revista uic 28

7/23/2019 Revista UIC 28

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CF. 5?HEUND

LWCNA

5:8;

Yngfpas

vnadgctas


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Aelgtnva

Barfhr ncvgstnmhiargs y prabgsnachdgs kac mrhiaiaktarhd khphkgs ig mgcgrhr, hpdnkhry invudmhr kacaknfngcta rgdgvhctg phrh dh hifncnstrh-knc, y pgrtncgctg phrh gdgvhrdh khdnihi ig vnih y gd igshrradda sustgcthedg igd phs,kac uch bucknc ig dnigrhzmay rgspacshendnihi saknhd phrh inrnmnr rgigs ig ncvgstn-mhknc y trhehla trhcsinsknpdnchrna.

Hctgkgigctgs hkhifnkas

Fhgstrhs gc Hifncnstrhknc0 Inrgkknc Gstrhtmnkh0 Nccavh-

knc Hifncnstrhtnvh0 Ncvgstnmhknc

y Zraygktas0 Gkacfnka Bnchckngrh0 Fgrkhiatgkcnh y

Kafgrknhdnzhknc0 Bhktar Oufhca0 Khdnihi Yathd0

Gfprgshs [aknhdfgctg Ugspacshedgs0 Mgstnc ig Gfprgshs

Yurstnkhs0 Kafgrkna Gxtgrnar0 Mgstnc

Giukhtnvh y atrhs hkhifnkhfgctg gqunvhdgctgs.

Bgkoh ig ncnkna< gcgra y hmasta, pnih ncbarfgs y gctrgvnsth

Faihdnihi fnxth (sgsnacgs prgsgcknhdgs y h insthcknh)

Ugqunsntas ig ncmrgsa Mrhia ig fhgstrh (prafgina fcnfa ig ?), ttuda y

kiudh kac vhdnigz aknhd gc rghs hcgs

Iafncna igd ninafh ncmds

Kurrnkuduf vnthg hktuhdnzhia

[adnkntui ig ncmrgsa, khrth ig gxpasnknc ig fatnvas y

rgkafgcihknc ig ias iaktargs kac ncvgstnmhknc vnmgctg

Zratakada ig ncvgstnmhknc

Gctrgvnsth kac gd kaarinchiar

Hkrginthr gd inpdafhia Zrapgiutnka gc Ncvgstnmhknc gc

Kngcknhs ig dh Hifncnstrhknc

Kacthkta

Kaarinchiar ig Zasmrhia

Hrtura Zgrdhskh Daehta hpgrdhskhJunk.giu.fx

(77) 79?=89>8 (inrgkta) y 79?= 89:: gxt. 89>?

Kaarinchiar ig Giukhknc Kactncuh

Dnk. Larmg \nmh Factngd lzunmhJunk.giu.fx

(77) 79 ?= 8; :: y 89::, gxt. 9997

Ugkacaknfngcta Aknhd [GZ sgmc cf. ig hkugria 5:858>:2

ig 5? ig lucna ig 5:88

Iaktarhia gc

Hifncnstrhknc


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Giukhknc

Kactncuh

Z[NKAZGIHMAMNH

Inpdafhias Gstnfudhknc Ygfprhch Nctgrvgcknc Zsnkapgihmmnkh gc

Inkudthigs ig Hprgcinzhlg Zsnkatgrhpnh Ergvg Ygrhpnh ig lugmas Zsnkapgihmamh ig dh Hiadgskgcknh Uarskohko Cgurapsnkadamh

Zsnkafatrnknihi

Kursas Hinkknacgs y gd Hiadgskgctg Hkafphhfngcta Hktnva phrh gd qug

Gcvglgkg Arngcthknc Rakhknachd Kacstgdhknacgs Bhfndnhrgs Kaciukths ig Ungsma y Hinkknacgs Hiadgskgcknh y sus Ungsmas kafa

Nigctnkhrdas Cugstras Cnas y Hiadgskgctgs< Nctgr-

vgcknacgs gc gd Gsphkna Gskadhr Rnadgcknh Nctrhbhfndnhr

AIACYADAMNH

Inpdafhias Aiactadamh Kasftnkh

OWFHCNIHIG[

Kursas Bndasabh phrh ca Bndsabas tnkh y vhdargs Nctraiukknc h dh Bndasabh Dh incfnkh gspnrntuhd y dh sakngihi Gsttnkh igd Hrtg [hkra Ygadamh phrh Dhnkas Hctrapadamh Bndaskh ig dh Ugdnmnc [gctnia ig Rnih y Ugdnmnasnihi

MH[YUACAFH

Kursas Kaknch Fgxnkhch Znzzh y Zhsths Kaknch Hsntnkh Kaknch Lhpacgsh Zhchigrh Yrhinknachd Fgxnkhch Zhgddh

INUGKKNAC

^ CGMAKNA[

Inpdafhias

Yrhig Fhr`gtncm Mgafhr`gtncm Fgrkhiatgkcnh Gstrhtmnkh

Hifncnstrhknc phrh ca Hifncnstrh-

iargs Bnchczhs phrh ca Bnchckngras Yrhiukknc Ncmds-Gsphad Kafputhknc phrh gd Insga Mrka Kafgrkna Gxtgrnar gc Dcgh

Kursas Insga y Igshrradda ig [ntnas ]ge Zdhcghknc Gstrhtmnkh y Ehdhckgi

[kargkhri Hspgktas Kacthedgs ig uc Cugva

Cgmakna Kafa Gfpgzhr uc Cgmakna Dh Hifncnstrhknc ig Zgrsachd gc uc

Cugva Cgmakna

Gd Fhrka Dgmhd y dhs Ugdhknacg Dhea-rhdgs

Hifncnstrhknc ig uch ZgqughGfprgsh

[gdgkknc par Kafpgtgcknhs Fginas Zuednknthrnas Kacthendnihi phrh ca Kacthiargs Igrgkoa ig Hutar Ugihkknc Glgkutnvh Khdnihi gc gd [grvnkna Yhddgr ig Ncvgrsnc gc Eadsh Gxkgd Esnka Gxkgd Hvhczhia Yhedhs Incfnkhs Gxkgd Bnchckngra Zawgr Zanct

Hiaeg Zoatasoap 5I Hiaeg Ncigsnmc Fhyh Esnka< Faigdhia ;I

Nctraiukknc hd Ineula

Nddustrhtar Bdhso Huta Khi ;I ]ari

NCBAUFG[ IG HIFN[NC

Khfpus [ur. Hv. Ncsurmgctgs [ur 9;:;Ygd.< 79?= 89 :: gx. 9997, 999= y 999?giukhknckactncuhJunk.giu.fxZdhctgd Uafh. Kriaeh 8=, Kad. Uafh

5:% ig igskugcta h hdufcas, gxhdufcas y iakgctgs WNK.

Das gvgctas pairc sgr nfphrtnias h

ncstntuknacgs y gfprgshs nctgrgshihs,gc sus ncsthdhknacgs y gc gd nctgrnar igdh rgpednkh.

Cas rgsgrvhfas gd igrgkoa ig pa-spacgr a khckgdhr pramrhfhs qug cargchc gd fcnfa ig phrtnknphctgs.

Zrgkna gspgknhd h mrupas Gstuinas snc rgkacaknfngcta ig vhdnigz

aknhd. Zramrhfh rgmnstrhia hctg dh [gkrgthrh

igd Yrhehla y Zrgvnsnc [aknhd< NNB-778882-YO5-::8;.


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WNK WCNRGU[NIHI NCYGUKACYNCGCYHD, H.K.

Ugktar | Luhc Las Karach Dpgz

Inrgkknc Mgcgrhd Hkhifnkh | Uhfc Gcrnqug Fhrtcgz Mhskh

Inrgkknc Mgcgrhd Hifncnstrhtnvh y Bnchckngrh | [grmna Frqugz

Uairmugz

Inrgkknc Mgcgrhd ig Barfhknc Nctgmrhd | Las Hrtura ig dhYarrg Mugrrgra

rgh ig Zasmrhia, Ncvgstnmhknc y Giukhknc Kactncuh | HrturaZgrdhskh Daehta

rgh ig Oufhcnihigs, Kafucnkhknc y Cgmaknas | FhrtohDgacar Hcnigs Bacsgkh

rgh ig dh [hdui | Mherngdh Fhrtcgz Nturrnehrrh

WNK. BAUA FWDYNIN[KNZDNCHUNAIG DH WCNRGU[NIHI NCYGUKACYNCGCYHD

Cf. 5?, hernd-lucna ig 5:8;

Inrgktar | Lhvngr Kurngd [ckogz

Lgbh ig Ugihkknc | Gvh Maczdgz Zrgz

Ugihkknc | Khfnda ig dh Rgmh FgfernddaHcmdnkh Facray Dpgz

Hsnstgcknh gintarnhd | Fhrnkgd Bdargs Fhrtcgz

Kafnt Gintarnhd | Lgss Hyhqunkh Fhrtcgz, Luhc Zheda Erhci Eh-rhlhs, Kyctonh Kgrc Ogrccigz, Fhrtc Knscgras Khreacgra, LasHrtura ig dh Yarrg M., Khrdas Gsqunvgd Yasthia, Las Duns BrhckaEhreh, Kgkndnh Mfgz Bgrccigz, Zhadh Ogrccigz [hdhzhr, OnrhfZhinddh Fhygr, Fhrka Hctacna Zudnia Uudd, Dunsh Bgrchcih UnkaFhcshri, Ugegkh [hncz Maczdgz, Las Duns Wrgh Knrgtt

Kacsgla ig Hsgsargs | ^adhcih Hcmuda Zhrrh, Fhurnkna EgukoatZugctg, Fhrka Hctacna Khfpas, Uamgdna Kuddhr Uhfrgz, Zhu-dgttg Ingtgrdgc, Gvaina Gskhdhctg Egthckaurt, Larmg Duns BadkoFhddad, Luhc Mgdfhc, Ouma Mutnrrgz Rgmh, Munddgrfa OurthiaZrgz, [nfc @hwh, Hrcadia @rhus ]gnsfhc, Khrdas Dpgz Egd-trc, Uaiadba Fhth [hciavhd, Dgc Adnv Fargt, Luhc Khrdas Zg-rgih Bhndhkog, Carh Uheatcn`ab Fhs`nvqugr, Hch Krnstnch UhfrgzEhrrgta, Giuhria Ugygs Dhcmhmcg, Bhvnadh Unvgrh Khstra, DunsNmchkna [ncz, Ygrgsh [hctnhma Arapgzh, Luhc Las Yhfhya.Dhsapncnacgs vgrtnihs gc khih uca ig das hr tkudas sac rgspacshen-dnihi ig sus hutargs.

Dh rgpraiukknc ig kuhdqungrh ig gstas tgxtas gst sulgth h dhhutarnzhknc ig dh gintarnhd y gd hutar.

Zrgkna par glgfpdhr< $7: f.c. [uskrnpknc hcuhd (kuhtra cfg-ras)< $5:: f.c. (rgsnigctgs gc Fxnka) 9: idhrgs (gxtrhclgra)

Ncigxhih gc Dhtncigx ([nstgfh Ugmnachd ig Ncbarfhknc gc Dcghphrh Ugvnsths Kngctkhs ig Hfrnkh Dhtnch, gd Khrneg, Gsphh yZartumhd), KDH[G (Knths Dhtncahfgrnkhchs gc Kngcknhs [aknhdgs yOufhcnihigs) y GE[KA(Gdtac E. [tgpogcs Kafphcy).

N[[C< 8?=:-?58?

KAUUG[ZACIGCKNH [W[KUNZKNACG[WNK Bara Fudtninsknpdnchrna ig dh Wcnvgrsnihi Nctgrkactncgcthd WNK Wcnvgrsnihi Nctgrkactncgcthd, H.K. Ncsurmgctgs [ur 9;:;, Kad.[hcth rsudh _ntdh, Ydhdphc, K.Z. 8995:, Fxnka, I.B.G-fhnd< rnpsngiuJunk.giu.fx | Ygd.< 79?= 89:: y 79?= 8;:: Gxt.9992 | Bhx< 79?= 8;72

WNK. BAUA FWDYNIN[KNZDNCHUNA IG DH WCNRGU[NIHI NCYGUKAC-YNCGCYHD gs uch puednkhknc trnfgstrhd ig dh WNK WcnvgrsnihiNctgrkactncgcthd, H.K.

Oh snia fgrgkgiarh igd Zrgfna Chknachd ig Zgrnainsfa qugatarmh gd Kdue ig Zgrnainsths ig Fxnka, gc 5::> y 5:8:.

Gintar rgspacshedg< Lhvngr Kurngd [ckogz Cfgra ig kgrtnkhiaig Ugsgrvh ig Ytuda atarmhia par gd Ncstntuta Chknachd ig Igrg-koas ig Hutar :9-5:88-:78?8:9;5:::-8:5 Cfgra ig Kgrtn-khia ig Dnkntui ig Kactgcnia< gc trfntg Iafnkndna< Ncsurmgctgs[ur cf. 98;7 y 9;:;, Kad. [hcth rsudh _ntdh, K.Z. 8995:, Ydhdphc,Fxnka, I. B. Dh ginknc ig gstg cfgra kacsth ig uc tnra ig

; ::: glgfpdhrgs, qug sg tgrfnchrac ig nfprnfnr gc inkngfergig 5:85 Instrneuniar< WNK Wcnvgrsnihi Nctgrkactncgcthd, H.K.,Ncsurmgctgs [ur 98;7 y 9;:;, Kad. [hcth rsudh _ntdh, K. Z. 8995:,Ydhdphc, Fxnka, I. B.


5/82

gcgra-fhrza 5:8; WNK. Bara Fudtninsknpdnchrna | ;

cinkg

Yngfpas vnadgctas

Iassngr 9 Zhnshlgs ig uch phtrnh vudcgrhih| Cgdsac Hrtghmh Eatgdda > Oafa ncoufhcus| Fhcugd Munddc 87 Rnadgcknhinmnthd| Lgss Hyhqunkh Fhrtcgz 58 Wch fnrhih euinsth h dh (ca) vnadgcknh| Fhrka Hctacna @hrhf 5= tnkh, vnadgcknh y hmrgsnc gc dhs gspgkngs| Hdglhcira Ogrrgrh ;5 Dh bernkh ig dh fugrtg. Ygstnfacna ig uc saergvnvngctg igd

Oadakhusta| Khfnda ig dh Rgmh y Lhvngr Kurngd [ckogz ;> Fhdtrhta ucnsgx. Wc praedgfh ig dh phrglh kactgfparcgh|

Hdbacsa Ogrccigz Uairmugz

Zgcshfngcta y kafucnihi 9; Yrgs igshstrgs fndnthrgs y su hcdnsns kaciuktuhd| Fhrka Hctacna

Zudnia Uudd 9? Uhinamrhbh dxnka-kackgptuhd ig das gstuinhctgs gc Fxnka|Unkhria Hrrnhmh Khfpas

Gd fucia y su nfhmgc 75 Das aknas ig dh vnih y sus gkas gc dh fugrtg| Uhfnra Hdbacsa

Mfgz Hrzhphda Iarhctgs

Hpuctgs ig dh kngcknh 7= Kngcknh y hmranciustrnh| Uhfc Hdegrta Ehtnsth Mhrkh y Lahquc

Zgrhdth Duch

[hdui2; Gcshdhihs< da qug ohy qug kunihr | Fcnkh Dgtnknh Zhrrh Fhrtcgz

Rgcthch vnhlgrh 22 Hdmucas pngcshc qug das turnsths ca sngctgc | Ihcngd Lhrh Bgrccigz

Kafucnihi WNK =: GxhWNK|Hdglhcirh Rgdhska. Fulgr ogkoh gc Fxnka =9 Fnsnacgras par gd fucia| Dh Wcnvgrsnihi Nctgrkactncgcthd y Fnsna-

cgras ig Muhihdupg| Las Hrtura ig dh Yarrg Mugrrgra =? Nctgrkhfena ucnvgrsnthrna| Dh WNK< ucnvgrsnihi qug ohkg oacar h su

caferg | Hcmdnkh Facray Dpgz

Kadufchs 8; Igsig gd Dhkna| Gvh Maczdgz Zrgz


6/82

Zhnshlgs

ig uch phtrnhvudcgrhihCgdsac Hrtghmh Eatgdda


7/82

IA[[NGU

RNADGCKNHWNK. Bara Fudtninsknpdnchrna | hernd-fhya 5:8;

Dh vnadgcknh gc Fxnka oh snia gxpdnkhih gc

fukohs barfhs. Ohy qungcgs kacsnigrhc qug

gs gd praiukta ig prakgsas ig khfena sa-

knhd, thdgs kafa krnsns gkacfnkhs, trhcsbarfhkna-

cgs padtnkhs a futhknacgs kudturhdgs. Atras fs

hrmufgcthc qug dh vnadgcknh sg oh dgmntnfhia

kafa uc fgina tnd hd qug sg hpgdh phrh ohkgrsg

ig engcgs y sgrvnknas ig taia tnpa, y hd kuhd sg rgku-

rrg kuhcia sac pakhs dhs gxpgkthtnvhs ig ohkgrsg

ig hqugddas par fginas ca vnadgctas. Bnchdfgctg,

ohy qungcgs kacsnigrhc qug dh vnadgcknh igrnvh ig

cugstra prapna sustrhta kudturhd, qug tngcig h dh

praiukknc ig pgrsachdnihigs ncinvniuhdgs y ka-

dgktnvhs ig khrktgr nrrhknachd g nctadgrhctg.

