paryavaran vimarsh

YEAR 19 VOL. 4 CTOBER- ECEMBER 2014 RNI NO. 61919/95O D

PESTICIDES AND ITS

IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT

PESTICIDES AND ITS

IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT

2015

WE BELIEVE EVERY JOURNEY STARTS

WITH A FIRST STEP...

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MAHANADI POLLUTION CAUSEOF CONCERN

Mahanadi a river known to be pure andalmightiest among all the rivers. Today thesituation is too bad that the water whichwas known to be the purest in the world isbecoming worst because of pollution inthe holy river. Many aspects and ruleshave been made to recover the harm butthe situation is getting tensed day byday.Whenever any one talks about themahanadi’s pollution,the attention getsdiverted to the factories which are pollut-ing the holy water. The one major problemin polluting river is fly ash which is beendumped into it.Pollution control board however downplaythe contamination of the river.

ASHISH NAGAR,CHANDIGARH

INCREDIBLE INDIASIKKIM

First I would like to thank the magazinethat it provides the various contents aboutthe environment. Which are very usefuland knowledgable also. The TRAVELERpage given by your magazine is veryappreciable because it gives knowledgeabout the culture and tourism of variousparts in india. The directions given by themagazine are also suitable and upto themark which can be used by the touristsalso to get to there destination.

LIZAL AZRA,SHILLONG

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COVER STORY40

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Áñçß·¤ ¹ðÌè - »ýæç×‡æ âê¿Ùæ °ß¢ ™ææÙ ·ð¢¤Îý 26

KISSA KARNATAKA KA 28

WARMING OF INDIAN OCEAN MAY WEAKEN MONSOON: STUDY 30CLIMATE-DAMAGING GREENHOUSE GASES REACHED NEW RECORD HIGH IN 2014 32MODI AND THE ENVIRONMENT 34THE TINY CREATURE THAT HAS MADE THE ASSAM ZOO FAMOUS! 36FOOD SECURITY, COURTESY ODISHA'S TRIBAL WOMEN 38

PPESTICIDESESTICIDES ANDAND FFERTILIZERSERTILIZERS ANDAND ITSITS IIMPMPACTACT ONON EENVIRONMENTNVIRONMENT 4040WILL SELECTIVE PLANS FOR THE GANGA WORK? 44

WILL BANNING OLDER VEHICLES CLEAN THE AIR IN DELHI? 46

PARYAVARAN VIMARSH TRAVELLER: KANTAKUMARI 48

PPESTICIDESESTICIDES ANDAND FFERTILIZERSERTILIZERS ANDAND ITSITS IIMPMPACTACT ONONEENVIRONMENTNVIRONMENT

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7 ¥�ÅêÕÚ - ç¼â¢ÕÚ 2014

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„Ò ¡Ù •Ê‚ÊŸË ‚ Ÿ„Ë¥ Á◊‹ ‚∑§ÃË „Ò

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Ã◊Ê◊ ¬˝ªÁÃ •ı⁄U ©ÛÊÁÃ ∑‘§ ’Êfl¡ÍŒ ÷Ê⁄UÃ

∑§Ë ¿Áfl ÁflE÷⁄U ◊¥ ∑§Í«∏-∑§ø⁄U ‚ ÁÉÊ⁄U Œ‡Ê ∑§Ë ’Ÿ

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flªÒ⁄U„ ∆¥« Œ‡Ê „Ò¥, fl„Ê¥ ∆¥« ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ⁄UÊ‚ÊÿÁŸ∑§ ¬˝Á∑§ÿÊ ’„ÈÃ œË◊Ë

„ÙÃË „Ò, ß‚Á‹∞ ∑§ø⁄UÊ ‚«Ÿ∏ ∑§Ë ªÁÃ ’„ÈÃ œË◊Ë „ÙÃË „Ò, ß‚Ë ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ

fl„Ê¥ ’Œ’Í fl ⁄UÙªÙ¥ ∑§Ê •ŸÈ¬ÊÃ ’„ÈÃ ∑§◊ „ÙÃÊ „Ò– ∞‚Ê „ÙŸ ∑‘§ ’Êfl¡ÍŒ

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Ã’ ÷Ë fl„ SÕÊŸ ∑§÷Ë ‚Ê»§ Ÿ„Ë¥ „Ù ‚∑§ÃÊ– ß‚Á‹∞ Sflë¿ÃÊ ∑§Ê

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∑§⁄UŸÊ „ÙªÊ Á∑§ Sflë¿ÃÊ ¬ÒŒÊ „ÙÃË „Ò, ‚»§Êß¸ ‚– ÿ„Ê¥ ª¥ŒªË ÃÙ ‚◊Ê¡

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•ı⁄U ∑§Ê≈UÍ¸Ÿ ◊¥ ’¥Œ Á◊‹ÃÊ „Ò, ©‚ ¬⁄U •¥Á∑§Ã „ÙÃÊ

„Ò, ¬ÒÁ∑§¥ª •ı⁄U flSÃÈ ∑§Ê ∑§ø⁄UÊ, Á∑§‚ Áfl÷Êª ◊¥

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»‘§¥∑§∑§⁄U •¬ŸÊ ÷Ê⁄UË ŸÈ∑§‚ÊŸ ∑§⁄U ⁄U„ „Ò¥– Á„◊Ê‹ÿ ∑§Ë Ã⁄UÊß¸ ◊¥, ¡„Ê¥

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Ÿª⁄UÙ¥ fl ◊„ÊŸª⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ë ÁSÕÁÃ ∑§Ê •¥ŒÊ¡Ê ‹ªÊ∑§⁄U ÃÙ L§„ ∑§Ê¥¬ ¡ÊÃË

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∞‚ Ÿ¡Ê⁄U „◊¥ •ÄU‚⁄U ÁŒπÃ „Ò¥, ¡„Ê¥ ©’∑§Êß¸ •Ê ¡Ê∞– ‚flÊ¸Áœ∑§

Sflë¿ Ÿª⁄UÙ¥ ∑§Ë ©¬ÊÁœ ¬ÊŸ flÊ‹ „ÒŒ⁄UÊ’ÊŒ, Á‚∑§¥Œ⁄UÊ’ÊŒ ¡Ò‚

◊„ÊŸª⁄UÙ¥ ∑‘§ •ÊœÈÁŸ∑§ ¬Á⁄Ufl‡Ê flÊ‹ SÕ‹Ù¥ ¬⁄U ÷Ë ª¥ŒªË ∑§Ë ÷⁄U◊Ê⁄U

„Ò– ¬Ë∑§ fl ÕÍ∑§ ∑§Ê ∑§„⁄U ÃÙ ¬Í⁄U Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ŒËπÃÊ „Ò, ŒÈª¥¸œ fl ª¥ŒªË ‚

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•‚„ŸËÿ „ÙÃË „Ò– „◊ ÿÁŒ ß‚ ∑§ø⁄U ∑§Ê ‚„Ë ¬˝’¥œŸ ∑§⁄U¥ ÃÙ Œ‡Ê

∑§Ù ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ πÊŒ ¬˝Ê# „Ù ‚∑§ÃË „Ò fl ⁄UË-‚Êß¸∑§‹ „ÙŸ flÊ‹Ë flSÃÈ•Ù¥

∑§Ê ©ÁøÃ ¬˝ÿÙª ∑§⁄U∑‘§ ⁄UÊC˝Ëÿ ’øÃ ∑§Ë ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃË „Ò, ß‚‚ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ

fl ¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ ‚¥‚ÊœŸ ‚È⁄UÁˇÊÃ „Ù¥ª ÃÕÊ ’Ë◊ÊÁ⁄UÿÙ¥ ‚ ’øÃ „ÙªË,

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•ı⁄U ß‚‚ ÁflŒ‡ÊË ¬Í¥¡Ë ÷Ë „◊ •Á¡¸Ã ∑§⁄U ¬Ê∞¥ª, Œ‡Ê ∑§Ë ¿Áfl ß‚‚

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⁄UÊC˝ ∑§Ù ‹Ê÷ „ÙªÊ– „◊ •’ ÷Ë ¡ÊªL§∑§ Ÿ„Ë¥ „È∞ ÃÙ „◊Ê⁄UË ÷ÊflË

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∑§Ë ’ÊÃ •ÊÃË „Ò ÃÙ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë •Ù⁄U äÿÊŸ

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ˇÊòÊ ÉÊ≈U ⁄U„ „Ò¥– ÿ ‚◊SÃ

ªÁÃÁflÁœÿÊ° ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ ∑§Ù ’…∏Ê ⁄U„Ë

„Ò– ¬„‹ ◊ŸÈcÿ ¬˝∑§ÎÁÃ ∑‘§ ‚◊Ë¬

„ÙÃÊ ÕÊ, ©‚∑‘§ ◊„àfl •ı⁄U

©‚∑§Ë •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ ∑§Ù ‚◊¤ÊÃÊ

ÕÊ, ©‚∑§Ë Œπ÷Ê‹ ∑§⁄UÃÊ ÕÊ–

ß‚ËÁ‹∞ ¬˝∑§ÎÁÃ ÷Ë ©‚∑§Ê ‚„Ë

¬Ê‹Ÿ-¬Ù·áÊ ∑§⁄UÃË ÕË– ¬⁄U

•Ê¡ ◊ŸÈcÿ SflÊÕ¸fl‡Ê ¬˝∑§ÎÁÃ ‚

ŒÍ⁄U „ÙÃÊ ¡Ê ⁄U„Ê „Ò, ©‚∑‘§ ◊„àfl

•ı⁄U •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ ∑§Ë •fl„‹ŸÊ

∑§⁄U ©‚∑§Ê ŒÈM§¬ÿÙª ∑§⁄U ⁄U„Ê „Ò,

©‚∑§Ê ÁflŸÊ‡Ê ∑§⁄UŸ ¬⁄U ÃÈ‹Ê „Ò–

ß‚ËÁ‹∞ ¬˝∑§ÎÁÃ ÷Ë ©‚∑§Ê ©ÁøÃ

¬Ê‹Ÿ-¬Ù·Ÿ ∑§⁄UŸ ◊¥ •‚◊Õ¸ „Ù

ªÿË „Ò– •¥Ã⁄UÊ¸C˝Ëÿ ◊ÊãÿÃÊ ∑‘§

•ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ¬ÎâflË ¬⁄U xx ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ

¡¥ª‹ „ÙŸÊ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ „Ò–

SflÃ¥òÊÃÊ ‚ ¬„‹ „◊Ê⁄U Œ‡Ê ◊¥

yz ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ flŸ ˇÊòÊ „È•Ê ∑§⁄UÃÊ

ÕÊ– •Ê¡ flÃ¸◊ÊŸ ‚◊ÿ ◊¥ ∑‘§fl‹ v~

¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ⁄U„ ªÿÊ „Ò–

ß‚‚ •Áœ∑§ òÊÊ‚ŒË •ı⁄U ÄUÿÊ „Ù ‚∑§ÃË „Ò–

ÿ„ „Ò ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ∑§Ê ’Œ‹Ê „È•Ê Áfl∑§⁄UÊ‹

SflM§¬– ‚◊ÿ •Ê ªÿÊ „Ò, ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ

∑‘§ ¬˝ÁÃ ¡ÊªM§∑§ „ÙŸÊ „Ò– ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ ∑‘§ Áfl⁄UÙœ

◊¥ •ÊflÊ¡ ©∆ÊŸË „ÙªË– ß‚ •Á÷ÿÊŸ ◊¥

‚ÁR§ÿ M§¬ ‚ ÷Êª ‹ŸÊ „ÙªÊ– ’„ÈÃ M§¬ ‚

flÎˇÊÊ⁄UÙ¬áÊ ∑§Ù ’…∏ÊflÊ ŒŸÊ „ÙªÊ– Á¡ÃŸ ÷Ë

¡‹ ‚¥‚ÊœŸ „Ò ©‚ Sflë¿ ⁄UπŸÊ „ÙªÊ,

•flÊ¥Á¿Ã ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ ∑§Ù »Ò§‹ÊŸ ¬⁄U ⁄UÙ∑§ ‹ªÊŸÊ

„ÙªÊ, fl·Ù¸ ¡‹ ‚¥ø‹Ÿ ∑‘§ •Á÷ÿÊŸ ∑§Ù

’…∏ÊflÊ ŒŸÊ „ÙªÊ, ¡Òfl πÊŒ ’ŸÊŸÊ „ÙªÊ– ßŸ

‚’∑‘§ ¬˝ÁÃ ‹ÙªÙ¥ ◊¥ ¡ÊªM§∑§ÃÊ ‹ÊŸË „ÙªË–

Ã÷Ë „◊ Sflë¿ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ◊¥ SflSÕ ¡ËflŸ

Á’ÃÊ ‚∑§¥ª–

ÕÉ¸Ìè ÁÙâ´�Øæ âð ÕÉ¸Ìæ ÂýÎêá‡æ


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ÁŸÿÊ ÷⁄U ∑‘§ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ¬˝Á◊ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê ÿ„

¡ÊŸ∑§⁄U •Êpÿ¸ „Ù ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò Á∑§ ßŸ ÁŒŸÙ¥

¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ •ı⁄U ¡È« ¬˝◊Èπ ◊ÈgÙ¥ ∑§Ë ‚’‚

íÿÊŒÊ Áø¥ÃÊ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ „Ë ∑§⁄U ⁄U„ „Ò¥– •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê Ÿ

÷Ë ß‚ Ãâÿ ∑§Ù SflË∑§Ê⁄U Á∑§ÿÊ „Ò– ÿ„ Ãâÿ

¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ‚ ¡È« ∞∑§ ¬˝◊Èπ ◊Èg ¡‹flÊÿÈ

¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∑§Ù ‹∑§⁄U Á∑§ÿ ªÿ •¥Ã¸⁄UÊCËÿ ‚fl¸ˇÊáÊ

◊¥ ‚Ê◊Ÿ •ÊÿÊ „Ò– ÿ„ ‚fl¸ˇÊáÊ ’˝Ê¡Ë‹, ¡◊¸ŸË,

ÃÈ∑§Ë¸, ŒÁˇÊáÊ ∑§ÙÁ⁄UÿÊ, •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê •ı⁄U ÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥

Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ‚fl¸ˇÊáÊ ∑§Ê ÁŸc∑§·¸ ß‚ Ãâÿ ∑§Ù

‚ÊÁ’Ã ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò Á∑§ ¡‹flÊÿÈ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∑§Ë

øÈŸıÁÃÿÙ¥ ‚ ÁŸ¬≈UŸ ∑‘§ ¬˝ÁÃ ‚¥flŒŸ‡ÊË‹ÃÊ •ı⁄U

¬˝ÿÊ‚ ∑‘§ ◊Ê◊‹ ◊¥ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ‚’‚ •Êª ÁŸ∑§‹ ⁄U„Ê

