- .

: . ,

2009

, , , . , , . , - , , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , . , , , , , , , , , . ... , . , , . , , , , , , , , . , , ; , , , . , , , ; (

), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), /, . ( , ), , . , /, . , , , 2001, , . , , . , , ( , ), ( ), , . , , , ,

..1

1

1.1 .5

1.2 6

1.3 ..7

1.3.1 8

1.3.2 .10

1.3.3 11

1.4 .13

1.5 14

1.5.1 ..14

1.5.2 ..15

1.5.3 16

1.6 .17

&

2

2.1 19

2.2 20

2.2.1 21

2.2.2 .25

2.2.3 ...26

2.3 - NiTi (superelasticity)28

2.4 R (the R-phase)..28

2.5 ..30

2.6 ..32

2.7 .34

2.8 - .38

2.8.1 .40

-

3

3.1 ..43

3.2 ....45

3.3 - .46

3.3.1 ( )....46

3.3.2 .48

3.3.3 .50

3.3.4 .51

3.4 ...53

3.4.1 SMA 55

3.5 57

3.5.1 ....58

3.6 Kevlar60

3.6.1 Kevlar.60

3.6.2 Kevlar.61

4

4.1 ..63

4.2

THERMIS......64

4.3 .68

4.4 DSC..70

4.4.1 .71

4.5 NiTi..74

4.5.1 ..74

4.5.2 NiTi..75

4.5.3 NiTi

........79

4.6 NiTi...83

4.6.1 ..84

4.6.2 NiTi 85

4.6.3 NiTi ..87

4.6.4

.89

4.7 93

4.7.1 ..93

4.7.2 .94

4.8 (transformation fatigue)

(1 cycle stress relaxation ) NiTi.99

4.8.1 100

4.8.2 103

4.8.3

DSC SEM.109

-

5

5.1 ..124

5.2

126

5.3 ..130

5.3.1

Tg131

5.3.2 Tg..133

5.4 136

5.4.1 .....................................................................141

5.5 ..144

5.5.1 Thermis..145

5.6 .148

5.6.1 ..............150

5.6.2 152

5.6.3 .............................................154

5.7 ...........................................................157

5.7.1 157

5.7.2 161

5.7.3 DMA.164

5.8 ..165

5.8.1 165

5.8.2 ..168

5.9 ..174

5.9.1 175

5.9.2 177

6

6.1 .188

6.2 Thermis.190

6.3 NiTi .192

6.4 NiTi ..194

6.5 ....195

6.6

.197

............................................................................................................203

..................................................................................211

1

,

,

.

,

.

, ,

,

(smart systems).

. ,

.

[1]. ,

(information processing) ,

2

.. , ,

, .. [2]

( )

:

) ,

/ .

.

) - -,

.

) ,

.

) ,

.

,

,

.

,

, -

(NiTi).

[3].

(fiberglass).

,

(

- ). - ,

,

, ,

[3,4].

3

NiTi

, .

(.

)

, -

.

,

Kevlar 29 -.

,

-

( , ,

.). ,

, ,

-

.

.

.

NiTi 0.3mm,

.

, (SEM), ,

, (DSC),

(DMA),

,

, ,

( THERMIS). ,

.

4

(autoclave)

,

THERMIS.

, :

( - activation stress

relaxation) -

( transformation fatigue).

2001, :

SMA.

,

,

,

/. /,

.

5

1

1.1

, ,

. ,

- ,

[3].

,

. ,

( )

[5,6].

.

, ,

1.1 [3].

6

.

.

1.1. .

1.2

,

.

( > 0.1m)

.

. ,

0.01 m 0.1 m

. ,

,

[3].

.

7

1.3

,

. 1.1, .

. ,

lc,

. , bf,

, d

, c, [7]:

.

,

, .

1.2 () , () ()

. ,

.

8

1.3.1

,

. ,

.

, [5].

,

().

(. . 1.3), c

f , m , -

, :

Fc,

, Fm , Ff :

c,f,m ,

c,f,m ,

, . 1.3 :

To (volume fraction) ,

.

( ),

, Vf, Vm

. 1.4 :

9

, . 1.5 :

.

:

. 1.3,

.

- (

) ( ).

1.3. () () - ,

,

bm, ym.

10

bf bf.

,

. , ,

ym.

, ,

, bm> bf.

1.3.2

90

,

. ,

,

(- ), :

:

, c, f,

c, Ef, Em

:

, ,

:

11

[8],

.

(Mpa)

(Mpa)

Glass-polyester 700 20

Carbon-epoxy 1000 35

Kevlar-epoxy 1200 20

1.1

,

,

,

(

. 1.2) .

1.3.3 (

)

,

,

lc. ,

90% 50%

[3].

, . ,

.

12

.

. ,

.

(% .) 0 20 30 40

1.2 1.35 1.43 1.52

(MPa) 60 110 131 159

(GPa)

2.3 5.93 8.62 11.6

(%)

95 4-6 3-5 3-5

1.2

1.2 [9],

, .

,

.

. 100%

,

[9]:

13

100 %

0

38 % 0

20 %

1.3

1.4

.

.

.

1.4. () ()

.

. ,

(..

14

).

.

:

. ,

, ,

,

.

.

, ,

,

[10].

1.5

, (

) .

.

,

,

,

. ,

[5,9].

, .

1.5.1

,

, ,

, .

15

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

1.5.2

,

.

. ,

,

.

,

. SiC, Si3N4, Al2O3

ZrO2, ,

. ,

.

,

.

[3].

16

:

, .

, Kevlar

( ).

1.5.3

,

.

.

,

, .

, ,

.

, , ,

, ,

.

,

, .

, , , ,

.

, ,

,

. ,

(curing process)

, .

(

NiTi).

17

1.5

,

.

,

. ,

, ,

[3,5]:

().

.

.

,

.

( 600 GPa),

( 3300 C). ,

.

.

. (SiO2),

, , ,

.

glass ( ), C glass ( )

S glass ( ) .

.

zig zag ,

.

18

70 GPa.

,

.

.

.

190 GPa. ,

(.. ) .

, ..

.

. .

, , ,

.

prepreg, ,

..

19

2

&

(NiTi)

2.1 -

,

1932 . lander

AuCd. 6 , 1938, Greninger

Moorandian CuZn

.

, ,

, ,

Kurdjumov Khandros 1949

, 1951, Chang Read [11]. ,

,

.

1960,

iTi, Buehler

.. [12]. ,

Nitinol (Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance Laboratory)

20

,

. 2.1, NiTi.

2.1 -

,

, -

, ,

. ,

,

.

2.2 -

-,

, , ,

21

, (austenitic phase)

, (martensitic phase) [13].

