Relative Clause 3

Grammar and Vocabulary Ⅱ

December 13, 2011

When do you feel lonely? According to a research, loneliness

is catching. Do you believe it?

　　（ catching= 伝染性の）

BBC Words in the News

Catching loneliness from the lonely http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learninge

nglish/language/wordsinthenews/2009/12/091202_witn_lonely.shtml

Summary It sounds like a contradiction in terms

but loneliness is catching. That's the conclusion of a detailed study into people's behaviour carried out by teams at three American universities.

It's a medical paradox. People who feel lonely can spread the emotion to others -- much like a virus. After poring over data collected from nearly 5,000 people, the researchers concluded that loneliness is more than just a personal feeling, it's an infectious mental condition. This was a statistical rather than medical study, so it doesn't explain how the contagion happens. But what it did find was that the friends of a person describing themselves as lonely were 52% more likely to become lonely themselves, and that their friends were at an increased risk too, even if they didn't know the lonely person.

The study's authors suggest this may be down to the way lonely people behave. A tendency to be wary or mistrustful of others can make their loneliness a self-fulfilling prophecy, as it may drive friends away. This much may seem obvious, but the study also hints that this behaviour can rub off on other people, painting a rather bleak picture of lonely people driving each other into ever greater isolation. Its advice to the lonely -- surround yourself with a network of friends, as long as they're not lonely too.

where as relative adverb

You can use where in a relative clause to talk about a place:

the restaurant – we had dinner there –it was near the airport

⇒The restaurant where we had dinner was near the airport.

I went back to the town where I was born.

Other relative adverbs

This is the town where he was born.

Sunday is the day when we go to church.

Tell me the reason why you hit him. This is how we learn English. This is the way (how) we learn

English.

Exercise 2 (pp.72-73)

(1) Will you tell me (what/why/how) you could find the way to the building?

⇒ how

(2) I don’t know the reason (what/why/how) she had a date with Mark.

⇒ why

(3) This is the town (where/when/which) I was born.

⇒ where

(4) You can come and see us (wherever/whenever/however) you want.

⇒ whenever

(5) Rich people travel to (wherever/whenever/however) they like.

⇒ wherever

(6) (Whatever/However/Whichever) tired you may be, you must do it.

⇒ However

(7) (Whatever/However/Wherever) happens, I will do it.

⇒ Whatever

Exercise 3 (p.73)

(1) April first is the day. [when new school year begins]

⇒ April first is the day when new school year begins.

(2) Three men came out of the building. [where they worked]

⇒ Three men came out of the building where they worked.

(3) The reason is unknown. [why he stole the money]

⇒ The reason why he stole the money is unknown.

(4) Do you know the way? [how the team won the game]

⇒ Do you know the way how the team won the game?

Exercise 4. (p.74)

(1) Spring is a season. Flowers and blossoms bloom in spring.

⇒ Spring is a season when flowers and blossoms bloom.

(2) A hospital is a place. Patients go for treatment.

⇒ A hospital is a place where patients go for treatment.

(3) History shows us the reason. Japan lost the Second World War.

⇒ History shows us the reason why Japan lost the Second World War.

90.3

1. Barbara works for a company

that makes furniture.

2. The book is about a girl

who runs away from home.

3. What happened to the pictures

which were on the wall?

4. A mystery is something

which cannot be explained.

5. The police have caught the men

who stole my car.

6. A dictionary is a book

which gives you the meaning of words.

7. Alexander Bell was the man

who invented the telephone.

8. It seems that Earth is the only planet

that can support life.

91.4

1. I gave her all the money ( ) I had.

　⇒ that, or x

2. Did you hear ( ) they said?

　⇒ what

3. They give their children everything ( ) they want.

　⇒ that

4. Tell me ( ) you want, and I’ll try to get it for you.

　⇒ what5. Why do you blame me for everything

( ) goes wrong?　⇒ that6. I won’t be able to do much, but I’ll do

( ) I can.　⇒ what

7. I won’t be able to do much, but I’ll do the best ( ) I can.

　⇒ that, or x8. I don’t agree with ( ) you’ve just

said.　⇒ what9. I don’t trust him. I don’t believe

anything ( ) he says.　⇒ that, or x

92.3

1. What’s the name of the man ( ) car you borrowed?

　⇒ whose2. A cemetery is a place ( ) people

are buried.　⇒ where3. A pacifist is a person ( ) believes

that all wars are wrong.　⇒ who

4. An orphan is a child ( ) parents are dead.

　⇒ whose5. What was the name of the person to (

) you spoke on the phone?　⇒ whom6. The place ( ) we spent our

vacation was really beautiful.　⇒ where

7. This school is only for children ( ) first language is not English.

　⇒ whose

8. The woman with ( ) he fell in love left him after a month.

　⇒ whom

See you next week!See you next week!