„Ò– ß‚ ◊Ê◊‹ ¬⁄U •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ∑‘§ ¬˝ÿÊ‚ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ‚

¬Ë¿ „Ë „Ò¥–

¡‹flÊÿÈ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∑‘§ ◊Èg ¬⁄U ÷Ê⁄UÃ ∑§Ù •Êª

ÃÕÊ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ‚Á„Ã ∑§È¿ •ãÿ Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ∑§Ù ¬Ë¿

’ÃÊŸ flÊ‹Ê ÿ„ ‚fl¸ˇÊáÊ •◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ∑§Ë „Ë ∞∑§

øÁø¸Ã ¬ÁòÊ∑§Ê Ÿ ∑§⁄UflÊÿÊ– ¬ÁòÊ∑§Ê ∑§Ë •Ù⁄U

flÒÁE∑§ SÃ⁄U ¬⁄U ∑§⁄UflÊÿ ªÿ ß‚ ‚fl¸ˇÊáÊ ◊¥ {

Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ∑‘§ x „¡Ê⁄U zÆz ŸÊªÁ⁄U∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ù ‚◊ÊŸ

‚¥ÅÿÊ ◊¥ ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– „Ê‹ „Ë ◊¥ vÆ ◊ß¸

‚ ww ◊ß¸ wÆvy Ã∑§ ∑§⁄UÊÿ ªÿ ÿß‚

•ÊŸ‹Êß¸Ÿ ‚fl¸ ◊¥ ©¡Ê¸ •ı⁄U ß‚∑§Ë π¬Ã ∑§Ù

‹∑§⁄U ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿÙ¥ Ÿ ‚flÊ¸Áœ∑§ Áø¥ÃÊ ¡ÃÊß¸–

÷Ê⁄UÃflÊ‚Ë ©¡Ê¸ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ•ı⁄U ∑§Ê’¸Ÿ ©à‚¡¸Ÿ

ÉÊ≈UÊŸ ∑§Ë •¬ŸË ˇÊ◊ÃÊ ∑§Ù ‹∑§⁄U •Ê‡ÊÊÁãflÃ Õ–

‚fl¸ ◊¥ vÆ ◊¥ ‚ ~ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿÙ¥ Ÿ ∑§„Ê Á∑§ ©Ÿ∑‘§

Á‹∞ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ •ı⁄U ß‚∑‘§ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ∑‘§ ◊Èg ’„ÈÃ

◊„àfl¸¬ÍáÊ „Ò¥– ‚fl¸ ◊¥ ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ ‚÷Ë Œ‡Ê •‹ª

•‹ª Ã⁄UË∑§Ù¥ ‚ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ¬˝ÿÊ‚

∑§⁄UÃ „Ò¥ – ¡◊¸Ÿ ∑‘§ ‹Ùª •¬Ÿ ∑§êåÿÍ≈U⁄U ’¥Œ ∑§⁄UŸ

◊¥, ’˝Ê¡Ë‹ ∑‘§ ‹Ùª ‹Êß¸≈U ’¥Œ ∑§⁄UŸ •ı⁄U

•◊Á⁄U∑§Ê ∑‘§ ‹Ùª ⁄UË‚Êß¸ÁÄU‹¥ª ◊¥ •Êª „Ò¥ ‹Á∑§Ÿ

÷Ê⁄UÃËÿÙ¥ ◊¥ ©¡Ê¸ ‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ ∑‘§ ¬˝ÁÃ ‚flÊ¸Áœ∑§

√ÿÊ¬∑§ ŒÁC∑§ÙáÊ ÁŒπÊ– vÆ◊¥ } ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿÙ¥ Ÿ

∑§„Ê Á∑§ ©¡Ê¸ π¬Ã ¬⁄U •∑§È¥‡Ê ‹ªÊŸ ∑§ Á‹∞ fl

√ÿÁQ§ªÃ •ÊŒÃÙ¥ ◊¥ ÷Ë ‚øÃ „Ò¥–

‚fl¸ ∑‘§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ß‚◊¥ ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ◊¥

∑§Ê⁄U¬Í‹,‚Êfl¸¡ÁŸ∑§ ¬Á⁄Ufl„Ÿ ¬˝ÿÙª •ı⁄U flÊ„Ÿ

ø‹Ÿ ∑§Ë •¬ˇÊÊ ¬ÒŒ‹ ø‹Ÿ ∑‘§ ◊Ê◊‹ ◊¥

÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ‚’‚ íÿÊŒÊ •Ê‡ÊÊflÊŒË „Ò¥– Á’¡‹Ë ∑‘§

©¬∑§⁄UáÊÙ¥ ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÙª ’¥Œ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑‘§ ’ÊŒ ‚Ê∑‘§≈U ‚

å‹ª ÁŸ∑§Ê‹ ‹Ÿ ∑‘§ ◊Ê◊‹ ◊¥ •ãÿ Œ‡ÊÙ¥ ∑§ËÃÈ‹ŸÊ

◊¥ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ‚’‚ •Êª „Ò¥– ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ¡‹flÊÿÈ ◊ÈgÙ¥

∑§Ë √ÿÊ¬∑§ ¡ÊŸ∑§Ê⁄UË ⁄UπÃ „Ò¥ •ı⁄U ß‚∑§Ë

øÈŸıÁÃÿÙ¥ ‚ ‹«Ÿ ∑‘§ ◊Ê◊‹ ◊¥ ∑§Ê»§Ë •Ê‡ÊÊflÊŒË

„Ò¥– ‹ª÷ª {Æ »§Ë‚ŒË ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿÙ¥ ∑‘§ ◊ÈÃÊÁ’∑§

©Ÿ∑§Ê ◊ÊŸŸÊ „Ò Á∑§ ‚Ê‹ wÆzÆ Ã∑§ ŒÈÁŸÿÊ

∑§Ê’¸Ÿ ©à‚¡¸Ÿ ◊¥ }Æ »§Ë‚ŒË Ã∑§ ∑§◊Ë ‹Ê

‚∑§ÃË „Ò– ÿ„ÊÚ ÿ„ ’ÃÊŸÊ ¡M§⁄UË „ÙªÊ Á∑§

¡‹flÊÿÈ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∑§Ù ‹∑§⁄U ÷Ê⁄UÃ ◊¥ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ

∑‘§ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ ∑§Ê◊ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë ¬˝◊Èπ ‚¥SÕÊ Œ ∞Ÿ¡Ë¸

∞¥« Á⁄U‚Ù‚¸¡ ß¥S≈UË≈UÿÍ≈U ≈U⁄UË Ÿ ÷Ë ∞∑§ ‚fl¸ˇÊáÊ

Á∑§ÿÊ– ß‚ ‚fl¸ˇÊáÊ ∑§Ê ¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊ ’ÃÊÃÊ „Ò Á∑§

÷Ê⁄UÃ ∑‘§ ‡Ê„⁄UË ‹ÙªÙ¥ ◊¥ ¡‹flÊÿÈ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∑§Ù

‹∑§⁄U ‹ªÊÃÊ⁄U ¡ÊªM§∑§ÃÊ •Ê ⁄U„Ë „Ò– ≈U⁄UË Ÿ

÷Ê⁄UÃ ∑‘§ vÆ ¬˝◊Èπ ‡Ê„⁄UÙ¥ ◊¥ ÿ„ ‚fl¸ˇÊáÊ

Á∑§ÿÊ– ß‚◊¥ ÁŒÑË, ◊Èê’ß¸,¬ÈáÊ, ªÈflÊ„Ê≈UË,

∑§ÊŸ¬È⁄U, ¡◊‡ÊŒ¬È⁄U, ∑§Ùÿê’≈UÍ⁄U, ßãŒı⁄U ◊„ÊŸª⁄U

÷Ë ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ „Ò¥– ‚fl¸ˇÊáÊ ∑‘§ Œı⁄UÊŸ vv „¡Ê⁄U

wvy ‹ÙªÙ¥ Ÿ ß‚ ‚ê’ãœ ◊¥ øøÊ¸ ∑§Ë ªß¸– øøÊ¸

‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ ~Æ ¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ‹ÙªÙ¥ Ÿ ◊ÊŸÊ Á∑§ ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ

∑§Ë fl¡„ ‚ ¡‹flÊÿÈ ◊¥ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ „Ù ⁄U„Ê „Ò– }Æ

¬˝ÁÃ‡ÊÃ ‹ÙªÙ¥ Ÿ •ı‚Ã ÃÊ¬◊ÊŸ ◊¥ ’…∏ÙÃ⁄UË ∑§Ë

’ÊÃ ∑§Ù SflË∑§Ê⁄U Á∑§ÿÊ– ‹ÙªÙ¥ ∑§Ê ◊ÊŸŸÊ ÕÊ Á∑§

‡Ê„⁄U ∑§Ë „flÊ ◊¥ ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ ’…Ê „Ò– ÿ„ ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ

¡‹flÊÿÈ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∑§Ê ∞∑§ ¬˝◊Èπ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „Ò–

©ÑπŸËÿ „Ò Á∑§ ’…∏Ã ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ,Á’ª«∏Ã ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ

∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ Œ‡Ê ŒÈÁŸÿÊ ◊¥ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ¬⁄U Áfl¬⁄UËÃ

¬˝÷Êfl ¬«∏ ⁄U„Ê „Ò– ß‚‚ ¡‹flÊÿÈ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ÷Ë

¬˝÷ÊÁflÃ „Ù ⁄U„Ê „Ò– ß‚∑‘§ ŒÈc¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊ ÷Ë ‚Ê◊Ÿ

•Ê ⁄U„ „Ò¥– Á⁄U¬Ù≈U¸ ∑‘§ ◊ÈÃÊÁ’∑§ ÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥

•ÁÃ M§¬ œÊ⁄UáÊ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë ’ÊÁ⁄U‡Ê ◊¥ ¬˝ÁÃ Œ‡Ê∑§

vÆ Á◊◊Ë ∑§Ë ’…∏ÙÃ⁄UË „Ù ⁄U„Ë „Ò–

„Ê‹Ê¥Á∑§ flÊÁ·¸∑§ Ÿ◊Ë flÊ‹ ÁŒŸÙ¥ ∑§Ë ‚Ê◊Êãÿ

’ÊÁ⁄U‡Ê ◊¥ ¬˝ÁÃ Œ‡Ê∑§ ww Á◊◊Ë ∑§Ë ’…ÙÃ⁄UË „Èß¸

„Ò– ÿ ŒÙŸÙ¥ ’…∏ÙÃ⁄UË ¡‹flÊÿÈ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∑‘§ ¬˝÷ÊflÙ¥

∑§Ù ¬˝∑§≈U ∑§⁄UÃË „Ò¥–

÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ˇÊòÊ ◊¥ •ÁÃ M§¬ œÊ⁄UáÊ ∑§⁄UŸ flÊ‹Ë

’ÊÁ⁄U‡Ê ◊¥ ¬˝ÁÃ Œ‡Ê∑§ vÆ Á◊◊Ë ∑§Ë ’…∏ÙÃ⁄UË

„Ù ⁄U„Ë „Ò– „Ê‹Ê¥Á∑§ flÊÁ·¸∑§ Ÿ◊Ë flÊ‹ ÁŒŸÙ¥ ∑§Ë ‚Ê◊Êãÿ ’ÊÁ⁄U‡Ê ◊¥ ¬˝ÁÃ Œ‡Ê∑§

ww Á◊◊Ë ∑§Ë ’…ÙÃ⁄UË „Èß¸ „Ò– ÿ ŒÙŸÙ¥ ’…∏ÙÃ⁄UË ¡‹flÊÿÈ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∑‘§ ¬˝÷ÊflÙ¥

∑§Ù ¬˝∑§≈U ∑§⁄UÃË „Ò¥–

16

¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ Á’ª«Ÿ∏ ‚ ¡‹flÊÿÈ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∑§Ë

∞‚Ë ¬˝ÁR§ÿÊ ‡ÊÈM§ „Èß¸ „Ò Á¡‚∑‘§ ŒÈc¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊

’Ê…, ‚ÍπÊ, ÷Í∑§ê¬, ÷ÍS‹πŸ, ’…∏ÃË ª◊Ë¸,

•ÁŸÿÁ◊Ã „Ù ⁄U„ ◊ÊŸ‚ÍŸ ‚Á„Ã ÁflÁ÷ÛÊ

¬˝Ê∑§ÎÁÃ∑§ •Ê¬ŒÊ•Ù¥ ◊¥ Œπ ¡Ê ⁄U„ „Ò¥–

◊ÊŸ‚ÍŸ ¬⁄U ¡‹flÊÿÈ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ∑‘§ ¬˝÷Êfl ∑§Ù

‹∑§⁄U „Ê‹ „Ë ◊¥ •Êß¸ ∞∑§ Á⁄U¬Ù≈U¸ ∑§„ÃË „Ò

Á∑§ ¡‹flÊÿÈ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ œË⁄U œË⁄U ◊ÊŸ‚ÍŸ ∑‘§

¬˝flÊ„ ∑§Ù ∑§◊¡Ù⁄U ∑§⁄U ⁄U„Ê „Ò– ß‚ Á⁄U¬Ù≈U¸

∑§Ù ß¥≈U⁄UŸ‡ÊŸ‹ ¬ÒŸ‹ ÄU‹Êß¸◊≈U ø¥¡ •Êß¸

¬Ë ‚Ë ‚Ë Ÿ ÃÒÿÊ⁄U Á∑§ÿÊ „Ò Á¡‚∑‘§ øÿ⁄U◊Ÿ

•¥Ã¸⁄UÊ≈˛Ëÿ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊÁflŒ˜ «Ê. •Ê⁄U ∑‘§ ¬øı⁄UË

„Ò¥– Á⁄U¬Ù≈U¸ ∑‘§ •ŸÈ‚Ê⁄U ¡‹flÊÿÈ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ ‚

◊ÊŸ‚ÍŸ ∑‘§ ¬˝flÊ„ ∑§Ù πÃ⁄UÊ „Ò– ◊ÊŸ‚ÍŸ ∑‘§

¬˝flÊ„ ◊¥ ’ÊœÊ∞¥ ¬«ªË¥ – ß‚∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ

◊ı‚◊Ë ÉÊ≈UŸÊ∞¥ ’…ªË¥ Á¡Ÿ◊¥

‚ÍπÊ,’Ê…,÷Ê⁄UË fl·Ê¸ ‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ „Ò¥–

ŒÈ

◊ÊŸ‚ÍŸ ∑‘§ ¬˝flÊ„ ∑§Ù ∑§◊¡Ù⁄U ∑§⁄U ⁄U„Ê¡‹flÊÿÈ ¬Á⁄UflÃ¸Ÿ


•Á◊ÃÊ÷ ¬Êá«ÿ

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Á◊¸ÿÙ¥ ∑‘§ ‚◊ÿ ŸŒË •ı⁄U ÃÊ‹Ê’Ù¥ ◊¥ •ÄU‚⁄U