,

[14].

,

NiTi- .

. ,

(Shape Memory Effect - SME) [15].

2.2.1

[53].

Ce-Cl (Cesium-Chloride, 2)

( 19) [13].

2.2. (2) (19) NiTi

22

,

,

NiTi -

.

s (martensite start

temperature) , Mf (martensite

finish temperature).

,

s f [16].

(

, ),

f, , , 24,

, . ,

,

, 2 [11].

. ,

Ni Ti,

[13].

the Bain Strain

.

,

,

[17].

, ,

,

(twins). twinning [16,13].

. , ,

23

(. 2.3). de-twinning

[13].

2.3. () , () (twinned martensite) () (de-twinned)

.

,

(. . 2.4). ,

f,

(single crystal austenite).

, .

,

(habit plane variants hpvs)

(hpv twin plane). ,

(twins lattice correspondent variants lcvs)

(lcv twin plane) [17]. ,

(twin boundaries) .

hpvs

(reorientation)

lcvs - (detwinning).

24

.

2.4.

.

,

-,

. 2.5

.

2.5. (One Way Shape Memory Effect)

25

,

f , (twinned) LO.

, ,

(detwinned) L.

, ,

. ,

. ,

()

(One Way Shape Memory

Effect).

2.2.2 (Two Way SME)

,

.

,

. (Two Way SME),

,

,

[18].

, -

,

[19].

26

2.6. -

1%.

2.2.3

(hysteresis)

.

(s f),

(s f). ,

50%

50% .

27

15C 30C [11]. 2.7

iTi.

2.7. NiTi

, ,

,

,

(. ). ,

.

,

.

28

2.3 - NiTi (super-elasticity)

-

, ,

NiTi

. - ( pseudo-

elasticity)

, ,

.

, ,

(stress induced martensite) [13].

,

s, . ,

,

.

,

d s (. . 2.7). -

s d

s [20].

2.4 R (the R-phase)

,

NiTi,

(2) (19).

29

, ,

, R (R-phase) [21].

, ,

( ) R-

.

,

s

219. , s, R-

[22]. ,

R-,

[23].

R2, , 0.2%,

8-10% .

, R-

.

,

NiTi (

.. ) [21].

R,

,

.

Ni4Ti3

[24].

R-

(Differential Scanning

Calorimetry DSC). ,

,

. , ,

,

30

-,

,

. 2.8, DSC

NiTi

.

2.8. DSC () NiTi (as received) () NiTi

.

2.5

NiTi -

. ,

:

- Ag-Cd - Au-Cd - Cu-Al-Ni - Cu-Sn, Cu-Zn - Cu-Zn-Si, Cu-Zn-Al, Cu-Zn-Sn - Fe-Pt - Mn-Cu

31

- Fe-Mn-Si - Pt - Co-Ni-Al, Co-Ni-Ga - Ni-Fe-Ga - Ti-Pd

-

. ,

:

- NiTi

(,

, , ..).

- .

-

.

- ,

, ,

.

-

.

- , NiTi

,

10%.

- , ,

,

.

- , ,

700 MPa.

-

,

.

32

2.6

,

-

[11]. ,

(induction melting),

1400C.

(s, f, s, f),

Cu Al.

, (arc

melting), ,

.

2.9. NiTi () ()

33

,

(.. ) , 800C,

. (annealing) ,

. ,

NiTi, , R-

.

2.10. NiTi

NiTi,

. NiTi,

- (sintering),

.

,

. (training)

( .. , , )

[25]. ,

500C 5

min.

.

34

2.7

.

NiTi

. :

-

-

.

,

. .. NiTi,

200 MPa,

(s, f, s, f), 20C,

5C.

,

[26].

-

.

,

, .

, NiTi 350C 300 sec,

15C

R-

[27].

.

, .

, ,

-100C +100C.

.

55.6% ..,

.

, (Cu)

(Co)

.

35

,

. ,

,

.

, :

(DSC),

[28].

DSC

:

.

2.11. DSC NiTi 0.3 mm

,

15 mg.

, .

36

.

, ,

(Af). , 192 , 219 . ,

[29]. ,

(. . 2.11).

,

. , ,

. Joule,

. ,

. ,

.

. ,

[30].

,

, .

,

, .

,

NiTi (~10%). ,

.

, ,

.

,

[31].

37

, DSC

. ,

,

(.. ). ,

,

.

R-.

. ,

.

,

[28].

38

2.8

,

, NiTi

.

/,

SMA ,

, ( )

( )

2.12 NiTi () , () , ()

, NiTi,

, .

.

2.13

39

. /

, -

(.. ), .. ,

, jet

(, ).

SMA

.

2.14 NiTi () , () , () - ()

40

2.8.1 -

,

1970. ,

,

, :

-

-

.

1977, SNF, .

,

. , NiTi (stents),

, .

, ,

.

. 1993,

. ,

,

.

2.15 NiTi, () , () () .

41

- . 1989

, .

, ,

.

-

.

1978,

. .

, NiTi (

)

, , ,

, ..

,

NiTi,

,

, (. Ilizarov).

, .

- . ,

,

, .

2.16 .

42

NiTi ,

, ,

,

.

43

3

-

3.1

1 ,

, .

,

,

, -

. ,

( ) .

-

.

( -, , ,

)

,

[32]. -

,

( .. NiTi)

[33]. ,

44

,

(. . 3.1).

,

,

, .

3.1.

-

, ,

,

.

- .

45

3.2

.

.. , ,

, (, ..),

.

(

.. ).

,

, ,

, , ,

.

( ..

).

-

.

, ,

[32].

,

, ,

.

- ,

, ,

,

.

46

3.3 -

( NiTi),

, -

- .

, .

,

,

,

[34].

3.3.1 ( )

,

. -

, .

: , ,

,

.

3.2. () () .

47

, .

, ,

( ).

. , (

core) ( cladding) (.

3.2).

,

.

single mode (

) multi mode (

),

3.3.

,

[35].

3.3. single multi mode.

, ,

,

.

, ,

,

.

48

3.3.2

, ,

.

- , . ,

, :

,

.

. ,

. ,

-

(. .3.4).

3.4. () () .

,

[35].

.

,

. (poling), .

49

3.5. .

,

.

, .

:

poling, ,

, . ,

,

.

SiO2 (Quartz), AlPO4, GaPO4, PZT, ZnO, AlN ..

3.6. .

50

3.3.3

(electrorheologicalER fluids)

(magnetorheologicalMR fluids) ,

, ,

. ,

/

, ms,

105 .

ER (

50 m),

.

,

. ,

.

