 94 11.8

Problem in accessing market

Other specify 76 14.6 47 18.6 11 41.3 133 16.7

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 508 : Owership of agricultural land

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Yes 280 53.7 121 48.2 16 60.9 416 52.2 Does your HH undertake No 242 46.3 130 51.8 10 39.1 382 47.8

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Table 509 : Av. agriculture land

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult

Nodal village HHs

< 500 500-1000 1000+ Total

N 169 87 15 271

Mean 1.1 0.6 0.1 0.9

Total owned - area in acres

SD 1.0 0.9 0.4 1.0

N 157 83 14 253

Total owned (patta) in acres

<2.5

Cultivable land - area in acres Mean 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.9


Manipur


SD 0.9 4.4 0.0 2.6

N 7 0 0 7

Mean 0.5 . . 0.5

Leased in - area in acres

SD 0.8 . . 0.8

N 2 1 0 2

Mean 0.0 3.7 . 0.9

Leased out - area in acres

SD 0.0 . . 2.2

N 0 0 0 0 Mean . . . .

Endowed - area in acres

SD . . . .

N 0 0 0 0 Mean . . . .

Encroached - area in acres

SD . . . .

N 49 20 1 70 Mean 4.3 4.2 3.0 4.3


SD 0.7 0.9 . 0.8

N 44 20 1 65 Mean 3.3 3.5 62.0 3.8

Cultivable land - area in acres

SD 1.2 1.4 . 5.6

N 0 0 0 0 Mean . . . .


SD . . . .

N 0 0 0 0 Mean . . . .


SD . . . .

N 0 0 0 0 Mean . . . .


SD . . . .

N 0 0 0 0 Mean . . . .

2.5-5


SD . . . .

N 24 7 31 Mean 7.4 6.9 . 7.3


SD 1.3 0.8 . 1.2

N 20 7 27 Mean 5.2 5.8 . 5.4


SD 1.8 1.0 . 1.6

N 0 0 0 Mean . . . .


SD . . . .

N 0 0 0 Mean . . . .


SD . . . .

N 0 0 0 Mean . . . .


SD . . . .

N 0 0 0 Mean . . . .

5.1-10


SD . . . .


Manipur


N 25 2 27

Mean 26.4 28.4 . 26.6


SD 25.2 25.8 . 24.8

N 20 2 22

Mean 23.7 13.1 . 22.6


SD 26.3 10.0 . 25.2

N 1 0 1

Mean 14.3 . . 14.3


SD . . . .

N 0 0 0

Mean . . . .


SD . . . .

N 0 0 0

Mean . . . .


SD . . . .

N 0 0 0

Mean . . . .

10+


SD . . . .