•øÊŸ∑§ ◊¿Á‹ÿÙ¥ ∑‘§ ◊⁄UŸ ∑§Ë π’⁄U¥ Á◊‹ÃË

„Ò– ÿ ◊¿Á‹ÿÊÚ ‹ÊπÙ¥ ∑§Ë ‚¥ÅÿÊ ◊¥ ∞∑§ ‚ÊÕ •øÊŸ∑§ ◊⁄U ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥,

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•ÊÄU‚Ë¡Ÿ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ◊¥ ∑§◊Ë ‚ Ÿ ∑‘§fl‹ ◊¿Á‹ÿÊÚ ◊⁄U ⁄U„Ë „Ò¥ ’ÁÀ∑§ ∑§ß¸

•ãÿ ¡‹Ëÿ ¡ËflÙ¥ ∑‘§ •ÁSÃàfl ¬⁄U ‚¥∑§≈U ¬ÒŒÊ „Ù ªÿÊ „Ò– øÍÚÁ∑§ ªÁ◊¸ÿÙ¥

¡‹ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ÉÊ≈U ¡ÊÃË „Ò Á¡‚‚ ß‚◊¥ ‹fláÊÙ¥ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ’…∏ ¡ÊÃË „Ò

ß‚ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ¡‹ ◊¥ ÉÊÈÁ‹Ã •ÊÄU‚Ë¡Ÿ ∑§Ë ◊ÊòÊÊ ∑§◊ „Ù ¡ÊÃË „Ò– ¡‹ ◊¥

•ÊÄU‚Ë¡Ÿ ∑§Ë ∑§◊Ë „ÙŸ ∑§Ê ∞∑§ ◊ÊòÊ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ „Ò ’…∏ÃÊ ¡‹ ¬˝ŒÍ·áÊ–

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20

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ÃËŸ ‚ øÊ⁄U Á∑§‹Ù å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑§Ë ÕÒÁ‹ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ê ßSÃ◊Ê‹ ∑§⁄UÃÊ „Ò– ’ÊŒ ◊¥ ÿ„Ë å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑‘§ ÕÒ‹

∑§Í«∏ ∑‘§ M§¬ ◊¥ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ◊È‚Ë’Ã ’ŸÃ „Ò¥– Á¬¿‹ ‚Ê‹ Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ∑§⁄UË’ vz ‹Êπ ≈UŸ ∑§ø⁄UÊ Á‚»§¸

å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑§Ê „Ë ÕÊ– ∞∑§ Á⁄U¬Ù≈U¸ ∑‘§ ◊ÈÃÊÁ’∑§ Œ‡Ê ◊¥ „⁄U ‚Ê‹ xÆ-yÆ ‹Êπ ≈UŸ å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑§Ê ©à¬ÊŒŸ

Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò– ß‚◊¥ ‚ ∑§⁄UË’ •ÊœÊ ÿÊŸË wÆ ‹Êπ ≈UŸ å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ Á⁄U‚ÊßÁÄU‹¥ª ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ◊È„ÒÿÊ „ÙÃÊ

„Ò– „Ê‹Ê¥Á∑§ „⁄U ‚Ê‹ ∑§⁄UË’ ‚Ê…∏ ‚ÊÃ ‹Êπ ≈UŸ ∑§Í«∏ ∑§Ë Á⁄U‚ÊßÁÄU‹¥ª ∑§Ë ¡ÊÃË „Ò–

¬ŒÜæçSÅU·¤ ·Ô¤ ÍñÜô âð ÂØæüßÚU‡æ ÎêçáÌ

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25 ¥�ÅêÕÚ - ç¼â¢ÕÚ 2014

Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊŸÊ øÊÁ„∞– ¡ÒÁfl∑§

ŒÎÁC ‚ ÉÊÈ‹Ÿ‡ÊË‹ å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§

∑‘§ Áfl∑§Ê‚ ∑‘§ Á‹∞

•ŸÈ‚¥œÊŸ ∑§Êÿ¸ ¡Ê⁄UË „Ò

•ı⁄U ©ê◊ËŒ ∑§Ë ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃË

„Ò Á∑§ ¡ÀŒ „Ë flÒôÊÊÁŸ∑§Ù¥

∑§Ù ß‚◊¥ ∑§Ê◊ÿÊ’Ë ¡∏M§⁄U

Á◊‹ªË–

ŒÜæçSÅU·¤ ·Ô¤ ÍñÜð ç·¤â·Ô¤ ÕÙÌð ãñ´?å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑‘§ ÕÒ‹ ¬ÊÚÁ‹◊‚¸

∑‘§ ÃËŸ ¬˝∑§Ê⁄UÙ¥ ◊¥ ‚ ∞∑§ mÊ⁄UÊ ’ŸÃË

„Ò¥ - ¬ÊÚÁ‹ÁÕ‹ËŸ- „Êß¸ «¥Á‚≈UË

¬ÊÚÁ‹ÁÕ‹ËŸ (∞ø«Ë¬Ëß¸), ‹Ù «¥Á‚≈UË

¬ÊÚÁ‹ÁÕ‹ËŸ (∞‹«Ë¬Ëß¸), ÿÊ ‹ËÁŸÿ⁄U

‹Ù-«¥Á‚≈UË ¬ÊÚÁ‹ÁÕ‹ËŸ

(∞‹∞‹«Ë¬Ëß¸)– Á∑§⁄UÊŸ ∑§Ë ÕÒÁ‹ÿÊ¥

•Áœ∑§Ã⁄U ∞ø«Ë¬Ëß¸ mÊ⁄UÊ ’ŸÊß¸ ¡ÊÃË

„Ò¥ •ı⁄U ÕÒ‹ «˛Êß¸ ÄU‹ËŸ⁄U ∞‹«Ë¬Ëß¸ ‚–

ßŸ ŒÙŸÙ¥ ◊¥ ‚’‚ ’«∏Ê •¥Ã⁄U ¬ÊÚÁ‹◊⁄U

üÊÎ¥π‹Ê ∑§Ë ’˝Ê¥Áø¥ª ∑§Ë Á«ª˝Ë ∑§Ê „Ò–

∞ø«Ë¬Ëß¸ •ı⁄U ∞‹∞‹«Ë¬Ëß¸ ◊¥ ⁄UÒÁπ∑§

•‡ÊÊÁπÃ üÊÎ¥π‹Ê „ÙÃË „Ò¥ fl„Ë¥

∞‹«Ë¬Ëß¸ ‡ÊÊÁπÃ „ÙÃË „Ò¥–

ÄUÿÊ å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ SflÊSâÿ ∑‘§ Á‹∞

„ÊÁŸ∑§Ê⁄U∑§ „Ò?

å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑‘§ ÕÒ‹Ù¥ ‚ „ÙŸ flÊ‹Ë ‚◊SÿÊ∞¥å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑‘§ ÕÒ‹Ù¥ ∑§Ù ÿÁŒ •ë¿Ë Ã⁄U„

Ÿc≈U Ÿ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê∞ ÃÙ fl ŸÊÁ‹ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ù

’¥Œ ∑§⁄U ‚∑§ÃË „Ò¥ •ı⁄U ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ

¬˝ŒÍÁ·Ã „ÙÃÊ „Ò fl ¬ÊŸË ‚ „ÙŸ flÊ‹Ë

’Ë◊ÊÁ⁄UÿÊ¥ ÷Ë »Ò§‹ ‚∑§ÃË „Ò–

¬ÈŸø¸ÁR§Ã/⁄U¥ªËŸ å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑‘§ ÕÒ‹Ù¥ ◊¥

∑§È¿ Áfl‡Ê· ⁄U‚ÊÿŸ „ÙÃ „Ò¥, Á¡Ÿ∑§Ê

Á⁄U‚Êfl ¡◊ËŸ ◊¥ „Ù ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò •ı⁄U

Á◊^Ë •ı⁄U ◊≈U◊Ò‹ ¬ÊŸË ∑§Ù ŒÍÁ·Ã ∑§⁄U

‚∑§Ã „Ò¥– ÿÍÁŸ≈U˜‚ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ∑‘§ •ŸÈ∑§Í‹

Ã∑§ŸË∑§ flÊ‹Ë Ÿ„Ë¥ „Ò¥ ß‚Á‹∞

¬ÈŸø¸R§áÊ ∑§Ë ¬˝ÁR§ÿÊ ∑‘§ Œı⁄UÊŸ ¬ÒŒÊ

„ÙŸ flÊ‹ Áfl·ÊÄUÃ œÈ¥∞ ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ

¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ∑§Ë ‚◊SÿÊ∞¥ ¬ÒŒÊ „Ù ‚∑§ÃË

„Ò– ∑§È¿ å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑§Ë ÕÒÁ‹ÿÙ¥ ◊¥ ÿÁŒ

÷Ù¡Ÿ ¬«∏Ê ⁄U„ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò ÿÊ ¡Ù ÕÒÁ‹ÿÊ¥

∑§Í«∏-∑§ø⁄U ◊¥ Á◊‹ ¡ÊÃË „Ò¥ ÃÙ ©ã„¥

¡ÊŸfl⁄U πÊ ¡ÊÃ „Ò¥– ß‚‚

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¡ÊÃË „Ò¥–

ŸÊÚŸ-’ÊÿÙÁ«ª˝«’‹ •ı⁄U •÷l ¬˝∑§ÎÁÃ

„ÙŸ ∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑§Ù ÿÁŒ Á◊^Ë

◊¥ Œ’ÊÿÊ ¡Ê∞ ÃÙ ©‚∑‘§ ∑§Ê⁄UáÊ ÷Í-

¡‹ SÃ⁄U Á»§⁄U ‚ ‚Ê◊Êãÿ „Ù ¬ÊÃË „Ò–

¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ •ı⁄U flŸ ◊¥òÊÊ‹ÿ Ÿ Á⁄U‚Êß∑§À«

å‹ÊÁS≈UÄU‚ ◊ÒŸÈ»Ò§ÄUø⁄U •ı⁄U ÿÍ‚¡ M§À‚

v~~~ ∑§Ù ¡Ê⁄UË Á∑§ÿÊ •ı⁄U wÆÆx ◊¥

ß‚ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ (‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ) ∑§ÊŸÍŸ, v~}{

∑‘§ •¥Ãª¸Ã ©‚ ‚¥‡ÊÙÁœÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ– ß‚∑‘§

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∑§Ê ¬˝’¥œŸ ∑§⁄UŸ ∑§Ë ÿÙ¡ŸÊ ’ŸÊß¸ ªß¸–

Œ éÿÍ⁄UÙ •ÊÚ»§ ß¥Á«ÿŸ S≈UÒ¥««¸˜‚ (’Ë•Êß¸∞‚)

Ÿ ’ÊÿÙÁ«ª˝«’‹ å‹ÊÁS≈UÄU‚ ∑‘§ Œ‚ ◊ÊŸ∑§

Ãÿ Á∑§∞ „Ò¥–

„Ê‹Ê¥Á∑§ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ •ı⁄U flŸ ◊¥òÊÊ‹ÿ Ÿ Á⁄U-‚ÊßÁ∑§¥À« å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ◊ÒãÿÍ»Ò§B§⁄U ∞¥«

ÿÍ‚¡ M§À‚∞ v~~~ ¡Ê⁄UË Á∑§ÿÊ ÕÊ– ß‚ wÆÆx ◊¥ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ (‚¥⁄UˇÊáÊ)

•ÁœÁŸÿ◊-v~{} ∑‘§ Ã„Ã ‚¥‡ÊÙÁœÃ Á∑§ÿÊ ªÿÊ „Ò, ÃÊÁ∑§ å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑§Ë

ÕÒÁ‹ÿÙ¥ •ı⁄U Á«é’Ù¥ ∑§Ê ÁŸÿ◊Ÿ •ı⁄U ¬˝’¥œŸ ‚„Ë Ã⁄UË∑‘§ ‚ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ‚∑‘§–

÷Ê⁄UÃËÿ ◊ÊŸ∑§ éÿÍ⁄UÙ (’Ë•Êß¸∞‚) Ÿ œ⁄UÃË ◊¥ ÉÊÈ‹Ÿ‡ÊË‹ å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑‘§ vÆ

◊ÊŸ∑§Ù¥ ∑‘§ ’Ê⁄U ◊¥ •Áœ‚ÍøŸÊ ¡Ê⁄UË ∑§Ë „Ò– ◊ª⁄U ß‚∑‘§ ’Êfl¡ÍŒ „Ê‹ÊÃ fl„Ë „Ò–

ŒÜæçSÅU·¤ ·Ô¤ ·¤¿ÚUð ·Ô¤ ÂýÕ´ÏÙ ·Ô¤çÜ° ØôÁÙæ°´

¬Ã‹Ë å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑§Ë

ÕÒÁ‹ÿÙ¥ ∑§Ë ∑§Ë◊Ã

∑§◊ „ÙÃË „Ò •ı⁄U

©Ÿ∑§Ê ¬ÎÕÄU∑§⁄UáÊ

∑§Ê»§Ë ◊ÈÁ‡∑§‹ „ÙÃÊ

„Ò– ÿÁŒ å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑‘§

ÕÒ‹Ù¥ ∑§Ë ◊Ù≈UÊß¸

•Áœ∑§ ⁄UπË ¡Ê∞ ÃÙ

fl ◊„¥ªË „Ù¥ªË •ı⁄U

©Ÿ∑§Ê ¬˝ÿÙª ÷Ë

•Áœ∑§ ‚◊ÿ Ã∑§

Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ‚∑‘§ªÊ–

∑§ø⁄UÊ ¬˝’¥œŸ •ı⁄U

ÁŸ¬≈UÊŸ ¬˝áÊÊ‹Ë ◊¥ å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ◊ÒŸÈ»§˝ÒÄUø⁄U⁄U

∞‚ÙÁ‚∞‡ÊŸ •ı⁄U ∑§ø⁄UÊ ©∆ÊŸ flÊ‹Ù¥ ∑§Ù ÷Ë

‡ÊÊÁ◊‹ Á∑§ÿÊ ¡Ê ‚∑§ÃÊ „Ò–

å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑§Ë ÕÒÁ‹ÿÙ¥, ¬ÊŸË ∑§Ë ’ÙÃ‹Ù¥,

å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑‘§ ¬Ê©øÙ¥ ‚ ¬ÒŒÊ „ÙŸ flÊ‹ ∑§ø⁄U