, , . MR

,

Fe-Co, , ,

, ..

( ),

.

,

.

.

, . ,

,

.

.

, .

,

51

. - , R MR

,

.

3.7. .

3.3.4

-

,

, , .

(, , ..),

, 0.00001%.

.

60,

,

: Tb-Dy-Fe, Terbium-Dysprosium-Iron.

Terfenol-D

(2-3

) .

52

[36].

,

. -

.

Terfenol-D,

.

3.8. () ()

Terfenol-D

9%. ,

( ) (FSMA

Ferromagnetic SMA) (twins)

( NiTi)

. FSMA

,

. NiMnGa.

53

3.4

,

, NiTi NiTi-X (

Cu Al), ,

,

,

. (, ,

) , . SMA

, ,

.

SMA,

80,

[37].

, SMA

,

[34, 38].

SMA,

[34, 39]. SMA ( NiTi)

,

,

[40, 41, 42]. ,

NiTi

[43].

/epoxy NiTi/epoxy,

- [44].

,

54

[32, 45, 38, 46],

. ,

adaptive composites

morphing.

,

, ..

(. . 3.9).

3.9

,

,

NiTi [47, 48],

SMA [49],

SMA

, [50].

, -

, ,

EADS [51].

,

[52].

, ,

Kevlar 29 NiTi /.

55

,

NiTi

(Kevlar).

3.4.1 SMA

,

- .

,

.

SMA ,

,

-

2 ,

.

,

NiTi, ,

f [53]. 3.10,

.

56

3.10

(a),

f.

SAM (Self Accommodated Martensite

). , (b), (pre-strain)

. ,

.

, ,

SAM ,

POM (Preferentially Oriented Martensite

).

f,

(P parent phase) .

,

. , ,

POM (P)

,

, (c). ,

, POM

SAM. SAM,

, POMSAM,

57

(zero strain) [20]. ,

(b) (c),

(c) (d). ,

,

, .

, ,

.

, POM

[53, 54].

SAM POM,

. NiTi,

8%, ,

100% POM [20, 54]. ,

, .

3.5

.

,

( )

( ).

.

,

.

. ,

, .

58

.

3.11 ()

,

.

3.12

3.5.1 - Curing

curing-

. ,

59

.

( )

/

. ,

(post curing) ,

.

(autoclave),

,

,

, prepreg. prepreg -

(..

),

. , prepreg,

, NiTi.

prepreg,

.

, ,

,

.

,

. , curing,

(Tg) .

,

.

(vacuum bag)

.

, , .

,

60

, Tg. ,

SMA,

,

, . ,

. ,

,

. ,

, .

3.6 - Kevlar

,

, laser Raman.

, 85%

.

.

, ,

: Kevlar Du Pont de Nemours Co. (), Technora Teijin

Ltd () Twaron Akzo Nobel ().

3.6.1 Kevlar

Kevlar (-

) (PPD-T).

-

. ,

61

,

.

.

20%. 20%

.

,

. .

Kevlar 80% 85%.

Kevlar

.

Kevlar 29.

3.11 (Kevlar)

3.6.2 Kevlar

(. . 3.12), -

,

.

.

62

3.12 Kevlar

Kevlar

. 250 m ,

170. ,

,

.

3.13 Kevlar

63

4

-

4.1

NiTi

,

, . ,

. ,

, .

NiTi,

,

,

,

,

(DSC),

(SEM)

,

.

64

,

/,

THERMIS,

.

, ,

.

4.2

THERMIS

hermis

-

.

,

, (

) , .

4.1 THERMIS

65

Thermis

:

) .

MTS (model: 828 Bionix)

100 mm,

20 kPa,

100

. MTS,

(, , , ),

5

, .. .

(load-cells) : 1/10,

250/2500 2500/2.5kN, load-

cell, , 0.1.

) . Nikon

(model: Thermal Vision Laird 3A, InfraRed)

,

, .

,

.

(

) ( )

/,

. , ,

,

66

, ..

.

) SMA.

,

/

() 20 SMA,

( Joule).

,

.

(PLC Programmable Logic Controller)

Simatic Siemens. H 20 ,

,

, .

) .

( SMA, SMA )

, ,

. ,

,

.

, (

10 ) ,

: J RS,

(analog to digital card) Advantech

.

,

, IR ,

.

67

) SMA. ,

SMA

,

NITi, ,

SMA .

,

Thermis,

.

4.2 Thermis () MTS, () Nikon ()

MTS.

, Thermis,

,

(, , ) Fluke,

/ ,

. ,

,

,

MTS, .

68

4.3 SMA.

4.3

, SMA

Joule.

, ,

.

(, P) ()

(R),

:

4.1

,

NiTi,

.

,

, :

NiTi

. ,

,

,

.

69

,

,

, f,

.

4.2

, , 3

. ,

, ,

.

,

, ,

(. . 4.4).

4.4 Thermis.

4.4,

Thermis.

70

MTS

. , POM,

(P, parent phase) .

, ,

,

load cell . ,

.

, .

, SAM

, .

,

SMA, .

NiTi

,

, SMA:

.

4.4 DSC

(DSC),

2.7.

,

TA Instruments (model: Q100) /.

,

ASTM F2005 [12].

,

TA Universal Analysis, .

,

AMT,

71

0.291 0.005 mm, Ni Ti, Ni

51% .. ,

NT10,

,

. ,

f 85 C.

4.5 Instruments DSC Q100, NiTi.

DSC 2 .

.

, 10 mg

, 5 min 85 C.

. , 4 -

, 25 C 130 C,

10C.min-1.

4.4.1

10

. 4.6, ,

, NiTi.

72

4.6 DSC NiTi, Ni 51wt%, .

,

. ,

.

,

, (. .3.10,

.3).

DSC, ,

,

, .

, ,

,

. , , ,

, POM .

POM (

73

SAM ) POM

FOM. , FOM

SAM (P)

. ,

,

3.10 ,

,

.

TA,

, ,

. , ,

.

( p,

):

4.1 , NiTi, Ni 50wt%,

DSC.

DSC,

s=62.5 C f=43.6

C,

18.9 C.

s=73.3 C f=82.6

C, 9.3 C.

, 26.8 C.

,

,

.

Austenitic transformation Martensitic transformation

As (0C)

Ap (0C)

Af (0C)

Latent heat (J/g)

Af-As (0C)

Ms (0C)

Mp (0C)

Mf (0C)

Latent heat (J/g)

Mf-Ms (0C)

Hyster.

(0C) 73.3 78.6 82.6 17.4 9.3 62.5 51.8 43.6 15.1 18.9 26.8

74

4.5 NiTi

,

. ,

, ,

.

