Qualitative Data Qualitative Data Analysis for Language Analysis for Language

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Dr. Andrew Finch 경북대학교

Much of this material can be found in: Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. (1984). Qualitative Data

Analysis: A Sourcebook of New Methods. California; SAGE publications Inc.

This seminar will take the format of a Workshop, (after the initial introduction and explanation).

If you have brought your own data and research questions, you can examine them in the light of considerations mentioned in these slides and in the handout.

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IntroductionIntroduction

In this seminar, we will investigate: Qualitative research: The problem Focusing the Collection of Data Analysis During Data Collection Drawing and Verifying Conclusions Data Analysis Workshop Qualitative Data Analysis Software

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IntroductionIntroduction

Two basic types of research: Two basic types of research: Descriptive and Measurement-based Descriptive and Measurement-based

Qualitative research: Quantitative research:

1. concerned with understanding human behavior from the researcher’s frame of reference;

2. naturalistic and uncontrolled observation;

3. subjective;4. close to the data;5. discovery-oriented,

exploratory, descriptive;6. inductive;7. process oriented8. valid: “real”, “rich”, “deep”

data;9. ungeneralizable case

studies;10. dynamic reality.

1. concerned with facts or causes of behavior without regard to the subjective state of the individual;

2. obtrusive and controlled measurement;

3. objective;4. removed from the data; 5. verification-oriented,

reductionist, inferential, hypothetical;

6. deductive;7. outcome oriented8. reliable: “hard”, replicable

data;9. generalizable multiple case

studies;10. stable reality.

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Questionnaires Self- and peer-assessment forms Checklists/inventories Interviews Teacher-diary Learner-diary Observation

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Qualitative data-collection Qualitative data-collection instrumentsinstruments

Transparency Trustworthiness Aesthetic merit Reflexivity Accountability

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Qualitative data-analysis Qualitative data-analysis criteriacriteria

Cognitive (positivist) Socio-culturalist Social-constructionist (relativist) Marxist Feminist Essentialist Behaviourist

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Qualitative data-analysis Qualitative data-analysis interpretationinterpretation

Why Qualitative Data?Why Qualitative Data?

Miles & Huberman, P. 15 (Handout) Qualitative data are attractive. They are a source of well-grounded, rich descriptions

and explanations of processes occurring in local contexts.

With qualitative data one can preserve the chronological flow, assess local causality, and derive fruitful explanations.

They help researchers go beyond initial preconceptions and frameworks.

The findings from qualitative studies have a quality of “undeniability,” as Smith (1978) has put it.

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Components of Data Components of Data AnalysisAnalysis

Data Reduction: (Handout)

the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the ‘raw’ data that appear in written-up field notes. Data reduction occurs continuously throughout the life of any qualitatively oriented project.

This is part of analysis.

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Components of Data Components of Data AnalysisAnalysis

Data Display: (Handout)

The second major flow of analysis activity is data display.

A ‘display’ is an organized assembly of information that permits conclusion drawing and action taking.

The most frequent form of display for qualitative data has been narrative text.

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Components of Data Components of Data AnalysisAnalysis

Conclusion Drawing/Verification: (Handout) The third stream of analysis activity From the beginning of data collection, the

qualitative analyst is beginning to decide what things mean and is noting regularities, patterns, explanations, possible configurations, causal flows, and propositions.

Final conclusions may not appear until data collection is over.

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Components of Data Components of Data AnalysisAnalysis

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Components of Data Analysis: Flow Model (Handout)

Data collection period

= AnalysisAnticipatory Data reduction

Data displaysConclusion drawing/verifying

Components of Data Components of Data AnalysisAnalysis

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Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Model (Handout)

Data Display

Data Reduction Conclusions: drawing/verifying

Data collection

Conceptual frameworkConceptual framework

Building a Conceptual Framework (Handout)

Theory-building relies on a few general constructs that subsume a mountain of particulars.

We have to decide which dimensions are more important, which relationships are likely to be most meaningful, and what information should be collected and analyzed.

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Conceptual FrameworkConceptual Framework

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PRINCIPLESAwareness AutonomyAuthenticity

AchievementAssessment Accountability

STRATEGIES

Contingent interactionScaffoldingCritical thinkingLearner training

ACTION

TasksField workPortfoliosConversationNegotiationStoriesGenre variationTeam work

CURRICULUM DESIGN (VAN LIER 1996:189) (Handout).

Research QuestionsResearch Questions

Formulating Research Questions (Handout)

The formulation of research questions can precede or follow the development of a conceptual framework.

Research questions can be general or particular, descriptive or explanatory.

They can be formulated at the outset or later on, and can be refined or reformulated in the course of fieldwork.