∑§Ê ¬˝’¥œŸ ∑§Ê»§Ë ‚◊ÿ ‚ ∆Ù‚ ∑§ø⁄UÊ ¬˝’¥œŸ

Ÿª⁄U¬ÊÁ‹∑§Ê ∑‘§ Á‹∞ øÈŸıÃË ’ŸÊ „È•Ê „Ò–

∑§ß¸ ¬„Ê«∏Ë ⁄UÊíÿÙ¥ (¡ê◊Í-∑§‡◊Ë⁄U, Á‚ÁP§◊,

¬Áp◊ ’¥ªÊ‹) ◊¥ ¬ÿ¸≈UŸ ˇÊòÊÙ¥ ◊¥ å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑§Ë

ÕÒÁ‹ÿÙ¥ •ı⁄U ¬ÊŸË ∑§Ë ’ÙÃ‹Ù¥ ∑‘§ ¬˝ÿÙª ¬⁄U

⁄UÙ∑§ ‹ªÊß¸ ªß¸ „Ò– Á„◊Êø‹ ¬˝Œ‡Ê ◊¥ ⁄UÊíÿ

‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ ◊¥ÁòÊ◊¥«‹ ∑‘§ ÁŸáÊ¸ÿ mÊ⁄UÊ ∞ø¬Ë

ŸÊÚŸ-’ÊÿÙÁ«ª˝«’‹ ªÊ’¸¡ (∑§¥≈˛Ù‹) ∑§ÊŸÍŸ,

v~~z ∑‘§ •¥Ãª¸Ã vz.Æ}.wÆÆ~ ‚

⁄UÊíÿ ÷⁄U ◊¥ å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑‘§ ¬˝ÿÙª ¬⁄U ¬˝ÁÃ’¥œ

‹ªÊ ÁŒÿÊ „Ò– ∑‘§¥Œ˝Ëÿ ‚⁄U∑§Ê⁄U Ÿ ÷Ë Œ‡Ê ÷⁄U

◊¥ å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ‚ ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ∑§Ù „Ù ⁄U„ ŸÈ∑§‚ÊŸ

∑§Ù ⁄UÙ∑§Ÿ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ ∞∑§ ‚Á◊ÁÃ •ı⁄U ≈UÊS∑

»§Ù‚¸ ’ŸÊß¸, Á¡‚Ÿ •äÿÿŸ Á∑§ÿÊ •ı⁄U

Á‚»§Ê⁄U‡Ê¥ ÃÒÿÊ⁄U ∑§Ë¥–

å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ÄUÿÊ „Ò?å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§, ¬ÊÚÁ‹◊‚¸ „Ò¥ ¡Ù Á∑§ ∞‚ ’«∏ •áÊÈ „ÙÃ „Ò¥ Á¡Ÿ◊¥

◊ÙŸÙ◊‚¸ ŸÊ◊∑§ Á⁄U¬ËÁ≈U¥ª ÿÍÁŸ≈U˜‚ „ÙÃË „Ò¥– å‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ’Òª

∑§Ë ¡’ ’ÊÃ ∑§Ë ¡ÊÃË „Ò ÃÙ Á⁄U¬ËÁ≈U¥ª ÿÍÁŸ≈U˜‚ ∞ÁÕ‹ËŸ

„ÙÃË „Ò¥– ¡’ ∞ÁÕ‹ËŸ •áÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ù ¬ÊÚÁ‹ÁÕ‹ËŸ ’ŸÊŸ ∑‘§

Á‹∞ ¬ÊÚÁ¡◊⁄UÊßí« Á∑§ÿÊ ¡ÊÃÊ „Ò ÃÙ fl ∑§Ê’¸Ÿ •áÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑§Ë

∞∑§ ‹¥’Ë üÊÎ¥π‹Ê ’ŸÊÃ „Ò¥– ßŸ◊¥ ¬˝àÿ∑§ ∑§Ê’¸Ÿ ŒÙ

„Êß«˛Ù¡Ÿ •áÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑‘§ ‚ÊÕ ¡È«∏Ê „ÙÃÊ „Ò–

∞∑§ ’ëøÊ ÷Ê⁄UÃ ∑§Ë ÁflûÊËÿ ⁄UÊ¡œÊŸË ◊È¥’ß¸ ◊¥ ‚◊ÈŒ˝ ∑‘§ Á∑§ŸÊ⁄U ¬⁄Uå‹ÊÁS≈U∑§ ∑§ ∑§ø⁄U ¬⁄U ø‹UÃ „È∞–

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26 ¥�ÅêÕÚ - ç¼â¢ÕÚ 2014

Áñçß·¤ ¹ðÌè»ýæ×è‡æ âê¿Ùæ °ß´ ™ææÙ ·Ô¤‹Îý

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∑‘§ •ãœÊ-œÈãœ fl •‚ãÃÈÁ‹Ã ¬˝ÿÙª ∑§Ê ¬˝÷Êfl ◊ŸÈcÿ fl

¬‡ÊÈ•Ù¥ ∑‘§ SflÊSâÿ ¬⁄U Ÿ„Ë¥ „È•Ê, ’ÁÀ∑§ ß‚∑§Ê ∑§È¬˝÷Êfl

¬ÊŸË, ÷ÍÁ◊ ∞¥fl ¬ÿÊ¸fl⁄UáÊ ¬⁄U ÷Ë S¬C ÁŒπÊß¸ ŒŸ ‹ªÊ „Ò

⁄UÃ ∞∑§ ∑§ÎÁ· ¬˝œÊŸ ÃÕÊ ∑§ÎÁ· Œ‡Ê ∑§Ë •Õ¸ √ÿflSÕÊ ∑§Ê ¬˝◊Èπ ‚ÊœŸ „Ò – ÷Ù¡Ÿ

◊ŸÈcÿ ∑§Ë ◊Í‹÷ÍÃ •Êfl‡ÿ∑§ÃÊ „Ò •ı⁄U •ÛÊ ‚ „Ë ¡ËflŸ „Ò, ß‚∑§Ë ¬ÍÁÃ¸ ∑‘§ Á‹∞ {Æ

∑‘§ Œ‡Ê∑§ ◊¥ „Á⁄UÃ R§ÊÁãÃ ‹Êß¸ ªß¸ •Ù⁄U •Áœ∑§ •ÛÊ ©¬¡Ê•Ù¥ ∑§Ê ŸÊ⁄UÊ ÁŒÿÊ ªÿÊ, Á¡‚∑‘§

¬Á⁄UáÊÊ◊SflM§¬ ⁄UÊ‚ÊÿÁŸ∑§ ©fl¸⁄U∑§Ù¥ •Ù⁄U ∑§Ë≈UŸÊ‡Ê∑§Ù¥ ∑§Ê •ãœÊ-œÈãœ fl •‚ãÃÈÁ‹Ã ©¬ÿÙª

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©à¬ÊŒŸ flÎÁh ¬⁄U •‚⁄U ¬«∏Ÿ ‹ªÊ –

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ªÿÊ „Ò – •Ã— ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑‘§ SflÊSâÿ ∑§Ë ⁄UˇÊÊ ∑§⁄U∑‘§ πÃË ∑§Ë ∞‚Ë ¬˝áÊÊ‹Ë Á¡‚◊¥ ÷ÍÁ◊ ∑§Ù ∞∑§

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¬Í⁄U∑§ ÃÙ „ÙÃ „Ë „Ò¥ ‚ÊÕ ◊¥ ¬ıœÙ¥ ∑§Ë ’…∏flÊ⁄U „ÃÈ ¬Ù·∑§ Ãàfl ÷Ë ©¬‹éœ ∑§⁄UflÊÃ „Ò¥ – •Ã:

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÷Ê

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28

INSPIRATION

OCTOBER - DECEMBER 2014

aalumarada Thimmakka,an environmentalist, isone of the well-known

personalities of Karnataka.She has earned recognitiondue to her untiring efforts inplanting and tending to 284banyan trees along the high-way covering a distance offour kilometers. Her persis-tent work has earned her sev-eral national and internationalawards.She has been honored withthe prestigious NationalCitizen's Award of India for herselfless works in the field ofenvironment. She also has aU.S. environmental organiza-tion called Thimmakka'sResources for EnvironmentalEducation named after her.

Saalumarada Thimmakka - A Brief History

Saalumarada Thimmakka wasborn in a village namedHulikal that falls under theMagadi taluk of BangaloreRural district. She was knownas Thimmakka then. She didnot go to school or get anyformal education.From an early age she workedas a laborer in a quarry nearher home. She was marriedoff to Chikkaiah, a cattleherder. The couple wantedchildren but were unable toget any even after 25 years oftheir married life.One day the husband-wifeduo decided to plant trees toovercome the sadness and

WHAT IS THE

MEANING OF

SAALUMARADATHIMMAKKA OF A

SMALL VILLAGE

HULIKAL IN

KARNATAKA

KissaKarnataka ka

S

She did notgo to schoolor got any

formaleducation

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29 OCTOBER - DECEMBER 2014

empty feeling of their lives.That was around 50 yearsago. From there started a jour-ney of untiring love and self-less service of an ordinarycouple towards an extra ordi-nary mission: a mission toraise as many trees as possi-ble with love and care and astheir own children.

Her journey to becomeSaalumarada Thimmakka

Thimmakka and her husbanddecided to plant trees alongthe roadside and they select-ed the road to the next vil-lage, Kudur to fulfill theirplans. This particular roadwas one that did not have asingle tree and causedimmense hardship to the trav-elers on the dry and hot days.They started grafting saplingsfrom Ficus (banyan) trees asthere were plenty of Ficustrees near her village. Theygrafted ten saplings in thefirst year and planted themalong a stretch of 4 kilometerson the road that led to Kudur.They increased the number to15 in the next year. They con-tinued with their efforts andincreased the number ofsaplings with each passingyear.They not only planted thesaplings, but also tended tothe young saplings. Eachmorning they started fromtheir home with four potsfilled with water and wateredthe saplings. When the potsemptied out they refilled themfrom the nearby ponds andwells and continued wateringthe saplings while coveringthe whole stretch on feet andreturned home doing thesame thing.They treated the saplings astheir own children and eachday followed the same rou-

tine. They also protected thesaplings from the grazing cat-tle by fencing them withthorny shrubs. Their tirelessefforts began to bear fruitwhen the saplings grew intolarge and strong trees.The couple planted thesaplings mostly in the mon-soon season so that the plantswould get the rain water fortheir growth. The coupleplanted more than 300 treesin total and today the assetvalue of the trees stands atmore than 1.5 million rupees.Thimmakka's husband passedaway in 1991 but she contin-ued with her mission aloneand undaunted. TheGovernment of Karnataka hastaken over the management

of the trees now.Thimmakka was referred to asSaalumarada Timmakka afterher work got popular amongthe people. Salumaradameans the row of trees inKannada language. She wasgiven the name to honor herdedication towards plantingthe saplings and preservingthe environment despite thenumerous hardships that sheand her husband had to facealong the way.Other Social Activities ofTimmakkaSalumarada Timmakka didnot stop at only plantingtrees. She got involved in var-ious social activities like con-struction of a tank to storerain water for the annual fairof her village. She has plans ofbuilding a hospital in her vil-lage and has set up a trust forthe purpose.

She is an active cru-sader for spreading the mes-sage of afforestation. Her sim-ple philosophy of life is thatevery person on this earthmust leave behind some assetfor humanity. She still lives ineconomic crisis and just man-ages to somehow make a liv-ing from the various awardsand a monthly pension. Butthis has never managed to killher spirit or her passion fordoing good work forhumankind.

S a a l u m a r a d aThimmakka is the idol ofevery environmentalist today.She has shown the world howone illiterate woman canmake a huge difference to thesociety through her hard workand patience.She has been honored withtitles like Vanamitra,Nisargaratna, Vrikshapremiand Vrikshasri.

FOR HER UUNCOMPROMISINGEFFORTS TOWARDS SAVINGTHE ENVIRONMENT SHE HASBEEN CONFERRED WITH SEV-ERAL AWARDS AND CITATIONS

LIKE:" Nadoja Award byHampi University - 2010" Godfrey PhillipsBravery Award - 2006" Karnataka KalpavalliAward - 2000" National Citizen'saward - 1995" Indira PriyadarshiniVrikshmitra Award - 1997" VeerachakraPrashasthi Award - 1997" Honor Certificatefrom the Women and ChildWelfare Department,Government of Karnataka" Vishalakshi Award byArt of Living Organization" Certificate ofAppreciation from the IndianInstitute of Wood Scienceand Technology, Bangalore

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30

recently publishedstudy says the

Indian Ocean has beenwarming consistently forover a century and at afaster rate than any otherregion of tropical oceans— and this may weakenthe monsoon.

Global ocean surface warm-ing has long-term effects onthe climate since it persistsfor a longer time comparedwith land temperatures.

Mathew Koll Roxy, leadauthor of the research andsenior scientist at the Centrefor Climate Change Researchat IITM, told this is the firsttime scientists have discov-ered warming of this rate andmagnitude over the IndianOcean. "Earlier analysis were

for shorter periods (e.g. past50 years), while our currentanalysis is with multipledatasets for the past 112years," he said.

The study was recentlypublished online by theJournal of Climate of theAmerican MeteorologicalSociety.it is part of an Indo-Frenchcollaboration carried outunder the National MonsoonMission set up by the ministryof earth sciences. Ritika

Kapoor, Pascal Terray andSebastien Masson are thestudy's co-authors.

Roxy said among the majoroceans, Indian Ocean is thesmallest but also thewarmest. Hence it plays acritical role in regulating theclimate and variability of theAsian monsoon, as well as theglobal climate.

This research found warm-ing over the Indian Ocean tobe happening at a rate fasterthan any other region of the


Warming of Indian Oceanmay weaken monsoon: Study

ASHEETAL KACHRU

Photo : File

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tropical oceans, and with a'potential' to alter thestrength and course of themonsoon.

Generally, the westernIndian Ocean has cool surfacewaters, while the central-eastIndian Ocean is a warm poolwith sea surface temperature(SST) greater than 28 degreesC. "Earlier studies haveshown that the warm pool hasconsiderably warmed overthe past half-century, thoughthe reasons have remainedelusive until now," said Roxy."However, our research,which used extended data ofsea surface temperature dur-ing 1901-2012, revealed thatthe relatively cool westernIndian Ocean has been warm-ing for more than a century,and has attained the warmpool SST values of 28 degreesC."

Scientists attributed thewarming over western IndianOcean to increasing El Ninoevents, among other causes."The periodical El Nino eventsover the east Pacific changethe global atmospheric circu-lation, and weaken the windsover the western IndianOcean," said Roxy. "Thisinduces abnormal warm sur-face waters over the westernIndian Ocean. Meanwhile theLa Nina events fail to makeany significant changes overthe Indian Ocean. Along withthis, the frequency of El Ninoevents has increased duringrecent decades. This piles upthe heat over the westernIndian Ocean, resulting inexcessive warming."