Table 512 : Major crops cultivated by HHs

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

Rabi 167 64.1 45 38.2 10 72.0 222 56.6

Kharif 97 37.0 74 63.3 4 28.0 175 44.5

Perennial 4 1.5 5 4.3 9 2.3

Paddy

Summer 18 6.8 32 27.1 50 12.6

Total 261 100.0 117 100.0 14 100.0 392 100.0

Rabi 7 22.0 7 17.4

Kharif 3 8.4 3 6.7

Wheat

Summer 9 100.0 29 86.5 38 89.3

Total 9 100.0 33 100.0 42 100.0

Rabi 13 40.6 20 33.3 33 35.9

Kharif 12 35.8 14 23.8 26 28.1

Perennial 1 1.7 3 5.7 4 4.3

Other cereals

Summer 7 21.9 32 54.3 40 42.7

Total 33 100.0 59 100.0 93 100.0

Rabi 77 35.5 60 60.2 137 41.6

Kharif 94 42.9 41 40.9 8 68.2 143 43.3

Perennial 45 20.9 7 6.8 4 31.8 56 17.0

Potatoes

Summer 8 3.6 29 29.0 37 11.1

Total 218 100.0 100 100.0 12 100.0 330 100.0

Rabi 48 44.1 45 64.5 94 50.9

Kharif 20 17.8 7 10.5 27 14.6

Perennial 38 34.7 1 1.6 4 100.0 43 23.5

Onions

Summer 7 6.3 27 38.7 34 18.5

Total 110 100.0 70 100.0 4 100.0 184 100.0


Manipur


Rabi 40 45.4 37 53.7 77 49.0

Kharif 24 26.7 7 10.7 31 19.8

Perennial 16 17.6 5 6.6 20 12.8

Other roots crops

Summer 12 13.5 36 52.1 48 30.3

Total 89 100.0 68 100.0 157 100.0

Rabi 63 40.4 72 73.0 135 52.2

Kharif 49 31.5 9 9.2 58 22.5

Perennial 47 30.2 24 24.1 2 42.9 72 28.1

Other vegetables

Summer 7 4.8 31 31.6 2 57.1 41 15.8

Total 156 100.0 98 100.0 4 100.0 258 100.0

Rabi 5 16.4 5 12.0

Kharif 2 14.9 2 5.5 3 8.0

Perennial 2 21.1 2 5.6

Tea

Summer 7 64.0 28 89.1 35 82.4

Total 11 100.0 31 100.0 43 100.0

Rabi 6 19.2 6 14.1

Kharif 3 31.8 2 5.8 5 12.7

Coffee

Summer 7 68.2 27 92.3 34 85.9

Total 11 100.0 29 100.0 40 100.0

Rabi 1 4.2 13 30.3 14 24.1

Kharif 2 12.7 3 7.9 5 9.0

Perennial 4 28.9 3 7.9 7 12.9

Spices & condiments

Summer 7 54.2 29 67.1 36 64.0

Total 13 100.0 43 100.0 56 100.0

Rabi 2 6.3 2 4.7

Kharif 1 16.9 2 6.3 3 8.8

Cotton

Summer 7 83.1 27 100.0 34 95.9

Total 9 100.0 27 100.0 36 100.0

Rabi 7 40.7 2 5.6 9 17.4

Kharif 6 37.9 5 16.7 2 100.0 13 26.8


Rubber

Summer 7 43.3 29 94.4 36 73.7

Total 17 100.0 31 100.0 2 100.0 49 100.0

Rabi 33 42.9 3 8.1 36 29.4

Kharif 38 50.3 12 28.4 2 50.0 52 42.8

Perennial 5 6.7 8 20.2 2 50.0 16 12.9

Oil seeds

Summer 8 11.0 25 59.5 33 27.2

Total 76 100.0 42 100.0 5 100.0 123 100.0

Rabi 2 4.0 2 2.1

Kharif 2 3.0 2 21.5 3 3.2

Perennial 30 69.8 45 79.0 6 78.5 81 75.3

Paan

Summer 13 30.2 12 21.0 25 23.1

Total 43 100.0 57 100.0 8 100.0 107 100.0

Rabi 2 3.7 2 1.9

Kharif 3 5.5 3 2.9

Perennial 36 73.7 46 75.3 6 100.0 89 75.9

Betel nut

Summer 13 26.3 15 23.8 28 23.6

Total 49 100.0 62 100.0 6 100.0 117 100.0

Rabi 8 18.4 9 16.1 16 16.6 Sugar cane

Kharif 7 15.8 7 14.0 14 14.3


Manipur


Perennial 21 48.8 25 48.4 3 100.0 50 50.4