, ,

DSC

as-received , .

,

,

, DSC

Joule.

4.5.1

4.4.

120 mm.

MTS, .

3 ,

30 mm .

, ,

.

Thermis (. 4.2).

,

H/Y

. ,

75

RS,

,

( ), .

,

0.2 V. ,

,

. ,

.

4.5.2 NiTi,

,

25 C ( ) 100 C.

,

, :

4.2

V, NiTi Volt (V),

, Ampere (A),

R, Ohm ()

,

, V .

,

,

, . ,

,

76

, , ..

0.3 mm 0.15 mm. ,

(resistivity),

.

,

:

4.3

, , m2,

, m,

, Ohm*m

,

. 4.7,

NiTi,

, .

4.7 NiTi .

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1006.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5

Resis

tivity

/ (O

hm*m

m) /

(x10

-4)

Temperature / oC

77

,

, ,

. ,

. ,

50 C, ,

. ,

,

DSC. ,

,

4.7, 10%. ,

[56].

, ,

,

4.8,

,

DSC.

4.8 DSC,

NiTi.

20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1006.5

7.0

7.5

8.0

8.5

9.0

9.5DSC

MsMf As Af

Resis

tivity

/ (O

hm*m

m) /

(x10

-4)

Temperature / oC

78

, ,

.

,

DSC,

NiTi. , s

65o C f 45 C. s f,

55C 75C . ,

DSC

, :

4.2 , DSC.

, ,

,

, . ,

.

As

(0C)

Af

(0C)

Af-As

(0C)

Ms

(0C)

Mf

(0C)

Mf-Ms

(0C) Resistivity

graph 55 75 20 65 45 20

DSC 73.3 82.6 9.3 62.5 43.6 18.9 % difference +33% +10% -54% -3.5% -3% -5.5%

79

4.5.3 NiTi

.

, ,

.

, (P),

:

4.4

, 120 mm,

V , 180 C. ,

,

. ,

,

,

.

,

( 4.4)

( 4.3),

,

.

,

120 mm, :

80

4.9 H .

,

.

, ,

s,

.

,

, .

s,

NiTi, ,

120 mm , ,

.

4.5

, , C

P, Watt

81

4.9 target point,

( 90 C) . ,

. 4.5,

90 C,

.

, .

,

,

( 0.2 V) 180 C. O

,

85 C,

, .

4.10 Thermis 108 C.

82

4.10,

108 C, 1.7 Watt .

, ,

. ,

, . ,

.

,

(emissivity) ,

. , , .

(black body) emissivity

. ,

,

, .

NiTi , emissivity 0.9

( )

0.88.

4.11 () 157 C 3.0 Watt ()

126 C 2.19 Watt.

83

4.6

,

, ,

,

( ).

,

,

, ,

.

,

, ..

.

NiTi, 8-

10%.

,

()

. NiTi ,

, detwinning

2 . 8-10%,

,

. ( ),

twinning-detwinning,

[20].

,

,

. ,

84

,

,

.

4.6.1

( 0.3 mm),

,

(.. ) .

Thermis,

MTS.

120 mm, .

, ,

. ,

(. 4.5) 90C,

1.3 Watt (.

. 4.9).

, ,

100. NiTi,

( 0% 28%),

Struers,

(curing) .

(polishing), ,

,

,

.

, SigmaScan.

85

4.6.2 NiTi

NiTi, ,

(strain control),

(stress control).

,

,

,

.

3-6%

.

4.12 NiTi 120 mm strain control, ()

0.4mm/min, () 1mm/min () 4mm/min

86

4.13 NiTi 120 mm stress control, ()

3/min, () 10/min () 12/min ASTM,

,

, 4mm/min

. ,

120mm, (strain rate)

0.033min-1.

,

,

( 10% )

NiTi .

, NiTi,

.

87

detwinning, ,

1% 8% . ,

,

,

. ,

.

4.14 NiTi ( 1%), detwinning (1%-6%)

(6% ).

4.6.3 NiTi

NiTi, Thermis

(. 4.6.1), .

, ,

,

,

. 4.15

.

88

4.15 NiTi , 90 C.

NiTi , (.

.4.16). ,

. ,

,

, .

4.16 . (fitting)

.

89

:

4.6

0, 1, .

. , .

,

,

, 0.2%

. ,

,

- .

4.3 NiTi .

4.6.4

,

: ,

, ,

. ,

Martensite (25oC) Austenite(90oC) 20.1 GPa 48.9 GPa

max 1095 MPa 895 MPa

0.2% 0.2 271 MPa 649 MPa

0.30-0.39 0.27-0.36

1072 MPa 855 MPa

90

.

NiTi, ,

.

(. 4.6.1),

. ,

( Hooke) NiTi 0% 1%

. ,

Poisson () .

( 8%

),

. 4.17,

,

.

4.17 NiTi , ,

0% 28%.

91

,

. ,

,

NiTi.

4.18 NiTi ().

4.19 NiTi

.

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 270

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Stre

ss (M

Pa)

Strain (%)

real stressengineering stress (fitting)

92

,

. ,

, , ,

.

93

4.7

NiTi

3 ,

,

,

( ). ,

. ,

NiTi ,

:

.

4.7.1

Thermis, MTS

(. . 4.4),

.

4.5.3,

120 mm ,

90 C , 1.3 Watt.

,

(tabs) (Araldite)

. ,

,

, .

, .

94

4.20 () NiTi () .

,

6%, 3% 0%. ,

(. .4.3),

,

,

. , 6

.

,

. ,

,

.

4.7.2

,

6%. ,

4.20 (12 )

curing . ,

95

tabs. ,

20 .

() ( )

, 10 12 sec.

,

( MPa) , 6% 50

.

4.21 Thermis, NiTi, 6% 50 .

6%, .

, 600 MPa,

,

500 MPa.

4.22 , ,

NiTi 3%.

96

4.22 NiTi 3%.

,

,

(POM)

. , ,

500 MP. ,

:

4.23 NiTi 0% .

97

, 0%

,

, - ,

-

, . ,

3%

, 6%.

NiTi,

, ,

. ,

460-

500 MPa, .

4.24 NiTi (0% ),

460-500 MPa.

,

,

twins

(. 2 - detwinning) . ,

, ,

. ,

98

(. 4.6)

detwinning.

, ,

,

. ,

SAM, POM. ,

,

[55].

,

. , SMA

, .

, , 4.25,

,

Thermis. ,

, , .

,

.

4.25 .

99

4.8 (transformation fatigue)

(1-cycle stress relaxation) NiTi

SMA

, /

,

. ,

,

, ,

(. .3.10 & .4.4).

,

,

().