31

STUDY


5 Trillion Pieces of Ocean TrashFound, But Fewer Particles Than

ExpectedScientists estimate extent of plastic pollution amid mystery of

where it's all goingA new study on the amount of plastic pollution floatingaround the world's oceans found a lot of garbage but fewersmall particles than researchers expected, raising new ques-tions about how litter is interacting with the environment.Scientists from the nonprofit advocacy group 5 Gyres pub-lished their findings this week in the peer-reviewed journalPLOS ONE. The researchers collected plastic from parts of theocean with nets and then used computer models to estimatethe extent of the garbage problem worldwide. They estimat-ed that 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic, weighing 269,000 tons,is distributed across the ocean. While that's a lot of trash,researchers found only one-hundredth as many sand-sizeparticles as their models had predicted.Small plastic pieces have been a matter of much debate inrecent months, because they are ingested by animals andcan cause the death of fish, birds, and other creatures.The new particles estimate is similar to that in a paper pub-lished in July in the Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences. That study found only 35,000 tons of small plasticparticles, while the researchers had expected to find millionsof tons. Where all the plastic is going in the ocean is a mys-tery, the lead scientist of the July study, Andres CozarCabañas, told National Geographic then. (Learn more aboutthat study's surprising findings.) Plastic production hasquadrupled since the 1980s, and wind, waves, and sun breakall that plastic into tiny bits."We don't know what this plastic is doing," Cozar said. "Theplastic is somewhere—in the ocean life, in the depths, or bro-ken down into fine particles undetectable by nets."The 5 Gyres researchers noted on Wednesday that the plas-tic may be washing up on beaches or sinking down to thebottom quicker than expected. They also suspected "UVdegradation, biodegradation, ingestion by organisms, [and]decreased buoyancy due to fouling organisms."The scientists discovered that the amount of plastic was sim-ilar in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, which theyfound surprising "given that inputs are substantially higher inthe northern than in the southern hemisphere," they wrote inthe study. It suggests plastic may be moving around moreeasily than people previously thought, the researchers said.Scientists have already noted that plastic in the ocean poseshazards to wildlife, from sea turtles to fish to corals.

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32

ith world leaders get-ting ready to give apolitical push to the

efforts to deal with the cli-mate change at a mega sum-mit in New York on September23, the World MeteorologicalOrganization (WMO) came outwith an alarming disclosuresaying the climate-damaginggreenhouse gases in theatmosphere reached a newrecord high in 2013, propelledby a surge in levels of carbondioxide. The shocking disclosure ispart of the WMO's annualGreenhouse Gas Bulletin,released in Geneva. The Bulletin ahead of the UNclimate summit assumes sig-nificance as it may infuse asense of urgency when worldleaders assemble in New Yorkon September 23 to discussways and means to arrive at aglobal climate deal in Parisnext year. The Greenhouse Gas Bulletinshowed that between 1990and 2013 there was a 34%increase in radiative forcing -the warming effect on our cli-mate - because of long-livedgreenhouse gases such ascarbon dioxide (CO2),methane and nitrous oxide. "In 2013, concentration ofCO2 in the atmosphere was142% of the pre-industrial era(1750), and of methane andnitrous oxide 253% and 121%respectively," said the WMO

report. It said, "The observationsfrom WMO's GlobalAtmosphere Watch (GAW)network showed that CO2 lev-els increased more between2012 and 2013 than duringany other year since 1984.Preliminary data indicatedthat this was possibly relatedto reduced CO2 uptake by theearth's biosphere in additionto the steadily increasing CO2emissions". The WMO Greenhouse GasBulletin reports on atmos-pheric concentrations - andnot emissions - of greenhousegases. Emissions representwhat goes into the atmos-phere. Concentrations representwhat remains in the atmos-phere after the complex sys-tem of interactions betweenthe atmosphere, biosphereand the oceans. About a quar-ter of the total emissions aretaken up by the oceans andanother quarter by the bios-phere, reducing in this waythe amount of CO2 in theatmosphere. The ocean cushions theincrease in CO2 that wouldotherwise occur in the atmos-phere, but with far-reachingimpacts. The current rate ofocean acidification appearsunprecedented at least overthe last 300 million years,according to an analysis in

the report. "We know without any doubtthat our climate is changingand our weather is becomingmore extreme due to humanactivities such as the burningof fossil fuels," said WMOSecretary-General MichelJarraud."The Greenhouse Gas Bulletinshows that, far from falling,the concentration of carbondioxide in the atmosphereactually increased last year atthe fastest rate for nearly 30years. We must reverse thistrend by cutting emissions ofCO2 and other greenhousegases across the board," hewas quoted as saying by theWMO's press statement,released in Geneva. "We are running out oftime....Carbon dioxideremains in the atmospherefor many hundreds of yearsand in the ocean for evenlonger. Past, present andfuture CO2 emissions willhave a cumulative impact onboth global warming andocean acidification. The lawsof physics are non-nego-tiable," said Jarraud. "The Greenhouse Gas Bulletinprovides a scientific base fordecision-making. We have theknowledge and we have thetools for action to try keeptemperature increases within2°C to give our planet achance and to give our chil-dren and grandchildren a

CLIMATE-DAMAGING GREENHOUSE GASESREACHED NEW RECORD HIGH IN 2014

W


VISHWA MOHAN

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future. Pleading ignorancecan no longer be an excusefor not acting," said Jarraud. "The inclusion of a section onocean acidification in thisissue of WMO's GreenhouseGas Bulletin is appropriateand needed. It is high time theocean, as the primary driverof the planet's climate andattenuator of climate change,becomesa central part of cli-mate change discussions,"said Wendy Watson-Wright,Executive Secretary of theI n t e r g o v e r n m e n t a lOceanographic Commissionof UNESCO. Atmospheric concentrations

Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide accounted for80% of the 34% increase inradiative forcing by long-livedgreenhouse gases from 1990to 2013, according to the USNational Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration(NOAA) Annual GreenhouseGas Index.

On the global scale,the amount of CO2 in theatmosphere reached 396.0parts per million in 2013. Theatmospheric increase of CO2from 2012 to 2013 was 2.9parts per million, which is thelargest annual increase forthe period 1984-2013.Concentrations of CO2 aresubject to seasonal andregional fluctuations. At thecurrent rate of increase, theglobal annual average CO2concentration is set to crossthe symbolic 400 parts permillion threshold in 2015 or2016.

MethaneMethane is the second most

important long-lived green-house gas. Approximately40% of methane is emittedinto the atmosphere by natur-al sources (e.g., wetlands andtermites), and about 60 %comes from human activitieslike cattle breeding, rice agri-culture, fossil fuel exploita-tion, landfills and biomassburning. Atmosphericmethane reached a new highof about 1824 parts per billion(ppb) in 2013, due toincreased emissions fromanthropogenic sources. Since2007, atmospheric methanehas been increasing againafter a temporary period oflevelling-off.

Nitrous oxide (N2O)Nitrous oxide is emitted intothe atmosphere from bothnatural (about 60%) andanthropogenic sources(approximately 40%), includ-ing oceans, soil, biomassburning, fertilizer use, andvarious industrial processes.Its atmospheric concentrationin 2013 was about 325.9 partsper billion. Its impact on cli-mate, over a 100-year period,

is 298 times greater thanequal emissions of carbondioxide. It also plays an impor-tant role in the destruction ofthe stratospheric ozone layerwhich protects us from theharmful ultraviolet rays of thesun.

Ocean acidificationFor the first time, this Bulletincontains a section on oceanacidification prepared in col-laboration with theInternational Ocean CarbonCoordination Project (IOCCP)of the IntergovernmentalOceanographic Commissionof UNESCO (IOC-Unesco), theScientific Committee onOceanic Research (SCOR),International CoordinationCentre (OA-ICC) of theInternational Atomic EnergyAgency (IAEA).The ocean currently absorbsone-fourth of anthropogenicCO2 emissions, reducing theincrease in atmospheric CO2that would otherwise occurbecause of fossil fuel combus-tion. Enhanced ocean CO2uptake alters the marine car-bonate system and lead toincreasing acidity. The ocean'sacidity increase is alreadymeasurable as oceans take upabout 4 kilograms of CO2 perday per person.

The current rate ofocean acidification appearsunprecedented at least overthe last 300 million years,based on proxy-data frompaleo archives. In the future,acidification will continue toaccelerate at least until mid-century, based on projectionsfrom Earth systemmodels.

33

"If global warming is nota strong enough reason tocut CO2 emissions, oceanacidification should be,since its effects arealready being felt and willincrease for many decadesto come. I echo WMOSecretary GeneralJarraud's concern - weARE running out oftime," she said.


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n the name of economicprogress, the rules and

regulations that safeguardIndia's environment, wildlife,forests, and indigenous rightsare under attack. Defenseprojects are being prioritized,the raising of the Narmadadam height has beenapproved (another 17 meters)and the Forest Rights andForest Conservation Acts havebeen diluted to quicken eco-nomic development in whathave been identified as"Naxal-affected" states whichcomprise the richest forestlands inhabited by the great-est number of Adivasis(indigenous communities). (Further, environmental clear-ances have been fast-trackedfor Hindustan Copper Ltd. toexpand mining in places suchas Jharkhand andMalanjkhand along withunprecedented clearances forOil & Natural Gas company. Itis estimated that environmen-tal damage costs for rushingthese projects will cost Indiaapproximately 3.75 trillionrupees per year (almost $62billion dollars per year) not tomention the innumerablepotential risks (such as con-trol loss of limbs) that willunevenly impact families inthese areas (all too oftenAdivasis, Dalits and religiousminorities). After running an

electioncampaign thatespoused theimportance ofpa r t i c ipa to rygovernance andd e v e l o p m e n tfor all, the Modiadministrationhas announcedplans to change

the rules under the ForestRights Act in a way that will nolonger require mandatoryconsent of affected forestcommunities before diversionof forests lands for non-forestuses takes place. For more onForest Rights Act and raisingof Narmada Dam height seeDevelopment and Minoritiessections of this report.)A special committee has beenput in place to suggest"changes" to environmentallaws which will be the primarymechanism through whichkey provisions in existing lawswill be weakened. In just threemonths, according to theGovernment of India'sMinistry of Environment,Forests and Climate Change,the Modi administration hasgiven clearances to: (1) sevendifferent entities in the coalsector including the expan-sion of open cast projects, (2)sixteen different entities inthe industrial sector (3) nineentities in the mining sector(4) one Special EconomicZone in Andhra Pradesh, and(5) seven thermal power pro-jects. And despite talkingabout solar, Modi's govern-ment has exempted coalmines from public hearings forthe expansion of a largeswatch of coal mines.While in general, faster mov-

ing transparentg o v e r n m e n t

processes facilitated throughonline technology arerequired and desired, theModi government's predilec-tion for protecting private cor-porations at the expense ofthe welfare of the public, doesnot bode well for the environ-ment nor the well-being of themajority of India's peoples.2. Environmental officialschange pollution measuringindex and lift previous mora-torium on factory projectswithin 8 of India's most pollut-ed industrial areas.Modi ran on a platform ofdevelopment promising toexpedite environmental clear-ances in its service. On June10, 2014, Environment andForests Minister PrakashJavadekar, suspended the for-mer United ProgressiveAlliance (UPA) government'sSeptember 17, 2013 orderthat had re-imposed a mora-torium on several CriticallyPolluted Areas (CPA). Theseare defined as those withC o m p r e h e n s i v eEnvironmental Pollution Index(CEPI) scores greater than 70.The CEPI is a metric devisedby Indian Institute ofTechnology (Delhi) that isused by the Central PollutionControl Board (CPCB) to rateand compare pollution inindustrial clusters acrossIndia. The previous UPA gov-ernment had asked the CPCBto review the CEPI and theModi government used adelay in the review as anexcuse to suspend the mora-torium. While the Modi gov-ernment is allegedly all aboutefficiency, it has given theCPCB an entire year to review

FOCUS

MMODI AND THE EENVIRONMENTIn his first 100 days…

I

ROMESH JOSHI

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the index.The BJP 2014 Election mani-festo promised that "decision-making on environment clear-ances will be made transpar-ent as well as time-bound,"but the decision to suspendthe moratorium has neitherbeen defended nor has thedecision-making processbeen made transparent.When it comes to the word"environment," the Modi gov-ernment simply means envi-ronment for investment andrapid growth at the cost of thenatural environment includ-ing plants, animals, and ruralpopulations.3. Climate Unchanged.Modi's response to the threatof global warming is dismal atbest. He recently remarked,"Climate change? Is this ter-minology correct? The realityis this that in our family, somepeople are old … They saythis time the weather is cold-er. And, people's ability tobear cold becomes less."Further, he has refused toattend the United NationsSpecial Summit on ClimateChange, making it even moreunlikely that the US, China,and India (the 3 biggest cli-mate polluters), will forge aglobal agreement. The Modibudget is filled with a growthagenda that appears to becommitted to pollute evenmore and make the greenagenda subservient to thecorporate agenda all buriedunder the rhetoric of sustain-ability. While there is muchtalk about supplying potablewater infrastructure, there isno discussion about risk miti-gation for the shrinking ofHimalayan glaciers that sup-ply water to rivers in NorthIndia. This is not just a threatto the water supply but alsoto energy, which is suppliedby hydroelectric projects.

PREVVIOUSLY, IN GGUJARAT……

1. Protecting private corpora-tions at the people's expense" Multiple articles,reports and clearly violatedenvironmental rules andclearances, they are yet to beheld accountable. Modi's rela-tionship with the Adani con-glomerate continues to beubiquitous since his election." Gujarat, one of India'smost highly industrializedstates has paved the way forSpecial Economic Zonesadvancing its developmentvision under the banner ofeconomic revival that haswidely circulated as "VibrantGujarat." This developmenttrend has utilized innumer-able SEZ's (over-privilegingfree-market principles ofincreased trade and invest-ment) to takeover ecological-ly-distressed coastlines inGujarat, seriously impactingalready marginalized commu-nities including farmers, fish-er people, saltpan workersand grazers." The majority ofIndustries operating inGujarat do so without envi-ronmental clearances or con-tinue to work illegally. One ofModi's senior ministers inGujarat, Babubhai Bokhiriawas sentenced to three yearsof jail by a court in Porbandarfor illegal limestone mining inJune 2013.2. Pollution and Gujarat" In 2010, India'sCentral Pollution ControlBoard of India proclaimedGujarat the most pollutedstate of India because itaccounts for 29% of all ofIndia's hazardous waste." The Sabarmati River inGujarat has the dubious dis-tinction of being one of India'smost polluted rivers in India;a recent scientific study con-firms the extent of the pollu-tion. The Sabarmati RiverfrontDevelopment Project, herald-

ed as the project that will"reconnect Ahmedabad to itsriver," has done nothing toalleviate its pollution, butinstead has led to thedestruction of people'shomes, sometimes in viola-tion of Gujarat High Courtorders. In 2012, the CentralPollution Control Boardannounced three Gujaratrivers to be the most pollutedin India." Since 2009, the Vapiand Ankleshwar industrialareas in Gujarat have consis-tently topped the CEPI scoresin the critically polluted arealist, i.e. with CEPI scores over80. Due to these serious pol-lution levels, the Ministry ofEnvironment and Forestsbanned all Gujarat new pro-jects and expansion projectsin 2010 in the industrial clus-ter of Vapi in SouthernGujarat. In 2011, the ban waslifted after the GujaratPollution Control Boardpromised to implementactionable plans to improveair quality, but no action wastaken and in 2013 the pollu-tion index was only reducedmarginally (85.31). Gujaratremains on the top of India'spollution chart; the ban wasre-imposed in September2013." Independent sourcessuch as the ParyavaranSuraksha Samiti(Environmental ProtectionCommittee) have document-ed the extent of pollution inGujarat's "Golden Corridor."3. Gujarat unable to producestatewide climate action plan" After winning interna-tional praise for establishing aGujarat Climate ChangeDepartment, Modi's govern-ment was unable to produce astatewide climate action planby 2013, even as 25 otherstates in India were ableto follow through.

