remedial grammar

8/13/2019 Remedial Grammar

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Grammar Necessary for Spoken SkillS

Unit 1 NOUNS And PRONOUNS

Lesson 1 Names of people, places and things

Section A

9.1.1 Classification of Nouns:

Proper Nouns ( articles) concrete

room, chair

Vinod

Ahmedabad Countable abstract

Nouns ( articles) difficult!, "orr!

Common Nouns collecti#e

table, co" herd, committee

concrete

iron, $old

%ncountable

( articles) abstractmusic, home"or&

9.1.' eneral rules for usin$ articles alon$ "ith nouns (All rules ha#e eceptions).

Nouns that ta&e articles Nouns that do not ta&e articles$enerall!.

a) Common countable nouns a) Proper nouns

b) Collecti#e nouns ta&e articles li&e others b) Common uncountable nouns

c) Countable nouns as the $roup is treated as one.

a bunch of flo"ers, a fleet of ships.

9.1.* Number of "a!s of formin$ the plural:

1) +! addin$ s tables, chairs, $irls etc.

') Nouns endin$ in -s, -sh, -ch, -, ta&e es to form the plural:

$ases, dishes, branches, foes, topaes.

*) Nouns endin$ in ! preceded b! a consonant form plurals b! chan$in$ ! into ies:

/tories, cities, lilies, #arieties, allies.

+ut if preceded b! a #o"el, -s is added: #alle!s, &e!s, store!s, bo!s, 0ourne!s


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) Nouns endin$ in o preceded b! a consonant form the plural b! the addition of es:

2omatoes, potatoes, heroes, Ne$roes, 3ceptions: d!namos, pianos.

+ut if preceded b! a #o"el. s is added: radios, studios, cuc&oos, bamboos etc.

4) Nouns endin$ in -f or -fe chan$e -for, -fe into #es,

cal#es, lea#es, hal#es, &ni#es, thie#es etc. 3ceptions: cafes, strifes.

5) Nouns endin$ in ff, -rf, -oof, and ief ta&e s:

proofs, cliffs, roofs, chiefs, beliefs, &erchiefs etc.

6) /ome nouns chan$e their internal #o"el:

mouse mice, man men, foot feet, tooth teeth etc.

7) Compound nouns ta&e the plural of the principal "ord:

brothers-in-la"8 sons-in-la"8 passers-b!8 man-of-"ar8 men-of-"ar etc.

/ome compound nouns ta&e double plurals: men-ser#ants, "omen-students etc.

9) orei$n plurals:

a) s becomes ae: formalae, lar#ae

b) us becomes i: radii, stimulic) um becomes a: bacteria, curricula, data, media etc.

d) e, -i, -is becomes es: basis bases8 anal!sis anal!ses8 crisis crises8 s!nopsis

s!nopses8 thesis theses.

e) on becomes a: phenomena, criteria.

9.1. Correct use of some nouns:

1) /ome nouns are al"a!s used in sin$ular form e.$.

machiner!, poetr!, scener!, stationer!, ethics, ne"s, means, comics, athletics, furniture,

information, ad#ice, lu$$a$e, bread etc., and also all the sub0ects.

') /ome nouns ha#e the same form in both sin$ular and plural:

sheep, deer, innin$s etc.

*) /ome nouns are al"a!s used as plural:

scissors, spectacles, trousers, pants, measles, than&s, "a$es, premises.

9.1.4 Nouns and ender. asculine and feminine $enders and formed as follo"s:

1) +! usin$ separate "ords


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&in$ ;ueen, bo! $irl, husband "ife, sir madam, bull co", horse mare, do$

bitch, coc& hen etc.

') +! addin$ a "ord indicatin$ the se:

he-$oat she-$oat8 man-ser#ant maid-ser#ant8 land-lord land-lad!8

pea-coc& pea-hen8 coc&-sparro" hen-sparro".

*) +! addin$ ess, -ine, -er, -a to the masculine:

host hostess, hero heroine, sultan sultana, "ido" "ido"er.

Section ! Practise

9.1.1 %nderline the nouns in the follo"in$ sentences and name them:

1)


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1'.1.1 ill in the blan&s "ith suitable pronouns:

3#er! mornin$ = $o to school "ith m! brother. 1) is si and ') am ele#en !ears old. After

school *) "al& home to$ether. ?hen ) reach home, mother $reets 4) "ith a smile.

1'.1.' ill in the blan&s "ith the "ords $i#en in the brac&ets:

1) +alu $a#e a ba$ to Neela. DDDDDDDDDDD $a#e it to sister. (her, she)

') A student sa" some blind be$$ars. DDDDDDDDD "aned to help DDDDDDDD. (them,

he)

*) /ome students are pla!in$ "ith a ball. DDDDDDDDDD "ent and fell in a hole.

DDDDDDDDDD tried to ta&e it out. (the!, it)

) 2he stars are not seen in the da!. DDDDDDDDDD shine at ni$ht. (it, the!)

4) DDDDDDDDDDD are not re$ular, said the teacher to DDDDDDDDDD. (her, !ou)

1'.1.* ill in the blan&s "ith the correct form of possessi#e pronouns:

1) 2his is Bamas pen. 2his pen is DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

') 2hat is our car. 2hat car is DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

*) 2hese are our masters boo&s. 2hese boo&s are DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

) 2hose are their flo"ers. 2hose flo"ers are DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

4) =t is Eishores "atch. 2he "atch is DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.


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UN"( ) AR("*L+S

Lesson 1 a, an, the

Section A ! Learn

1F.1.1 Normall! all the common, countable nouns ta&e articles. @A and @an are called

indefinite Articles and @the is called @e has an ulcer on his le$. (one)

A man came and &noc&ed at the door. (some person)

>e did not spea& a "ord. (a sin$le)

>e ma&es thirt! thousand a !ear. (3#er!)A do$ is faithful to his master. (all do$s)

>e is A0a! (a $reat poet)

1F.1.* %ses of the definite article @the:

2he moon is bri$ht. (%ni;ue thin$s)

Call the man "aitin$ outside. (a particular person)

2here is a do$ in the room8 the do$ is under the table. (a noun "hich has alread! beenmentioned)

= sa" the Prime inister. (a specific person)

2he lotus is a lo#el! flo"er. (a representati#e of the class)

2he an$es is a hol! ri#er. (ri#er, $ulfs, seas, islands, mountain

ran$es etc.)

2he +ible is a sacred boo&. (a "ell &no"n boo&)Ealidas is the /ha&espeare of =ndia. (Proper noun standin$ for a ;ualit!)

/ocrates "as the $reatest of ree& philosophers. (/uperlati#e de$ree)

2he rich must help the poor. (to ma&e an ad0ecti#e a noun)

2he more !ou $et the more !ou "ant. (the G the)

1F.1. No article should be used before the follo"in$ nouns and phrases:

2a$ore "as a $reat poet. (proper nouns)

?isdom is better than riches. (abstract nouns)

=ron and steel are controlled commodities. (material nouns)

an is mortal. (a common noun used in a "ide sense)

>e sent "ord. (in #erb phrase)

>e can tra#el b! read. (prepositional phrase)

3liabeth ==,2he Hueen of 3n$land, #isited =ndia. (before appositional phrases)


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1F.1.4 /ome times a "ord ma! be$in "ith a consonant but ha#e a #o"el sound. /uch "ords ta&e

@an and not @a.