, ,

, ,

, ,

: ,

,

.

SMA [57].

H , NiTi,

. , NiTi,

[58],

,

,

- [40]. ,

NiTi, f=77 C,

125 C 50 C, 3%. 1%,

[26]. , NiTi,

,

. ,

100

,

, NiTi [58].

, ,

- NiTi, ,

, 104

, 106 , SMA.

,

.

TiNiCu [59],

CuZnAl [60] NiTi,

100 ,

,

, 103 [61].

(

), DSC ,

(SEM).

,

.

4.8.1

Thermis,

4.7.

,

,

.

120 mm

( 4.7).

101

( )

90 C, 100 C,

1.3 Watt. ,

f, NiTi , ,

5-10 C 6% [18,19].

, ,

.

(25 C),

,

.

,

,

( 4.26).

(t1), t2 .

t1+t2 , .

, 10 sec,

.

, t2 15 sec.

4.26 , () ()

102

,

, t1. ,

, ,k,

.

4.7

NiTi ,

k: 0.44, 0.50, 0.53 0.57, t1

(12, 15, 17 20 sec, ).

,

-,

.

4.26

225 , 9.5

, .

, ,

. 4.7,

, 460-500 MPa

. , ,

(4 5),

.

, DSC,

. ,

as-received ,

DSC

training, .

103

,

,

510 C, 5 min .

, ,

, , .

, ,

Thermis, trained ,

10 MPa. ,

,

,

(. 4.7.2).

DSC,

(SEM), as-received, trained,

. SEM

, Zeiss (model: Supra 35VP)

10 kV.

/, .

,

(chemical etching)

. , ,

,

,

.

4.8.2

,

, NiTi,

500 MPa, .

104

Thermis, ,

0.3 sec ,

.

4.27, NiTi,

k 0.5 (t1=t2=15 sec)

2100.

4.27 NiTi, , k=0.50, 100 C

2100 .

,

.

, ,

,

,

.

(min=495 MPa, max=510

Pa) , 0.99 ,

105

, .

, (1),

500 MPa. 4.28,

, k,

, 10%

, SMA

.

4.28 . , ,

, k.

,

, ,

k,

. k,

,

, t1. , ,

,

106

. ,

,

k=0.44 k=0.57, 8 sec,

,

. ,

, t1,

.

,

,

, a b.

:

4.8

, 4.29.

4.29 , NiTi. ,

.

107

,

,

.

,

,

SMA ,

. , 4.29,

NiTi ( 50%

) , ,

( ) .

,

, .

,

,

,

.

,

.

4.8.1,

.

100, 138, 156 164 C.

, 9

,

NiTi.

4.30, .

, , ,

,

. :

4.9

a,b , .

108

4.30 NiTi. 100, 138, 156 164 C. , .

, . ,

,

. , 225

, 85, 70, 50

45% , 100, 138, 156

164 C, . , 24 ,

100 C, 12% .

20, 32 39%.

, ,

4.31,

, .

109

4.31 , ,

. 4.30

,

DSC SEM,

,

(training),

, (as-received).

4.8.3

DSC SEM.

, NiTi

,

, ,

de-twinning,

,

110

,

(. 4.7.2). training,

4.8.1, ,

,

4.32.

4.32 NiTi, 0%, 95 C , training.

, , as-received.

,

DSC as-

received . , 4.33,

.

.

111

4.33 DSC as-received training

, s=82.2o C

f=93.2o C. ,

s=61.9o C f=41.1

o C.

,

.

(500 C), ,

(2)

R ( 2.4). ,

R- (19) .

(. 2.6) training,

R ,

DSC .

112

4.34 , DSC

NiTi,

, k, 0.44 0.53 . ,

DSC , .

4.34 DSC k=0.44 k=0.53.

,

30 MPa.

, ,

,

, .

,

. , ,

( ),

. as-received

.

20 40 60 80 100 120 140-1.0

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

as received

2X104 cycles, k=0.53

2X104 cycles, k=0.44

Hea

t flo

w (W

/g)

Temperature (oC)

113

,

.

, ,

R.

4.35,

138, 156 164 C.

4.35 DSC 138, 156

164C.

,

10 C

. , ,

, as-received ,

.

,

.

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

as received

156oC

138oC

164oC

Hea

t flo

w (W

/g)

Temperature (oC)

114

,

2R phase, , ,

R,

f.

,

,

DSC. ,

, ,

,

. s,p f, ,

.

4.4 DSC

as-received .

115

,

, (t1),

. ,

,

,

.

,

, ,

, . DSC

, as-received ,

.

. ,

NiTi ,

,

.

NiTi, ,

,

twins ( POM). de-twinning 2

. ,

, . ,

,

,

.

(SEM),

NiTi ,

116

.

as-received

trained . ,

SEM, .

4.36 SEM as-received .

4.37 SEM training.

117

4.38 SEM .

4.39 SEM .

118

4.36,

NiTi,

,

. -

(SAM),

,

(POM).

, ,

NiTi ,

POM

.

,

, ,

SAM, ,

twins. ,

- ,

training (. 4.37),

, ,

. ,

, SAM.

,

(. 3.38 & 3.39), SAM

:

DSC trained

,

. NiTi

SAM, ,

.

119

100% SAM, ,

, [62].

,

,

(transformation fatigue), (stress relaxation),

SAM,

(slipping)

twins.

twinning de-twinning. ,

DSC ,

.

,

, .

,

.

, (

) training,

DSC SEM,

: SAM. ,

4.39, (

fishbone) - ,

. 4.40 ,

( SAM)

, training .

120

4.40 () SAM

() training

,

(

),

.

,

.

95-100C,

.

,

, .

t1+t2, t1 t2

121

. , i ,

i :

4.10

, ,

. 4.41,

,

.

4.41 .

,

, k=0.57

(. 4.41).

k=0.57, t1+t2=20+15 sec=35 sec. ,

24 h, 2469

. ,

122

2469 24 h .

, , 32%

, 68% .

, , 18%

82%

.

k=0.44, 18%

82%, , t1

24 h, . ,

,

, .

,

,

as-received . ,

-

. ,

,

. ,

, .

,

SEM, ,

, ,

.

123

4.42 SEM as-received , -,

.

as receivedstress relaxation

transformation fatigue

124

5

-

5.1

4 , ,

-.

,

,

/ . , NiTi

,

.

,

.

,

. ,

- ,

125

,

NiTi

. ,

NiTi

[58,40,41].

NiTi NiTiCu,

[63,64] (NiTi strips) [65]. H

-

,

NiTi [13]. NiTi,

[44]

,

[50]. ,

- ,

, EADS

[51].