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t was widely believed tobe one of the 'extinct'species of the planet

until, fortunately, a smallpopulation of pygmy hogs -the smallest and rarest pigof the wild - was sighted inthe wilderness of ManasNational Park (MNP) andBarnadi Reserve Forest inlower Assam in the earlyseventies. By the mid-nineties, however, the ani-mal could be found only inMNP and nowhere else inthe world.It took a while before a full-fledged plan of action couldbe initiated to save andprotect pygmy hogs in acaptive breeding centrethat started in 1995 inBasistha area of Guwahati.The survival saga of theunique pygmy hog (Porculasalvania), which began thus,presents a grand successstory to celebrate.The pygmy hog is one of themost vulnerable mammals inthe world, only 25 inches inlength, 10 inches in heightand 8-9 kilogram in weight. Italso presents a crucial indica-tor for the survival of a num-ber of endangered speciesincluding the one-horned rhi-noceros (Rhinoceros unicor-nis), tiger (Panthera tigris),eastern barasingha (Rucervusduvaucelii ranjitsinhi), waterbuffalo (Bubalus arnee),hispid hare (Caprolagushispidus) and Bengal florican(Houbaropsis bengalensis).A total population of 85 in dif-

ferent groups of this uniquespecies has been released inoriginal habitats at differenttimes during the period sinceits sighting. On 15 Novemberthis year, three pygmy hogswere given to the Assam StateZoo for display to its visitors,thus making it the only zoo inthe world that can boast ofthis unique mammal species.Zoo authorities have alsoexpressed hope that there willbe another captive breedingcentre inside the zoo, provid-ed everything goes asplanned.This journey, though a suc-cessful one, however, has notbeen painless, at least for DrGoutam Narayan, the Directorof the Pygmy HogConservation Programme

(PHCP), who has devoted agood part of his life to the con-servation, protection and sur-vival of this unique species inboth captive breeding centresand in its natural habitat.Narayan also came to knowthat this unique species hadbeen reduced to a minisculepopulation and was extremelyvulnerable. Although it wasonce abundant throughoutthe entire stretch of thesouthern Himalayan foothills,covering a huge area of UP,Nepal, West Bengal andAssam, only a few remaininghad been sighted in theBarnadi Reserve Forest andMNP. Not a single member ofthe species existed either inprivate possession, or in anycaptive breeding centre.


The tiny creature that has madethe Assam zoo famous!

The Assam State Zoo opened its doors to three pygmy hogs, becoming the only zoo in the world tohouse this critically endangered species. Ratna Bharali Talukdar reports on an ongoing project that's

trying to save the animal and its habitats in the face of all odds.

I

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37

This made him think deeplyabout doing something to aidthe survival of the pygmy hog.Narayan had already under-gone rigorous training on cap-tive breeding in New JerseyIsland of the United Kingdom.In 1995, he got an opportuni-ty to work with William Oliver,under the Durrell WildlifeConservation Trust's PygmyHog Conservation Programme(PHCP). Since then, there hasbeen no looking back, hesays. The objectives of the captivebreeding initiative were con-servation breeding of thespecies with the aim to re-introduce them in selectedareas from where they haddisappeared; upgrading andprotection of these originalhabitation sites; carrying outextensive field research forfuture management practices,and most importantly moni-toring the re-introduced popu-lations, while monitoring andmodifying management prac-tices.

RE-INTRODUCTION IN ORIGINAL

HABITAT

Captive breeding started withtwo male and four pregnantfemale pygmy hogs capturedfrom MNP in 1996. The popu-lation increased to 35 in 1997,and subsequently rose to 77in 2001. This marked a 13-foldincrease within a period of sixyears!

Re-introduction in nat-ural habitats started in 2008with the release of 12 pygmyhogs in Sonai-Rupai Wildlifesanctuary. But a pre-releaseenclosure or provision of asecond site became neces-sary, as till then the captivepopulation of the pygmy hogsat Basistha had been the onlyhome of the entire global pop-ulation of captive pygmyhogs.The pre-release centre wasset up at Potasali in Nameri

Tiger Reserve where a holdingenclosure and three large pre-release enclosures were con-structed to make the animalsfamiliar with the natural habi-tat. A behavioural study, too,proved that the captive-bredhogs started behaving likewild animals within a monthand had learnt how to survivein the wild.After about five months in thepre-release enclosures in asemi-wild environment, thehogs were taken to the re-introduction site where theywere kept in a smaller enclo-sure for 2-3 days before beingallowed to escape to the wild.The re-integration exerciseproved to be very successful,leading to successive re-intro-duction in different habitats.In all, 50 (23 male, 27 female)pygmy hogs have beenreleased in the OrangNational park, while 35 (18male and 17 female) havebeen released in the SonaiRupai National Park at differ-ent times over the years sincethe inception of the project.The pygmy hog is rarely sight-ed in the wild because of itselusive character, and onecan mostly sense its presencethrough the nests and drop-pings, points out Narayan.The tall grass, in which it sur-vives, makes it difficult for thetiny creature to be spottedeasily in a wild environment.The State Zoo would, there-fore, definitely provide aninteresting opportunity for vis-itors to see this rare wild pigspecies."The released hogs are beingmonitored with encouragingresults - young hoglets born inthe wild have been recordedevery year after release.Radio telemetry studies haverevealed that the releasedhogs are also dispersing tooccupy grassland areas up to3 km from the release loca-

tions. Suitable grassland habi-tats in the former range of thespecies are also beingassessed to identify morerelease sites" adds a content-ed Narayan.Three more (one male, twofemale) pygmy hogs werecaptured from the wildernessof the Bansbari range of MNPduring May 2013, in order tomaintain and improve het-erozygosity of the captivepopulation.

OTHER THREATS

It is not just ecological fragili-ty that poses a challenge forconservationists. Despite itssuccessful attempts so far insaving the endangered ani-mal, the PHCP has been fac-ing an acute funds crunch oflate, as most of the projectsfunded by different agencieshave already been successful-ly completed."Fortunately, I was selectedfor the "Save The Species"award by the Royal Bank ofScotland during 2014. As partof the award I received Rs.1.5lakh. As the PHCP is facingserious financial problems, Ihave donated the entire sumof the award money towardscontinuation of the project. Iam afraid we may have toclose down the programme inthe future, if such a situationpersists for long. We have alsobeen trying to raise funds indifferent ways; for example,we have approached the Oiland Natural Gas Corporationto see if they can donatesome amount from itsCorporate SocialResponsibility fund," says aworried Narayan.One can only hope that anentire generation that maynever have seen the pygmyhog, but for the efforts of thePHCP, will rally to ensure thatit can continue in its commit-ment to keep biodiversityalive.


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Land rejuvenation, whichwould take three to four yearsin the ideal swidden systemsof the past, now necessitatesfallow cycles of five to sevenyears or even more in the nthe interior pockets of thewestern Odisha districts, forexample in Kashipur blockwhich comes under Rayagadadistrict.The fallow cycles haveincreased along with risingloss in productivity. The latternecessitates bringing increas-ing acreage of land undershifting cultivation, setting inmotion a downward spiral ofland degradation and ecologi-cal imbalances. All this hascaused impoverishmentamongst the tribal communi-ties at multiple levels, leadingto distress migration, increas-ing malnutrition among allages, higher susceptibility todiseases and infections whichagain lowers earning capaci-ties, land alienation andincreasing indebtedness.

It is in this backdrop thatAma Sangathan (Women'sFederation) - a sister organi-zation of Agragamee (theState Resource Centre forAdult and ContinuingEducation in the district) hav-ing a membership of 25women's organisations known

as Mahila Mandals (MM) and1200 tribal women membersin total -proposed to theIndigenous PeoplesAssistance Facility (IPAF) aproject entitled,

THE RATIONALE OF ECO-VILLAGE

DEVELOPMENT

The project aimed toenable targeted village com-munities to develop a modelfor reversal of ecologicaldegradation of their lands andcommons by combining tradi-tional knowledge systemswith agro ecological models.This was hoped to pave theway for the development ofviable eco-village models thatcould be up-scaled and repli-cated in other villages andpanchayats.

Another key objective ofthe project was to build onwomen's role as traditionalkeepers of the commons, byhelping them demonstrateviable alternatives to shifting

cultivation. Thethrust in generalwould be onestablishing apeople and mores p e c i f i c a l l ywomen-centredmodel for thegovernance ofthe commonsthat would pro-

vide for the livelihood as wellas income needs of a tribalcommunity in a sustainablemanner.

Alongside these, the pro-ject would make use ofenabling laws to help tribalcommunities have institution-al and legal access to landand Natural ResourceManagement (NRM) in gener-al, and help establish sustain-able and eco-friendly prac-tices of land use, helping trib-al communities to preserveand develop their indigenousseed resources.During theproject period between 2012and July 2014, 157 farmers inall from the 25 villages wereprovided necessary farminputs in terms of saplings ofmango, litchi and farm yardmanure for their lands cover-ing 326.70 acres (130.68hectares) in totality. Wagelabour was also provided to

POSITIVE TIDINGS

Food security, courtesyOdisha's tribal women

n 25 villages across Rayagada district of Odisha, tribal village women havereclaimed the denuded commons and achieved a remarkable turnaround in food

security and livelihoods through eco-friendly alternatives to shifting cultivation.

I

"Reclaiming the commonswith women's power: Eco-vil-lage development in tribalOdisha". This was finallysanctioned in the year 2012.

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the stakeholders for fencingof the plots, pit digging andother necessary preparationsof the land.

Apart from it, four MahilaMandals were provided agroinputs to develop 100 acres(40 hectares) of common landthrough fencing, stone bund-ing and plantation of mango,litchi along with minor milletsas intercropping. Intercropping being one ofthe integral components ofthe project, a range of veg-etable and pulses such asbeans, bottle gourd, tomato,ragi, arhar, and koting wereprovided to the members ofthe MM over the period 2012-2014. "The space betweenthe mango and cashew treesare judiciously used for grow-ing a series of vegetables andpulses which is altogether anew practice of intercroppingin the region," says a proudJamuna Majhi.

DEVELOPMENT OF INDIVIDUAL

FARMLAND

Under the IPAF Eco-VillageDevelopment project, individ-ual families were also includ-ed, where each selected fam-

ily was provided fruitsaplings, seeds of pulses, mil-

lets and vegetables for inter-cropping. Wage labour wasalso provided to the benefi-ciaries for land preparation,pit digging and fencing of theboundaries of the individualplots.

BORDER PLANTATION

Keeping in mind firewood andfodder needs, several plantslike simarua, acacia, chakun-da, and karanjia have beenplanted along the border areaof the Mahila Mandal commonland. Such plants usuallygrow at a faster pace andneed no special care unlikefruit-bearing trees. Borderplantation has multiple bene-fits - it strengthens the exist-

ing fencing of thecommon land andalso provides fire-wood for thehearth. Indeed,these will signifi-cantly reduce theburden of the vil-lage women whoearlier had totrudge miles forcollecting fire-wood.Sumitra Majhi,one of the mem-

bers of the MM, shares, "Ittook around two months of

rigorous manual labour todevelop and protect the land.Under the project, 300 mangoand 300 cashew saplingswere provided to us duringthe year 2012-2013. The mor-tality rate of the mango andcashew plants were 20 per-cent and 30 percent respec-tively in the first year. In thesubsequent year 2014, 115saplings of mango were pro-vided to the MM to fill in forthe plants that did not survivethe year before."

THE MALIGAON MAHILA MANDAL

Initially, a series of sensitisa-tion meetings were conduct-ed in Maligaon, one of the vil-lages in the block, where mul-tiple benefits of the develop-ment of common land andsettled agriculture wereshared. Relevant documen-tary films on NRM and sus-tainable agriculture werescreened, finally motivatingthe villagers in general andwomen in particular toembark upon the mission ofEco-Village development.Members of the MaligaonMahila Mandal in front of theircashew plant on commonland. Pic courtesy: AbhijitMohanty

AN EXPERT IN MULTI-TIER

AGRICULTURE

Take, for example, the case ofKuntala Majhi - a womanfarmer from Maligaon village,who has earned repute for hersuccess in terraced land culti-vation in her two acres ofpatta land. In fact, she is nowconsidered a maestro inmulti-tier cultivation oforchards and a range of puls-es, grams, and vegetables.


Project coverage and farminputs

With these objectives in view, theproject was taken up in 25 villagesof Chandragiri and MandibisiGram Panchayats of Kashipurblock. In the targeted areas effortswere made to mobilise for devel-opment of the different eco-systemservices including food, fire-wood, fodder, timber, through anintegrated systems approach.