3ample: an hour, an honour, an honest man etc.

2he "ords "hich be$in "ith a #o"el and ha#e consonantal sounds ta&e @a.

a unit, a 3uropean, a useful thin$, a union, a uniform, a one-da! tic&et,

a one-rupee note etc.

Section ! Practise

1F.1.1 ill in the blan&s "ith suitable articles:

1) Amain$ ish.

>a#e !ou e#er heard of DDDDDDDDDDD fish that climbs treesI DDDDDDDDDDD "al&in$ fish

of Australia is DDDDDDDDDDDD amain$ creature. =ts fins are bent in such DDDDDDDDDDD

"a! that it can "al& on them. =t often ta&es DDDDDDDDDDD "al& ri$ht out of "ater.

/ometimes it climbs DDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDD lo"er branches of trees that are near

DDDDDDDDDDD "ater. ?hat DDDDDDDDDDDD unusual si$ht that must beJ

') Kon$ a$o there li#ed DDDDDDDDDDD saint. >e spent most of his time in pra!ers. =n

DDDDDDDDDDD fe" da!s lots of people be$an to #isit him e#er!da!. >e "as disturbed b!

people throu$h out DDDDDDDDD da!. >e did not li&e this. >e thou$ht of DDDDDDDDDDD

plan. >e as&ed DDDDDDDDDDD rich people to $i#e him mone!. >e lent DDDDDDDDDDD

mone! to poor people. After some time both DDDDDDDDDDD rich and DDDDDDDDDDD poor

stopped comin$ to him. DDDDDDDDDDDDDD rich people did not "ant to $i#e him mone!.

DDDDDDDDDDDDD poor people did not "ant to return DDDDDDDDDDD mone!. /o slo"l!

DDDDDDDDDDD number of people became small. After some da!s e#er!bod! stopped

comin$ to DDDDDDDDD saint. >e felt #er! happ! and started DDDDDDDDDDDD pra!ers a$ain.


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UN"( A-.+*("/+S

-escri%ing 0ords

Section A ! Learn

11.1.1 An! "ord adds some more meanin$ to a noun is called an ad0ecti#e. An ad0ecti#e@;ualifies a noun.

Pan&a0 is a $ood pla!er. ;ualit!

2he s&! is blue. colour

>e dran& a little "ater. ;uantit!

= met fift! students. number

La!a is the last in the list. number

2his room is bi$$er than that room. demonstration

3ach man has to si$n on e#er! paper. distribution

?hich fool did thisI ;uestion

11.1.' An ad0ecti#e ma! be placed before the noun it spea&s about:


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2here is a little hope of his success. (some chance).

= shall $i#e him the little mone! = ha#e. (whatever available).

b) e" a fe" the fe"

e" people are $ood. (practically none)

= ha#e a fe" friends in the %./. (a small number)= "ill pac& the fe" thin$s = ha#e. (whatever available)

c) first foremost

uri a$arin "as the first man to $o into space. (first in order)

3instein "as the foremost scientist of his da!. (leading, eminent)

d) elder eldest8 older oldest

/he is m! eldest sister. (of the same family)

>e is the oldest man in the #illa$e. (of age)

e) nearest - net

2he nearest restaurant is t"o miles a"a!. (nearness in space)

/he is seated net to her friend. (position)

f) later latter latest - last

2his is a later edition of the boo&. (in time)

Mf the t"o parties, the conser#ati#e and labour,

the latter is in the interest of the "or&in$ class. (in order)

2his is the latest print. (in time)

2his is the last piece. (in order)

$) less - lesser

= ha#e less mone! than needed. (smaller)

2his is the lesser of the t"o e#ils. (not as bad as the other)

11.1.4 Ad0ecti#es and a$reement:

a) %se of ad0ecti#es "ith sin$ular countable nouns:

one

e#er!each $lass has "ater in it

neither

no

b


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b) %se of ad0ecti#es "ith plural countable nouns:

c) %se of ad0ecti#es "ith uncountable nouns:

Section ! Practise

11.1.1 ill in the blan&s "ith suitable ad0ecti#es:

1) 2he man rested on the DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD seat.

') 2he DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD lad! helped the be$$ar.

*) ?e had DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD rain !esterda!.

) 2he moon is behind the DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD clouds.4) 2he DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD birds fle" a"a!.

11.1.' Be"rite the follo"in$ sentences placin$ the ad0ecti#es in suitable position:

1) 2omorro" "e are $oin$ to a mo#ie. (ne")

') ?e li#e in a buildin$. (multistoried)*) 2hat is the par&. (bi$$est)

) 2his is a dress. (beautiful)

4) >e li#es in a countr!. (forei$n)

11.1.* %se the follo"in$ ad0ecti#es in !our o"n sentences:

1) old ') tall *) pin& ) mudd! 4) foolish

both fe"

these some

a lot of se#eral

lots of man!

plent! of t"o, three

enou$h no

a lot

lots

plent!

2he! ha#e a lar$e number of more boo&s in the librar!.

lots of a $ood deala lot of a lot

a lar$e amount lots

enou$h plent!

plent! some

a $reat deal of no

a $ood deal of a little

little much

?e ha#e a $reat deal more mone! in the ban&


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11.1. %se the follo"in$ phrases in !our o"n sentences:

1) a cold ni$ht ') curl! hair *) a #el#et coat ) hea#! clouds 4) an an$r!

loo&

Unit

12 A 'er% is a #ord that descri%es an action2

)2 (he first form of the 'er% is called an infiniti'e

2 (he changing forms of the infiniti'e are called tenses

2 An infiniti'e al#ays %egins #ith the #ord 3to4 2eg2 to ha'e, to %e

52 Participle is a part of a tense 2 (here are t#o types of participles26

a7 Presesnt Participle

%7 Past participle

(o form the present participle , #e take the infiniti'e, drop to and add 3ing4

eg2 0orking

(o form the past participle , #e take the infiniti'e, drop 3to4 and add 3ed4 to the

'er%, (o make all perfect tenses, #e $se the past participle form the main 'er% e2g2

#orked2

1 /er%s! am 8 is 8 are 9present7

Part A

1.F = am a teacher. ou are a student. >e is a dri#er.

=t is hot. /he is a @sin$er, 2he! are rich.

>e isnt a teacher8 he is a dri#er. =t isnt @cold8 its hot. 2he! arent poor8 the! are

rich.

1.1 Positi#e and ne$ati#e forms:

Positi'e

= am - =m he is - hes she is - shes it is - its

?e are - "ere !ou are - !oure the! are - the!re that is - thats

Negati'e

= am not - =m not he is not - hes not or he isnt she is not - shes not or she isnt

=t is not - its not or it isnt "e are - "ere not or "e arent


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ou are not - !oure not or !ou arent the! are - the!re not or the! arent

there is - theres here is - heres

1.' =m afraid of do$s. =m *F !ears old. ! sister is '4 ohan isnt hun$r!.

! brother is a policeman. >es #er! tall. =ts 1F ocloc&. oure late a$ain.adhu and = are #er! $ood friends. Keela isnt interested in son$s.