Ig gsth fhcgrh, dh fhyarh ig das gsbugrzas phrh

ihr kugcth ig dh vnadgcknh gstc kgctrhias gc dhigskrnpknc igd bgcfgca y gc gd gsthedgknfngc-

ta ig das bhktargs qug dh igtachc, pgra iglhc ig

dhia su kafprgcsnc. Gc atrhs phdherhs, gsths nctgr-

prgthknacgs ig dh vnadgcknh euskhc igtgrfnchr sus

khushs gc gdgfgctas aelgtnvas kafa dh paergzh,

gd kactgxta bhfndnhr a dh fhrmnchknc, y sg nctgrgshc

paka par dhs barfhs gc qug das sulgtas vnvgc y gx-

pgrnfgcthc dh vnadgcknh (y hqu cas rgbgrnfas thc-

ta h dhs vktnfhs kafa h das vnktnfhrnas). Zar thcta,

kacvgcirh qunz ihr dh vugdth h dhs nctgrprgthkna-

cgs trhinknachdgs y kadakhr h das sulgtas gc gd karh-zc igd hcdnsns ig dh vnadgcknh gc Fxnka. Gsa ohrh

pasnedg kafgczhr h gxpdarhr ca thcta dhs fhcnbgs-

thknacgs ig dh vnadgcknh igsig gd kactgxta saknhd ig

iacig gddh prakgig, snca hearihr dhs suelgtnvnihigs

ig das hktargs qug dh gcmgcirhc y qug dh vnvgc.

Da hctgrnar nfpdnkh qug dh vnadgcknh gs uc ogkoa

saknhd iathia ig sgctnia, ncskrnta gc rgigs sgfc-

tnkhs y kinmas, gc gd qug gs pasnedg dakhdnzhr vhda-

rgs prapnknas h su praiukknc y rgpraiukknc. Zar

atra dhia, gsa ca snmcnkh qug qungcgs hkthc ig

faia vnadgcta da ohmhc kafa gctnihigs gxtgr-

chs h dh sakngihi kafa ncinvniuas hutcafas

fhrkhias par uc iknt ig saknhdnzhknc0 par gd

kactrhrna, sus hkknacgs sac phrtg ig rgigs snfe-

dnkhs gc dhs qug phrtnknphc atras sulgtas y mrupas,

da kuhd ohkg pasnedg qug sg praiuzkhc y rgpraiuz-

khc hkknacgs vnadgcths. Igsig hqu gs qug pugig

kacstrunrsg uc pugctg ig kafprgcsnc ig cugs-

trh rghdnihi chknachd qug vh fs hdd ig das inskur-

sas qug ncvakhc sadhfgctg kacsnigrhr das bhktargs

gkacfnkas, padtnkas y das fhrkas carfhtnvas

kafa das igtachiargs qug igshthc dh vnadgcknh, hd

nmuhd qug dhs nctgrprgthknacgs ig khrktgr psnka-

damnzhctg. H kactncuhknc, hchdnkgfas trgs khsas

phrtnkudhrgs gc das qug gs pasnedg gxpdarhr rgigs

snfednkhs ig vnadgcknh.

Bgfncnkninas< dh fhskudncnihi

gc kugstnc

Das bgfncnkninas ca pugigc dggrsg kafa gd rgsudth-

ia ig uch dakurh nrrhknachd, dh gxprgsnc igd shdvh-

lnsfa fhskudnca a uc hkta ig gcbgrfas fgcthdgs0

thfpaka pugig htrneunrsg hd kafparthfngcta

nrrgspacshedg y ig hdta rngsma par phrtg ig dhsfulgrgs. Zar gd kactrhrna, fhcngsth gd phnshlg ig

trhcsbarfhknc ig inbgrgctgs cnvgdgs ig snmcnkh-

knc0 gc phrtnkudhr, dh trhcsbarfhknc mgcgrhdnzhih

igd glgrknkna ig dh bgfncnihi vnckudhih kac gd nc-

krgfgcta ig dh khphknihi ig igknsnc ig dhs fulg-

rgs saerg su vnih gc gd fenta dhearhd, gfaknachd y

karparhd. Gsth trhcsbarfhknc hbgkth inrgkthfgc-

tg gd igspdhzhfngcta ig das oafergs kafa rgbg-

rgctgs ig gsthendnihi gkacfnkh y gfaknachd0 da

qug das gfpulh h rgbarfudhr sus gsqugfhs ig ia-

fnchknc y iacig, igshbartuchihfgctg, gd usaig dh vnadgcknh hiqungrg uch dgmntnfnihi khih vgz

fhyar. Dhs ddhfhihs fulgrgs snc oaferg sac dhs

qug rgknegc dh fhyarh ig das heusas y ig dhs hmrg-

snacgs0 par glgfpda, gc gd trhehla, dhs fulgrgs qug

fhyar hkasa subrgc sac hqugddhs qug sasdhyhc das

hdhrigas ig vhracndnihi ig sus kafphgras. Gc

atras kactgxtas bhfndnh, rgdhknacgs ig phrglh,

gskugdh, par fgcknachr sda hdmucas, dhs fulg-

rgs khsn sngfprg sac pgrknenihs kafa ncbgrnargs y,

kuhcia brustrhc dhs gspgrhczhs a gxpgkthtnvhs ig

das oafergs qungcgs sg vgc h s fnsfas kafa

supgrnargs, stas rghkknachc ig fhcgrh hmrgsn-

vh y vnadgcth, da kuhd gs fuy instncta ig kuhcia dh

brustrhknc gs akhsnachih, rghd a nfhmnchrnhfgc-

tg, par atras oafergs qungcgs, par da rgmudhr, sac

kacsnigrhias kafa supgrnargs a nmuhdgs.

Ig hdmc faia, kafa ohc sghdhia hdmucas gs-

pgknhdnsths, das bgfncnkninas gc Fxnka sac uch


8/82

WNK. Bara Fudtninsknpdnchrna | hernd-fhya 5:8;GD FWCIA

^ [W NFHMGC2

gspgkng ig pratgsth ncbrhpadtnkh par su pugs-

ta, ig khrktgr kacsgrvhiar, h trhvs ig dh kuhd

sg trhth ig fastrhr gd igshkugria ig das oafergs

brgctg h dh kacstrukknc ig dhs fulgrgs kafa [u-

lgtas< uch gspgkng ig rgegdnc prnfntnvh kactrh uc

arigc saknhd qug das oh igspalhia ca sda ig dhkhphknihi ig sgr pravggiargs, hutarnihi, khegzh

ig bhfndnh, snca ig usubruktuhr das egcgknas ig

dhs barfhs trhinknachdgs ig iafncna ohknh dhs fu-

lgrgs. Gd bgfncnknih iglh engc kdhra ig qu tnpa ig

rgdhknacgs sg dg oh igspalhia y pacg gc prnfgr

pdhca su vgcmhczh kactrh uc arigc saknhd qug yh

ca rgkacakg su pasnknc ig iafnchknc, da kuhd

sg rgbugrzh sn sg tngcg gc kugcth qug dh fhyarh ig

das vnktnfhrnas bug krnhih gc uc kactgxta iacig gd

usa ig dh vnadgcknh sg dgmntnfh kafa phrtg igd sgr

fhskudnca. Gstg tnpa ig vnadgcknh oafnknih rgsud-

th, gctackgs, gd hkta dtnfa kac gd kuhd sg rghr-

fhc kafa vhracgs brgctg h uch rghdnihi qug das

igsearih.

Igkhpnthknacgs

Wc sgctnia fuy instncta ig dh vnadgcknh pugig gc-

kactrhrsg gc dhs igkhpnthknacgs qug surmngrac gc

Fxnka gc dh sgmucih fnthi ig dh prnfgrh ikh-

ih igd prgsgctg snmda. Hqu, uc mrupa ig fgrkg-

chrnas par da rgmudhr, gx fndnthrgs fgxnkhcas y

kgctrahfgrnkhcas pacg hd sgrvnkna ig armhcn-

zhknacgs krnfnchdgs sus ohendnihigs phrh glgrkgr dh

vnadgcknh, iacig dh krugdihi pgrfntg dh igcnknc

ig uc fhrka ig hktuhknc saknhdfgctg vhdarhia

par das fngferas qug chcknhc sus hktnvnihigs.

Dhs igkhpnthknacgs, kactrhrna h da qug fukoas

krggc, ca sac gd rgstgla ig uc gskgchrna ig vna-

dgcknh bugrh ig kactrad0 fs engc, sac gd rgstgla ig

dh pugsth gc fhrkoh ig uch sgrng ig khphknihigs

qug sg ohc hprgcinia, qug sac phrtg ig uc gctrg-

chfngcta gspgkka y iacig gd aelgtnva gs glgrkgr

vnadgcknh h das kugrpas hsgmurhcia sngfprg qug sg

tgcmh uch vnsnendnihi fgintnkh.

Gsta nfpdnkh, h inbgrgcknh ig dh glgkuknc trhinkna-

chd qug sg oh ddhfhia tnra ig mrhknh, uc glgrknkna

gdhearhia ig dh vnadgcknh qug ca sda ncvadukrh ihr

dh fugrtg, snca hdkhczhrdh h phrtnr ig uc prakgsa

ig irhfhtnzhknc< facthr uch gskgch qug fugs-

trg gd rgsudthia ig dh vnadgcknh y dh krugdihi glgr-

knih. Yhd vgz uca ig das glgfpdas ig gstg prakgsa

rgsnig gc gd faia ig fastrhr dhs khegzhs< nckrus-

thihs gc ehrihs fgtdnkhs, kadakhihs gc hsngctas y

khlugdhs ig hutafvndgs, pugsths gc eadshs gc kh-

fncas, pugctgs y pdhyhs, sngfprg hkafphhihs igeadshs cgmrhs y khrtudnchs kac fgcshlgs. Gc trfn-

cas mgcgrhdgs, dh igkhpnthknc, dh futndhknc y dh

fhrkh ig kugrpas su gxonenknc gc dumhrgs p-

ednkas y ig trcsnta, hs kafa dh kadakhknc ig fgc-

shlgs, sumngrg dh prgsgcknh ig uch vnadgcknh qug

phrgkg favgrsg gc uc thfnz iacig sg kafenchc

gd kdkuda rhknachd, dh nrh gfernhmhiarh y gd oarrar

ig dh nfhmgc. Gstas gdgfgctas pgrfntgc hkapdhr dh

bugrzh, dh ohendnihi y dh prabgsnachdnihi kac dh qug

pugig glgrkgrsg dh vnadgcknh y dh krugdihi par phr-

tg ig kngrtas mrupas.

Edaqugas urehcas

Gc das dtnfas has, gd krnfgc armhcnzhia gsthedg-

kn atra kinma ig vnadgcknh gc dhs knuihigs< das

edaqugas ig khddgs y hvgcnihs gc dhs prncknphdgs kh-

pnthdgs ig das gsthias ig dh Ugpednkh. Gd gspgktku-

da ig dhs ehrrnkhihs gc dhs hvgcnihs y khddgs gst

Bata>8.

Zasnedgfgctgcas gckactrh-fas hctg ucgctarca gc gdqug dh krnfnch-dnihi ca sgh dhhcafhdh, sncadh rgmudhrnihi.


12/82


^ [W NFHMGC8:

Bata


13/82


^ [W NFHMGC 88

gc su igsnconenknc. Zar gdda, hmrgmh [datgrinl`, gsta

yh tngcg uch ncstugcknh rghd, fs hdd igd fenta ig

dh bhcthsh a ig da nigadmnka< oh krghia sulgtas qug

glgrkgc gd paigr ig sus ncstugcknhs igsnconentarnhs(a gferutgkgiarhs) gc kactrh igd rgsta ig sus sg-

fglhctgs9, pp. ;8 y ;;.

uc fhrhsfa snc saduknc ig kactncunihi. Dh giu-

khknc trhinknachd, gd dnera y gd oufhcnsfa ncstntu-

knachdnzhia hpgdhc khih vgz fgcas h sgktargs khih

vgz fs hfpdnas ig dh paedhknc. Hd phrgkgr, su tgc-

igcknh gs fs ohknh gd gdntnsfa. Dh krgkngctg duf-

pgcnzhknc pgrnbrnkh ig dhs sakngihigs mdaehdgs

phsh ig dhrma ig inkohs gstrukturhs pgihmmnka-barfhtnvhs. Dh kactrhkknc ig das gsthias h da dhrma

y hckoa igd fucia, lucta kac gd hkrgkgcthfngcta

sastgcnia ig dh ergkoh gctrg pasggiargs y igspa-

sgias igctra igd hktuhd snstgfh-fucia, hpucth-

dh dh tgcigcknh sastgcnih ohknh dh kacmurhknc ig

uc cugva tnpa ig ehrehrng< tgkcadamnzhih, fhsnvh y

hrfhih ohsth das ingctgs. Fuy praehedgfgctg, gc

gbgkta, kafa gc dh fhmnstrhd cavgdh ig FkKhrtoy,

gstgfas prgsgcknhcia gd hivgcnfngcta cgbhcia

ig uch cugvh kdhsg ig sgrgs oufhcas.


15/82

IA[[NGU


Igsig gd DhknaGvh Maczdgz Zgrgz*

Dhkna, arnmgc ig Uafh. Hs ddhfhrac das dhtncas hd hfpdna tgrrn-

tarna gc gd qug sg hsgcthrac trhs igskgcigr igsig das factgs

Hpgcncas, gc euskh ig fglargs dumhrgs ig kudtnva.

Kac gd phsa ig das has y gc gd gckugctra kac atrhs kastufergs, dh

kudturh dhtnch bug gd arnmgc ig atrhs barfhs ig vnih, ig atrhs dgcmuhs,

gctrg dhs qug, kafa yh gs kacaknia, sg ohddh dh cugstrh< igd dhtc pra-

vngcg gd gsphad y, hucqug gc dh barfhknc ig stg ohc nctgrvgcnia

gdgfgctas ig atrhs dgcmuhs (couhtd, nernka, bgcnkna, mrngma, rh-

eg), sac fs cufgrashs, gc su kaclucta, dhs vakgs dhtnchs.

Zarqug gd snmcnkhia ig fukohs ig gshs phdherhs oh qugihia

akudta gc dh pgcuferh ig das tngfpas, gsth kadufch tngcg gd pra-

psnta ig trhgr h dh fgfarnh gd arnmgc ig hdmuchs ig gddhs. Gc gstg

cfgra hearihfas dh vaz vnadgcknh.