Summer 8 18.3 20 37.6 28 27.9

Total 43 100.0 53 100.0 3 100.0 99 100.0

Rabi 33 58.7 22 44.3 55 51.9

Kharif 9 16.8 2 3.4 11 10.5

Perennial 5 9.7 2 4.5 8 7.3

Other cash crops

Summer 10 18.7 29 58.0 39 37.2

Total 56 100.0 50 100.0 106 100.0

Rabi 43 64.1 25 46.3 68 56.2

Kharif 16 24.3 2 3.2 18 14.9

Perennial 2 3.4 7 13.7 10 7.9

Horticulture

Summer 12 18.4 24 44.2 36 29.9

Total 67 100.0 54 100.0 121 100.0

Rabi 18 57.3 23 46.0 41 50.4

Kharif 1 3.5 3 6.9 5 5.6


Floriculture

Summer 9 28.4 29 58.6 38 46.8

Total 32 100.0 49 100.0 81 100.0

Rabi 24 21.2 7 25.0 31 21.9

Kharif 10 9.1 7 25.0 18 12.4

Perennial 49 43.5 49 34.3

Summer 55 49.0 29 98.1 1 100.0 84 59.3

Rabi 24 21.2 7 25.0 31 21.9

Kharif 10 9.1 7 25.0 18 12.4

Perennial 49 43.5 49 34.3

No crops cultivated

Summer 55 49.0 29 98.1 1 100.0 84 59.3

Total 112 100.0 29 100.0 1 100.0 142 100.0

Total 112 100.0 29 100.0 1 100.0 142 100.0

Rabi 2 5.9 2 4.5

Kharif 2 18.9 2 5.9 3 9.0

Other, specify

Summer 7 81.1 29 100.0 36 95.5

Total 9 100.0 29 100.0 38 100.0

Rabi 2 5.9 2 4.7

Kharif 2 5.9 2 4.7

Other, specify

Summer 7 100.0 29 100.0 36 100.0

Total 7 100.0 29 100.0 36 100.0

Rabi 3 11.1 3 9.0

Kharif 2 5.6 2 4.5

Other, specify

Summer 7 100.0 29 94.4 36 95.5

Total 7 100.0 31 100.0 38 100.0

Rabi 2 4.7 2 30.0 3 4.9

Kharif 2 8.3 2 4.7 2 30.0 6 8.2

Perennial 16 58.5 7 20.3 4 70.0 27 39.4

Other, specify

Summer 9 33.1 29 79.7 2 30.0 40 57.3

Total 27 100.0 36 100.0 6 100.0 69 100.0


Manipur


Table 513a : Location

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

0 3,301 1,179.1 1,398 1,159.6 188 1,185.7 4,886 1,173.7


137 49.0 70 57.7 10 64.3 217 52.1

Village mandi (other village)

96 34.2 60 49.8 8 50.0 164 39.3

Block mandi 22 7.7 22 18.3 44 10.5

Dist. mandi 15 5.5 7 5.6 22 5.3

Other specialized 2 0.8 3 2.8 6 1.4

Buyer comes and purchase

32 11.5 5 4.2 37 9.0

Govt. bodies 2 0.6 2 0.4

Middlemen 1 0.2 1 0.1

Barter 1 0.2 1 0.1

Mill 2 0.6 2 0.4

Not sold 29 10.2 2 1.9 31 7.4

q513 - Location


Total 280 100.0 121 100.0 16 100.0 416 100.0

Table 513B : distance

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult

Nodal village HHs

< 500 500-1000 1000+ Total

N 137 70 10 217 Mean 1.6 1.6 2.0 1.7


SD 2.1 3.3 4.6 2.7 N 96 60 8 164 Mean 4.1 7.1 13.5 5.7


SD 4.4 13.0 21.0 9.8 N 22 22 0 44 Mean 6.2 11.9 . 9.1

Block mandi

SD 3.6 12.9 . 9.8 N 15 7 0 22 Mean 8.0 3.8 . 6.7

Dist. mandi

SD 5.3 2.3 . 4.9

N 2 3 0 6

Mean 2.5 5.0 . 4.0

Other specialized

SD 5.8 0.0 . 3.3 N 32 5 0 37 Mean 1.1 1.7 . 1.2


SD 3.1 2.6 . 3.0 N 2 0 0 2 Govt. bodies

Mean 1.0 . . 1.0


Manipur


SD 0.0 . . 0.0 N 1 0 0 1 Mean 5.0 . . 5.0

Middlemen

SD . . . . N 0 0 0 0 Mean . . . .