2he! bo!s arent at home. ?e arent 3n$lish. ?e are =ndians.2han& !ou. 2hats #er! &ind of !ou. =ts alri$ht.

12 Pron$nciation!

=m hes shes its "ere !oure the!re isnt arent thats theres heres

Note: Make all the above forms weak when you speak. You make words like student,driver, brother etc., strong in your speech. mark !" is given in the sentences#, $ and % to show which words are strong in speech.

Part

1. ?rite the short forms:

1. >e is hesDDDDDDDDDDD. '. 2he! are DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

*. = am not DDDDDDDDDDDDDD. . /he is not DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

4. =t is DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. 5. ou are not DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

1.4 ?rite the full forms:

1. ?e arent "e are not.D . '. =m DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

*. oure DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. . 2he! arent DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

4. =t isnt DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. 5. /hes DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

1.5 Put in, am, is or are:

1. 2he "eather is fine. '. = DDDDDDDD not tired.

*. 2his boo& DDDDDDD #er! hea#!. . 2hese boo&s DDDDDDDDDD old.

4 .Koo&J 2here DDDDDDDD Bam. 5. 2his buildin$ DDDDDDDD 1FF !ears old.

6. =t DDDDDDDDD hot. 7. /eetha and her sister DDDDDDDDD $ood sin$ers.

9. +him DDDDDDDDD at home and his sisters DDDDDDDDDD at school.

1F. = DDDDDDDDDD a student. ! brother DDDDDDDDDDD a doctor.

A) ?rite full sentences usin$ am is are "here#er necessar!:

1. (! dress #er! dirt!) My dress is very dirty DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD .

'. (! bed $ood) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

*. (our boo&s in !our ba$) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

. (= #er! happ! toda!) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.


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4. (2his sari #er! costl!) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

5. (2he shops not open toda!) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

6. (/he si !ears old) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

7. (2hose flo"ers #er! beautiful) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

9. (2he test not difficult) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

1F. (3n$lish eas! to learn) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

+) ?rite positi#e sentences:

1. (=interestedin cric&et) Im interested in cricket DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD D .

'. (?ehun$r!) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

*. (! handscold) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

. (Bi#er Amaonin Africa) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

4. (Canadaa bi$ countr!) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

C) ?rite ne$ati#e sentences:1. (=afraid of do$s) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

'. (einterested in studies) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

4. (3n$lisha forei$n lan$ua$e) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.


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2he sin$ular sub0ect @$irl is follo"ed b! the sin$ular form of the #erb, @is. 2he plural

@$irls is follo"ed b! the plural form of the #erb @are.

A bird li#es in a nest.

+irds build their nests.

1*.1.* =n 3n$lish, man! "ords are used both as nouns as "ell as #erbs.

= too& a "al& noun.

= "al& e#er!da! #erb.

A fl! is #er! harmful noun.

+irds fl! hi$h in the air #erb.

/ee Appendi for a list of common "ords used both as nouns as "ell as #erbs. Befer to

a dictionar! for their meanin$s and usa$e.

1*.1. %se of helpin$ #erbs: >elpin$ #erbs are used in ne$ati#e sentences, ;uestions and

;uestion ta$s:

1) Ne$ati#e sentences: Positi#e sentences can be formed "ithout the helpin$ #erbs but the

ne$ati#e sentences should ha#e a helpin$ #erb as @not is attached to the helpin$ #erb and

ne#er to the main #erb.

Batanl smo&es positi#e sentence

Chandu does nt smo&e ne$ati#e sentence.

') Huestions: Huestions al"a!s ta&e helpin$ #erb "ith or "ithout a "h-"ord:

Are eena and eeta stud!in$ "ellI

?h! are the! $ettin$ less mar&sI

*) Huestion ta$s: Huestion ta$s are short ;uestions "hich are as&ed to confirm some

information:

2he! ha#ent #isited this place, ha#e the!I

ou are lea#in$ for


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) 2he ta$ ;uestion should not be as&ed "ith a risin$ tone8 it has a fallin$ tone as it is not a

$enuine ;uestion.

Section ! Practise

1*.1.1 ill in the blan&s usin$ the appropriate form of the #erb $i#en in the brac&ets:

1) +ees DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD hone!. (collect)

') >e DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD happ!. (not, feel)

*) 2he people DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD his mone!. (not, "ant)

) Mne "ord DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD a sentence. (not, ma&e)

4) >e DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD most of his time in pra!ers. (spend)

1*.1.' Chan$e the follo"in$ sentences into ne$ati#e:

1) Coal is "hite.') 3lephants "al& fast.

*) ?e "ill miss the train.

) >er friend rode on a c!cle.

4) 2he! are $oin$ on a picnic.

1*.1.* ill in the blan&s "ith appropriate ;uestion ta$:

1) ou dont li&e s"eets, DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDI

') A lion is #er! ro!al, DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDI

*) an is selfish, DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDI

) +harat dri#es #er! fast, DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDI

4) Bani failed her eam, DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDI

Lesson ) /er%s! am 8 is 8 are 9;$estions7

Part A

2.1 Positive

am =

heIis sheI

=tI

"eI

are !ouI

the!I


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4. (Prabhu an$r! "ith me) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

'.* ?rite positi#e or ne$ati#e short ans"ers:

1. Are !ou marriedI "o, Im not.DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

'. =s she tallI DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

*. Are the! happ!I DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

. Are !ou tiredI DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

4. =s 3n$lish interestin$I DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

'. Complete the ;uestions. 2he ans"er are $i#en here:

1. ?hats !our nameI >ari.

'. Are DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.No, =m not.

*. ?here DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. rom =ndia.

. >o" old DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. =m '4.

4. Are DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD. No, =m a teacher.

'.4 ?rite fi#e more sentences of !our o"n

UN"( ) =O-AL /+RS

Lesson 1 *an *o$ld: =ay =ight

Part A

1.1 ithi can reach home at 4.*F pm. onl! if she starts from her office at .*F pm. possibilit!

/o, "hene#er she has some "or& at home, she $oes to her boss and as&s him. O/ir, can =

lea#e at .*FI re;uest

%suall! he sa!s, Oes, !ou can.

permission

+ecause, he &no"s that /eehta can complete the "or&, the net da!. abilit!

Could !ou complete so much "or& toda!I abilit!

ou could complete the "or& tomorro", there is no need to hurr! it up. concession

Could !ou tell me the secret of !our success, pleaseI re;uest

= could help !ou in this matter. possibilit!

=f !ou are bored, !ou could $o to a mo#ie.

su$$estion

= cant s"im no", but = could s"im for hours "hen = "as !oun$. abilit! in the past

1.' ou ma! lea#e no".

permission

a! = ha#e !our boo&. polite re;uest

=t ma! rain no".

possibilit!

a! od bless !ou. "ishes

ou ma! pa! the fee tomorro" as there is a stri&e toda!. concession

1.* ou mi$ht ha#e this boo&.

permission


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1.1 @ustnt and @neednt epress opposite meanin$s.

ou mustnt dri#e fast. =t is necessar! that !ou dri#e slo".

ou neednt dri#e fast. 2here is no necessit! to dri#e fast.

or the past tense both the #erbs are used in the perfect tense.

ou mustnt ha#e $one there.ou neednt ha#e spend all the mone!.