Rnadgcknhohddh su rhz gc gd trfnca vns, qug snmcn-

kh bugrzh. Hucqug B. Fhrtnc, gc Dgs fats dhtncs,

igsthkh qug sg ush phrh rgbgrnrsg h dh bugrzh gfpdgh-

ih kactrhhdmungc, dh phdherh tngcg uch hkgpknc fs

mgcgrhd< patgcknh, gcgrmh, bugrzh bsnkh, vnmar0

ig ho qug gc vhrnas khsas vnsrgkurrh gc prsthfa hd

susthctnva raeur, raedg, par rgprgsgcthr thdgs kuhdn-

ihigs. Hs, par glgfpda, hc kacsgrvhfas gd sgctnia

ig dh phdherh gc brhsgs kafa vns kfnkh, phrh ncin-

khr dh patgcknh ig hdmungc phrh praiuknr rnsh.

Ig vns, thfenc pravngcg vnr, oaferg (par fs

qug gd Inkknachrna ig dh Ughd Hkhigfnhrgfnth su

arnmgc hd hilgtnva vhra), pugs h d sg oh htrneunia

igsig sngfprg dh kuhdnihi igd vnmar, dh patgcknh. Dh

barfh igd pdurhd sg usheh phrh rgbgrnr h bugrzhs fn-

dnthrgs0 y yh ogfas vnsta kfa fs ig hdmuch vgz

gd glrknta sg oh khrhktgrnzhia par vnadgctus, gs ig-

knr, ca par gd usa ig su bugrzh, snca par gd gxkgsa ig

gddh (-dgctusigcath gxkgsa, pdgcntui). Zar qungcgs

hs aerhc chkg gd trfnca vnadhrg, hktuhr vnadgcta

y h dh kuhdnihi ig sgr vnadgcta sg ddhfh vnadgctnh.

Ugphsgfas gd trcsnta ig dh phdherh< gd susthctnva

vns (bugrzh, gcgrmh) arnmnch h atra, vnr (vhrc), pgra

thfenc hd hilgtnva vnadgctus (gd qug sg gxkgig gc dh

bugrzh), igd kuhd pravngcg gd vgrea vnadhrg (glgrkgr gd

heusa ig dh bugrzh), qug h su vgz igrnvh gc uc cugva

susthctnva, vnadgctnh (khdnihi ig vnadgcta). [hdth h dh

vnsth kfa da qug gc su arnmgc tgch uc vhdar ncakua

tgrfnc hiqunrngcia uch khrmh aeskurh, cgmhtnvh.

Ca aesthctg, thfenc ig vnscas ddgmh dh phdherh

vnrtui, hucqug, gvnigctgfgctg, kac uc sgctnia

fuy instncta, gc thcta rggrg, gc uch hkgpknc fs

mgcgrhdnzhih, h dh oacgstnihi, h uc aerhr engc. Zar

gdda, gctackgs y gc trfncas fuy snfpdgs, pairh-

fas kackdunr qug, sgmc dh vaducthi igd oaferg,

dh bugrzh pugig sgmunr ias khfncas< kafa uc rgk-

ta faia ig prakgigr a kafa uc heusa ig paigr.*Gvh Maczdgz Zrgz gs gmrgshih ig Dgtrhs Kdsnkhs par dh WCHF, lgbh ig rgihkknc ig dh Kaarinchknc ig

Zuednkhknacgs y prabgsarh ig dhtc gc dh Wcnvgrsnihi Nctgrkactncgcthd.


16/82


^ [W NFHMGC89


17/82

IA[[NGU


Gc gsth grh ig dh ncbarfhknc, uca ig das fs

cavgiasas rastras ig dh vnadgcknh oh tafhiadh barfh ig hthqug fhsnva g ncnctgrrufpnia

pgrpgtrhia kac glrkntas ig ihtas y traphs ig ents

kuya khfpa ig ehthddh gs, prgknshfgctg, gd gsph-

kna nctgrca ig das ncinvniuas.

Igsig invgrshs pgrspgktnvhs tgrnkhs sg oh sgh-

dhia qug dh bgdnknihi kacstntuyg dh hspnrhknc ou-

fhch bucihfgcthd. Ca aesthctg, dhs kacinknacgs

ig dh vnih faigrch phrgkgc hkgctuhr dhs sntuhkna-

cgs qug nfpnigc su kacsgkuknc y ohkgc qug su

prgsgcknh sg gxpgrnfgctg sda kafa uc bgcfgcagpnsinka. Gc gstg sgctnia, [nmfuci Brgui sghd

gc su kdgerg aerh Gd fhdgsthr gc dh kudturh qug

ig ogkoa cas ddgmh h sgr fukoa fgcas inbknd pgr-

knenr dh igsmrhknh, pugs gd subrnfngcta cas hkgkoh

ig kactncua igsig trgs sthckas< gd prapna kugrpa,

kacigchia h dh igkhigcknh y h dh fugrtg y phrh

gd qug rgsudthc nfprgskncinedgs dh hcmustnh y gd ia-

dar kafa snmcas ig hdhrfh0 gd fucia gxtgrnar,

qug pugig sthmgdhrcas kac bugrzhs igfadgiarhs g

nfpdhkhedgs y, gc tgrkgr trfnca, dhs rgdhknacgs kac

atras sgrgs oufhcas. H lunkna ig gstg hutar, gd su-

brnfngcta qug gxpgrnfgcthfas kafa gd fs iada-

rasa ig das trgs gs gd pravgcngctg ig dh nctgrhkknc

kac atrhs pgrsachs, pugs kacsnigrhfas qug sg trh-

th ig uch sntuhknc gvnthedg y, par gcig, su prgsgc-

knh gc cugstrh vnih sg luzmh fs a fgcas mrhtunth.

Zar gdda, thd vgz ca sarprgcih gd ogkoa ig qug dhs

rgdhknacgs oufhchs sac, snc dumhr h iuihs, gd fatn-

Rnadgcknh inmnthdLgss Hyhqunkh Fhrtcgz

va fs brgkugctg ig kacsudth rgbgrnia par hqugddas

qug oay ih igknigc sadnknthr hyuih psnkatgrhpu-tnkh. Gc gstg ogkoa, fg phrgkg, pugig hprgknhrsg

higfs uca ig das hspgktas fs phrhilnkas y kh-

rhktgrstnkas ig dh vnih kactgfparcgh, gd kuhd fa-stnkas ig dh vnih kactgfparcgh, gd kuhd fa-s ig dh vnih kactgfparcgh, gd kuhd fa-

igdh uc gstnda ncinta ig vnadgcknh qug hfgchzh ig

faia prgbgrgctg h cugstra gqundnerna gfaknachd.

Gc uc gxtrgfa ig dh sntuhknc, gckactrhfas gd bg-

cfgca ig dh tgkcadamh hpdnkhih h dh kafucnkh-

knc, uca ig das bhktargs fs igtgrfnchctgs gc das

khfenas qug ohc rgkacmurhia dh sakngihi fa-

igrch gc das dtnfas has, h mrhia thd qug oaysafas instnctas igenia, gc eugch fginih, h das

ncstrufgctas y gxpgrngcknhs prapnknhias par dh

gvaduknc kngctkh y pugstas h cugstra hdkhckg

par fgina ig uch invgrsnihi ig inspasntnvas gdgk-

trcnkas qug phrgkgc ohegr damrhia gd aelgtnva ig

dh kafucnkhknc tathd.

Kafa cuckh hctgs, dh vnrtuhd afcnprgsgcknh ig das

fhss fginhgc das instnctas fentas ig dh gxnstgc-

knh oh damrhia, gc uch fginih snc prgkgigctgs,

ucnkhr das dgcmuhlgs, hcudhr dhs insthcknhs bsnkhs y

mgcgrhknachdgs y kadakhr h dh aesgrvhknc ig taias,

das hkactgknfngctas h da dhrma y hckoa igd fucia

gc tngfpa rghd. Ca aesthctg, par dh atrh phrtg, ehla

dh hphrgctg rghdnihi opgr kacthkthih gc dh kuhd

cas gckactrhfas, uch ig dhs igfhcihs fs rgpg-

tnihs igd oaferg kactgfparcga kacsnstg gc dh

gcarfg inkudthi ig gckactrhr hdmc fgcshlg qug

sgh, gc sgctnia pdgca, kafucnkhknc. Gc uc hf-


18/82


^ [W NFHMGC82

engctg ig kactncua eafehriga par dh puednknihi

dntgrhdfgctg, hsginh das sgctnias, rgsudth khih

vgz fs inbknd damrhr vckudas hutctnkas kac pgrsa-

chs qug pracuckngc phdherhs ddgchs ig snmcnkhia,

ig hbgktnvnihi mgcunch a ig kacgxnc prabucih.

Gc gstg phcarhfh qug kadfh cugstrh larchih, ih

kac ih cas igehtnfas gc uc psguiaindama, a kac

fs prgknsnc, gc nctgrfnchedgs facdamas sn-

fudtcgas ig sarias, nctgcthcia sgmunr gd rntfa

vgrtnmncasa ig dh faigrcnihi qug cas gfpulh ka-

tninhchfgctg h ohedhr ig taia kac taias, h shegr

ig taias das tgfhs hktuhdgs y h sgmunr ig faia

pgrfhcgctg dh dtnfh cavgihi gc taias das khf-

pas, ehla dh saferh tgrrarkh ig vgrcas fhrmnch-

ias y bugrh igd kacthkta kac dh rghdnihi. Ca shegr,

ca gsthr hd karrngctg gs snccnfa ig gsthr gxkduniaig dh kafucnihi ig da hktuhd y, kuhcia fgcas ig

fhcgrh vnrtuhd, gs uch barfh ig ca gxnstnr.

[gmc Fgdncih Ihvns, qungc sg oh iginkhia hd gs-

tuina igd nfphkta ig dh puednknihi gc dh kacmu-

rhknc igd igsga oufhca kactgfparcga, uch ig

dhs khrhktgrstnkhs fs instnctnvhs ig cugstrh pa-

kh kacsnstg gc qug cugstrh rghdnihi, y cugstrh gx-

pgrngcknh gc gddh, gstc, ig faia khsn kafpdgta,

gdgktrcnkhfgctg nctgrvgcnihs, ig thd fhcgrh qug

dh phcthddh ig tgdgvnsnc, kafputhiarh, kgdudhr,oarca ig fnkraacihs, hutafvnd, thedgt, kacsadh

ig vnigalugmas y uc dhrma gtktgrh gs oay cugs-

tra mrhc nctgrdakutar. Gc gbgkta, ca gs inbknd kacs-

ththr gc cugstrh prapnh gxpgrngcknh fgxnkhch gd

ogkoa khih vgz fs ohentuhd, y khih vgz fgcas ddh-

fhtnva, ig hiadgskgctgs, lvgcgs a hiudtas qug sg

rggckugctrhc a gfpngzhc h kacakgrsg, sg gchfa-

rhc a iglhc ig qugrgrsg, kafprhc, vgcigc, gsthbhc,

gstuinhc, trhehlhc, sg kurhc a gcdaqugkgc, tngcgc

sgxa a tgrfnchc rgdhknacgs, igctra igd ucnvgrsa kn-

egrctnka vnrtuhd y da rghdnzhc igsig uch kafpu-

thiarh ig gskrntarna, uch dhptap, uch thedgt a uc

tgdbaca, yh sgh gc gd trhcspartg pednka, gc gd phr-, yh sgh gc gd trhcspartg pednka, gc gd phr-

qug, gc gd oamhr, gc dh aknch a gc kuhdqungr sntna

kac wnmrhtunta, sn ca hdkhczh gd prgsupugsta phrh

kactrhthr uc pdhc.

Gsth kacinknc oh pravakhia, kafa uch ig sus

kacsgkugcknhs fs nctgrgshctgs y snctaftnkhs,

qug gc dh hktuhdnihi cugstrh cgmaknhknc y cugs-

trh nctgrvgcknc gc gd fucia rghd sghc khih vgz

fs uc hsucta fgcthd, pugs fngctrhs dh fhyarh

ig dhs pgrsachs ohkg ca fs ig kngc has sg mhch-

eh dh vnih ohkngcia, rgphrhcia a nctgrkhfenhcia

kashs gs igknr, glgrkngcia uch hktnvnihi prnfar-

inhdfgctg karparhd, oay gc ih uc cfgra khih

vgz fs krgkngctg ig gfpdgas gst rgdhknachia

kac dh supgrvnsnc ig prakginfngctas a hphrhtas

pramrhfhias gdgktrcnkhfgctg, gd hcdnsns, nctgr-

prgthknc a prakgshfngcta ig ihtas, a dh krgh-

knc ig hcnfhknacgs a insgas gc kafputhiarh,

par glgfpda. Ehsth hkuinr uch vgz fs h cugstrh

gxpgrngcknh pgrsachd phrh karraearhr qug, fngc-

trhs cugstras heugdas, a nckdusa cugstras phirgs,

aetuvngrac sus rgkursas chckngras glgrkngcia th-


19/82


^ [W NFHMGC 8=

rghs bsnkhs gc bernkhs a hdfhkgcgs a fginhctg dh

vgcth ig praiuktas gc gsthedgknfngctas kac oarh-

rnas igtgrfnchias ig htgcknc hd pednka, uc gdg-

vhia cfgra ig pgrsachs qug kacakgfas sg mhch

dh vnih tafhcia igknsnacgs ig invgrsas tnpas y, hd-

muchs ig gddhs, snc dh cgkgsnihi snqungrh ig shdnr ig

khsh y kac uc oarhrna patgcknhd ig trhehla ig 59

oarhs hd ih, das = ihs ig dh sgfhch.

Ig gsth barfh, dh cugvh grh qug ohenthfas, prapn-

knhih gc da bucihfgcthd par gd hvhckg vgrtnmnca-

sa ig dh tgkcadamh, oh ddgvhia h dh knvndnzhknc h

fnmrhr ig fhcgrh pramrgsnvh ohknh tgrrntarnas vnr-

tuhdgs kuyh khrhktgrstnkh fs gvnigctg kacsnstg gc

sgr gsphknas ig trka igsfginia ig ncbarfhknc,

da kuhd pravakh uc sgctnfngcta ig ncvhsnc fgc-

thd pgrfhcgctg qug cas oh ogkoa pgrigr dh khph-

knihi ig kgrrhr dh pugrth. Gc gstg cugva gskgchrna

nctgrnar iacig, ig fhcgrh prgiafnchctg, sg igs-

gcvugdvg dh vnih kactgfparcgh, phrgkngrh qug sg

ohc pgrinia das dfntgs bsnkas, ig thd sugrtg qug gd

fucia gctgra tngcg igrgkoa ig ohenthr cugstrh

khegzh.

Ca sg trhth chih fs ig dh kacshenih hmrgsnc h

das sgctnias gc barfh ig saerggstfudas puednkn-

thrnas qug ncucih dhs khddgs y das fginas ncbarfh-

tnvas, snca ig uch hutctnkh vnadhknc h dh farhih

ctnfh igd sulgta, kafgtnih par dh cugvh fhrheuc-

th knegrctnkh ncvnsnedg, dh kuhd stuyg h vgdaknihigs

vgrtnmncashs y phrh dh qug ca phrgkg gxnstnr uc -

rgwhdd fgcthd gbgktnva.


20/82


^ [W NFHMGC8?

Gsth hmrgsnvh nckursnc pgrfhcgctg y snstgftn-

kh ig ihtas, phtraknchih par das hvhckgs tgkca-

dmnkas hpdnkhias h das fginas ig kafucnkhknc,

dglas ig prapnknhr uch sgcshknc ig prgsgcknh y

kacthkta, oh mgcgrhia dh nckuehknc ig uc gbgktaapugsta ig vhka, ig sadgihi y hnsdhfngcta gc das

rgkgptargs, pugs das prapnas hrqugtnpas qug gxhd-

th dh puednknihi gc sus khfphhs ohkgc gka, gc

uc snccfgra ig glgfpdas, ig rgdhknacgs supgr-

knhdgs, ncfginhths, ca iurhigrhs y kac pakh sues-

thcknh, y thdgs rgdhknacgs, gc gd bacia, rgprgsgcthc

barfhs knvndnzhihs ig ca gsthedgkgr vckudas pra-

bucias gc fgina ig uc fucia qug sg abrgkg pa-

edhia ig prgsgcknh insthctg y gc eugch fginih

runiash, vnadgcth, ncvhsnvh y pgrturehiarh.