, ,

Kevlar 29 NiTi,

. ,

, ,

- :

,

(Tg) ,

(f) ,

,

(debonding ) .

,

,

,

126

, ,

NiTi

,

,

(DMA) .

Thermis,

,

.

, Kevlar,

,

laser Raman [66]. , ,

,

NiTiCu ,

[16,67].

5.2 -

-

, ,

, ()

(),

. ,

, ,

(.. , ,

..). ,

,

127

, ,

. ,

,

,

.

,

- .

1986, Budiasnsky,

SMA

,

(shear-lag model) [68]. ,

,

[48, 69].

5.1 shear-lag model 1986 Budiansky SMA

5.1, ,

,

(shear layer)

128

. ,

. -

,

[70,71], ,

[71, 72].

SMA ,

,

,

.

,

[73].

[74]:

-

-

- ,

-

NiTi

,

curing

.

, ,

.

,

NiTi

[13], ,

.. , , ..

, (. . 5.2).

, ,

(. 4.4),

129

.

(chemical etching)

(SEM).

5.2.

5.2 () NiTi-, ()

SEM,

8%.

,

[75]. ,

(

Kevlar), -

,

curing 150 C,

NiTi,

[76].

130

,

Kevlar

130 C,

. ,

,

Thermis.

.

5.3

,

(g) .

,

Tg,

.

SMA,

, Af,

.

.

,

( ), g. [6]. ,

,

131

, .

,

NiTi

.

LTM217 ACG (UK).

,

,

150 C. Tg,

(DMA) LTM217,

,

, Kevlar 29

.

5.3.1 Tg

, ,

:

5.1

, ,

, 0,

,

:

5.2

Hooke ,

:

5.3

, (storage modulus) ,

(loss modulus) .

132

:

5.4

,

: (glassy), (transition),

(rubbery) (flow). H

,

(tan),

(. . 5.3). ,

,

.

5.3 , tan . tan=f(t),

.

133

5.3.2 Tg

H (DMA)

Instruments (Model: Q800)

/.

5-60 mm, 5-15 mm

7 mm. ,

. ,

.

. DMA,

, ,

.

20 10-4 ,

1 nm.

5.4 DMA / , .

134

LTM217,

(3 point bending). (5)

20 mm, 6.4 mm 1.15 mm,

.

(curing) ,

,

. ,

20m 1 Hz ,

, , tan,

10-230 C.

,

160 C.

tan

.

5.5 Tg LTM217, tan .

135

NiTi (f = 82.6 oC) Tg,

,

5.2,

, .

136

5.4

,

(prepregs), NiTi

, .

prepegs Advanced Composites Group (ACG, UK)

LTM217,

Kevlar 29 . Du Pont,

USA, 16 m, prepregs,

, , 53.5%.

, NiTi,

,

0 (

).

,

,

, ,

: 3 C/min

70 C, 12 ,

50 C.

140 C 0.3 C/min, 30 min

50 C, curing .

,

prepregs

.

,

,

(), .

137

5.6 , prepregs,

ACG, UK. curing ,

(autoclave)

/ (. . 5.7). , Aeroform

Ltd., 225 C

10 bar.

5.7 O

138

,

950 mbar.

60 cm 1.1 m.

ACG,

prepreg, :

(tool) ,

(release film)

. ,

,

. ,

prepreg , .. .

,

, . ,

. ,

(

, ) .

5.8 prepreg ,

139

,

(breather) .

(vacuum bag),

,

(tool) .

,

.

,

( )

. ,

, NiTi

,

curing.

, ,

, .

5.9 -

140

(tool), , ,

Teflon (. . 5.9).

, ( ) 100 40 10

mm. ,

,

1 mm ,

SMA. , ,

. ,

tool, .

prepreg 100 40 mm

SMA ,

Teflon 99 39 mm (

),

(. . 5.8). ,

.

Teflon,

, release film

, .

,

, ,

tool, 5.9. ,

. ,

(breather), , prepreg,

.

Teflon,

, .

5.6.

141

5.4.1

, (6) prepreg.

, NiTi,

0.3 mm prepreg,

0. L,

(100 mm), D, 11 mm. ,

, ,

. d, 0.99 1.00 mm

. 5.10,

.

5.10 . , 4 NiTi .

, ,

. ,

SMA .

, , (4)

, (6) . SMA

=2 mm, , =1 mm.

142

, , ,

.

, ,

, .

5.11 : 4 6 .

,

,

, SMA .

, 0.01 mm.

5.1 .

,

5.11.

Thermis, .

.

(mm) L

(mm) D

(mm) d

(mm) H

. . Vf .

A 4 100 11 0.99-1.00

2 0.0258

B 6 100 11 0.99-1.00

1 0.0387

143

,

4 , Joule.

,

(4 6 ),

. ,

,

, .

, (tabs)

, .

tabs, ,

, 2 mm, 12 mm 18 mm. tabs

,

MTS,

.

5.12 () ,

, () () , tabs .

144

5.5

NiTi

100 C, ,

.

,

Thermis,

/.

, (thermal coefficient

of expansion TCE) ,

.

, ,

,

[74].

,

TCE, . ,

:

5.5

, 1 ( )

1, 1

1, 1

f, m,

f, Em,

Vf,

145

,

.

,

/, ,

,

[77,78].

, ,

LTM217/Kevlar 29/SMA. ,

.

,

Thermis.

, ,

TCE, ,

.

[79], LTM217

,

2.5 3.5 /C. Kevlar ,

. ,

[80]. Kevlar,

, ,

C-C

,

-6 -4 /C [81,80].

5.5.1 Thermis

Thermis,

, ,

, DMA. ,

146

,

, . ,

,

( NiTi)

, .

,

5.4, NiTi.

MTS Thermis,

, 1 cm

. , ,

, DWT (model: HLP 1500),

200 L/min, 256 C

20W. ,

30 cm .

,

, 100 C,

NiTi.

(4) ,

. 6 2

5 . ,

,

, MTS.

,

,

. TC1, TC2 1 2

. , 1

6 ,

, 2 min .

, 25 C.

147

5.13 Thermis , NiTi, 100 C

,

,

,

.

,

. ,

. ,

Thermis,

. ,

,

NiTi.

, ,

,

. , ,

148

2-2.5 . ,

TS, 0.1 . O

,

,

,

NiTi (4 ),

.

,

Thermis,

,

. ,

,

.

5.6

NiTi,

,

,

. ,

,

,

(. 4.5.2 4.5.3).

, NiTi

149

.

,

,

Af. ,

(

) ,

. ,

, .

,

4.5,

:

- ,

.

- 4 6 ,

,

(. . 5.12).