1.' @Need is used both as a main #erb as "ell as a helpin$ #erb:

= need some mone!.

= need tell !ou the truth.

@Neednt and didnt need con#e! opposite meanin$s in the past tense:

Bam neednt ha#e ta&en a tai. 2here "as no necessit!, but he too&.

Bam didnt need to ta&e a tai. As there "as no need, he didnt ta&e.

1.* @>a#e to and @$ot to epress a similar meanin$s:

= ha#e to attend the meetin$. Mbli$ation

= $ot to $o to the colle$e toda!. Mbli$ation

=n ne$ati#e sentences, @ha#ent to means some prohibition, and @dont ha#e to means

that there is no necessit!:

= ha#e not to $o there. = am forbidden to $o there.

= dont ha#e to $o there. 2here is no necessit! for me to $o there.

@


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/he "as able to pa! bac& the mone!. = am able to lend this mone! as = ha#e it.

e) @+e bound to epresses obli$ation, compulsion and certaint!:

>e is bound to attend the meetin$. 2he plan "as bound to fall.

f) @dare is used to mean coura$e:

>e dares to spea&. /he dare not spea&.

=n the past tense @did is added: >e didnt dare spea& on the sta$e.

UN"( 5 A-/+RS

Lesson 1! Ad'er%s

Section A ! Learn

1.1.1 Ad#erbs add some more meanin$ to the #erb, ad0ecti#e or another ad#erb in a sentence. =t

@modifies that "ord:

Badha sin$s melodiousl! #erb @sin$s.

Earim is a #er! $ood spea&er ad0ecti#e @$ood.

edha spo&e #er! "ell ad#erb @"ell.

1.1.' Ad#erbs ma! tell us about "hen, "here, ho", "h! an action has happened:

>e left immediatel! ad#erb of time.

/he li#es here ad#erb of place.

2he! li#ed happil! ad#erb of manner.

1.1.* ormation of ad#erbs:

1) +! addin$ l! to an ad0ecti#e: beautifull!, stron$l!, cheerfull!, selfishl! etc.

') +! addin$ "ise, -"a!s, -"ards: crab-"ise, side"a!s, up"ards etc.

*) +! combinin$ a noun and a prefi: asleep, ahead, a"a!, besides etc.

) +! combinin$ a prefi and an ad0ecti#e: alone, aloud, around, behind, belo" etc.

4) 2"o ad#erbs 0oined b! con0unction: b! and b!, o#er and abo#e, no" and then, off and on,

out and out, to and fore etc.

1.1. /ome "ords are used both as ad0ecti#es and ad#erbs:

Ad&ecti'es Ad'er%s

>e is an earl! riser. >e rises earl!.

>is late arri#al "as criticised >e arri#ed late.

>e is a fast bo"ler. >e bo"ls fast.= ha#e a hi$h opinion of him. Al"a!s aim hi$h.

2here is enou$h su$ar. >e "a&ed enou$h.

=t is a lon$ "a!. >e "aited lon$.=t is an eas! 0ob. 2a&e it eas!.

= had a leisurel! "al&.


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1) ?hen there is no ob0ect, the ad#erb is placed 0ust after the #erb.

# $e works hard.

') =f there is an ob0ect, the ad#erb is placed after the ob0ect.

# $e gave the reply immediately.

*) Ad#erbs of time are placed before the #erb.

# %he never go here.

# $e always tries to help her.

) =f there is a helpin$ #erb, the ad#erb is placed after that.

# $e was greatly praised.

4) Ad#erbs "hich modif! ad0ecti#es are placed before the respecti#e ad0ecti#es.

# $e is very competent &'uality)

Note: Koo& at the placement of @onl! in the follo"in$ sentences.

1) Mnl! Lohn helped me to bu! the house. (onl! Lohn and nobod! else).

') Lohn onl! helped me to bu! the house. (Lohn helped me onl! in bu!in$ did not bu! it forme).*) Lohn helped onl! me to bu! the house. (he helped me and nobod! else).

) Lohn helped me onl! to bu! the house.(he helped me to bu! the house and not in an!thin$

else).

4) Lohn helped me to bu! onl! the house.(he helped me to bu! the house but not to bu!

an!thin$ else).

UN"( ? PR+POS"("ONS

Section A ! Learn

14.1.1 Prepositions are the "ords "hich tell us about ho" the nouns, pronouns, ad0ecti#es and

ad#erbs are related to one another in a sentence.

2he su$ar is in the bo. 2he bo is on the table.

14.1.' 2!pes of prepositions:

1) Prepositions of time:

At, on, in, for, before, after, until, till, bet"een, b! upto etc.

') Prepositions of place:

to, at, from, a"a!, from, on, onto, of, in, into, out, of, upon, inside, "ithin, b!, o#er,

abo#e, on top of, behind, in front of, belo", underneath, beneath, across, throu$h, all

o#er, throu$h out, bet"een, amon$ etc.

*) Prepositions of method and manner: b!, "ith etc.

) Prepositions of reason and purpose: "ith, of, for etc.

4) Prepositions of possession: of, "ith, b! etc.


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5) Prepositions of direction and motions: into, to"ards, up, round, across etc.

14.1.* 2here are some t"o-"ord prepositions:

Ahead of, because of, instead of, irrespecti#e of, out of, short of, accordin$ to, contrar!to, due to, net to, o"in$ to, prior to, sub0ect to, upto, alon$ "ith, as for, but for, ecept

for, apart from, a"a! from, up till, from abo#e, from behind, as a$ainst, in bet"een etc.

14.1. Correct use of some prepositions:

1) beside, besides:

a) 2he house is beside the ri#er.

b) +esides bein$ $ood at 2ennis, he is also an ecellent pla!er of olf.

') since, for:

a) >e has been absent since onda! last.

b) >e "as absent for four da!s.

*) bet"een, amon$:

a) = ha#e to choose bet"een the t"o pictures.

b) 2his is a custom amon$ the tribals.

) b!, "ith:

a) >e "as &illed b! his ser#ant "ith an ae.

4) in, at:

a) >e li#es in Lal$aon.

5) on, in, at, b!:

a) =t shall be there at p.m. on rida!.

b) =t is #er! hot in the da! but ;uite cold at ni$ht.

c) = "ill lea#e b! 5 ocloc&.

6) in, into:

a) >e is in bed.

b) >e fell into the "ell.

7) on, upon:

a) >e sat on a chair.b) >e 0umped upon the horse.

9) in, "ithin:

a) 2he loan "ill be repaid in a !ear.

b) 2he loan "ill be repaid "ithin a !ear.


24/51


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Part A

1.1 /hes eatin$. /he isnt pla!in$. =ts rainin$. 2he sun isnt shinin$.

2he!re "al&in$. 2he! arent runnin$.

2he present continuous tense is:

am is are #erb in$ eatin$, rainin$, "al&in$ etc.Positive

=m "or&in$

>e

/he is comin$

=t

?e

ou are listenin$

2he!