Yhd vgz cnkhfgctg gc uch pakh kafa dh cugstrh

sgh pasnedg nfhmnchr, snc hsaferhrsg yh, gd irhfh

igd ncinvniua qug, igprnfnia, sadnthrna y brustrh-

ia, gc dh pgcuferh ig su ohenthknc, euskh par

nctgrcgt kacsglas ig igskacaknias phrh rgdhkna-

chrsg fglar kac das bhfndnhrgs igd kuhrta ig hd dhia,

a phrh hrfhrsg ig vhdar g ncnknhr uch kohrdh kac dh

konkh a gd konka qug dg musth. [da gc cugstra tngf-da gc cugstra tngf-da gc cugstra tngf-

pa gs nfhmnchedg gd sncmudhr gckugctra gc gd kuhd,

sgcthias gc dh fnsfh fgsh, gx kafphgras ig gs-

kugdh, rgucnias ig cugva igspus ig has, mrhknhs

h dhs rgigs saknhdgs, snmugc h fginhs dh kacvgrsh-

knc gc vnva, fngctrhs hktuhdnzhc su gsthia gc supmnch gdgktrcnkh a pdhtnkhc, thfenc h fginhs,

par fgina ig su kgdudhr kac atras hfnmas rgucnias

hd fnsfa tngfpa gc gsphknas vnrtuhdgs ncgxnstgctgs.

Cuckh kafa oay sg oheh ogkoa rghdnihi hqugddh

brhsg sgmc dh kuhd sg tngcg gd kugrpa gc uc dhia

y dh fgctg gc atra gc vhrnas atras y sg hdngc-

th thd gstrhtgmnh igsig fuy tgfprhch gihi, pugs

kac krgkngctg brgkugcknh gd rgkursa fs gbgktnva,

a hd fgcas fs sgckndda, ig das phirgs phrh khd-

fhr dh ncqungtui a gd heurrnfngcta ig sus onlas gs

abrgkgrdgs hdmc hphrhta gdgktrcnka phrh instrhgr

su htgcknc, fhctgcgrdas gctrgtgcnias y, ig kngrth

fhcgrh, husgctgs kafa gddas fnsfas. ^, igsig dug-

ma, cuckh kafa oay, sg oheh kackgenia qug taia

gdda sg prafugvh phrh fhctgcgrsg gc kacthkta.

Zairhfas nckdusa prapacgr qug gsth grh ig dh nc-

barfhknc oh ihia dumhr thfenc h uch cavgiash

faihdnihi tgkcadmnkh ig krnhczh gc dh kuhd das nc-


21/82


^ [W NFHMGC 8>

bhctgs sg vgc hdgcthias h hsnrsg snstgftnkhfgctg

h uc pgkoa dnmot, sn engc ca hmrgsnva huc kuhc-

ia gc hdmucas khsas das kactgcnias qug gstas ins-

pasntnvas inbucigc s da sac ig fhcgrh brhckh,

thfpaka cutrntnva0 gs, hd faia ig das praiuktas

ig gstg tnpa qug pugedhc gd fgrkhia faigrca,

uch kafnih uc vckuda, gc gstg khsa phrh khd-

fhr fafgctcghfgctg gd ohferg a dh sgi ig

kacthkta, pgra ca phrh hdnfgcthr, gs igknr, ca

rgdhknach ig fhcgrh rghd y prabucih0 gs, phrh gx-

tgcigr dh hchdamh, uch madasnch phrh gctrgtgcgr

dh trnph, pgra ca phrh ckhr vckudas.

Xu paigfas gspgrhr gc gstg cugva gskgchrna

ig vnadgcknh vnrtuhd y suergptnknh qug, snc gfehr-

ma, cas fhcngsth gbgktas caknvas engc kackrgtas

y kacaknias gc cugstrh shdui bsnkh y cugstra gqun-dnerna gfaknachd1

Ig gctrhih, gd ogkoa ig qug dh incfnkh ig dh vnih

kactgfparcgh dh kuhd gc eugch fginih vg dh

mcgsns ig sus fhdgs gc gd hvhckg tgkcadmnka af-

cnprgsgctg gc gd fgrkhia, kuhcia trhth ig pgc-

shr gc dh kurh pasnedg, vugdvg ncgvnthedgfgctg dh

vnsth ohknh gd prapna fgrkhia. Zhrhialh ig cugs-

trh grh qug, snc gfehrma, ca pugig cgmhrsg y gc

dh kuhd, thd vgz, igehfas euskhr gd rgbumna pasnedg

phrh pratgmgrcas.

Gc gd tgrrgca prabgsnachd ig dh hyuih psnkatgrhpu-

tnkh, par knthr uc glgfpda, dh gxpgrngcknh cas fugs-

trh qug uch mrhc khctnihi ig phkngctgs hkuigc

h das trhthfngctas khrh h khrh igspus ig ohegr

praehia snc xnta pgriurhedg invgrshs hdtgrchtn-

vhs abrgknihs par sus kacthktas gc dhs rgigs saknh-

dgs a ohengcia ogkoa uc prgvna inhmcstnka ig su

gsthia hcfnka kac ncbarfhknc gxtrhih ig hdmu-

cas sntnas ig nctgrcgt, sgdgkknachias ig faia hu-

taftnka par uc euskhiar. Ohy qungcgs snmugc kac

htgcknc dh kadufch a dh sgkknc ig hdmuch murh

bhfash qug abrgkg kurhknc psqunkh gc das inhrnas,

dhs rgvnsths a dh tgdgvnsnc. Xunzs casatras fnsfas

ogfas kacsudthia dntgrhturh fs a fgcas gspgknh-

dnzhih gc fhtgrnh ig rgdhknacgs oufhchs fginhctg

uch igskhrmh kac kasta gc dh kafputhiarh a mrh-

tunthfgctg ig hdmuch dnergrh gdgktrcnkh. Atras

fs ohc pugsta gc prktnkh tkcnkhs ig fginthknc

a ig rgdhlhfngcta, hsnstnias par vnigas acdncga ins-

kas kafphktas. Yaihs gsths hkknacgs, snc sgr gc s

fnsfhs paka vhdnashs a gbgktnvhs, tngcgc dh igendn-ihi bucihfgcthd ig qug sg sufhc h dh cufgrash

dnsth ig gxpgrngcknhs katninhchs gc dhs qug dh nctg-

rhkknc oufhch gs fginhih ig faia hrtnknhd y,

par gsg fatnva, hd tngfpa qug kacrfhc cugstrh

kacinknc sghdhih ig ohenthctgs ig uc fucia

vnrtuhdfgctg rghd, a rghdfgctg vnrtuhd, rgknkdhc uch

vnvgcknh gc dh qug gd vhka, dh sadgihi y dh igsgspg-

rhczh sugdgc sgr dh cath fs kackrgth y thcmnedg.

Yhd vgz ogfas ddgmhia fuy dglas gc cugstra vnh-

lg ohknh tgrrntarnas vnrtuhdgs0 thd vgz dh hdtgrchtnvhca sgh ihr dh gsphdih h dh tgkcadamh, snca rgkaca-

kgr qug h casatras, ohenthctgs ig gsth pakh, cas

iugdg gd kacthkta, y dh gstrhtgmnh phrh fntnmhrda gs

euskhr kac hbc gd rgfgina chvgmhcia gc dh rgi0

cas iugdg parqug da vnvnfas khih vgz fgcas0 khih

vgz fs fginhia par dh phcthddh0 y parqug cas bhd-

th, parqug da cgkgsnthfas, pugs sda gc d rhinkh dh

kurh higkuhih phrh cugstrh sgi, qug gs igsga ig

prgsgcknh oufhch, ig kacthkta phrh rgkacakgrcas

uch vgz fs gc uc rastra vnva, gc uch rgdhknc phd-

pnthctg qug cas hyuig rgtarchr h uch farhih iac-

ig paihfas ig cugva sgctnrcas ig vgrihi gc khsh.


22/82


^ [W NFHMGC5:


23/82


^ [W NFHMGC 58

Gd euinsfa kacstntuyg, ig faia mgcgrhd, uch kas-

favnsnc, uch barfh ig vgr hd fucia, ig nctgrprg-

thr y gxpgrnfgcthr hqugdda qug surmg y hphrgkg gc

cugstras invgrsas khfpas sgcsarnhdgs, thcta das b-

snkas kafa gd fgcthd. [g ehsh gc uch kadgkknc ig

prktnkhs y ogrrhfngcths ig chturhdgzh kactgf-

pdhtnvh, dhs kuhdgs pgrfntgc hd ncinvniua vadtghr sa-

erg s fnsfa, aesgrvhr das prakgsas y bucknacgs ig

dh fgctg y ig dh kamcnknc, gctrg das qug sg kugc-

thc dhs gfaknacgs. [u fgth kacsnstg gc gd damra ig

uc engcgsthr y bgdnknihi mgcuncas y iurhigras, gckactrhpasnknc hd engcgsthr ogicnka.

Gstg dtnfa gs ig iacig gxtrhgfas gstfudas sgcsa-

rnhdgs, bsnkas y fgcthdgs, kuyh dnfnthctg rhinkh gc su

tgfparhdnihi y su rgdhtnvnihi. Ygfparhdgs, parqug

taias kaapgrhc h dh praiukknc ig uch gxpgrngcknh

y sgcshknc sda ig barfh trhcsntarnh0 kuhcia gd gst-

fuda tgrfnch, dh gxpgrngcknh hsaknhih h d thfenc

kgsh. rgdhtnvas, igenia h qug gsth gxpgrngcknh surmg

thfenc gc igpgcigcknh h dh fhcgrh qug gd ncinvn-

iua nctgrprgth gd gstfuda, da kuhd gst igtgrfnchia

par taih vhrngihi ig inbgrgctgs kacinknachfngctas.

Zar thcta, igsig dh pgrspgktnvh igd euinsfa, uca ig

das kacstnktas bucihfgcthdgs ig dh vnih oufhch rh-

inkh gc gd ogkoa ig qug casatras igfhcihfas

engcgsthr y bgdnknihi ig hqugdda qug ca da praiukg a

htrneunfas cugstras kacstnktas y inkudthigs rgku-

rrgctgs h da qug ca gs rgspacshedg ig gddas.

Wch fnrhih

euinsth h dh(ca) vnadgcknhFhrka Hctacna @hrhf

Zhrh kafprgcigr h prabucinihi dh apncnc

igd euinsfa gc tarca hd bgcfgca ig dh

vnadgcknh, gs cgkgshrna, kafa pucta ig phr-

tnih, igdncghr gc trfncas fuy mgcgrhdgs dh chtu-

rhdgzh ig uch ig dhs trhinknacgs gspnrntuhdgs fs

hctnmuhs ig dh oufhcnihi.

Dh mcgsns igd euihiohrfha gd euinsfa sg gc-

kugctrh gc gd snmda RNhctgs ig dh grh faigrch kac

gd surmnfngcta ig uch pgrsachdnihi onstrnkh, Mhu-

thfh [niiohrth, thfenc kacaknia kac gd cafergscskrnta ig Euih, qug snmcnkh gd igspngrta. Gsth

pgrsach damr uc aelgtnva gxkgpknachd< gd igshrra-

dda pdgca igd patgcknhd oufhca y dh trhskgcigcknh

ig dhs dnfnthknacgs qug rgkurrgctgfgctg hstnmgc h

das sgrgs oufhcas gc mgcgrhd.

Gsth trhinknc pdhctgh qug dh kackngcknh ig das sg-

rgs oufhcas tngcg dh pasnendnihi ig dh afcnskngc-

knh, gs igknr, dh khphknihi ig paigr kacakgrda taia.

[g trhth ig uc ncstrufgcta iathia ig gxkgpknach-

dgs ohendnihigs, pgra kahrthia bucihfgcthdfgctg

par uch vhrngihi ig hstnkknacgs fgcthdgs y gfa-

knachdgs qug dnfnthc y, ig hdmuch fhcgrh, askurg-

kgc gsg patgcknhd. [nc gfehrma, gd euinsfa hrfh

qug gsas askurgknfngctas y dnfnthknacgs ca sac

prapnas ig dh chturhdgzh ig dh fgctg, snca hkknigc-

thdgs y, par thcta, pugigc insfncunrsg, suspgcigr-

sg y udtgrnarfgctg gdnfnchrsg igd taia.

Wca ig daskacstnktasbucihfgcthdgsig dh vnihoufhch rhinkhgc gd ogkoa igqug casatrasigfhcihfasengcgsthr y

bgdnknihi ighqugdda qug cada praiukg


24/82


^ [W NFHMGC55

Gd arnmgc igd subrnfngcta

Dh gstrukturh bucihfgcthd ig dh trhinknc euinsth

sg ehsh gc kuhtra aesgrvhknacgs prnfhrnhs ig dh

fhcgrh gc qug casatras gxpgrnfgcthfas dh vnih y

gd fucia. [g dgs ddhfh dhs kuhtra caedgs vgrihigs< dh

rghdnihi y dh gxnstgcknh igd subrnfngcta, dh khush qugda prapnknh, gd patgcknhd ig kgshknc igd subrnfngcta,

y gd khfnca a fgtaiadamh qug pugig kaciuknrcas

h gsth kgshknc. Gd euinsfa phrtg ig uc igskuern-

fngcta qug igegrh sgr gvnigctg< gd ogkoa ig qug

taias das sgrgs sgcsnedgs (gctrg gddas das oufhcas)

ig barfh kacsthctg, nckactradhedg y rgkurrgctg

cas vgfas gxpugstas h dh gxpgrngcknh ig inbgrgc-

tgs rigcgs g nctgcsnihigs ig iadar. Gd iadar ca

gfgrmg ig dh chih cn rgprgsgcth uch infgcsnc

kacchturhd h dh gxpgrngcknh vnthd ig das sgrgs vnvas,

snca qug gs, par igcnknc, kacsgkugcknh ig uch

vhrngihi ig kacinknacgs y knrkucsthcknhs.

[ubrnfas parqug pgrknenfas g nctgrprgthfas cugs-

trh gxpgrngcknh ig barfh gqunvakhih. Zgrknenfas

kafa pgrfhcgctg da tgfparhd, da qug gxnstg ig

barfh kafpugsth kafa sn gstuvngsg iathia ig gxns-

tgcknh ucnthrnh y da qug ca tngcg nigctnihi nctrcsg-

kh, kafa sn dh tuvngsg. Kuhcia uch pgrsach kafg

uc phstgdndda, tngcg dh sgcshknc ig qug gd hmrhia

igrnvhia igd kacthkta kac gd phstgd, trhs su ig-

musthknc, gs kacsusthcknhd hd phstgd, gd phstgd gs

rnka. Dh rghdnihi gs qug da rnka igd phstgd igpgcig

ig vhrnas bhktargs< qug dh pgrsach pasgh sgctnias,

qug gc su sakngihi gxnsth gd musta par das phstg-

dgs, qug tgcmh ohferg y uch vhrngihi ig kacinkna-

cgs y knrkucsthcknhs hlgchs hd phstgd. [n gstg phstgd

bugrh bugctg mgcunch ig engcgsthr, pairhc igrn-

vhrsg trgs aesgrvhknacgs gsgcknhdgs gfprnkhs< h

fhyar khctnihi ig phstgd, gxpgrnfgcthrhfas fh-

yar engcgsthr0 ncigpgcingctgfgctg ig dh kacin-

knc y knrkucsthcknh ig dh pgrsach qug da kafngrh

(par glgfpda, qug tgcmh ohferg a ca, sgh inhetn-

ka, dg mustgc a ca das phstgdgs), igrnvhrh dh fnsfh

gxpgrngcknh y sngfprg praiuknrh gd fnsfa gbgk-

ta pdhkgctgra. Ig gdda sg kackduyg qug gd phstgd catngcg nigctnihi nctrcsgkh cn kuhdnihigs susthcknh-

dgs. Kac taia, casatras igfhcihfas y praygkth-

fas dh gxnstgcknh ig thdgs kuhdnihigs saerg da qug

ca dhs tngcg, da kuhd cas praiukg ig barfh rgku-

rrgctg igkgpknc, tgcsnc kamcntnvh, qug igrnvhc

gc iadar y subrnfngcta. Gctackgs, dh khush prnfhrnh

y gdgfgcthd igd subrnfngcta rhinkh gc dh nmcarhc-

knh a gc dh kacbusnc ig dh fhcgrh gc qug dhs kashs

sac, gs igknr, igd fucia bgcafcnka, taia da qug

hphrgkg gc cugstras khfpas sgcsarnhdgs y cugstrh

nigctnihi pgrsachd dh fhcgrh gc qug gxnstnfasy dh barfh gc qug gstrukturhfas dh kamcnknc igd

fucia.