- NiTi,

,

,

(. . 5.12).

Thermis,

.

,

, ,

. ,

, . 4 ,

,

.

150

5.6.1

,

( )

SMA

. ,

. ,

,

. ,

.

. 5.14. 1,

2,

.

,

k (W/m K). d, , ,

1mm. 0.3mm,

0.35mm.

5.14

151

Fourier, ,

(), [135]:

5.6

, Q, ( , W)

,

k, ,

, ,

,

5.6, ,

:

5.7

, 1, 2,

.

, (heat flux) q,

W/m2. 5.7 :

5.8

, 0.35mm,

, .

prepreg [79], 0.25

W/m K. 4 ,

120 mm 100 C,

1.3 Watt .

, . L=120 mm

d=0.3 mm, 113.04 m2. ,

, , :

5.9

q,

. k,q 5.8, :

152

5.10

,

,

. ,

(

), .

, , :

100 C,

,

15 20 C .

5.6.2

,

. ,

5.4.1.

, ,

.

,

.

,

. 5.12, SMA .

tabs ,

.

,

,

4 .

153

0.3 V

0.5 V. 1.5 min, ,

.

SMA, 3

.

5.15. ,

. ,

, 5 C.

5.15 .

. ,

. ,

Thermis, 25C.

154

5.6.3

,

,

.

5.16 , .

5.17 , .

155

,

NiTi (. . 4.7),

,

. ,

,

,

,

.

,

,

, , .

,

, ,

.

,

. 4 NiTi,

, 6 . , 50%

, .

, (. . 4.3),

50% . ,

7.5 11.5 .

, 9 13.5 ,

.

,

5.6.1, ,

20 C.

, 4.7, 55

60 C,

, 5.16 5.17,

156

40 C. ,

75 C,

60 C .

,

,

,

100 C ,

, 15 20 C

.

,

,

, Thermis

.

157

5.7

,

. ,

,

,

. ,

,

.

,

,

.

, :

.

5.7.1

,

. SMA

, 4 . Kevlar

29,

,

. ,

122 GPa,

158

2.5 % 3024 Pa [82]. H LTM217,

curing , 3

6 GPa, 70 100 GPa

3 5 % [79].

,

,

,

,

Kevlar. ,

,

,

. ,

SMA

.

,

MTS Thermis ASTM D3039,

.

, MTS 25kN,

Kyowa (model: KFG/5/120),

,

2.0%. ,

,

.

,

.

159

5.18 MTS Thermis.

,

(.

5.4.1), ,

NiTi. ,

.

25 C.

,

0.01 ,

. ,

,

NiTi .

, 0.025

, Kevlar.

, ,

. ,

,

.

160

,

DMA,

5.3.2. 20mm,

6.4mm 1.15mm ,

. SMA SMA.

, 3 1mm .

5.19 , 3-point bending

DMA, .

,

20m 1Hz.

, , (.

, . 5.3.1) 10 230 C. ,

,

. , DMA,

, ,

NiTi.

161

5.7.2

,

.

5.20 (4 NiTi) .

,

,

45.08 GPa. ,

. ,

SMA. H E,

, 44.76 GPa,

44.35 GPa.

162

5.21 (6 NiTi)

5.22 NiTi.

,

SMA,

. ,

163

, .

max b b GPa MPa -- MPa

1 47 1065 0,0363 749,34 2 44 1099 0,0353 780,45 3 46 1101 0,0356 699,46 4 44 1051 0,0359 776,32 5 43 1053 0,0361 801,87

45 1074 0,0358 761,49 1,43 24,44 0,0004 39,38

1 45 1164 0,0395 802,34 2 42 1198 0,0397 818,56 3 45 1098 0,0324 793,12 4 43 1196 0,0402 715,89 5 47 1218 0,0344 835,78

44 1175 0,0372 793,14 1,84 47,16 0,0035 46,14

NiTi 1 45 1034 0,0456 880,45 2 41 1098 0,0345 904,34 3 42 1123 0,0367 801,99 4 46 1022 0,0425 918,94 5 45 1100 0,0488 956,88

44 1075 0,0416 892,52 1,94 44,78 0,0059 57,70

5.2 , , ,

.

164

5.7.3 DMA

5.23,

() ()

10 230 C.

5.23 , DMA, SMA.

,

,

,

.

,

SMA,

prepreg. ,

. , 25 C, 39.3 GPa

38.93 GPa , 5 GPa,

.

165

,

,

(10C), (25C)

(100C).

10C 25C 100C 10C 25C 100C GPa

LTM217/Kevlar 29 1 39,3 38,9 32,5 0,85 0,83 1,08 2 39,5 38,5 33,5 0,88 0,90 0,94 3 38,9 40,0 32,0 0,90 0,93 0,94

39,2 39,10 32,7 0,88 0,89 0,99 LTM217/Kevlar 29/SMA

1 40,2 39,3 33,9 0,76 0,75 1,05 2 41,0 38,9 33,0 0,75 0,87 1,07 3 40,8 39,4 34,5 0,88 0,90 0,95

40,6 39,2 33,8 0,79 0,84 1,03

5.3 10, 25 100C, DMA

SMA.

165

5.8

SMA

4 ,

,

,

,

( ,

..).

,

Thermis, ,

,

SMA.

,

, ,

NiTi. ,

(. . 5.15) ,

5.6.1,

80C.

5.8.1

Thermis,

( ),

.

Joule,

,

. , . 5.12.

166

,

MTS, ,

,

.

, ,

. ,

,

. ,

,

.

5.24 Thermis,

.

167

5.25 Thermis, ,

. 5.15.

,

,

Thermis.

, , f.

, ,

80 C.

25 C.

, ,

0.3V,

0.2, . ,

, 3 Watt,

, 4.2 Watt . ,

.

168

5.8.2

,

, ,

80 C.

,

. ,

3 4.2 Watt.

5.26 Thermis, ,

. , 4.2 Watt.

,

, SMA. ,

, SMA

169

f, ,

.

.

,

80 C, 3 Watt 4.2 Watt

.

,

, , 3 4.2 Watt ,

80 C. (

) (

,

)

.

5.27 . .

40 .

,

,

170

, NiTi,

40 , SMA

. , NiTi,

, 62 ,

.

,

3.65 5.65 MPa, .

, , ,

,

.

5.28 . 62 .

, ,

. ,

.

171

,

. 5.29,

.

5.29 , .

,

,

,

, ,

. , 48 sec,

41 sec. ,

- 48 sec, ,

,

. , ,

172

45 sec ,

.

,

, 60

sec > 41 sec, duty cycle (. 4.8.1),

, 48 sec.

,

,

,

,

.