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40

INSIDE VIEW : COVER STORY


he term pesticide coversa wide range of com-

pounds including insecticides,fungicides, herbicides,Rodenticides, Molluscicides,Nematicides, plant growthregulators and others. Amongthese, Organochlorine (OC)insecticides, used successful-ly in controlling a number ofdiseases, such as malaria andtyphus, were banned orrestricted after the 1960s inmost of the technologicallyadvanced countries. Theintroduction of other syntheticinsecticides - organophos-phate (OP) insecticides in the1960s, Carbamates in 1970sand Pyrethroids in 1980s andthe introduction of herbicidesand fungicides in the 1970s-1980s contributed greatly topest control and agriculturaloutput. Ideally a pesticidemust be lethal to the targetedpests, but not to non-targetspecies, including man.Unfortunately, this is not thecase, so the controversy ofuse and abuse of pesticideshas surfaced. The rampantuse of these chemicals, underthe adage, "if little is good, alot more will be better" hasplayed havoc with human andother life forms.The production of pesticides

started in India in1952 with the establishmentof a plant for the production ofBHC near Calcutta, and Indiais now the second largestmanufacturer of pesticides inAsia after China and rankstwelfth globally. There hasbeen a steady growth in theproduction of technical gradepesticides in India. The pattern of pesticide usagein India is different from thatfor the world in general. InIndia 76% of the pesticideused is insecticide, as against44% globally. The use of her-bicides and fungicides is cor-

respondingly less heavy. Themain use of pesticides in Indiais for cotton crops (45%), fol-lowed by paddy and wheat.Toxic pesticides represent agreat threat to human healthand the environment. TheUnited Nations reports thatthe quantity and range of newand existing chemicals,including toxic pesticides, isgrowing rapidly in developingcountries and is compromis-ing human health and theenvironment.Pesticides contaminateecosystems and kill beneficialorganisms or severely impairtheir health. Over 95% ofapplied pesticides miss their

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target species, reaching near-by people, wildlife, water-ways, soil, and air. Endosulfanaerial spraying in Kasargod(Kerala), contaminated soiland water, which led tosevere health impacts on peo-ple in the community.Pesticides are a major threatto bees. The global decline ofthe bee population has beenlinked to pesticides, throughpoisoning, which has broughta direct loss of livelihood tobeekeepers. In Kasargod(Kerala), the honeybees wereaffected and almost wiped outby the spraying of Endosulfan.The decline of bees, firstnoticed in Europe and theUnited States is now seen inChina and Japan. Mass deathof bees at a global level posesa threat to food securitybecause it directly affectscrop pollination and endan-gers the livelihood of millionsof farmers.Genetically engineered cropshas increased pesticide use,particularly of herbicides, thatin addition to contaminatingsoil and water, has caused aproliferation of weeds resis-tant to the herbicides intend-ed to kill them.Fertilizers and pesticides bothhave definite pros and consassociated with their use.Both types of chemical tendto increase yields, and thusmake a significant differencein food production, particular-ly in countries that struggleperiodically with famines. Onthe other hand, they both cancause water pollution whenerosion carries the chemicalsoff of farms along with erodedsoils after each rainfall. Thereis also concern by someauthorities that pesticidespose a risk, not only to non

target animal and plantspecies, but to humans aswell. Plants require a numberof soil nutrients like nitrogen,phosphorus and sulfur fortheir growth. But, soil nutri-ent levels can decrease overtime when crop plants areharvested, as nutrients arenot returned to the soil.Hence, these essential nutri-ents needs to be compensat-ed either through the naturalprocess of decomposition,when plants die and decay,and the nutrients extractedfrom the soil return to the soilor by the easy means ofadding fertilizers. Today fertil-izer has become essential tomodern agriculture to feedthe growing population.Use of fertilizers, especially,the chemical fertilizers hasbrought in blessings onhumanity, which helped con-tain hunger and death in dif-ferent corners of the world.Though chemical fertilizersincrease crop production;their overuse has hardenedthe soil, decreased fertility,strengthened pesticides, pol-luted air and water, andreleased greenhouse gases,thereby bringing hazards tohuman health and environ-ment as well. It has alreadybeen proved how chemicalfertilizers pose serious chal-lenges to the balanced andsustainable growth.Accordingly, scientists andresearchers are seen arguingin favor of organic fertilizersas the best solution to avoidsoil pollution and many otherthreats to environment andlife caused by overuse ofchemical fertilizers. Since salt content is one ofthe most critical characteris-tics of chemical fertilizers;

they are expected to be harm-ful to agriculture in the longrun as salts are harmful forplants as well as soil.Continuous use of thesechemical fertilizers depletesessential soil nutrients andminerals that are naturallyfound in fertile soil. When weuse chemical fertilizers; theydo not help replenish soilnutrients and its fertility con-trary to the popular belief;but, replenish only nitrogen,potassium and phosphorous.And we know phosphorousdoes not dissolve in water andits overuse may cause hard-ening of soil. Likewise alka-line fertilizers like sodium-nitrate develop alkalinity insoil reducing its fertility andmaking it barren. So to say;soil fertility and vegetationdepend much on the balancedsupply of essential nutrientsand minerals. As such,overuse of specific nutrientsmay cause imbalance in thesupply of soil nutrients furtherresulting in soil degradationand the loss of equilibrium ofa stable soil. Though chemicalfertilizers will help plants growfaster; plants will not behealthy and strong as plantsgrown in that manner do nothave enough time to matureto develop a good rootgrowth, strong stems, or nutri-tious fruits and vegetables.Even they will be less likely tosurvive because they will bemore susceptible to pests anddiseases as they lack goodimmune system and enoughresistance against theseforces. Besides this, chemicalfertilizers can cause root burnor fertilizer burn, as chemicalfertilizers do not allow enoughwater intake for the plants. Asalready said; chemical fertiliz-

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ers are high in nitrogen salts,and when the nitrogen isabsorbed by soil too quickly; itwill dehydrate and dry up theplant. But, organic fertilizersare not like them; they areslow release which will allowtime for microbial activity tobreak down the organic mate-rials in the fertilizers. Whenwe talk of microbial activity;we need to remember thatnatural microbes; whichinclude beneficial insects, fun-gus, and bacteria found in thesoil, are very much helpful forhealthy soil and plant growth.Needless to say, use of chem-ical fertilizers will kill thesesoil friendly micro organisms.In their larger threat to envi-ronment, animals and humanhealth; chemical fertilizers willultimately end up leaking intoour water bodies; ponds,streams, ground water etcand contaminate water supplyas a result of which humansas well as animals may suffernumerous short term and longterm hazardous chemicaleffects on their health andbody. In reply to this, organicfertilizers will be the rightsolution without which gar-dening and growing healthyand natural food and cropscould be possible.Benefits of FertilizersThere is no doubt that fertiliz-ers increase yields of cropsaround the world. Use of mod-ern fertilizers exploded afterWorld War II. New, ammonia-based fertilizers also fed theprocess of specialization thatwas occurring in agriculture.Farmers rotated crops less,which led more quickly to soilexhaustion. Fertilizer comes inmany forms, from chemicalproducts to old grass clip-pings. By providing nutrients

like nitrogen, fertilizers helpplants thrive despite thethreat of weeds and disease.Organic fertilizers, likemanure, improve the fertilityof soil by feeding microorgan-isms in the soil, reducing ero-sion and keeping soil wellhydrated. Grass clippings,scattered on the lawn, are aform of fertilizer that providesvaluable phosphorus, nitrogenand potassium and can behad for free .

Though fertilizers have theirbenefits, there are also down-sides to their use, particularlywith regard to synthetic fertil-izers. Phosphorus from fertiliz-er can cause algae to accu-mulate in lakes and ponds,killing fish by robbing them ofoxygen. Fertilizers can alsocontaminate water with anoverabundance of phosphatesand nitrates, making it unsafefor consumption. Oxidizednitrogen, a byproduct of syn-thetic fertilizers, also increas-es smog, which may be relat-ed to higher incidence of res-piratory illness and asthma.Benefits of pesticidesThe primary benefits are theconsequences of the pesti-cides' effects - the directgains expected from their use.It follows that for secondarybenefits it is therefore moredifficult to establish cause andeffect, but nevertheless theycan be powerful justificationsfor pesticide use. There arevarious secondary benefitsidentified, ranging from fitterpeople to conserved biodiver-sity. Tremendous benefitshave been derived from theuse of pesticides in forestry,public health and the domes-tic sphere - and, of course, in

agriculture, a sector uponwhich the Indian economy islargely dependent. Food grainproduction has increasedalmost fourfold from an per-manently cropped land. Thisresult has been achieved bythe use of high-yield varietiesof seeds, advanced irrigationtechnologies and agriculturalchemicals. Similarly outputsand productivity haveincreased dramatically inmost countries, for examplewheat yields in the UnitedKingdom, corn yields in theUSA. Increases in productivityhave been due to several fac-tors including use of fertilizer,better varieties and use ofmachinery. Pesticides havebeen an integral part of theprocess by reducing lossesfrom the weeds, diseases andinsect pests that can marked-ly reduce the amount of har-vestable produce."Considerable economic loss-es" would be suffered withoutpesticide use and quantifiedthe significant increases inyield and economic marginthat result from pesticide use.Moreover, in the environmentmost pesticides undergo pho-tochemical transformation toproduce metabolites whichare relatively non-toxic toboth human beings and theenvironment .Herbicides provided both aneconomic and labour benefit.Vector-borne diseases aremost effectively tackled bykilling the vectors.Insecticides are often the onlypractical way to control theinsects that spread deadlydiseases such as malaria .Malaria is one of the leadingcauses of morbidity and mor-tality in the developing worldand a major public health

DRAWBACKS OF FERTILIZER

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problem in India. Disease con-trol strategies are cruciallyimportant also for livestock.It has been observed that adiet containing fresh fruit andvegetables far outweighpotential risks from eatingvery low residues of pesti-cides in crops. Increasing evi-dence shows that eating fruitand vegetables regularlyreduces the risk of many can-cers, high blood pressure,heart disease, diabetes,stroke, and other chronic dis-eases.The transport sector makesextensive use of pesticides,particularly herbicides.Herbicides and insecticidesare used to maintain the turfon sports pitches, cricketgrounds and golf courses.Insecticides protect buildingsand other wooden structuresfrom damage by termites andwood boring insects.According to the Institute ofEnvironmental HealthSciences, the term pesticideincludes chemicals used tocontrol insects, fungi andweeds. Pesticides serve manyfunctions, some of which aremore essential to society thanothers. Pesticides can preventcrop failure, control invasiveplants, or promote a uniformlygreen lawn. Some pesticidesreduce blemishes on fruit andvegetables, ensuring that agreater proportion of the cropis marketable The top benefitof pesticides is their effective-ness against pests that wouldotherwise decimate cropslarge and small. By controllinginsects and rodents, pesti-cides prevent the spread ofdisease and protect buildingsfrom termite infestations.Pesticides also keep the priceof clothing and food down by

eliminating predators thatwould destroy crops, raisingthe cost of things like cornand cotton. Even surgicalinstruments and operatingrooms are disinfected withpesticides, according to theEnvironmental ProtectionAgency.

If the credits of pesticidesinclude enhanced economicpotential in terms of increasedproduction osf food and fiber,and amelioration of vector-borne diseases, then theirdebits have resulted in seri-ous health implications toman and his environment.There is now overwhelmingevidence that some of thesechemicals do pose a potentialrisk to humans and other lifeforms and unwanted sideeffects to the environment .No segment of the populationis completely protectedagainst exposure to pesticidesand the potentially serious

health effects, though a dis-proportionate burden, isshouldered by the people ofdeveloping countries and byhigh risk groups in each coun-try . The world-wide deathsand chronic diseases due topesticide poisoning numberabout 1 million per year. Thehigh risk groups exposed topesticides include productionworkers, formulators,sprayers, mixers, loaders andagricultural farm workers.During manufacture and for-mulation, the possibility ofhazards may be higherbecause the processesinvolved are not risk free. Inindustrial settings, workersare at increased risk sincethey handle various toxicchemicals including pesti-cides, raw materials, toxic sol-vents and inert carriers.OC compounds could pollutethe tissues of virtually everylife form on the earth, the air,the lakes and the oceans, thefishes that live in them andthe birds that feed on the fish-es. Certain environmentalchemicals, including pesti-cides termed as endocrinedisruptors, are known to elicittheir adverse effects by mim-icking or antagonising naturalhormones in the body and ithas been postulated that theirlong-term, low-dose exposureis increasingly linked tohuman health effects such asimmune suppression, hor-mone disruption, diminishedintelligence, reproductiveabnormalities and cancer."By reducing the use of pesti-cides and fertilizers, by buy-ing less toxic products and byfollowing some of the belowtips, can help to reduce theabove risks."

DIRECT IMPACT ON HUMANS

PLANT NATIVE

VEGETATION SPECIES

* Use compost insteadof chemical fertilizers .Plant low-mmaintenancevegetation .* Do not use more fer-tilizer than is recom-mended on the label .* With properConsultation with thesuppliers andgroundskeepers con-cerning grass mixturesand plants that willthrive in the area withminimal fertilizer.

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In the aftermath of the floodsof June 2013, serious ques-tions were raised aboutwhether and the extent towhich the construction ofthese projects had con-tributed to and aggravatedthe impacts of the naturalcalamity. The Governmentrefused to accord this issuethe seriousness it deserved,till the Supreme Court, inAugust 2013, in a case relat-ed to one of the hydropowerprojects, ordered theGovernment to set up anexpert body (EB) to look intothese issues. TheGovernment set up the body,headed by Ravi Chopra, only

on 15 October 2013. Thereport of the EB - dealingmainly with the Bhagirathiand Alaknanda basins - hasbeen submitted in April 2014,but there has been relativelylittle discussion on this,although the Supreme Courtis seized of the matter withthe next hearing coming up inOctober 2014. Given that,and the fact that it deals withan issue that is so serious andone that forms part of a high-visibility agenda of the newgovernment, it is important tolook at this report in detail.The EB was given severalissues to study and providerecommendations. Some of


Will selective plans for the Ganga work?he rejuvenation and cleaning of the Ganga is one of the big items on the agenda of the newgovernment at the centre. It's one of the projects with high visibility. While the comprehen-sive plans to achieve this clean up and rejuvenation are still to be released, we have seen

various pronouncements on what this will involve.

TOne hears the words "aviral dhara"and "nirmal dhara". There is talk ofresolving the issue of pollution dueto industries and sewage. The gov-ernment has also announced plansto make the stretch from Allahabadto Haldia a commercial navigationwaterway. In this plethora of plansand schemes, however, one impor-tant part of the Ganga seems to beconspicuous by its absence.This is the upper Ganga basin, withits many important tributaries likeBhagirathi and Alaknanda, themany places of religious and cultur-al import, and of course, the part ofthe basin that has several hundreddams and hydropower in operation,under construction or in thepipeline.