Igsmrhknhihfgctg, dh nmcarhcknh cuckh vngcg sadh,

snca qug prapnknh taih uch hfpdnh vhrngihi ig in-

bgrgctgs instarsnacgs kamcntnvhs y gfaknachdgs. Zar

hoarh, paigfas ohedhr igd hbgrrhfngcta, qug sg en-

burkh gc gd hpgma y dh hvgrsnc. Gd hpgma sg ig-

cg kafa uc bhktar fgcthd, hnktnva (gs igknr, qug

cas praiukg iadar y subrnfngcta), igrnvhia ig gsth

ncohendnihi phrh kafprgcigr kac aelgtnvnihi dh

chturhdgzh ig dh rghdnihi, cugstrh nigctnihi pgrsa-

chd y cugstrh gxpgrngcknh igd fucia. Gd hpgma cas

kaciukg h gxhmgrhr dhs kuhdnihigs pasntnvhs ig ae-

lgtas, pgrsachs, knrkucsthcknhs g nighs. Yhfenc ddg-

vh h praygkthr kuhdnihigs pasntnvhs saerg da qug

chturhdfgctg ca dhs tngcg0 sg khrhktgrnzh par gd hbg-

rrhfngcta h uc pucta ig vnsth bhcthsnasa y tgrmnvgr-

shia, nfpasnedg, y h uch igfhcih nrrhknachd ig da

Fhrka Hctacna @hrhf

Bata;>. ^a ca tgch cn snqungrh ? has.

Gc gstg tngfpa, iglhfas ig nr h dh gskugdh. Ygch-

fas praonenia nr hd kncg, hd tghtra, h das phrqugs. Fn

fhf fg ddgvheh h lumhr, h gskacinihs, h uc vng-

la kgfgctgrna luia. Grh uc dumhr hreadhia, iac-

ig oheh mrhcigs dpnihs qug ddgmhehc h sgr aerhs

hrquntgktcnkhs. Ca paihfas vnhlhr gc gd trhc-

vh, sda gc gd dtnfa vhmc. Ca paihfas khfn-

chr saerg dhs ehcqugths, snca igehla ig gddhs. Fn

php pgrin gd trhehla. Igsakuphfas gd igphrth-fgcta iacig vnvhfas, phrh fuihrcas h atra fs

pgquga y dugma h atra fs pgquga hc0 hs su-

kgin trgs a kuhtra vgkgs. Mrhiuhdfgctg, dh vnih sg

vadvn fs inbknd. Igspus ddgm dh arigc ig ins-

tncmunrcas< tgchfas qug kasgrcas uch gstrgddh ig

Ihvni hfhrnddh kac dh phdherh hdgfhchluig(luia)

gc uc dumhr vnsnedg.

Gd ih qug cas ddgvhrac hd mogtta

Gd 8 ig sgptngferg ig 8>;>, Hdgfhcnh hthk Za-

dacnh y kafgcz aknhdfgctg dh [gmucih Mugrrh

Fucinhd. Gctackgs, sg nfpusngrac das mogttas. H

ucas ?: f hd agstg ig Zrhmh, sg krg gd ig Ygrgzc,

hpravgkohcia dh ehrih pgrnfgtrhd ig uch pgqug-

h barthdgzh igd snmda _RNNN, iacig, gc kacinknacgs

carfhdgs, kheh uch muhrcnknc ig 2 fnd sadihias

y pgrsachs knvndgs h su sgrvnkna. Gc gsg mogtta ddg-

mhrac h vnvnr ohsth 8?: fnd luias, ohknchias igottp


37/82


^ [W NFHMGC ;7

fhcgrh tgrrnedg. Iarfhc ig knckugcth h sgsgcth

pgrsachs gc uch sadh pngzh. Zar dh cakog, gxtgc-

ihc su kaenlh gc gd sugda phrh iarfnr y gc gd ihtgchc qug gcraddhrdh phrh qug sg puingrh khfnchr.

Gstg mogttagrh uc dumhr ig trcsnta0 dh mgctg qug

ddgmheh hdd shdh ohknh Zadacnh h das mrhcigs khf-

pas ig gxtgrfncna.

Zhrh ddgvhrcas h Ygrgzc, cas knthrac h taias das lu-

ias gc uc dumhr iacig sg ohkhc gxpasnknacgs.

Ho cas prgsgcthfas kac uch fhdgth ig 5: `m par

pgrsach, qug igeh tgcgr gskrnta gcknfh dh kdhvg

ig trhcspartg y uc cfgra hsnmchia. Fn kdhvg ig

trhcspartg grh =5;0 gd ig fn ogrfhch, =590 gd ig fn

fhf, =550 y gd ig fn phirg, =58. Gstuvnfas gc gsg

dumhr trgs ihs ohsth qug cas kaciulgrac hd mogtta,

iacig pgrfhcgknfas uc paka fs ig fgina ha.

Huskowntz, dh bernkh ig dh fugrtg

Wc ih cas inlgrac qug cas ddgvhrhc h uc khfpa ig

trhehla. Ca shehfas icig gstheh cn kfa sg ddh-

fheh. Zgra gsth vgz ca vnhlhfas gc vhmacgs ig ph-

shlgras, snca bunfas gckgrrhias gc burmacgs phrh

mhchia, kac ias kuegths, uch phrh gd hmuh y atrhphrh das gxkrgfgctas. [gddhrac dhs pugrths y gc

khih sgmucia vhmc oheh uc sadihia vnmndhcia. Gd

trgc sg pusa gc fhrkoh. Xungcgs gsthehc kgrkh ig

uchs fnrnddhs, uenkhihs gc dh phrtg supgrnar, aesgr-

vhehc gd sad y dh duch phrh shegr qu rufea tafh-

rhfas. Hs igskuernfas qug gd trgc hvhczheh ohknh

gd arngctg, da qug fs tgfhfas, parqug dhs kacin-

knacgs grhc fs gxtrgfhs. Cas ina fngia. Hs ddg-

mhfas h Huskowntz. Gstg kafpdgla kacsnsth gc uch

gxtgcsnc gcarfg qug kafprgcih fukoas khf-

pas dhtgrhdgs< oheh fnchs, bernkhs ig fucnknacgs,

ig hrfhfgcta, ig mhsadnch sncttnkh. ^a gstuvg gc

gd khfpa kacaknia kafa Huskowntz-Enr`gchu.

Kuhcia ddgmhfas hc ca gxnsth uch igsvnhknc

bgrravnhrnh, ig kuhtra f, qug kaciukh h dhs pugrths

igd khfpa ig kackgctrhknc, gfprgcinfas uch

khfnchth ohknh dhs ehrrhkhs ig Enr`gchu. Hdd bunfas

rgmnstrhias y thtuhias. H phrtnr ig gsg fafgcta,

Khfpa ig gxtgrfncna Chzn ig

Huskowntz-Enr`gchu.


38/82


^ [W NFHMGC;2

pgrihfas cugstras cafergs0 kuhcia cas ddhfheh

hdmc aknhd a khrkgdgra tgchfas qug prgsgcthrcas

kac cugstras cfgras. ^a rgkne gd 82>8:8.

Ig ho cas ddgvhrac h uch ehrrhkh. Zastgrnarfgctg,

sg gbgktuhrac vhrnhs sgdgkknacgs ig oafergs y fu-

lgrgs phrh gd trhehla. Kac gstg c, fhrkohfas gc

uch dh, cas igscuihfas y uc aknhd gdnmn h hdmu-

cas. Gc gsg fafgcta, ca shehfas sn grh eugca a

fhda sgr gskamnia. Barfhia gc dh dh, fg in kugc-

th ig qug prgbgrhc h das fukohkoas fs mrhcigs y

bugrtgs. Fg kad uc paka gctrg gsas lvgcgs. Hs tuvg

dh sugrtg ig sgr gskamnia. Cas ncinkhrac qug igeh-

fas prgsgcthrcas oarhs fs thrig gc dh pugrth ig

gctrhih igd khfpa y cas ddgvhrac h dh zach ig das

oafergs, iacig cas hsnmchrac inbgrgctgs trhehlas.

Wc ih gc gd khfpa ig kackgctrhknc

Hd hfhcgkgr, uch khfphch hcucknheh dh oarh ig

dgvhcthrsg. Das prgsas cas barfehfas ig kncka

gc kncka phrh gd rgkugcta. Kadakehfas h uc dhia

h das fugrtas qug ca ddgmhehc h dh fhhch. [g oh-

kh uc rgkugcta qug paih iurhr ig uch oarh y fg-

inh, ohsth kuhtra a sgns oarhs, snc nfparthr qug

ddavngrh a cgvhrh. Igspus igd rgkugcta, sg sgrvh

uch gspgkng ig khb, ogkoa kac trnma tasthia. Khihmrupa a kafhcia, kafa sg dg ddhfheh sg neh

h rghdnzhr sus dheargs karrgspacingctgs. ^a bun igs-

tnchia h trhehlhr gc dh dnfpngzh igd khfpa y igs-

pus h lhdhr uc khrra gc gd qug trhcspartehfas

par da mgcgrhd fhigrh qug gstheh hdfhkgchih

hd dhia ig das krgfhtarnas, fgrkhckhs y aelgtas

pgrsachdgs ig das glgkuthias.

Ca oheh fukoh pdtnkh gctrg das prgsas. Kuhcia

uc prnsnacgra qugrh ddhfhr h atra, ca dg mrntheh cn

dg ohedheh, snca ohkh uch gspgkng ig tas. Da paka

qug sg ohedheh grh iurhctg dh cakog, gc dhs dntgrhs,

a gc dhs dgtrnchs. Fngctrhs rhfas aesgrvhias par

das sadihias, da qug fs igsgehfas grh phshr nc-

hivgrtnias, ca ddhfhr dh htgcknc.

Yhfenc oheh khstnmas. Zrgsgckn uc hoarkh-

fngcta ig sgns prnsnacgras savntnkas, qug ohehc

nctgcthia gskhphr. Das kadmhrac gc uch oarkh


39/82


^ [W NFHMGC ;=

kacstrunih h dh gctrhih igd khfpa, kac uc dgtrg-

ra gc gd pgkoa< Ourrh, ourrh, atrh vgz gstay hqu.

H qungcgs kafgthc kngrths bhdths, kafa igsaeg-

igkgr a raehr, sg dgs nfpachc khstnmas karparhdgs.

Ugknehc ohsth 57 a 7: madpgs, qug ihehc atras

prnsnacgras, kac ehstacgs ig fhigrh.

Ddgmhih dh cakog, sg instrneuh uch akthvh phrtg ig

uc phc hdgfc y uch gspgkng ig saph ogkoh kac ks-

khrhs ig phph, zhchoarnh a dhs vgriurhs qug gstuvng-

rhc inspacnedgs. a khdkudheh barfhrfg phrh ddgmhr h

dh instrneuknc gc gd fafgcta gc qug takheh da fs

gspgsa ig dh saph, gs igknr, khsn hd bacia, sngfprg

kac gd tgfar ig qug sg ouengrh hkhehia. Igspus

cas ehfas h iarfnr, gc uchs dntgrhs ig trgs cnvgdgs.

Gc khih cnvgd, iarfhfas sgns a fs pgrsachs, uc

paka hprgthihs, pgra sgrvh phrh khdgcthrcas.

Gc mgcgrhd, ca oheh fukoa tngfpa phrh pgcshr.

Dh cnkh nigh grh saergvnvnr a gspgrhr h qug gsta

tgrfnchrh hdmc ih, h pgshr ig da qug cas igkhc

das hdgfhcgs< Ig hqu ustgigs ca shdgc, fs qug

par dh konfgcgh.

Dnegrhknc

Kuhcia kafgcz gd hvhckg igd glrknta hdnhia, sg

vghc das rgdfphmas ig das khacgs gc gd oarnzac-tg. [g igknin gvhkuhr gd khfpa, ddgvhr dh fhca ig

aerh ohknh gd nctgrnar ig Hdgfhcnh, sg inchfnthrac

dhs kfhrhs ig mhs, sg lucthrac das prgsas y sg gf-

prgcingrac dhs pastgrnarfgctg ddhfhihs fhrkohs

ig dh fugrtg. sths kacsnsthc gc dhrmhs kadufchs

barfhihs par fndgs ig prnsnacgras, gc dhs kuhdgs kh-

fnchfas ias a trgs ihs saerg dh cngvg0 dhs pgrsa-

chs qug sg qugihehc htrs grhc rgfhthihs h tnras

a h kudhthzas. Hs hvhczhfas ohsth gckactrhr uc

trgc gc gd qug cas suengrac. ^a bun kaciuknia h Hus-

trnh, kgrkh ig dh knuihi ig Dncz, iacig sg gckactrh-

eh gd khfpa ig Fhtohusgc. Akurrn qug das khfpas

h das qug ddgmehfas hd paka tngfpa grhc gvhkuh-

ias, hs qug fhrkoehfas ohknh atras ohsth qug uc

ih, gc uch kadufch ig hpraxnfhihfgctg fnd pgr-

sachs, ddgmhfas h uc easqugkndda iacig oheh trgs

a kuhtra ehrrhkhs. Hdd cas gckgrrhrac barfhias gc

dh ncinh, pugs hpgchs khehfas gc gd dumhr. Ing-

rac dh arigc ig qug cas hkastrhfas ig fhcgrh thd

qug gctrg dhs pngrchs tgchfas h uc kafphgra y hd

fnsfa tngfpa gstehfas gctrg dhs pngrchs ig atra

kafphgra. Hs pgrfhcgknfas par gsphkna ig trgs

ihs, prgshs ig uc fngia kacsthctg h qug inchfnth-

rhc a qugfhrhc dh ehrrhkh. Zgra uc ih cas infas

kugcth ig qug ca oheh vnmndhcknh, qug yh ca oheh

ching. Gctackgs rafpnfas pugrths y vgcthchs y sh-

dnfas hd hdfhkc ig kafnih. Gckactrhfas phphs y

hdmuchs kashs phrh kafgr. a taf uch dhth mrhcig,

pugs pgcs qug grh kafnih, pgra rgsudt sgr hkgn-

tg kafgstnedg, qug ca fg snrvn ig fukoa. [hdnfas

igd easqug ohknh dh khrrgtgrh, iacig yh igsdhehc

das thcqugs cartghfgrnkhcas. Khfnchfas gc uch

kadufch lucta kac das sadihias. ehfas gc kacin-

knacgs igpdarhedgs< fukoas tgchc gkkgfhs par dh

bhdth ig onmngcg, atras gsthehc gfpnalhias a gcbgr-

fas ig tnbanigh. Das cartghfgrnkhcas cas kackgc-trhrac gc uch ehsg hrgh igd glrknta hdgfc. Hdd

cas ehhrac, cas igsncbgkthrac kac IIY, cas qunth-

rac das trhpas rhias y cas abrgkngrac raph. H f fg

ingrac uc ucnbarfg igd glrknta igd hnrg hdgfc, snc

instncknacgs, snc ncsnmcnhs, snc chih. Gc gsg ucnbar-

fg ddgmu ohsth Zrhmh ias fgsgs igspus. Dh dneg-

rhknc ca bug kafa sg igskrneg gc dhs pgdkudhs. Bug

fs prashnkh, pgra, h c ig kugcths, uch dnegrhknc.