Sold outside

SD . . . . N 1 0 0 1 Mean 1.0 . . 1.0

Barter

SD . . . . N 2 0 0 2 Mean 0.0 . . 0.0

Mill

SD 0.0 . . 0.0 N 29 2 0 31 Mean 0.0 0.0 . 0.0

Not sold

SD 0.0 0.0 . 0.0 N 1 0 0 1 Mean 0.0 . . 0.0

Other specify

SD 0.0 . . 0.0

Table 513C : Frequency

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

0 3 2.5 5 6.5 8 3.7

Daily 21 15.5 11 15.5 32 14.8

3-4 times a week 53 38.8 28 40.6 10 100.0 92 42.3

Twice weekly 40 29.2 18 25.2 58 26.5

Once a week 10 7.4 7 9.8 17 7.8




Total 137 100.0 70 100.0 10 100.0 217 100.0

0 1 0.9 1 0.3

Daily 2 1.8 2 1.0

3-4 times a week 27 28.4 19 32.1 4 50.0 50 30.8

Twice weekly 41 43.1 32 52.8 4 50.0 77 47.0

Once a week 22 23.2 3 5.7 26 15.6




Total 96 100.0 60 100.0 8 100.0 164 100.0

3-4 times a week 15 68.5 5 23.1 20 45.5

Twice weekly 1 2.6 14 61.5 14 32.4

Once a week 2 7.9 2 7.7 3 7.8


Block mandi


Total 22 100.0 22 100.0 44 100.0

Daily 1 3.7 1 2.5 Dist. mandi

3-4 times a week 12 81.5 3 50.0 16 71.8


Manipur


Twice weekly 2 14.8 2 10.2

Once a week 3 50.0 3 15.4

Total 15 100.0 7 100.0 22 100.0

0 2 75.2 2 30.0

Twice weekly 3 100.0 3 60.1

Other specialized

Once a week 1 24.8 1 9.9

Total 2 100.0 3 100.0 6 100.0

Twice weekly 2 5.3 2 33.5 3 9.1

Once a fortnight 7 21.0 2 33.5 8 22.7


Other specify 24 73.7 2 33.1 25 68.2

Total 32 100.0 5 100.0 37 100.0

Govt. bodies Daily 2 100.0 2 100.0

Total 2 100.0 2 100.0

Middlemen Twice weekly 1 100.0 1 100.0

Total 1 100.0 1 100.0

Sold outside .

Total

Barter Once a fortnight 1 100.0 1 100.0

Total 1 100.0 1 100.0

Mill Other specify 2 100.0 2 100.0

Total 2 100.0 2 100.0

Not sold 0 29 100.0 2 100.0 31 100.0

Total 29 100.0 2 100.0 31 100.0

Other specify 0 1 100.0 1 100.0

Total 1 100.0 1 100.0

Table : 69 : Q514 Ownership of agricultural implements

Id- State Manipur

Main+Difficult


< 500 500-1000 1000+

N % N % N % N %

New 208 39.8 113 45.0 14 54.3 334 41.9

Second Hand 5 1.0 5 0.6

Plough

Not Owned 309 59.2 137 55.0 12 45.7 458 57.4

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

New 16 3.1 8 3.2 24 3.0

Second Hand 5 0.9 2 0.7 6 0.8

Tractor

Not Owned 501 96.0 240 96.2 26 100.0 767 96.2

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

New 2 0.3 2 0.2

Second Hand 1 0.3 1 0.2 2 6.5 4 0.5

Tiller

Not Owned 519 99.4 250 99.8 24 93.5 792 99.3

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

New 2 0.4 2 0.3

Second Hand 1 0.1 3 1.4 4 0.5

Thresher

Not Owned 519 99.5 247 98.6 26 100.0 792 99.2

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

Crusher New 3 0.7 3 0.4


Manipur



Not Owned 518 99.3 248 99.1 26 100.0 792 99.3

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

New 16 3.0 7 2.9 23 2.9

Second Hand 2 0.3 4 1.6 6 0.7

Sprayer

Not Owned 504 96.6 239 95.5 26 100.0 769 96.4

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

New 9 1.7 1 0.2 10 1.2


Pump set (diesel)

Not Owned 513 98.3 248 99.1 26 100.0 786 98.6

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

New 2 0.3 2 0.2

Second Hand 8 1.5 2 6.5 10 1.2

Pump set (electricity)

Not Owned 512 98.2 250 100.0 24 93.5 786 98.6

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

New 99 19.0 50 20.1 6 21.8 155 19.4

Second Hand 48 9.2 12 4.8 8 30.4 68 8.5

Camel/bullock cart

Not Owned 375 71.8 188 75.1 12 47.8 575 72.1

Total 522 100.0 250 100.0 26 100.0 798 100.0

org centre for social research - manipur · 2013-02-06 · org centre for social research ... the...

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