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Data CollectionData Collection

Sampling: Bounding the Collection of Data (Handout)

Choices must be made. Unless you are willing to devote most of your professional life to a single study, you have to settle for less.

Settings have subsettings (schools have classrooms, groups have cliques, cultures have subcultures, families have coalitions), so that fixing the boundaries of the setting in a non-arbitrary way is tricky.

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Sampling Sampling (Handout)

Qualitative research is essentially an investigative process, not unlike detective work. One makes gradual sense of a social phenomenon, and does it in large part by

contrasting, comparing, replicating, cataloguing, and classifying the object of one’s study.

These are all sampling activities12시 7분 18

ConstantComparisonKaleidoscope

Sampling Sampling (Handout)

Sampling involves not only decisions about which people to observe or interview, but is also about

settings, events, actors, social processes.

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Analysis During Data Analysis During Data CollectionCollection

Methods (Handout)

Contact Summary Sheet

Document Summary Form

Codes and Coding

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MOTCONFIPECICAPORG/PRACCLASSPROBSEXTRULEPATTQU-!QU-QTS

MotivationConfidenceInnovation PropertiesExternal ContextInternal ContextAdoption ProcessEffects on Organizational PracticeEffects on Classroom PracticeImplementation ProblemsExternal InterventionsRulesRecurrent PatternsSurprisesPuzzlesTeacherStudent

Analysis During Data Analysis During Data CollectionCollection

Methods (Handout)

Reflective Remarks Marginal Remarks Storing and Retrieving Text Pattern Coding Memoing

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Drawing and Verifying Drawing and Verifying ConclusionsConclusions

Tactics for Generating Meaning Counting Noting patterns, themes Seeing plausibility Clustering (Classifying) Making metaphors Splitting variables Subsuming particulars into the general Factoring Noting relationships between variables Finding intervening variables Building a logical chain of evidence Making conceptual/theoretical coherence

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Drawing and Verifying Drawing and Verifying ConclusionsConclusions

Tactics for Testing or Confirming Findings Checking for representativeness Checking for researcher effects Triangulating Weighting the evidence Making contrasts/comparisons Checking the meaning of outliers Using extreme cases Ruling our spurious relations Replicating a finding Checking out rival explanations Looking for negative evidence Getting feedback from informants

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Workshop 1 (In Groups, 15 Workshop 1 (In Groups, 15 minutes)minutes)

Please look at your handouts.

Look at the “Freshman Syllabus Design Issues” and the “Sample Issues for Action Research.”

Choose an issue (or make your own issue).

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Workshop 1 (In Groups, 15 Workshop 1 (In Groups, 15 minutes)minutes)

Now make a research plan.

What do you want to find out? Make some research questions. What data will you collect? How will you collect it (research

instruments)? When will you collect it? How will you analyse the data?

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Workshop 2 (Groups, 15 Workshop 2 (Groups, 15 minutes)minutes)

Please look at your handouts. If you have brought some data, look at it

now with members of your group. Try doing some data analysis.

Make some analysis codes. GO through the data and write in the codes in

appropriate places. Make some reflective comments. Make some marginal comments Find patterns. Draw some conclusions. How would you verify them?

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Workshop 3 (Pairs, 15 Workshop 3 (Pairs, 15 minutes)minutes)

A): Ask your partner to talk about his/her Language Learning History.

Make notes as you listen. Ask questions. What things do you think are significant?

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A): Talk about your LLH. Look at the questions on the next slide. What events do you think were significant

in your LLH?

Workshop 3 (LLH Workshop 3 (LLH Questions)Questions)

How did you learn English before you started in Higher Education?

What positive and negative experiences did you have and what did you learn from them?

In terms of learning English, what were you expecting before you started in Higher Education?

When you started in Higher Education, what were you surprised about in your classes or in the surrounding environment?

Have you changed your ways of language learning since starting in Higher Education?

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Workshop 3 (LLH Workshop 3 (LLH Questions)Questions)

What are the things that you found especially helpful, either in classes or outside them?

What are the areas that you still want to improve in?

How do you think this (final) year will be (has been)?

What are your language learning plans and goals after graduation?

What advice would you give to future students?

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NVivoNVivo

This is Qualitative Research Software. Let’s take a look at it. NVIVO

http://www.qsrinternational.com/products_nvivo.aspx

Tutorialhttp://download.qsrinternational.com/Document/NVivo8/NVivo8-Introducing-NVivo.htm

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ReferencesReferences

ActionResearch paper: http://www.finchpark.com/arts

Questionnaires: http://www.finchpark.com/books/lj

Contact: aef@knu.ac.kr

23年 4月 19日 31