Gpdama

Iurhctg cugstra khutnvgrna, ca tgchfas fukoa

tngfpa phrh rgstgxnachr saerg da qug gstehfas vn-

vngcia. [nc gfehrma, oay, gc pdgca snmda __N,pugia

igknr qug uch ig dhs prncknphdgs vnrtuigs igd sgr ou-

fhca gs nctgcthr fglarhr sngfprg0 trhthfas ig qug

cugstras onlas sghc fglargs qug casatras. Igeg-

fas sgr tadgrhctgs, da kuhd ca qungrg igknr qug pgr-

fnthfas qug gd atra ohmh fhd, snca qug igegfas

kacvnvnr kac atra qug tngcg apncnacgs, rgdnmnc y ch-

knachdnihi inbgrgctgs ig dh fh. Gctgcihfas qug dh

invgrsnihi krgh dh rnqugzh, phrh kac casatras fns-

fas y cugstras sgfglhctgs. Gd fucia oh khfenhia

igsig gd Oadakhusta< sg oh rghdnzhia dh igkdhrh-

knc ig das Igrgkoas Oufhcas, sg ohc prafavn-

ia lunknas gc kactrh ig das krnfnchdgs ig mugrrh, sg

oh krghia gd Yrneuchd ig Lustnknh Nctgrchknachd. Zgra

da fs nfparthctg gs qug dh kackngcknh ig dh sakng-

ihi thfenc oh khfenhia. [n ca krgyrhfas qug gd

fucia gst fglarhcia, ca tgcirh sgctnia vnvnr.

Egirnko [tgncgr


40/82


^ [W NFHMGC;?


41/82

IA[[NGU


Dh vnadgcknh y, gc gspgkka, dh qug akurrg gc-

trg dh phrglh gs uc praedgfh saknhd y ca ncin-

vniuhd, par da kuhd dhs invgrshs ncvgstnmhknacgs

y gckugsths rghdnzhihs ohc sgrvnia phrh sgcsnendnzhr

h dh kafucnihi y h dhs ncstntuknacgs hkgrkh ig thd sn-

tuhknc phrh hktuhr gc kacsgkugcknh.

Gc mgcgrhd, dh vnadgcknh gctrg dh phrglh y su fhmcn-

tui vhrhc sgmc gd ncstrufgcta a gckugsth qug sg

kntg, pugs khih uch gfpdgh su prapnh fgtaiada-

mh y prgmucths phrh rgbgrnrsg h uc fnsfa bgcfg-

ca, da qug nfpnig dh kafphrhknc iginmch gctrg

uchs y atrhs0 hs akurrg gc gd khsa ig dh vnadgcknh ig

mcgra y ig phrglh, thfenc ddhfhih kactrh dh ph-

rglh y kactrh dhs fulgrgs.

Xu tngcg qug vgr gstg tnpa ig gckugsths kac gd

hsucta ig dh vnadgcknh y das oafergs fhdtrhthias

par su phrglh1 Yngcg qug vgr qug, gc dh fhyarh ig

gddhs, sg ih par ogkoa qug dhs vktnfhs sac dhs fu-

lgrgs, y das oafergs, das pgrpgtrhiargs0 gdda oh kac-

trneunia hd rhzachfngcta gsgcknhdnsth qug gc dhs

rgbgrnihs ncvgstnmhknacgs sg ohkg hkgrkh igd oaf-

erg, h qungc sg kacsnigrh kafa sulgta vnadgcta pgr

sg0 gs igknr, par gd fgra ogkoa ig sgr oaferg. Gs

gvnigctg qug gsa ca hyuih gc chih h dh saduknc igd

Fhdtrhta

ucnsgxWc praedgfh ig dh

phrglh kactgfparcgh

Hdbacsa Ogrccigz Uairmugz

praedgfh0 par da kactrhrna< sg chturhdnzhc dhs ih-

ihs oaferg-vnadgcta y fulgr-sufnsh, qug igsinkg

dh mrhc hparthknc bgfncnsth igd khrktgr saknhd ig dh

khtgmarh ig mcgra kafa uch khtgmarh rgdhknachd

y kafa uch fhcnbgsthknc ig dh kudturh phtrnhrkhd.

Ig hkugria kac Uaegrta Khstra,8 eugc cfgraig trhehlas ig ncvgstnmhknc y ig gckugsths hear-

ihc gd praedgfh ig dh vnadgcknh ig phrglh kafa

uc htrneuta ig das ncinvniuas, fs qug kafa uc

praedgfh nctgrhkknachd0 fs kafa uc rhsma ig

kngrths fulgrgs y sus phrglhs gc igtgrfnchia fa-

fgcta, qug kafa uc bgcfgca saknhd ig khrktgr

incfnka kac gxprgsnacgs hd cnvgd ig das ncinvn-

iuas, da qug kactrneuyg h rghrfhr dh kackgpknc

igd oaferg kafa sulgta ncogrgctgfgctg vnadgcta

y ig dh fulgr kafa gtgrch sufnsh.

Hd nmcarhr gd arnmgc gstrukturhd y gd khrktgr saknhd

ig dh vnadgcknh gc dh phrglh y su vhrnhedg nctgrhk-

knachd, dhs ncvgstnmhknacgs sugdgc prgsgcthr rgsud-

thias sgsmhias, y pairh pgcshrsg nckdusa qug, gc

8Uaegrta Khstra, Zraedgfhs kackgptuhdgs gc gd gstuina ig dh vnadgc-

knh ig mcgra. Kactravgrsnhs y igehtgs h tafhr gc kugcth, gc Rhkh y

Rdgz (kaaris.), Rnadgcknh ig mcgra y dh pgrsnstgcknh ig dh igsnmuhd-

ihi gc gd Gsthia ig Fxnka,Eugcas Hnrgs, F cgfasycg, 5:85.


42/82


^ [W NFHMGC9:

hdmuchs akhsnacgs, aegigkgc h kugstnacgs ig nctg-

rs padtnka phrh qug gd bgcfgca ig dh vnadgcknh

sgh vnsta ig gsh cnkh fhcgrh. Ca aesthctg da hc-

tgrnar, gs nccgmhedg qug gd fhyar cfgra ig vktn-

fhs karrgspacig h dhs fulgrgs.

[n engc ca ohy dumhr h iuih hkgrkh ig qug gc gsth

sakngihi phtrnhrkhd sac dhs fulgrgs qungcgs kacs-

tntuygc gd fhyar cfgra ig dhs vktnfhs, igeg

igsthkhrsg qug, gc dh fhyarh ig das gstuinas, sg

phrtg igd supugsta ig qug gddhs sac dhs cnkhsvk-

tnfhs ig dh vnadgcknh, par da kuhd das ncstrufgctas

qug sg hpdnkhc phrh hktas vnadgctas sda kacsnig-

rhc h das oafergs kafa pgrpgtrhiargs. Gsta nfpdn-

kh uc gvnigctg y sgrna grrar fgtaiadmnka, sn ig da

qug sg trhth gs ncvgstnmhr dh vnadgcknh gc dh phrglh.

Kac dh hphrnknc ig hdmuchs ncvgstnmhknacgs, kafa

dh Gckugsth Chknachd saerg dh Rnadgcknh gc gd Ca-

vnhzma, gc dh qug sg ncihmh gstg bgcfgca thcta

gc dhs fulgrgs kafa gc das oafergs, sg prgsgc-

th gd ogkoa ig qug das vhracgs sac fs hmrginias

bsnkhfgctg par su phrglh, qug dhs fulgrgs. Khs-

tra sghdh dh nfparthcknh ig hvgrnmuhr saerg gstg

ihta, yh qug hearihr dh vnadgcknh kafa uc hsuc-

ta saknhd ig khrktgr nctgrhkknachd gvnthrh gd sgsma

ig mcgra gc inkoas trhehlas ig hkgrkhfngcta hd

bgcfgca y kactrneunrh h igschturhdnzhr dh ih-ih oaferg-vnadgcknh, snc cgmhr, kafa yh sg ncink,

qug dh fhyar phrtg ig dhs vktnfhs sac dhs fulgrgs

y qug gd praedgfh ca gs sda sn sg gs oaferg a fu-

lgr, pugs vh fs hdd ig gsa.

[gmc dhs knbrhs ig dh Gckugsth Chknachd ig Rnadgcknh

gc gd Cavnhzma,59 ig khih 8: oafergs gctrg 87 y 59

has ohc subrnia vnadgcknh bsnkh par phrtg ig su ph-

rglh, y ? ig khih 8: ohc subrnia vnadgcknh psnkadmnkh.

Gs dmnka prgmucthr sn gc khih khsa ohy sda uch vktn-

fh y uc vnktnfhrna gc gsth sntuhknc kafpdglh y inc-

fnkh, pugs hdmuchs armhcnzhknacgs nctgcthc fhcglhr

gsths knbrhs ig fhcgrh sgsmhih y igskactgxtuhdnzh-

ih, yh qug, gc hdmucas khsas, inkoas hktas vnadgctas

sg igegc h sntuhknacgs ig vnadgcknh kruzhih iacig

hfeas fngferas ig dh phrglh sac vktnfhs y vnktn-

fhrnas hd fnsfa tngfpa0 gs igknr, igsgfpghc uc

5Rni. Gcvncav, 5::>.

iaedg phpgd, da qug nfpdnkh uch rgvnsnc h bacia y

gstrukturhd ig dh vnadgcknh gc dh phrglh.

Ig hkugria kac dhs gsthistnkhs y kac dh ncbarfh-

knc hphrgknih gc gd inhrna Fndgcna(5 ig fhrza ig

5:8:) hkgrkh igd tgfh, dh kaarinchiarh ig gcsg-

hczh y ig ncvgstnmhknc ig das sgrvnknas ig htgc-

knc psnquntrnkh ig dh [gkrgthrh ig [hdui, Hrfnih

Mrhchias U., sghdh qug dh vnadgcknh glgrknih par dh

fulgr saerg su phrglh oh hufgcthia gctrg ;:% y

9:%, yh qug ig das ; fnd khsas rgparthias iurhctg

5::?, 9:% karrgspacig h vktnfhs oafergs.

Kacvngcg sghdhr qug 2:% ig das khsas ig oafergs

vnadgcthias sg kackgctrh gc dhs trgs zachs fgtra-

padnthchs kac fhyar kackgctrhknc ig paedhknc

igd phs< Instrnta Bgigrhd, Muhihdhlhrh y Factgrrgy,iacig pugig pgcshrsg qug thd rgpasnknachfngc-

ta ig mcgra gctrg fulgrgs y oafergs sgh uch ig

dhs vhrnhedgs qug i arnmgc h gstg bgcfgca. Atrh

vhrnhedg pairh sgr qug dhs fulgrgs gstc fs ins-

pugsths qug hctgs h igbgcigrsg, y sac hdmucas ig

gsas khsas das qug sg rgparthc par phrtg ig das vh-

racgs kafa praiukta ig dh vnadgcknh kruzhih.

Fs hdd ig qunc gs dh vktnfh ig dh vnadgcknh gc-

trg oafergs y fulgrgs, gs bucihfgcthd rgkhphknthr

hkgrkh ig das cugvas tnpas ig rgdhknc, hs kafa ig

das snmcnkhias hktuhdgs y dhs rgsnmcnkhknacgs qug

ohkgfas ig dhs barfhs ig rgdhknachrcas kac dh hphrn-

knc ig cugvhs barfhs ig sgr oaferg a fulgr brgctg

h das bgcfgcas gkacfnkas, kudturhdgs y saknhdgs.

Yhdgs bgcfgcas ohc aednmhia h das oafergs h khf-

enhr, ca h euskhr khfena ig barfh nctgcknachih,

pugs, gc rgsufgc, dh sakngihi hktuhd oh prapnknhia

dh hphrnknc ig cugvhs fhskudncnihigs y bgfncnih-

igs, ig cugvhs fhtgrcnihigs y phtgrcnihigs;y ig dh

pasnendnihi ig qug gd vhrc sgh gd cnka pravggiar,

da qug da snth gc uc dumhr inbgrgctg igctra ig das gs-

phknas ig paigr gc dh phrglh y gc dh bhfndnh.

Atrh vhrnhedg ig dh vnadgcknh glgrknih kactrh das

oafergs par su phrglh (hsufngcia qug sth gs

;Rni. Zhtrnknh Yrulhca, Cugvas pasnknachfngctas ig mcgra< vhracgs

vktnfhs ig dh vnadgcknh ig sus fulgrgs, Dh fhczhch, vad. NN, cf. ;, lu-

dna-sgptngferg ig 5::=.

[gmc dh Gc-kugsth Chknachdsaerg dh Rnadgcknhgc gd Cavnhzma,das vhracgs sac

fs hmrginiasbsnkhfgctg parsu phrglh, qugdhs fulgrgs.


43/82


^ [W NFHMGC 98

uch rgdhknc incfnkh, pgra qug gc gddh gd vhrc

gs qungc akuph dh pasnknc ig vktnfh par fs

tngfpa) gs dh snfndntui gc gd prakgsa qug thfenc

dhs fulgrgs vnvgc kafa vktnfhs. [ghdh Hrfn-

ih Mrhchias< Gs fukoa fs vgrmaczasa phrh uc

oaferg hkgpthr pednkhfgctg qug vnvg vnadgcknh

qug phrh uch fulgr, parqug sg supacg qug gs gd

sgxa bugrtg, igsig ho sg pacg gc iuih su oaferh

y su fhskudncnihi.9Gc gsth apncnc, snc gfehrma,

gs nfpasnedg iglhr ig aesgrvhr dh rgvhdarhknc ig

da fhskudnca gc gsth sakngihi phtrnhrkhd, kuhcia

sg ncinkh kafa ig fhyar fhmcntui uc fnsfa og-

koa inbgrgcknhia par mcgra.

Igea igsthkhr dhs ncvgstnmhknacgs qug sg ohc og-

koa gc atras phsgs y qug, ig hkugria kac dh barfh

gc qug sg gdhearhrac a rgkapndhrac das ihtas, prg-sgcthc uch khrh kactravgrsnhd, pgra qug ohc pugs-

ta uch sghd ig hdgrth saerg gd bgcfgca ig das

oafergs fhdtrhthias par su phrglh.

Inkohs ncvgstnmhknacgs a ncbarfgs, kafa gd Ncbar-

fg Bngegrt a gd Ncbarfg Nkgegrm, kancknigc gc gs-

thedgkgr qug gd fhyar parkgcthlg ig das fhdtrhthias

par sus phrglhs gst rgprgsgcthia par das oafergs.

Gd Ncbarfg Bngegrt, uc gstuina ig Fhrtnc [. Bngegrt,

prabgsar igd Igphrthfgcta ig Zsnkadamh ig dh Wcn-vgrsnihi igd Gsthia ig Khdnbarcnh, qug bug puednkh-

ia h phrtnr ig 8>>= y hktuhdnzhia pgrninkhfgctg,

fugstrh ihtas kackduygctgs igspus ig rgvnshr 592

ncvgstnmhknacgs gspgknhdnzhihs< 8?= gstuinas gfp-

rnkas y 7> gxfgcgs a hcdnsns hrralhc qug, gc sus

rgdhknacgs kacyumhdgs a ig phrglh, dhs fulgrgs sac

thc hmrgsnvhs bsnkhfgctg a fs qug das oafergs.

Zar su phrtg, gd Ncbarfg Nkgegrm sghdh qug ohy

uch tgcigcknh mgcgrhdnzhih h rgiuknr dh vnadgcknh

iafstnkh h uc gsqugfh snfpdnsth y sgsmhia, sg-

mc gd kuhd, gd vhrc gs gd pgrpgtrhiar y dh fulgr, dh

vktnfh. [nc gfehrma, gxnstgc cufgrasas gstuinas

kngctkas PV kuyas rgsudthias hvhdhc uch pgrkgp-

knc eninrgkknachd ig dh vnadgcknh iafstnkh, kac cn-

vgdgs snfndhrgs ig kacstnktnvnihi phrh hfeas sgxas.

9Fndgcna Inhrna, 5 ig fhrza ig 5:8:.