Negative

= am not pla!in$

>e isnt $oin$

/he isnt lea#in$

=t isnt doin$ "ell

?e arent tal&in$

ou arent readin$

2he! arent "atchin$ tele#ision.

1.' a) ?e use the present continuous to tal& about somethin$ happenin$ no".

(hes studying &now).

b) ?e also use the present continuous to tal& about somethin$ happenin$ no"-

a-da!s. Im learning nglish &these days).

c) ?e often use the present continuous to tal& about the present period:

today, this month, this season, this year etc.

d) ?e use the present continuous "ith a future meanin$.

*abu is coming tomorrow evening.

e) @oin$ to is a #erb "hich al"a!s indicates a future action.

=m $oin$ to "atch all these pro$rammes.

@oin$ to is used for future actions "hich "e thin& "ill certainl! happen.

/ee the blac& clouds. =ts $oin$ to rain hea#il!.

1.* Huestions:

Positi'e Negati'eAm = cleanin$ "ellI Am = not "or&in$ fastI

=s she comin$ re$ularl!I =snt he stud!in$ "ellI

Are !ou feelin$ betterI Arent !ou chan$in$ !our houseI

Are the! #isitin$ us toda!I Arent the! lea#in$ no"I

1. /ome #erbs are not used in the continuous tense. /ee Appendi 1 for the list of #erbs. =

li&e !ou (not = am li&in$ !ou).

1.4 Huestions are framed usin$ @"h- "ords:


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1. ?hat is she doin$I . ?here is he "or&in$I

'. ?h! isnt she comin$I 4. ?hen are !ou "ritin$ the eamI

*. >o" are the! mana$in$I

Part

+urr! upJ 2he bus DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD (lea#e).

4. ou DDDDDDDDDDD (stand) on m! foot. MhJ =m sorr!.

1.' a&e sentences "ith the "ords $i#en. 2he! must be in the present continuous:

1. (="ashm! hair) I am washing my hairDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

'. (=tnotrain) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

*. (?elearn3n$lish) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

. (/hereadne"spaper) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

4. (>e"atch2.V) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

1.* orm ;uestions usin$ the "ords $i#en. 2he! should be in the present continuous. ?rite

ans"ers to the ;uestions formed:

1. (ou"atch2.V) DD+re you watching %.. "o, Im not.DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

'. (2he childrenpla!) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDI DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

*. (?hat!oudo) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDI DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

. (?hereshe"or&) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDI DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

4. (?h!not!oulau$h) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDI DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

1. ?rite fi#e more sentences of !our o"n

Lesson ) " do 9Simple Present79 P$t )%7

Part A

Simple Present (ense

(o %e (o >a'e

= am = ha#e

ou are >e has, she has

>e is, she is, =t is

?e are

2he! ha#e

?e ha#e

Note: &h word is placed before am'is'are in a (uestion as shown above.


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ou are ou ha#e

'.1 ihir is a echanic. >e "or&s "ith machines.

Bahul is a e "or&s in a hospital.2he! are Carpenters. 2he! ma&e beautiful furniture.

/imple present is: Verb in its ori$inal form. Add one s "hen used "ith hesheit.

'.' ?e use dodoes to ;uestions and ne$ati#es:

;$estions

=


28/51


29/51

5) = DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD (not need) m! umbrella no".

6) = DDDDDDDDDDDD (not belie#e) that is 7F !ears old.

7) ?hat DDDDDDDDDDDDDD (!ourfatherdo)I >e is a teacher.

9) = usuall! DDDDDDDDDDDDDD (drin&) mil& in the mornin$ toda! = DDDDDDDDDDDD (drin&) tea.

1F) /he DDDDDDDDDDDDD (learn) rench no". /he DDDDDDDDDDD (learn) lan$ua$es #er! fast.

'.4 ?rite fi#e more sentences of !our o"n

Lesson 6 1 " did 9Simple Past79P$t )c7

0e form the Past tense of most 'er%s in +nglish %y adding ed to the simple infiniti'e

form 2All s$ch 'er%s #hich form their Past tense in this #ay are called as reg$lar 'er%s 2

" #alked 0e #alked

@o$ 0alked @o$ #alked>e, she , it #alked (hey #alked

Part A

1.1 2he police arrested the thief.

Nita "or&ed in a school for 1F !ears.

?e in#ited them for the part!.

/he passed the eamination.

/imple past is: Verb in the past tense.

1.' ?e use past simple for actions or situations of the past. Koo&J =ts $oin$ to rain no".(Present tense "ith meanin$ of immediate future).

Mh no, not a$ain. =t rained hea#il! !esterda! (simple past)

>e en0o!ed the part!.

r. Vina! died t"o !ears a$o.

?hen = li#ed in umbai, = "or&ed in a +an&.

1.* Past forms of amisare: am "as is "asare "ere

2he teacher "as an$r! because the students came late to the class.

1. =n past simple, ;uestions and ne$ati#es ta&e diddidnt present form of the #erb.

=t rained.


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?ere !ou present !esterda! MB o"tra#elI DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDI

5) 2he "eatherfineI DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDI

6) ?hatdo in the e#enin$sI DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDI

7) ?hencome bac&I DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDI

1. Put the #erb $i#en in the brac&ets into the correct form. %se onl! simple past:

1) Bahul did not sha#e (notsha#e) this mornin$ because he did Dnot ha#eD (notha#e) time.


31/51

') 2he! DDDDDDDDDDDD (noteat) an!thin$ because the! DDDDDDDDDDDDD (notbe) hun$r!.

*) /he DDDDDDDDDDDDDD (runfast) because she DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD (be) in a hurr!.

) >e DDDDDD(as&) man! ;uestions because he DDDDDDDDDDD (notunderstand) the lesson.

4) >e DDDDDDDDD (come) home earl! as he DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD (notha#e) much "or&.

1.4 ?rite fi#e more sentences of !our o"n

Lesson ) Past *ontin$o$s (ense

?e use the Past Continuous 2ense to describe an action in the past "hich "as $oin$ on or

continuin$ "hen another action too& place .( 3$. = "as "or&in$ in the $arden "hen !ou

called)2hus 2he Past Continuous 2ense is not used alone , but al"a!s to$ether "ith some other

past tense action stated or implied.

?e form the Past Continuous 2ense "ith the past tense @to be used as an auiliar! and in the

Present Participle (in$ form) of the main #erb

= "as "or&in$ ?e "ere "or&in$

ou "ere "or&in$ ou "ere "or&in$

>e, /he , =t "as "or&in$ 2he! "ere "or&in$

/uppl! the correct Past Continuous 2ense form of the #erbs in the parentheses

1. 2he! GGGGGGGGGGGGG.(eat) in the restaurant "hen = sa" them

'. ?hen !ou telephoned, = GGGGGGGGGGGGGG(ha#e) dinner.

*. 2he bab! GGGGGGGGGGGGG..(sleep) soundl! "hen = "ent to "a&e

him.

" #as doing 9Past *ontin$o$s79 add )d7

Part

'.1 ?hat "ere the children doin$ in the e#enin$I

%hey were playing in the garden.

?ere !ou "atchin$ the pla! !esterda!I

es, of course. I was watching it through out.

Past continuous is: "as"ere #erb in$.