5.30 , SMA. H ,

, 70 C.

173

, ,

,

.

,

,

,

.

174

5.9

,

SMA.

,

,

4.8,

NiTi. ,

- ,

,

.

,

,

,

. ,

, ,

SMA,

.

, . ,

SMA, (..

),

.

, ,

, -

,

, .

175

,

,

NiTi. , ,

, ,

.

,

.

5.9.1

,

NiTi, .

, 5.4.

Thermis.

MTS,

(. 5.8.1)

,

.

5.8,

,

,

.

,

, .. ,

, ,

.

, ,

,

.

176

,

NiTi,

,

80C. (. 5.6.1),

,

100C.

, 3 Watt , 4.2 Watt.

,

60 sec, ,

(. . 5.29). k (duty cycle), ,

NiTi, , 0.44,

0.50, 0.53 0.57. ,

, 48, 60, 68 80 sec.

,

80C 100C.

,

,

,

.

, 3 Watt (80oC) 3.7 Watt (100oC),

, 4.2 Watt (80oC) 5.1 Watt (100C).

, 230 .

,

25C.

, . ,

k

NiTi. ,

,

, .

177

5.9.2

, ,

, k. ,

, NiTi.

,

, ,

,

80oC.

5.31

, k=0.5, 0.53, 0.57 0.44, 80C.

( N) ( Pa), .

178

,

, 6 NiTi.

,

, .

5.32

, k=0.5, 0.53, 0.57 0.44, 80C. ,

( , )

.

,

,

5.8. , ,

, k=0.44, 0.50, 0.53 0.57,

41.25, 41.00, 40.22 41.65 . ,

3.79, 3.76, 3.69 3.82 MPa. ,

179

k,

61.34, 61.35, 62.00 60.88 ,

5.63, 5.63, 5.69 5.59 MPa.

, , 41 ,

, 61.4 ,

50%. ,

, 50%

(2.58% 3.87% ).

, ,

, ,

.

,

, ,

, , .

5.33 ,

180

5.33,

,

,

,

. ,

.

5.34 .

.

, ,

(fitting curves) .

NiTi,

181

.

:

5.11

,

: a=0.159, b=-0.0181 y0=-0.14.

a=0.285, b=-0.0144 y0=-0.25.

,

.

,

, duty cycle, k.

, ,

k,

. ,

SMA (. . 5.33 . 5.31),

k=0.57 ,

k=0.50, ,

0.53.

(. . 5.32 . 5.34),

,

k=0.57, ,

.

,

k,

.

(60 sec), duty cycle

. , (. )

.

,

NiTi.

,

,

182

.

, , ,

50% 1 103

, 6 103 ,

10% . , 50%

, 1.4 103 ,

7 103 15%

. , NiTi

(. 4.8.2), 2 103

, 2 104 .

, ,

, , .

5.35 SMA,

.

183

,

. ,

SMA.

, ,

. ,

,

4 ,

.

, ,

,

. ,

,

.

, ,

, .

,

NiTi

.

,

.

, (

) , ,

80C 100C. H

, ,

NiTi.

184

5.36

80C 100C.

5.37 80C 100C.

185

, ,

. , 40.01 (

80C 41.2 100C. ,

60.10 61.9 .

,

,

.

,

,

NiTi.

5.12

a b, :

a=1.028, b=0.038 80C a=1.040, b=0.060

100C. , a=1.007, b=0.042 80C a=1.010, b=0.068

100C.

,

,

. ,

,

f,

.

SMA 4 .

,

. , 24 ,

80C, 18%

. , 12%

100C. ,

.

186

5.38 , .

.

5.39 . 5.38

187

, ,

,

100C. H ,

80C,

,

, 100C.

, 50

,

, , ,

.

5.40 80C 100C, NiTi 100C.

188

6

-

6.1

,

, ,

.

,

,

(0) Kevlar 29,

, -, 300m.

, ,

NiTi . ,

,

,

,

, ,

..

, ,

,

189

, 4.2

Thermis.

,

,

, ,

, ,

, , ,

. ,

(DSC),

(DMA) (SEM),

.

,

,

NiTi, :

(transformation fatigue) (activation stress

relaxation) .

,

, ,

. NiTi,

, ,

,

.

,

.

,

,

, , stress

relaxation,

.

190

,

,

, ,

,

.

, ,

,

, :

,

,

.

6.2 Thermis

1960,

NiTi,

,

.

, ,

,

,

.

Thermis,

(. 4.2), .

,

MTS, ,

191

.

(, ,

..) , , ,

,

,

. ,

(. .4.2), ,

SMA

.

,

, ,

SMA,

. ,

( ), ,

,

.

,

, ,

.

,

, [83].

SMA Joule,

Thermis, ,

.

,

(20) ( , = NiTi)

.

,

. ,

192

, SMA

,

.

,

,

.

Thermis,

,

.

6.3 NiTi

,

, 4 5. ,

,

.

NiTi

, 500 MPa ,

, 100C.

, ,

, ,

, k. ,

,

,

- .

,

. NiTi, 50%

, 2 103 ,

193

2 104 ,

.

,

41 ( 3.8 MPa),

, 61.5 ( 5.7 MPa) .

,

,

50%. SMA,

,

,

. ,

duty cycle,

, .

, 50% , 1 103

, 6 103 ,

.

,

5 4

SMA 10 , 6 . ,

,

, Thermis,

.

,

.

,

1 103 , , ,

.

194

6.4 NiTi

, NiTi,

225 . ,

,

100C. ,

500MPa ,

,

. ,

,

.

, 100C,

15% ,

164C, 65%.

, 24 ,

12% 29%, .

,

,

. ,

, , , 40 N 60 .

,

, ,

. 80C (

100C , ), 24

, 18%

35%, , 225 .

,

,

, , ,

,

. ,

195

,

, ,

, .

6.5

,

DSC SEM, as-received,

trained ,

4 .

,

, ,

.

training,

,

.

, ,

, ,

training, ,

.

,

,

DSC, . ,

R-.

, , ,

NiTi ,

, .

, DSC training,

196

(. . 4.33).

,

, ,

,

.

,

, , DSC

,

.

,

(. 4.8.3)

twinning detwinning NiTi .

, (slipping),

(twins),

(. . 4.40),

. , ,

,

.

, ,

, ,

,

.

,

, as-received

POM, .

NiTi, training, SAM,

, ,

SAM. ,

- , ,

.

SAM, ,

197

(slipping under constrained conditions)

, .

, ,

.

,

, .

,

,

. slipping

,

.

6.6

,

,

,

, RC

.

,

,

,

.

198

, ,

,

, .

, S/Nf.

,