Higfs, inkoa ncbarfg rgvgdh hdmuchs kugstnacgs

thcta fgtaiadmnkhs kafa ig sgsmas ig mcgra

gc dhs ncvgstnmhknacgs rghdnzhihs ohsth hoarh, ku-

yas ihtas sghdhc uc fhrkhia sgxnsfa gc bhvar ig

dh fulgr y gc kactrh igd oaferg0 bhddhs a ncsukngc-

knhs fgtaiadmnkhs y grrar gc gd vhdar kackginia

h hdmuchs ncbarfhknacgs qug trhcsbarfhc dhs apn-

cnacgs gc ogkoas.

Krga qug dh vnadgcknh ig dh phrglh iacig das oaf-

ergs sac dh vktnfh igegr sgr gstuinhih kac fhyar

prabucinihi igsig inbgrgctgs insknpdnchs ig dhs

kngcknhs saknhdgs. Kuhcia sg ncvgstnmug igsig dh

pgrspgktnvh ig mcgra, sgr ncinspgcshedg prg-

mucthr h das vhracgs saerg dhs pasnendnihigs ig sgr

kacsnigrhia gd pgrpgtrhiar, pgra thfenc dh vktn-

fh, da qug kactrneunrh h aetgcgr dh batamrhbh

kafpdgth igd bgcfgca, yh qug dh vnadgcknh nctgr-

mcgra cn gs chturhd cn ucninrgkknachd cn gxkdusn-

vhfgctg fhskudnch.


44/82


^ [W NFHMGC95


45/82


^ [W NFHMGC 9;

Fhrka Hctacna Zudnia Uudd

Dh onstarnh, esnkhfgctg, gs rgmnstra gskrnta a

hcgkitnka igd kafparthfngcta oufhca. Hs

pugs, kuhcia dh kngcknh igskuerg cugvhs bar-

fhs ig gctgcigr y kafprgcigr hd oaferg, gs brg-

kugctg qug inkohs barfhs sg utndnkgc phrh gstuinhr

bgcfgcas onstrnkas. Gctackgs, das hvhckgs gc dh

kafprgcsnc ig das bgcfgcas gkacfnkas iu-

rhctg das snmdas _RNNNy _N_pugigc vgrsg rgstglhias gcuch fudtnpdnknihi ig tgxtas onstrnkas kac uc gc-

baqug bucihia gc dh instrneuknc ig dh rnqugzh. Hd

nmuhd qug dh gkacafh, dh saknadamh, dh kngcknh pad-

tnkh g nckdusa dh enadamh, ohc pgrfghia gd inskursa

hdrgigiar ig gvgctas onstrnkas.

Dh psnkadamh kactgfparcgh gst prgsgctg gc gd

inskursa onstrnka igsig prncknpnas ig snmda0 snc

gfehrma, dh psnkadamh oh gvaduknachia ig bar-

fh cathedg iurhctg das dtnfas knckugcth has y,

dhfgcthedgfgctg, gstg khfena ca sg vg rgstglh-

ia hc gc gd gstuina ig bgcfgcas onstrnkas. Gc

gbgkta, dh fhyar phrtg ig das tgxtas psnkadmnkas

qug gstuinhc bgcfgcas onstrnkas (tgxtas psnka-

onstrnkas) sac ig khrktgr psnkaincfnka0 inkoa

phrhinmfh bug supgrhia par dh psnkadamh kac-

tgfparcgh igsig ohkg fs ig sgsgcth has y

sus igendnihigs gpnstgfadmnkhs, kngctkhs y prg-

inktnvhs ohc snia inskutnihs ig faia hfpdna par

invgrsas ncvgstnmhiargs. Hs pugs, par qu ca pra-

ehr uc hcdnsns psnkaonstrnka ushcia atra faigda1

Gc gspgkka, par qu ca praehr uc hcdnsns psn-

kaonstrnka utndnzhcia uc phrhinmfh qug sueshcg

das praedgfhs prncknphdgs qug prgsgcth gd gcbaqug

psnkaincfnka1

Gd phrhinmfh kaciuktuhd igctra ig dh psnkadamhkactgfparcgh gs kactgsththrna0 gs igknr, hphrg-

kg gc rgspugsth h dh ncshtnsbhkknc mgcgrhd kac gd

phrhinmfh psnkahchdtnka, prgvhdgkngctg gc dh psn-

kadamh ig prncknpnas igd snmda __. Das prncknphdgs

hspgktas ig kactravgrsnh gctrg das ias puctas ig

vnsth tngcgc qug vgr kac da qug khih uca ig gddas

kacsnigrh gd aelgta dgmtnfa ig gstuina ig dh psnka-

damh (gd kafparthfngcta, phrh das kaciuktnsths, y

dh fgctg, phrh gd psnkahcdnsns). Higfs, gd psnkah-

cdnsns y gd kaciuktnsfa ingrgc gc hspgktas fg-

taiadmnkas0 gc thcta gd psnkahcdnsns rgkamg das

tgstnfacnas vgrehdgs igd sulgta y gfpdgh kafa

sustgcta igd igshrradda tgrnka dh onstarnh ig khsa, gd

kaciuktnsfa rgkurrg h dh aesgrvhknc inrgkth phrh

rgucnr ncbarfhknc y su igshrradda tgrnka sg ehsh

gc dh gxpgrnfgcthknc. Gctackgs, ca gs ig gxtrhhr

qug dhs ehsgs gpnstgfadmnkhs ig khih phrhinmfh

pgrfnthc, h khih uca ig gddas, khphknihigs ig prg-

inkknc inbgrgctgs0 thfpaka igegrh sarprgcigr hd

Yrgs igshstrgsfndnthrgs y suhcdnsns kaciuktuhd

Z G C [ H F N G C Y A ^ K A F W C N I H I


46/82


^ [W NFHMGC99

dgktar qug dhs vhrnhedgs bucihfgcthdgs ig khih ph-

rhinmfh sghc instncths. Zhrh gd kaciuktnsfa, dhs vh-

rnhedgs gsgcknhdgs qug fadighc gd kafparthfngcta

ig das armhcnsfas sac gd rgbarzhfngcta y dh gxtnc-

knc. Gd prnfgra ig gstas fgkhcnsfas hufgcth dh

praehendnihi ig qug gd kafparthfngcta hufgctg0

gd sgmucia insfncuyg dh praehendnihi ig qug aku-

rrh uc kafparthfngcta.

Kacsnirgsg uc gxpgrnfgcta pratatpnka, insgh-

ia par [`nccgr gc 8>;?. [g nctraiukg uc ragiar

ohferngcta gc uch pgqugh kfhrh ig pdgxnmds.

Gc dh kfhrh, ohy uch ehrrh ig fgthd qug pugig

sgr fhcnpudhih par gd hcnfhd0 khih vgz qug sth

gs prgsnachih par gd sulgta, rgkneg uch pgqugh

pgdath ig hdnfgcta (rgbarzhfngcta). Gvgctuhdfgc-

tg, sg aesgrvh qug gd hcnfhd prgsnach dh ehrrh kacfs brgkugcknh. Zar gd kactrhrna, sn dh rgdhknc gc-

trg prgsnachr dh ehrrh y rgknenr hdnfgcta sg tgrfn-

ch (gxtncknc), gd hcnfhd iglh ig prgsnachr dh ehrrh.

[`nccgr aesgrv qug dh gxtncknc igd kafparth-

fngcta prgfnhia gs fuy mrhiuhd0 gs igknr, rgbar-

zhr dh akurrgcknh ig uch rgspugsth kac uch pgdath

ig kafnih akhsnach uch ncgrknh kaciuktuhd gc gd

kafparthfngcta.

Dh prgphrhknc igskrnth oh snia hpdnkhih gc uch

fudtnpdnknihi ig gxpgrnfgctas. Dh rgpdnkhendnihiig das rgsudthias oh snia hsaferash0 higfs, oh

fastrhia sgr mgcgrhd gctrg rgspugsths y gspgkngs

hcnfhdgs, nckdunia gd oaferg.

Gd faigda kaciuktuhd hpdnkhia

h dh psnkaonstarnh

Kac gd faigda hctgs igskrnta gc fgctg, kacsnirg-

sg uch tgftnkh rgkurrgctg gc gd gstuina ig dh psn-

kaonstarnh< gd khsa ig dh kaciukth igshihpthtnvh

pgrsnstgctg. Hdmucas ig das pgrsachlgs fs gstu-

inhias par dh psnkaonstarnh trhinknachd sac hqug-

ddas kuyas kafparthfngctas gc barfh ncvhrnhedg

sac hutaigrrathctgs, tgrkas, rmnias g nc-

stgxnedgs. Yrgs glgfpdas pratatpnkas sac gd mgcg-

rhd Fhurnkg Mhfgdnc (hrtkg ig dh igrrath brhckgsh

hctg das hdgfhcgs gc 8>9:), Endd Ohdsgy (hifnrhc-

tg ig dhs bugrzhs hfgrnkhchs iurhctg dh ehthddh igd

Madba ig Dgytg gc 8>99) y Hiadba Ontdgr. Gc das trgs

khsas, das onstarnhiargs ohc ushia dh psnkadamh (gc

gspgknhd, hd psnkahcdnsns) phrh trhthr ig gctgcigr

su kafparthfngcta, igenia h da enzhrra igd fnsfa

y h khush ig qug ohc kacsnigrhia qug dhs ogrrh-

fngcths ig hcdnsns onstrnka-trhinknachdgs sg vghc

rgehshihs. Gc das trgs khsas, das pgrsachlgs bugrac

gstuinhias gc trfncas ig sus rgdhknacgs tgfprh-

chs kac sus phirgs (saerg taia, kac su fhirg). Gc

taias das khsas, dh ncbarfhknc rgucnih gs gskhsh,

pravngcg ig bugctgs kugstnachedgs y sg inspacg ig

gdgfgctas fuy dnfnthias phrh su karraearhknc.

Gc khfena, das gdgfgctas ncfginhtas qug prgkg-

ingrac h das fs cathedgs igshstrgs pravakhias

par das ncinvniuas gc kugstnc ohc snia iakufgc-

thias ig faia rnmurasa y gxnstg uch fudtnpdnknihi

ig gdgfgctas aelgtnvas qug pgrfntgc vgrnkhrdas.

[ac lusta gstas gdgfgctas ncfginhthfgctg prgkg-igctgs das qug pasnendnthc rgtafhr gd faigda kac-

iuktuhd y vhdarhr sus hdkhckgs.

Kacsnirgsg gc prnfgr khsa hd mgcgrhd Mhfgdnc.

[u igrrath fs bhfash akurrg kuhcia gc 8>9:

kafprafgtg h dh fhyar phrtg ig dhs bugrzhs brhc-

kgshs hctg uc hthqug sgugda igd glrknta hdg-

fc gc Edmnkh. Dhs bugrzhs hkarhzhihs hdgfhchs

nrrufpgc igtrs ig Mhfgdnc, h trhvs ig dhs paka

vnmndhihs Hrigchs, y sgphrhc, hs, h dh fhyar phr-

tg igd glrknta hdnhia ig sus bugctgs ig hpravnsna-chfngcta. Gc fgcas ig uc fgs, gd glrknta brhcks

sg oh rgcinia. Mhfgdnc gs hkushia ig khrgkgr ig

krghtnvnihi, ig khrgkgr, nmuhdfgctg, ig stgxnendn-

ihi tktnkh y ig sgr rmnia.

Hoarh, hchdnkgfas da qug shegfas ig Mhfgdnc

kac kgrtgzh y da qug ca. Gxnstg fuy pakh ncbar-

fhknc iginmch rgspgkta ig su ncbhcknh, par da

qug igshrraddhr onptgsns gc kuhcta h dh fnsfh gs,

par da fgcas, nrrgspacshedg. Zar gd kactrhrna, ohy

heucihctg gvnigcknh hkgrkh ig da qug onza Mh-

fgdnc iurhctg dh Zrnfgrh Mugrrh Fucinhd (y ig dhs

kacsgkugcknhs ig sus hkknacgs iurhctg dh fnsfh).

Mhfgdnc sg barl h s fnsfa uch rgputhknc gc

dh prnfgrh ehthddh igd Fhrcg. Iurhctg gddh, pgdg

kactrh dhs bugrzhs hdgfhchs pravgcngctgs ig Ed-

mnkh. Kac gcarfgs shkrnknas, dhs kactuva ohsth

qug sths sg saerggxtgcingrac0 sda gctackgs, rgh-sths sg saerggxtgcingrac0 sda gctackgs, rgh-sg saerggxtgcingrac0 sda gctackgs, rgh-

Eurrous Brgigrnk [`nccgr


47/82


^ [W NFHMGC 97

dnz uc hthqug hd sthcka hdgfc. Gd hthqug hfgch-

z kac igstrunr dh pucth ig dhczh ig das glrkntas

ncvhsargs, fatnva par gd qug sg rgpdgmhrac y tuvng-

rac qug kgigr dh ncnknhtnvh h das brhckgsgs. Mhfgdnc

utndnz dh fnsfh gstrhtgmnh kac xnta gc vhrnhs akh-snacgs, ohsth gd hrfnstnkna chd gc 8>8?.

Hchdnkgfas hoarh h Mhfgdnc gc vnsth igd gxpgrn-

fgcta pratatpnka kaciuknia par [`nccgr y igskrn-

ta prgvnhfgctg. Dh gstrhtgmnh ig hthkhr Edmnkh y

rgsnstnr shdvh hd glrknta brhcks ig dh igrrath gc in-

vgrshs akhsnacgs. Hs pugs, dh kaciukth gstuinhih

tngcg kacsgkugcknhs pasntnvhs (rgbarzhctgs) phrh

Mhfgdnc, y par da thcta, pugig prgigknrsg qug sg

rgpgtnr. Gsa gs prgknshfgctg da qug akurrg iurhc-

tg dh ehthddh ig Brhcknh gc 8>9:. Mhfgdnc hrrgfgtg

kactrh gd sgugda hdgfc gc Edmnkh y iglh hengr-

th dh pugrth gc dhs Hrigchs, par iacig sg nctgrchc

dhs bugrzhs hkarhzhihs hdgfhchs.

Ygcgfas, pugs, uch onptgsns, sustgcthih gc gd ph-

shia ncfginhta ig Mhfgdnc0 tgcgfas, higfs,

uch pasnedg gxpdnkhknc igd kafparthfngcta ig

Mhfgdnc, hpayhih gc uc faigda psnkadmnka vhdn-

ihia par gvnigcknh gfprnkh. Hs, paigfas safg-

tgr dh onptgsns kac kachczh h das onstarnhiargs

phrh su vhdnihknc. [da gd trhehla ig ncvgstnmhknc

onstrnkh vgrnkhr (a ca) dh onptgsns.

Hoarh, kacsnigrgfas h Endd Ohdsgy, atra pgrsach-

lg bhvarnta ig dh psnkaonstarnh trhinknachd ig kartg

psnkahchdtnka. [u grrar tktnka fs mrhvg hkactgkg

iurhctg dh ehthddh igd Madba ig Dgytg, gc gd fhr ig

dhs Bndnpnchs, gc 8>99. Wch sgfnigstrunih hrfhih

lhpacgsh nctgcth gvnthr gd igsgfehrka ig traphs

cartghfgrnkhchs gc dhs praxnfnihigs ig dh nsdh ig

[hfhr. Dh gstrhtgmnh ig das lhpacgsgs gs snfpdg< das

pakas parthvnacgs qug dgs qugihc sgrc gcvnhias

hd Madba ig Dgytg igsig hmuhs hengrths hd cartg ig

dh pasnknc. Gd phpgd ig gstas ehrkas gs gd ig sgrvnr

kafa sgugda phrh qug das hkarhzhias ig @urnth y

Cnsonfurh gctrgc h Dgytg h trhvs ig das gstrgkoas

ig [neuyc y [urnmha. Ig barfh sarprgcigctg, Ohd-

sgy khg gc dh trhfph y inrnmg h sus bugrzhs trhs das

vhkas parthvnacgs lhpacgsgs. @urnth damrh gctrhr

hd Madba ig Dgytg y khacgh dhs bugrzhs ig ncvhsnc

cartghfgrnkhchs. Hd nmuhd qug Mhfgdnc, Ohdsgy gs

hkushia ig sgr paka krghtnva, ncstgxnedg y rmnia0

Fhurnkg-Musthvg Mhfgdnc


48/82


^ [W NFHMGC92

igd fnsfa faia, das hctgkgigctgs bhfndnhrgs ig

Ohdsgy sac gstuinhias par dh psnkaonstarnh ig kartg

psnkahchdtnka phrh nctgcthr gxpdnkhr su grrar tktn-

ka gc trfncas ig su onstarnh tgfprhch.