=heshe "as "ethe!!ou "ere

'.' a) ?e use the past continuous to tal& about an action "hich continued for some time in the

past. +ut "e dont &no" "hether it is o#er no".

+harat "as li#in$ in +oroda till 199F.= "ent to her. /he "as coo&in$ dinner then.

b) 2he simple past is used for a completed action and the past continuous for a continuous

action "hen "e spea& about t"o past actions.

A lorr! &noc&ed him do"n "hen he "as crossin$ the road.

?hen = sa" Eumar in the par&, he "as sittin$ on the $rass and readin$ a boo&.

=t "as rainin$ hea#il! "hen = $ot up.

c) +ut if the past actions are o#er, the simple past is used.


32/51

?hen the telephone ran$, he $ot up and ans"ered it.

?e finished lunch and "ent out.

'.* 2he simple present is used for the dail! actions, "hile the simple past is used for thecompleted actions. 2he present and the past continuous tenses are used for the continuous

actions of the present and the past time. Compare the follo"in$ eamples:

= drin& tea e#er!da!. esterday I drank coffee.

>e is "atchin$ the 2.V. no". esterday he was watching the %.. throughout.

'. =dioms and phrases:

1) to bac& out to drop, to "ithdra".

') +ehind ones bac& in ones absence.

*) Past pain is pleasure, past pleasure is pain 2he bad da!s of past do not "orr! us, the

$ood da!s "hich are no more ma&e us unhapp!.) Bome "as not built in a da! Nothin$ $reat can be achie#ed "ithin a #er! short time.

Part

+enot"eara coat"hen=seehim.

>e "asnt "earin$ a coat "hen = sa" him .

') >esmo&ea pipe"hen=meethim.

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

*) /hecarr!a ba$"hen heseeher.


) 2he lorr!run#er! fast"henithitthe bo!.


4) Earim ha#edinner"henErishna$oto him.



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'.* ?rite ;uestions in the past continuous:

1) ?hatEusum do"hen !ouseeherI

?hat "as Neha doin$ "hen !ou sa" her .

') ?hat!oudofrom 7 to 1F p.m.!esterda!I

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

*) ?hathe"ear!esterda!I


) =train"hen!ou$ooutI


4) ?here!ouli#ein 197FsI


'. ?rite fi#e more sentences of !our o"n

Lesson 1 Present Perfect (ense

2o form the Present Perfect 2ense in 3n$lish , "e use the #erb @to ha#e as an auiliar! and tothis auiliar! ,"e add the past participle of the main #erb.

= ha#e "or&ed ?e ha#e "or&ed

ou ha#e "or&ed ou ha#e "or&ed

>e , she , =t has "or&ed 2he! ha#e "or&ed

2he Present Perfect 2ense has se#eral uses in 3n$lish . =n $eneral, ho"e#er, it al"a!s describessome past action "hich is connected in one "a! or another "ith present time.

Qirst , the present perfect tense is used to describe an action "hich happened at a indefinite time

in the past.

3$.

= ha#e read the boo&. 2he ha#e mo#ed to Chica$o .

Q/econd, the present perfect tense ma! also describe an indefinite action "hich "as repeated

se#eral times in the past .

3$.

= ha#e read that boo& se#eral times. >e has studied this lesson o#er and o#er a$ain.

" ha'e done 9present perfect79 Add )e7

Part A

1.1


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1.' orms of ha'e

/ositive>eshe it has =!ou"ethe! ha#e

"egative >esheit hasnt =!ou"ethe! ha#ent0uestion >asnt hesheitI >a#ent =!ou"ethe!I

1.* a) ?e use the present perfect for actions "hich ha#e a connection "ith the present.

/hirin has lost his scooter. (>e hasnt !et found it).

Eashish has $one to America. (>e is still in America).

b) ?e also use the present perfect for the action 0ust completed (the action is o#er but the

period is continuin$):

>e has smo&ed a lot of ci$arettes toda!.

= ha#ent had a holida! this !ear.

Pratibha hasnt studied "ell this term.

2he! ha#ent had a holida! this !ear./he has 0ust arri#ed.

=t has alread! appeared in the paper.

c) 2he present perfect is used "ith the actions done for the first or second time.

2his is the first time 2e0 has dri#en a car.

=s this the first time !ou ha#e been to


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>o" lon$ ha#e !ou sta!ed in umbai >o" man! pa$es ha#e !ou readI

?h! ha#e !ou "ritten that letter no"I

?hat ha#e !ou thou$ht about itI

h) ?hen the past tense is indicated "ith specific time "ords. 2he present perfect is not used8

the past simple is used then.

= ha#e seen A0antha before.= sa" A0antha last !ear.

Part

+arsha is ridin$ a horse but she is not #er! confident.

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD


) a!ur is s"immin$ but he is afraid of "ater.



36/51


4) La!ant is in Calcutta but its #er! ne" for him.



1.* Ans"er the ;uestion $i#en usin$ the "ords in brac&ets. All are in the ne$ati#e form.

1) ?hen did it rainI (for a$es) = hasnt rained for a$es.

') ?hen did the! last #isit !ouI (since Lune) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

*) ?hen did !ou last eat por&I (ne#er) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

) ?hen did !ou last dri#eI DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

4) ?hen did !ou $o to Cuttac&I DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

1. a&e ;uestions "ith the "ords $i#en:

1) ouhearfrom 2homas recentl!I >a#e !ou heard from 2homas recentl!I

') ouseePri!a in the past fe" da!sI DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.*) oueatan!thin$ toda!I DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

) ou$oan! $ood film this "ee&I DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

4) ouha#ea holida! this !ear !etI DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

1.4 Bead the situation and "rite a sentence usin$ the past simple once and present perfect

once:

1) ohan lost a lot of "ei$ht but no" he is hea#! a$ain. (lost"ei$htput on "ei$ht).

Mohan lost a lot of weight but now he has put on weight again .

') >emant "ent to Na$pur but no" he is bac& in umbai a$ain. ($ocom bac&)


*) Kast !ear r. adha# bou$ht a car. No" it belon$s to someone else. (bu!sell)


) 2he police arrested the man but no" he is at home a$ain. (arrestrelease)


4) /hasha cut his hair. No" it is lon$ a$ain. (cut$ro").


1.5 Put the #erb in the brac&ets either in the simple past or in the present perfect "hiche#er is

ri$ht.1) ! friend is a "riter. /he has "ritten ("rite) man! boo&s.

') ?e DDDDDDDDDDD (notha#e) a holida! last !ear.

*) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD (see) /uresh last "ee&I

) ! hair is clean. = DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD ("ash) it.

4) Naresh "or&s in a boo& shop. >e DDDDDDDDDDDDDD ("or&) there for three !ears no".


37/51

1.6 ?rite sentences about !ourself. +e$in "ith the "ords $i#en.

1) =#e li#ed here for 2 years-------------.

') =#e been DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

*) =#e studied upto DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

) =#e learnt DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

4) =#e &no"n DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

1.7 ?rite fi#e more sentences of !our o"n

Lesson ) " ha'e %een doing 9Present Perfect *ontin$o$s7

Part A

'.1 =t "as rainin$ !esterda!. =t is rainin$ toda! also. =t is still rainin$.

It has been raining since yesterday.