POONAM UPADHYAY

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the critical ones are as fol-lows:Assess whether the existingand ongoing/under construc-tion hydropower projects havecontributed to environmentaldegradation … whether theyhave contributed to thetragedy that occurred at

Uttarakhand in the month ofJune, 2013…evaluate how farHEPs have contributed to theaggravation of damagecaused by downstream floods.Examine… Wildlife Institute ofIndia (WII)report, as towhether the proposed 24 pro-jects in Uttarakhand are caus-ing significant impact on theBiodiversity of Alaknanda &Bhagirathi river basins.Study the cumulative effectsof proposed and existingbumper to bumper & run ofriver schemes and on thisbasis review existingCumulative ImpactAssessment Reports.In respect of these Terms ofReference, the EB has broadlyfound that the hydropowerprojects have indeed con-

tributed to environmentaldegradation, and have aggra-vated the damage caused bythe tragedy of June 2013.Moreover, the EB also foundthat the 24 projects looked atby the WII would have seriousimpacts on the bio-diversityand have recommended that

many of these bedropped.The EB found thatmost of these complaintswere brushed aside by theproject proponents andtheir "experts". Even with-in the EB, some membersdisagreed that construc-tion activity, including tun-neling, could have suchimpacts, but the EB overallfound enough grounds tothink that this is a signifi-cant issue.The Government hasclaimed that the Tehri damactually saved the down-stream areas includingHaridwar as it held backlarge floods; the EB reporttoo acknowledges that thedam did attenuate someof the floods, but

describes this only as fortu-itous as the floods occurredbefore the monsoons, whenthe Tehri dam was not filledup. At other times, it could nothave performed this role as itis not designed for it. Moreimportantly, the report notesthat:

"A ground survey ofthe inundation analysiscarried out by THDC[Tehri HydropowerD e v e l o p m e n tCorporation] on thebasis of which itclaimed to have savedHaridwar from drown-ing raised doubtsabout the accuracy ofthe computer generat-ed inundation maps. Itis therefore not clearhow much of Haridwarwould have beenaffected if the Tehridam had not beenthere."

Response of theGovernment

Interestingly, the Governmenthas yet to formulate or makepublic its response to this report.As the EB report has made sever-al far-reaching recommenda-tions, the official response wouldbe indicative of whether thisGovernment is willing to takedecisions that may change thefundamentals of interventions inriver basins, or whether it wouldbe business as usual. It may alsobe the first sign of whether theplans to rejuvenate the Ganga arelikely to break new ground.

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In response, the (then) Minister of Statefor MoEF, Smt. Jayanthi Natarajan, pre-sented a list of activities and programmesconducted by the MoEF for regulating airpollution in Indian cities; in the Annexurethe minister presented the annual aver-ages of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen diox-ide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM10)pollution measured in Delhi over the peri-od from 2000 to 2010.The data gave rise to more questions thanit answered. Between 2001 and 2005, thePM10 pollution just about remained con-stant, but has since risen more than 2.5times. In 2010, PM10 concentrations aver-aged 260 microgram per cubic metre,which is four times the national annualstandard and 13 times higher than theguidelines stipulated by the World HealthOrganization (WHO).This means, whatever the benefits mayhave been of converting buses and auto-rickshaws to CNG were lost and overtakenby 2005, with emissions from more vehi-cles on the road and other sources. Morerecently, in November, 2014, the continu-ous monitoring stations operated by theDelhi Pollution Control Committee, oftenreported PM10 readings above 400 micro-gram per cubic metre.

WILL BANNING OLDER VEHICLES CLEAN THE AIR IN DELHI?

Banning older vehiclesIn November, the National Green Tribunal (NGT)proposed to ban all vehicles older than 15 years onthe roads of Delhi, and introduce congestion tax, inorder to address the growing air pollution problemin the city.It is a known fact that older vehicles are the mostpolluting. In 2014, a 15-year span includes vehiclesintroduced in 1999 or 2000, when the first set of theBharat fuel standards (equivalent of Euro fuel stan-dards) were introduced. In 2014, all the newer vehi-cles are of Bharat-IV standard and the fuel suppliedat Delhi's petrol stations is compliant with Bharat-IV fuel standards.

Is modernisation of transport the sole answer to air pollution problems in Delhi? Inview of the NGT's proposed ban on older vehicles on the streets of Delhi, On 27March 2012 Dr. Janardhan Waghmare, posed question No.1417 in the Rajya Sabhabefore the Ministry of Environment andForests (MoEF), requesting informationon the prevailing status of air quality inDelhi and details of the impact of massintroduction of compressed natural gas(CNG) public and private vehicles on airquality in the capital.

Deteriorating air quality in Delhi? Is banning oldervehicles or introducing congestion tax enough tocurb air pollution in the city? Most important, whatelse can we focus on to improve air quality in Delhi?But without proper maintenance and retrofitting,expecting the engines from 1999 or 2000 to operateat the same fuel economy and emission levels asthose introduced in 2014 defies logic. Given thestop-and-go nature of Delhi's traffic, the wear andtear on the older engines is high and they are boundto underperform and emit more pollutants, com-pared to their newer counterparts.The emissions calculations presented in thePlanning Commission's NTDPC report, highlight therole of the older vehicles, also termed "super emit-ters", as the single largest contributor to on-roademissions in India. Finding a way to reduce theirpresence on the roads will be beneficial. The chal-lenge is, of course, in identifying these "super emit-ters", because it is not wrong to assume that theolder vehicles can be maintained and retrofitted tocomply with the newer standards and be clean.In India, vehicles more than a year old are requiredto undergo a pollution check every six months aspart of the pollution under control (PUC) pro-gramme. There are approximately 500 PUC centersin Delhi and are largely located at fuelling stations,

NARENDER BIDHURI

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with some along the major roads for convenience.At these centers, the tailpipe emission rates for car-bon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic carbons(VOCs) are measured at engine idle speeds. Theseprogrammes are in place to check the emission lev-els and give a clean chit to the vehicle.

INTRODUCING CONGESTION TAX

Congestion tax or congestion pricing refers to thecharge levied on motorists for using a network ofroads, aimed at reducing automobile (mostly car)use during peak hours, and encouraging commutersto walk, bike, or take mass transit rail/bus as analternative, thereby easing traffic. Congestion pric-ing programmes were successfully implemented inSingapore, London, and Stockholm.On average, as an outcome of congestion pricing,London experienced 20-30 percent reduction in thedowntown passenger car traffic and promoted bik-ing; Stockholm experienced an immediate reductionof at least 20 percent in daily car use; andSingapore's average traffic speeds increased by atleast 15 km an hour. In all three cities, 10-20 per-cent reduction in eCO2 emissions was estimated,along with health benefits of reducing air pollution.A major reason for the success of these pro-grammes in Singapore, London, and Stockholm wasthe widely accessible public transport system (roadand rail) which could support the shift to a car-freeenvironment. If congestion taxation is implemented,there will be immediate benefits in big cities likeDelhi, Mumbai, and Chennai. However, the publictransport system in these cities is still not at parwith those in Singapore, London, and Stockholm,and hence may not prove adequate for the effectiveimplementation of such an option. While congestionpricing policies are difficult to replicate in the Indiancontext, at least for the foreseeable future, there isan important lesson. With increasing costs linked tothe usage of private vehicles (fuel and other opera-tional expenses), it is possible to achieve a shift,provided it is combined with the provision of ade-quate, reliable, and safe public transportation.Onepossible measure in this context could be toincrease parking cost. According to a study by theCentre for Science and Environment, titled "Choc-A-Block - Parking Measures to Address Mobility Crisis",parking in most cities is currently either free orpriced very low. Increased parking cost, if coupledwith designated parking locations that are as far asthe bus and rail stops, will make public transporta-tion an attractive option. Re-suspended dust, includ-ing that on the roads and that from constructionactivities, is a major concern for most Indian cities.

CHINA ALSO INTRODUCED A POLICY TO LIMIT THE

NUMBER OF LICENSES ISSUED EVERY YEAR, WHERE

THE LICENSE PLATES ARE AUCTIONED IN THE CITIES

OF BEIJING, SHANGHAI, AND GUANGZHOU.HOWEVER, AS IS THE CASE WITH CONGESTION PRIC-ING, FOR THE TIME BEING, SUCH MEASURES WOULD

BE DIFFICULT TO IMPLEMENT UNDER THE

DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL CONTEXT OF INDIA.

Natarajan's response also highlighted thecontribution of the transport sector as 9-21percent of the total PM10 pollution in Delhi.This figure comes from the MOEF's five-year study that scientifically assessed thecontribution of various sources to theambient pollution.

This study was simultaneously con-ducted in six cities - Delhi, Mumbai,Chennai, Kanpur, Bengaluru, and Pune. Thebottom line of the assessment is that thetransport sector itself (all vehicles, of allages) accounts for at most a fifth of thepollution in Delhi.For the other cities,transport sector accounts for 11-23 percentof ambient PM10 pollution in Bengaluru,35-48 percent in Chennai, 15-17 percent inKanpur, 8-26 percent in Mumbai, and 2-10percent in Pune.

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Kanya Kumari is notable for pilgrim-age and tourism.Women pray to herfor marriage. The goddess isbelieved to be the one whoremoves the rigidity of our mind.The temple here is a Shakti Peetha,one of the holiest shrines of theMother goddess. Also nearby areeleven sacred theertham.The placewas called Kanyashram of theBaalaambika, the deity of the tem-ple. The ablution in sea for PitrTarpan is done here. This is one ofthe rare temples in India whereDevi (Mother Goddess) is wor-shipped as a child. The rites and rit-uals are done in the Kerala

Namboothiri method, so there are slight differ-ences in the way of worship compared to thetemples of the nearby region. The deity is thegoddess of Sanasa, so people from all over Indiawho desire to devote their life as Sanyasin comehere and take the deeksha. Swami Vivekanandacame to this temple as directed by his Guru ShriRamakrishna Prarama Hamsa, being aSanyasin. The beach sands are multi-coloured and likened

KANYAKUMARI, FORMERLY KNOWN AS CAPE

COMORIN, IS A TOWN IN KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT IN THE

STATE OF TAMIL NADU IN INDIA. IT LIES AT THE SOUTHERN-MOST TIP OF THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT (THE SOUTHERN

EXTREMITY OF INDIA AS A WHOLE BEING INDIRA POINT ON

GREAT NICOBAR ISLAND). CAPE COMORIN IS THE SOUTHERN

TIP OF THE CARDAMOM HILLS, AN EXTENSION OF THE

WESTERN GHATS RANGE ALONG THE WEST COAST OF INDIA.THE NEAREST MAJOR CITY IS NAGERCOIL, THE ADMINISTRATIVE

HEADQUARTERS OF KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT, 22 KM (14 MI)AWAY. KANYAKUMARI WAS ONE OF THE IMPORTANT TOWNS OF

THE ANCIENT TAMILAKAM (SANGAM PERIOD) AND IS A

POPULAR TOURIST DESTINATION.

48

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The famous beach of Muttom is located about 16kms from Nagercoil and 32 kms from Kanyakumari.

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to a mythological story. There is ashrine for Kalabhairava in thetemple. It is said that the back-bone area of Sati Devi’s corpsefell here. The place is famous forAgastyar mala where SageAgastya lived. He is the founderof Siddha vydya, so there is innu-merable medicinal plants avail-able here. He is also consideredas the founder of Varma Kalai, aform of martial arts.Another pil-grimage is Nagaraja Temple,Nagercoil nearby. At theThanumalayan Temple inSuchindram, the three main godsof Hindu mythology – Siva,Brahma and Vishu – are in oneform called Sthanumalayan.Since the early 1970s, tourismhas been an the town. Because ofthis it is one of the few smalltowns in South India where onecan hear many of the differentlanguages of India spoken in thestreet.

Of late, the promotion oftourism has increased, with

increasing emphasis onattractions outside thetown, such as the sur-rounding landscapes, aswell as the historical andreligious sites foundaround the district.Ultimately a total of 1.9million tourists (domes-tic and foreign) visitedKanyakumari in 2007.

Though thereare several places oftourist-interest in thetown and district,Kanyakumari is especial-ly popular in India for itsspectacular and uniquesunrise and sunset,thanks to its being near-ly surrounded by waters.On balmy, full-moonevenings (locally calledChitra Pournami), onecan also see the moon-rise and sunset at thesame time.

Contrary to the popular (and sensational)belief that Kanyakumari lies at the meetingpoint of three bodies of water, it borders

only one: the Laccadive Sea tothe southwest, south, and to thesoutheast. It is the confluence ofthe Western Coastal Plains andEastern Coastal Plains. On thenorth and the east, it is boundedby Tirunelveli District, while onthe west and northwest it isbounded by Kerala state. It islocated at the southern tip andsouthernmost point of the IndianSubcontinent. However, thesouthernmost point of theRepublic of India is at Indira Pointon Great Nicobar Island, at6°45’10?N and 93°49’36?E.Kanyakumari is used geographi-cally to define southern end ofthe Coromandel Coast region.Theories have been proposedthat a continent named KumariKandam once existed to thesouth of Kanyakumari and theIndian Subcontinent of Asia.


The Kumari Amman or the Kanyakumari Temple, located on the shore, is a Shakti Peetha dedicated to a manifesta-tion of Parvati, the virgin goddess who did penance to obtain Lord Shiva's hand in marriage. The temple and the

adjoining ghat, situated overlooking the shore, attract tourists from all over the world. The sparkling diamond nose-ring of the deity is said to be visible even from the sea. On two rocky islets just off the shore, southeast of the

Kumari Amman temple, are the Vivekananda Rock Memorial, built in 1970 by Eknath Ranade, and the 133 feet (41m) tall statue of Tamil saint–poet Thiruvalluvar, one of the biggest statues in Asia, completed in 2000 by sculptor V.

Ganapati Sthapati. One of the rocks, called Sri Padhaparai, is said to bear the footprints of the virgin goddess. SwamiVivekananda is said to have meditated on this rock for three days. Also on this rock, there is a Dhyana mandapam,an area for meditation. Ferry services are available to reach the memorial. The Gandhi Memorial has been built onthe spot where the urn containing the Mahatma's ashes was kept for public viewing before immersion. Resembling

central Indian Hindu temples in form, the memorial was designed in such a way that on Mahatma Gandhi's birthday,2 October, the first rays of the sun fall on the exact place where his ashes were kept.

The state-owned Poompuhar ShippingCorporation runs ferry services betweenthe town and the Vivekananda RockMemorial and Thiruvalluvar statue, situat-ed on rocky islets off the coast. The opera-tion of the ferry service began in 1984.Two ferries were used to ferry the touristsuntil June 2013, after which a new ferrywas added to the service on the occasionof 150th birth anniversary of SwamyVivekananda.Kanyakumari is directly con-nected by rail with almost all metropolitancities in India.The nearest airport isThiruvananthapuram International Airport,90 km (56 mi) from Kanyakumari Town and70 km (43 mi) from Nagercoil.Kanyakumariis 744 km (462 mi) from Chennai.

TransportationRailway: Kanyakumari, Nagercovil &

KuzhithuraiBus: Kanyakumari, Nagercovil &

Marthandam

HOW TO REACH

... Sun Rise, Kanyakumari ...

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paryavaran vimarsh

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