Ig cugvh kugcth, dh ncbarfhknc inspacnedg hkgr-

kh ig dh ncbhcknh ig Ohdsgy gs gskhsh, y par da thcta,

bugctg gxkdusnvhfgctg ig gspgkudhknc. Zar gd kac-

trhrna, dh onstarnh ig Ohdsgy, h phrtnr igd hthqug h Zghrd

Ohrear, gst fuy engc iakufgcthih y dhs bugctgs

aelgtnvhs ig vhdnihknc gxnstgc gc heucihcknh.

Ohdsgy pasgg uc phpgd prgpacigrhctg gc khsn ta-

ihs dhs ehthddhs igd akhca Zhkka iurhctg dh [g-

mucih Mugrrh Fucinhd. Igsig gd prncknpna ig sth,

gs tgstnma ig dh igvhsthknc arnmnchih h das hkarh-

zhias gsthiaucnigcsgs par das parthvnacgs lhpa-

cgsgs gc Zghrd Ohrear. Iurhctg dh ehthddh igd Fhr ig

Karhd, das mrhcigs hkarhzhias ca insphrhc uc sada

tnra0 gc khfena, das hvnacgs trhcsparthias igknigc

dh ehthddh. Dh rgkgth sg rgpntg iurhctg dh ehthddh ig

Fniwhy gc 8>950 gc gsth akhsnc, sac das parthvna-

cgs cartghfgrnkhcas das qug hkhehc kac gd hthqug

lhpacs. Iurhctg 8>9; y 8>99, sac das mrhcigs par-

thvnacgs hfgrnkhcas y lhpacgsgs das qug igtgrfn-

chc gd igstnca ig das gcbrgcthfngctas.

Hs, Ohdsgy tngcg uch dhrmh onstarnh ig prgfnas y

khstnmas prapnchias par parthvnacgs, hctgs ig dh

ehthddh ig Dgytg0 grh gctackgs prgvnsnedg su grrar

tktnka iurhctg gsth ehthddh. Ig cugvh kugcth, gd

faigda kaciuktuhd esnka pgrfntg igshrraddhr on-

ptgsns onstrnkhs snc rgkurrnr h dh ncbhcknh tgfprh-

ch igd ncinvniua a h kafpdnkhihs gxpdnkhknacgs

psnkaincfnkhs. Wshcia gd prncknpna ig dh chvhlh

ig A`ohf, gd faigda kaciuktnsth prgsgcth fhya-

rgs vgcthlhs gxpdnkhtnvhs. Ig cugva, dh pgdath qug-

ih gc gd khfpa ig das onstarnhiargs prabgsnachdgs

phrh vhdnihr (a igskhrthr) gd faigda.

Zar dtnfa, vhyhfas hd pgrsachlg bhvarnta ig dh psn-dtnfa, vhyhfas hd pgrsachlg bhvarnta ig dh psn-, vhyhfas hd pgrsachlg bhvarnta ig dh psn-

kaonstarnh. Xunz dh igrrath fs kastash phrh Hiad-

ba Ontdgr, iurhctg dh [gmucih Mugrrh Fucinhd, bug

dh ehthddh ig [thdncmrhia. Gc su hbc par khpturhr dhgfedgftnkh knuihi, Ontdgr higdmhzh sus sthckas

gc kactrh ig dh fglar apncnc ig sus mgcgrhdgs. Gd

rgsudthia gs prgvnsnedg< [thdnc htrhvngsh dhs tgcugs

dcghs igbgcinihs par gd glrknta rufhca y gfead-

sh h uc glrknta ig khsn kuhtrakngctas fnd oaf-

ergs. Atrh vgz, dh ncbhcknh igd ncinvniua hchdnzhia

gs, esnkhfgctg, igskacaknih (da hctgrnar ca oh

gvnthia, pgsg h gdda, qug sg krggc kuhdqungr khctn-

ihi ig bhcthshs saerg dh fnsfh). Ca aesthctg, das

ogkoas prgvnas h dh ehthddh ohc snia gxohustnvh-

fgctg iakufgcthias.

Hd ca sgr uc fndnthr ig khrrgrh, Ontdgr ncnknh dh mug-

rrh trhehlhcia kac ehsg gc uc prncknpna ig gcshya

y grrar0 snc gfehrma, thcta gc dh ehthddh ig Brhc-

knh, kafa gc dh ig Carugmh, rgoushrsg h rgtnrhr sus

glrkntas hctg sntuhknacgs pgdnmrashs tngcg uc xnta

ncgspgrhia. Gc Brhcknh, dhs bugrzhs hkarhzhihs ig

Muigrnhc pngrigc kacthkta kac sus hehstgknfngc-

tas hd pgrsgmunr h das brhckgsgs ohsth Iuc`grqug.

H pgshr igd rngsma, das brhckgsgs sac nckhphkgs ig

hnsdhr h Muigrnhc ig sus sufncnstras. Gc da kackgr-

cngctg h dh ehthddh ig Carugmh, sadihias hdgfhcgs

sac karthias ig sus bugctgs ig sufncnstra gc gd

pugrta ig Chrvnk`. [us mgcgrhdgs sumngrgc h Ontdgr

qug arigcg h das sadihias htrnckogrhrsg y rgsnstnr.

Gvgctuhdfgctg, dh fhrnch erntcnkh qug edaqugh-

eh gd pugrta igeg hehciachrda phrh kufpdnr kac

kafprafnsas ednkas fs hprgfnhctgs (gd ncfn-

cgctg ncnkna ig dh ehthddh ig Ncmdhtgrrh). Zar thcta,

Endd Ohdsgy


49/82


^ [W NFHMGC 9=

gc paka tngfpa gs pasnedg rghcuihr gd sufncnstra

h das sadihias htrnckogrhias gc Chrvnk`.

Xunz dh igknsnc fs htnchih ig Ontdgr, iurhctg dh

khfphh rush, kacsnstn gc arigchr h sus glrkntas

qug sg htrnckogrhrhc brgctg h Fask gc gd ncvngrca

ig 8>98. Gd tgrrnedg ncvngrca ncfavndnz dh abgcsnvh

hdgfhch gc 8>980 dhs fglar hkdnfhthihs bugrzhs sn-

egrnhchs rafpngrac gd brgctg hdgfc gc cufgra-

sas dumhrgs. Hctg gstas hkactgknfngctas, Ontdgr sg

cgm h rgtnrhrsg, arigc h sus traphs htrnckogrhr-

sg y rgsnstnr, h pgshr ig dh ncsnstgctg igfhcih ig sus

mgcgrhdgs ig rgtnrhrsg. Gd rgsudthia ig gsth arigc

bug pasntnva phrh das prapsntas ig Ontdgr, yh qug,

gc kuhcta dhs kacinknacgs kdnftnkhs da pgrfntng-

rac, dg bug pasnedg rgtafhr dh abgcsnvh (da hctgrnar

sg igen, gc mrhc phrtg, hd dgcta igspgrthr ig dh fh-qunchrnh ig mugrrh rush y h dhs prinihs khthstr-

khs qug tuva gd glrknta rala iurhctg gd ncnkna ig

dh mugrrh). Gctackgs, dh igknsnc ig htrnckogrhrsg y

rgsnstnr tuva kacsgkugcknhs igsghedgs phrh Ontdgr

gc gd phshia y, par da thcta, su igknsnc iurhctg dh

ehthddh ig [thdncmrhia grh prgvnsnedg. Gc kuhcta sus

bugrzhs bugrac raighihs, ina dh arigc bucgsth. ^h

gc 8>95 dh igknsnc bug kactrhpraiukgctg (dh fh-

qunchrnh ig praiukknc rush yh supgrheh par fu-

koa h dh hdgfhch), igenia h qug [thdnc bug khphz ig

hrralhr nckacthedgs oafergs y hrfhfgctas phrhnfpginr qug dhs bugrzhs sntnhihs bugrhc rgskhthihs.

Ig cugva, gd faigda ig [`nccgr phrgkg gxpdnkhr

engc das hkactgknfngctas igskrntas. Wc ncinvniua

gs prgfnhia kacsnstgctgfgctg par gfntnr uch kac-

iukth. Gd rgsudthia chd gs qug gd sulgta kactnch

rgpntngcia dh rgspugsth rgbarzhih h pgshr ig qug gd

kactgxta ig rgbarzhfngcta oh khfenhia. Gd trheh-

la ig das onstarnhiargs prabgsnachdgs pgrfntnr gvh-

duhr gsth onptgsns.

Kackdusnacgs

Dh nigh esnkh igtrs igd kaciuktnsfa ig [`nccgr

gs qug dh kaciukth, hd nmuhd qug dh inbgrgcknhknc ig

dhs gspgkngs, igpgcig ig uch sgdgkknc par kafpg-

tgcknhs (pdhctgh uc faigda ihrwncnhca igd kaf-

parthfngcta). Gs igknr, kuhcia uc kafparthfngcta

tngcg kacsgkugcknhs pdhkgctgrhs phrh gd armhcns-

fa, dh praehendnihi ig qug gsh kaciukth hufgctg

gc brgkugcknh gs hdth.

Das glgfpdas gxpugstas gc gd tgxta hctgrnar su-

mngrgc qug gd faigda kaciuktuhd pugig hpdnkhrsg

engc hd gstuina ig dh psnkaonstarnh. Yngcg, higfs,

dhs vgcthlhs ig sgr uc faigda igshrraddhia h phr-tnr ig dh ncvgstnmhknc gxpgrnfgcthd fs rnmurash y

ig pdhctghr onptgsns vgrnkhedgs y phrsnfacnashs.

Zar supugsta, ca sg prgtgcig khgr gc das gxkgsas

gc das qug ohc nckurrnia atras ncvgstnmhiargs ig

dh psnkaonstarnh. Das pdhctghfngctas hqu pdhsfh-

ias sg prgsgcthc gxkdusnvhfgctg kafa gxpdnkh-

knacgs tgcthtnvhs. Gd trhehla rnmurasa y snstgftnka

ig das onstarnhiargs prabgsnachdgs pgrfntnr luzmhr

kac lustnknh sths y atrhs onptgsns ig arnmgc kac-sths y atrhs onptgsns ig arnmgc kac-sths y atrhs onptgsns ig arnmgc kac-

iuktuhd qug pugihc pdhctghrsg0 inkoa trhehla pa-

snendnthr, ig nmuhd barfh, kafphrhr dh khphknihi

prginktnvh ig onptgsns psnkadmnkhs gfhchihs ig

phrhinmfhs inbgrgctgs.


50/82


^ [W NFHMGC9?

Unkhria Hrrnhmh Khfpas

Uhinamrhbh dxnka-kackgptuhd ig dasgstuinhctgs gc

Fxnka

1


51/82


^ [W NFHMGC 9>

Gd dgtrhfngcta, ias fnd has igspus

Xungc ca oh kacaknia dhs invgrshs dgcmuhs, kas-

tufergs y igfs kashs ig das phsgs gxtrhas

rgkarrngcia dh supgrkng ig dh tngrrh, ca oh rg-

kamnia gd bruta ig su chknfngcta. Gd oaferg ca

hiqungrg kafpdgthfgctg dh kngcknh, dh rnqugzh

cn gd hrtg sn ca rgkarrg dh Yngrrh hifnrhcia uc

phs igspus ig atra.

Gd hctgrnar gs uc gskrnta nciastcnka ig ohkg hpra-

xnfhihfgctg 5 5:: has08ca oheh gskugdhs, nc-

tgrcgt, tgkcadamhs hpdnkhihs h dh giukhknc,

ncstntuknacgs gctgrhs iginkhihs hd caedg prapsnta

ig ucnvgrshdnzhr dh giukhknc, dneras prapnhfgctg

inkoas, ftaias iniktnkas ig igshrradda ig kaf-

pgtgcknhs, faigdas kacstruktnvnsths, gtktgrh.

Dgs eay h kacthr Inma qug fg hkugria qug uch

vgz ya fg fgtn gc uc praedgfh fuy mrheg

Zgra hd Bnc khsn igvgr1 uc inh kafa gstas Zugs

fn prnfgr cavnh fg qugrnh gcehrrhr uc cna

qug cn ig qungc sg henh iha Kugcth y ya igsig

qug ya yh ca fg hkugria

sth gs uch rgihkknc ig uc gstuinhctg fgxnkh-sth gs uch rgihkknc ig uc gstuinhctg fgxnkh-

ca ig tgrkgra ig sgkucihrnh (5::>), hdrgigiar ig 5

5:: has igspus, kac sgns has ig hsnstgcknh h dhgskugdh prnfhrnh y khsn trgs h sgkucihrnh phrh ig-

shrraddhrsg gc taias das sgctnias, gc sus ohendnih-

igs nctgdgktuhdgs gc mgcgrhd y gspgknhdfgctg gc

sus kafpgtgcknhs dncmstnkhs y hrntftnkhs fg-

inhctg igtgrfnchias faigdas, pdhcgs y fhtgrnh-

dgs giukhtnvas.

Dh inbgrgcknh gctrg gd prnfgr tgxta y gd sgmucia

par ca abrgkgr atras y ig pastgrnargs cnvgdgs gska-

dhrgs gs gvnigctg. Fukoas ig cugstras cnas y

lvgcgs sg gckugctrhc kac taia y dh trhygktarnh

gc fs a fgcas mrhias ig gskadhrnihi gc uch

kacinknc ig sgfnhchdbhegtnsfa< snc gd igshrradda

ig kafpgtgcknhs dncmstnkhs qug dgs pgrfnthc ka-

inkhr y igkainkhr tgxtas kafpdglas, gdhearhias.

8Zhckohthctrh, dh fs hctnmuh kadgkknc ig kugctas nciastcnkas qug

sg kacsgrvh0 gskrnth gc scskrnta, gc prash y gc vgrsa, kafpugsta gc

Khkogfnrh, igspus igd snmda NNNh.g. (kgrkh igd 5:: h.g.), sg htrneuyg h

Rnsoc [ohrfh.

Zugigc hrmufgcthrsg fukohs kashs phrh pacig-

rhr gsh inbgrgcknh, pgra, kac taia, sg sastngcg dh nc-

tgrramhctg< qu phs gc fs ig 5 fnd has, qug

das ncinvniuas kac 2, > a 85has ig prgphrhknc

phrh iafnchr su dgcmuh y atrhs ohendnihigs nctg-

dgktuhdgs, ca pugigc ohkgrda1, par qu uch sakng-

ihi kac uch rnkh ogrgcknh y uch dhrmh trhygktarnh

gc das snstgfhs ig giukhknc, kac fukosnfas

fs rgkursas phrh gd igshrradda pgihmmnka ig

dhs ohendnihigs nctgdgktuhdgs, ca nfpdnkh hvhckgs

snmcnkhtnvas, ucnvgrshdgs, mgcgrhknachdgs, gc dhs

kafpgtgcknhs kafucnkhtnvhs ig sus ncinvniuas1

Kgrgerhknc y dgcmuhlg,

uch gvaduknc phrhdgdh

Dh dgcmuh, gc dh kafucnkhknc ohedhih y gskrn-

th, kafa snstgfh y kafa das ninafhs qug trhlnchc

oay par dhs kudturhs y das tgrrntarnas, gs rgsudthia

ig fndgcnas ig gvaduknc enadmnkh, hctrapadmn-

kh, cguradmnkh, saknhd, gc gspgknhd ig uch gvadu-

knc kgrgerhd qug ihth ig fs ig kuhtra fnddacgs

ig has.

Gc dh hktuhdnihi, gc gd kgrgera oufhca hiudta ohy

gctrg 8:: y 7:: enddacgs ig kacgxnacgs cgur

revista uic 28

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