!e have been waiting to go out.

2he present perfect continuous is: hasha#e been #erb in$.

'.' a) ?e use the present perfect continuous for lon$ actions "hich be$an in the past and still

happenin$:

2he bab! has been cr!in$ for t"o hours no". (=t is still cr!in$)

?e ha#e been tr!in$ to fi the machine. ("e are still doin$)

b) ?e also use the present perfect continuous for action "hich ha#e happened for a lon$

time but ha#e 0ust stopped:

ou are breathless. >a#e !ou been runnin$I

+hanus dress is dirt!. ?hat has she been doin$I

c) ?hen "e are interested in the action itself, "e use the present perfect continuous and if

"e are interested in the result, "e use the present perfect:

Prasads hands are #er! dirt!. >e has been repairin$ the car.

2he car is read! no". Prasad has repaired it.

Bamesh has been smo&in$ too much recentl!. >e should smo&e less.

/omebod! has smo&ed all m! ci$arettes. 2he pac&et is empt!.

'.* =n ;uestions, "h-"ord comes before hasha#e or the ;uestion be$ins "ith hasha#e.

?hat ha#e !ou been readin$ the past one "ee&I

?here has she been li#in$ all this timeI

>a#e !ou been "atchin$ the mo#ieI

>as he been "or&in$ so lon$I>o" lon$ ha#e !ou been learnin$ 3n$lishI

?h! has she been complainin$ all the timeI

Part

+


38/51

1) opal is #er! tired. (he"or&hard)$e has been working hard.

') Chandu has a blac& e!e and aren has a cut lip. (the!fi$hteach other).


*) Vanitha fin$ers are achin$. (shet!peall da!)


) Neehal is rich no". (shema&eprofitbusiness)


4) Eho0o is on his deathbed. (hesufferfrom cancer).


'.' ?rite ;uestions in the present perfect continuous for each situationI

1) ahesh has oil on his hands. (he"or&on the car).$as he been working on the car

') o&uls e!es are red. (redcr! lon$) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

*) our friend is at home "hen !ou cam bac&. (!ou"ait lon$).DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

) ou "ant to &no" ho" much time La!a has spent in learnin$ rench. (!oulearnrenchho" lon$)


4) /h!am smo&es. (hesmo&eho" lon$)


'.* ?rite ' sentences on each of the follo"in$ situations. Mne should be in the presentperfect and, the other in present perfect continuous:

1) A0a! is readin$ a boo&. >e started ' hours a$o and he is on pa$e 4*.

(hereadfor ' hours)$e has been reading for two hours.(heread4* pa$es so far)$e read 3 pages so far.

') Ar0un is from e "rote 1F boo&s so far. >e be$an "ritin$ in 1996.

(he"ritesince 1996) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

(he"rite1F boo&s so far) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

4) Ehurshid &no"s Arabic. /he be$an learnin$ in 199F. /he &no"s the basic lan$ua$e "ell.

(shelearnArabic since 199F) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

(shelearntthe basic lan$ua$e "ell) DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD


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'. 2r! to "rite a para$raph on !our routine acti#ities and hobbies. %se the four forms of the

present tense.

Lesson 1 Past Perfect (ense

?e use the Past Perfect 2ense to describe an act "hich too& place in the past before another past

action. 2hus, "e ne#er use the Past Perfect 2ense alone but al"a!s in relation to some other pastsituation stated or implied.

/he said that she had seen the mo#ie

+! the time "e arri#ed, the! had left .

?e form the Past Perfect 2ense b! usin$ the past tense oh ha#e (had) as an auiliar! 8 to this

auiliar! , "e add the past participle of the main #erb

= had seen ?e had seen

ou had seen ou had seen

>e, she, it had seen 2he! had seen

" had done 9past perfect79 Add )f7

Part A

1.1. After the part! last ni$ht, = "ent home at 1F.*F p.m. ! friend /u0atha "as not there.

/he had $one at 7 p.m. ?hen = "ent to the bus stop, the bus had alread! left. 2he past

perfect is: had #erb in the past participle form.

1.'. orms of had:

Positi#e : =!ouhesheit"ethe! had

Ne$ati#e : =!ouhesheit"ethe! hadnt

/hort forms : =dshedhed!oud"edthe!d

Huestions : >ad =hesheit"ethe!

1.*. ?hen "e tal& about t"o actions of the past, "e use the past perfect to spea& about thefirst of those t"o actions.

Neeta didnt come "ith us to the cinema because she had alread! seen it.

Bashid came home and found that someone had bro&en his "indo" $lass.

1) =t isne#er too late to learn 2here is no a$e limit for learnin$ as it is a life lon$ process.

Part

+


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*) After the $uests DDDDDDDDDDDD (lea#e). Anisha cleaned the table.

) >e DDDDDDDDDDDDDD (lea#e) the #illa$e before the earth;ua&e destro!ed it.

4) 2he train left after he DDDDDDDDDDDD (bid) $oodb!e to his friends.

1.' a&e sentences in the past perfect usin$ the "ords $i#en.

1) =ha#e0ustlunch. = had 0ust had lunch.

') 2he filmalread!be$in DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

*) 2he!0ustfinish their dinner DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

) /healread!arran$edto do somethin$ else DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

4) =not see her for fi#e !ears DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

1.* ?rite fi#e more sentences of !our o"n

Lesson ) " had %een doing 9Past Perfect *ontin$o$s76A--)g

Part A

'.1 2he bo!s came in "ith "et clothes on8 the! "ere pla!in$ in the $arden for sometimethou$ht it had been rainin$ hea#il!.

/he "as #er! tired b! e#enin$ as she had been "or&in$ all da!.

2he past perfect continuous is: had been #erb in$.

'.' ?e use the past perfect continuous to sa! ho" lon$ somethin$ had been happenin$

before somethin$ else happened.

2he! had been pla!in$ for t"o hours before the rain started.

2he bab! had been cr!in$ for one hour "hen its mother came.

.

Part

+


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UN"( ? (+NS+S

?e use the uture 2ense in 3n$lish to epress promise or determination.

Q?e form the future "ith the auiliar! #erbs "ill and simple (infiniti#e) form of the main#erb.

= "ill ( shall )$o ?e "ill (shall) $o >e, she , it "ill $oou "ill $o ou "ill $o 2he! "ill $o

=n e#er!da! con#ersation, "e $enerall! use the contracted form , =ll ,!oull etc.

2o epress the simple future function or an intention to perform some future act, "e

$enerall! use to %e going to pl$s an infinite , instead of future tense in present da!

3n$lish( e$. = am $oin$ to stud! rench net !ear. ?e are $oin$ to ta&e a "al& in the$arden )

QAlthou$h O/hall eists as the classic, first person auiliar! in the future tense , most of

us use "ill in all three persons, sin$ular and plural

Lesson 1 " #ill do 9Simple f$t$re76 9add ) h7

Part A

1.1 = "ill see !ou tomorro".

= am lea#in$ tomorro".Mur colle$e reopens on onda!.

/imple future is: "ill #erb or present continuous or simple present.

1.' /hort forms

/ositive4 =ll, hell, shell, itll, !oull, "ell, the!ll

"egative 4 "ill, "ont, "ill not

1.* ?ill is used for simple intentions or for "hat one thin&s "ill happen. 2he present

continuous is used for the actions "hich are alread! arran$ed or scheduled.=ll pass the eamination.

= am $oin$ to


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1.' ?rite the sentences usin$ the ne$ati#e forms of @"ill:

1) >e li&es comin$ "ith us. /he DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

') 2he! "ill listen to him but = &no" !ou DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

*) = "ill eat in this hotel, but = &no" !ou DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

) =ll sta! here but she DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

4) Mur $rand mother accommodates our ideas but our $randfather DDDDDDDDDDDDDDD.

1.* Cross out the "ron$ form of the t"o:

1) Lohn is not free on /unda! is "or&in$.

') = "ill $o am $oin$ to a part! tomorro".

*) =m sure Ba$hu "ill $et is $ettin$ the 0ob.

) Eaman "ill lea#e is lea#in$ on rida!.4) +hanu "ill pass is passin$ the eamination.

1. Ans"er these ;uestions usin$ the "ords in brac&ets:

1) ?hen do !ou thin& shell arri#eI (epecttoni$ht)

I e5pect shell arrive tonight------------------------------

') ?hat do !ou thin& hell sa!I (probabl!nothin$)DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

*) >o" do !ou thin& the!ll $o thereI (thin&train)

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

)


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?ill !ou be usin$ !our car tomorro"I

?ill !ou be "ritin$ !our eaminations from onda!I

Part

+arish has eams from tomorro", he DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD in the e#enin$s.

*) As it is a holida!, "e DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD out house tomorro".

) = DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD a film on /unda!.

4) >ussain DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD in that ban& from 16thof this month.

'.' a&e sentences in the future continuous usin$ the "ords $i#en:

1) ouseeLa!a this afternoon

?ill !ou be seein$ La!a this afternoonIDDDDDDD

') ouuse!our t!pe"riter tomorro" e#enin$I

DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD

*) oupassthe post office on !ou "a!I


) opirepairhis motorc!cle tomorro"I


4) /hestud!in$all the da! tomorro"I


'..' ?rite fi#e more sentences of !our o"n

Lesson " #ill ha'e done 9$t$re perfect76 9add ).7

Part A

*.1 +!


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= "ill be carr!in$ on m! business net !ear (a continuous action in future)

= "ill ha#e earned some mone! b! the end of net !ear (a completed action in future).

Part

+


45/51

Boses of different colours "ere collected at the ehibition.

4) 2o maintain the connection:

>emant appeared for the inter#ie" but "as not selected.>e sou$ht an inter#ie" "ith the director, but "as not $i#en.

Part

1.1 ill in the blan&s "ith the passi#e forms of the #erbs $i#en in the brac&ets:

1) 2his fort GGGGGGG. thousand !ears a$o. (build)

') 2he "hole buildin$ GGGGGG. b! fire. (destro!)

*) 2his $arment GGGGGG of "ool. (ma&e)

) our letter GGGGGGG three da!s before. (post)

4) 2he bo! GGGGGG. in the accident. (&ill)

%nit 9

?ords often confused

accede, eceed

O


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OO>e tends to adopt the attitudes of those around him.

addition, edition

=n addition to so man! troubles.this one seems to be the $reatest2his is the latest edition of the boo&

ad#ice, ad#ise

O>is ad#ice "as that "e should ad#ise e#er!bod! to either sta! a"a! from rains

2he father ad#ised his son to ma&e use of his time.

affect, effectO+ad "eather "ill affect our s&in

O"atchin$ tele#ision effects the $entle mind

aloud, allo"ed

>e called out aloud2he $irl "as not allo"ed to $o in the ni$ht

altar, alter

2he animal "as sacrificed at the altar?e should alter our beha#iour

alread!, all read!

ou had !our lunch alread!.

O=amallread! to lea#ealto$ether, all to$ether

O=ts alto$ether too bad that !ou cant come.

2he students san$ the son$ allto$ether

.an!one, an! one

Oe is an assistant to the film director

Assure8 ensure:O= assure !ou that !ou "ill do "ell in !our eamO2o ensure !our croc&er! doesnt $et

bro&en, "rap it all in bubble "rap.

O= ensure !ou that the $oods "ill reach fastbare, bear

= sa" a bear in the oo.

/he could not bare the pain an! lon$er

baaar, biarre


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coarse, course

this material is coarse.

/hiela is doin$ a course in 0ournalism.desert, dessert

the2har desert is in Ba0asthan.

Custard "as ser#ed as dessert.eminent, imminent

eena +en is an eminent "riter.

=t is imminent that he "ill "in the race.fair, fare

it is not fair on !our part to blame me.

2he air fares ha#e increase in recent !ears.

father, furtherdau$hters are fathers fa#ourites.

?e "al&ed a little further to ha#e an ice-cream.

fore"ord, for"ard

thefore"ard "as "ritten b! the president of the countr!.?e ha#e to march for"ard to"ards success.

$orilla, $uerrilla

= sa" a $orilla in the national par&.

2he &in$s palace "as surrounded b! $uerrillas.hail, hale

Neeta hails from adh!a Pradesh.

Pi!ush is hale and heart!.

herd, heardthere "as a herd of cattle $rain$ on the fields.

= heard Bita is $ettin$ married.

here, hearplease come here.

/he didnt hear the instructions carefull!.

hole, "holethere is a hole in the "all.

/he ate the "hole ca&e.

idle, idol

she has been idle for the past one month.2he idol "as immersed into the ocean.

&ne", ne"she &ne" it "as her birthda!.

2his is a ne" dress.

letter, latershe "rote a letter.

/he "ill complete her "or& later.

la!, laid

>e la! on his bed.


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>is bod! "as laid to rest.

lead, led

the leader leads the members.

>e led the $uests into the room.lessen, lesson

it "ill lessen m! burden if !ou help me out.

>e learnt a lesson.Kose, loose


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rain, rei$n

= lo#e rain.

2he uptas rei$n is &no"n as the $olden a$e.raise, rae

please raise !our hands to ans"er.

>e instructed his officers to rae the ille$al shops.rapt, "rapped

the child listened to the music "ith rapt interest.

/habnam "rapped the chocolates beautifull!.Bi$ht,"rite

?e should follo" the ri$ht path.

e rode on a bi&e alon$ "ith his $irlfriend.

role, roll

sunita had a small role in the mo#ie.?e roll the chappatis.

scene, seenthis is a beautiful scene .

pri!an&a "as not seen for a month.

sell, cellshe sells peanuts on the roadside.

our bod! is made up of man! cells.

shore, sure

shells "ere found on the sea shore.= am sure !ou are hun$r!.

site, si$ht

this site fetches !ou more mone!./he lost her e!e-si$ht durin$ di"ali.

sort, sou$ht

please sort this matter amon$ !ourself.?hat sou$ht of food is this I

there, their

there is a bi$ ;ueue.

2heir part! "as still $oin$ on.too, t"o

!ou are "elcomed too.

2"o children "ere pla!in$ in the $arden.#ain, #ein

= tried hard but all in #ain.

/he cut her #eins.?aist, "aste

>er "aist sie is '7 inches.


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remedial grammar

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