I. Tng quan v nm1. Lch sT nhng nm 1800, ngi M v ngi Mexico trng nm trn din rng lm thc n. Tuy vy, cng t rt lu, ngi ta pht hin ra rng c nhiu loi nm rt c gy cht ngi.T thi Ai Cp c i, cc Pharaoh rt a thch cc loi nm. Trong cc ba n ca cc v vua ny cng nh cc thnh vin hong gia, nm xut hin mt cch thng xuyn. Tuy nhin, chu u l mnh t ca nhng ngi thch n nm hn c, c bit vi ngi Nga v ngi Bc u th nm v cng quan trng nht l vi nhng ngi n king. Thm ch, ngi ta cn coi nm nh mt vt th mang tnh thing ling trong cc l hi vn ha.2. Cu trc Nm c hai phn chnh: th qu v th si. Th qu l phn mc trn mt t, c th nhn thy c, gm c cung nm, m nm, phin nm (nm di m nm, ni cha cc bo t nm - c quan sinh sn). Cung (hay chn nm) phn trn c vng mng dng mng gi l vng nm, phn di c b phn bao quanh gi l bao gc. Th si l phn n xung di, khng nhn thy c. B phn c ca nm nm phn th qu.

Hnh 1. Cu trc chung ca 1 cy nm trng thnh (bn phi) v lc cn non (bn tri) ca nPILEUS. (M nm) Phn a m rng hoc m ca nm.GILLS hay LAMELLAE. (Phin hay mang nm)Cc tm mng trn ra ca m nm, thng dn i n trung tm thn nm.VEIL.(Nhn nm hay Vnh nm) Mt tm mng ko di t l ca m nm vo cung nm lc nm cn non. RING. (Vng nm)Mt phn ca mng nm bm cht trn thn nm, v to thnh mt vng trn xung quanh n.VOLVA. (Cung nm hay Bao gc)V km theo khi nm cn non, nm di hoc trn mt t

Hnh 2. Mt s hnh dng c bn ca m nm (T 2 n 9): 2, Hnh nn; 3, Li; 4, Hnh chung; 5, Nh ln; 6, Bng phng; 7, Hnh rn; 8, Nn; 9, Hnh phu

Hnh 3. Mt s phng thc gn kt c bn ca phin nm (t 11 n 16): 11, T do; 12, nh thn; 13, Hp sinh; 14, Ln sng; 15, Men xung thn nm; 16, Ct

3. Phn loi chungTrong ngnh thc vt hc, trc y ngi ta xp nm vo Gii thc vt nhng ngy nay tch ring thnh Gii nm. iu phn no cho thy tm quan trng ca nm thc s quan trng. Trn th gii hin nay c khong trn 10.000 loi nm c xc nh danh tnh nhng trong s c hng trm loi nm c. Cho d cc nh khoa hc trn ton th gii c khng t cng trnh nghin cu v nm ni chung v nm c ni ring nhng c rt nhiu loi nm hin vn khng bit v sao n gy c cho ngi. Nhiu ngi cho rng cc loi nm c mu sc sc s hoc c mi thm c bit thng l nm c nhng thc t khng phi hon ton nh vy v ngay nhng loi nm c hnh thc rt gin d, khng c mi thm ch c nhng loi trng hon ton "trinh trng" nhng li cha cc hot cht cc c vi c th con ngi. Thomas N.Sheratt, David M.Wilkinson v Roderick S.Bain l nhng nh khoa hc dnh nhiu thi gian v tr lc cho vic nghin cu nm c v nguyn nhn pht sinh, tn ti c cht trong nm. Khc vi nhng quy lut tin ha thng thng, cc nh khoa hc ny khng nhng chng c chng minh s cn thit ca cc c cht trong thnh phn ca nm cho d h c a ra hai gi thuyt cc cht c c sinh ra trong qu trnh trao i cht hoc cc loi nm t v trc k th vn l nhng ng vt c v (trong c c con ngi).i vi Vit Nam cng nh nhiu nc chu , tuy vic s dng nm khng nhiu nh cc nc chu u hay chu M nhng v trong vng nhit i, c kh hu nng v m nn l nhng vng t c nhiu loi nm mc v pht trin.Nhiu nghin cu ch ra rng, trong nhiu loi nm c th n c th hm lng cht dinh dng c bit cao bao gm: cht m, cht bo, cht x v c bit l cc cht khong nhiu mt cch ng ngc nhin. V th, vic s dng nm n khng cn l xa l. Vit Nam c rt nhiu loi nm: Nm n c, nm n khng c v nm c. II. H nm ln Vit Nam 1. c im chungVo nm 2010, ngi ta thng k c khong 2500 loi nm c ghi nhn cho lnh th Vit Nam, trong s khong 1400 loi thuc 120 chi l nhng loi nm ln (Macro fungi). Ta c th so snh mt s nhm nm ln c iu tra bc u ca Vit Nam vi nm ln ca Trung Quc v th gii thy r mc a dng ca chngNhmS lng loi/s lng ging Vit NamS lng loi/s lng ging Trung QucS lng loi/s lng ging trn Th gii

1.Myxomycota22/13888/62

2.Ascomycota

Meliolales18/1360/101600/24

Xylariales68/122487/209

Pezizales18/8400/731030/177

3.Basidiomycota

Agaricales250/7800/1206000/300

Aphyllophorales303/15600/1001500/150

Auriculariales7/115/120/5

Boletales50/12500/401100/90

Dacrymytales4/337/780/11

Hymenogastales1/148/7120/15

Lycoperdales22/660/10270/33

Nidulariales11/330/460/5

Phallales11/473/19140/32

Russulales35/5150/6500/10

Tremellales17/882/73270/53

Bng 1. S lng loi v ging ca mt s b Nm Vit Nam so snh vi Trung Quc v Th giii su phn tch khu h nm ln Vit Nam v s a dng ca cc taxon, ta thy cc loi nm m (Basidiomycota) chim u th r rt vi hn 90% tng s loi; sau l nm Nang (Ascomycota) chim khong 8%; nm Nhy (Myxomycota) chim 1,5% v nm Ni cng sinh (Glomeromycota) chim khong 0,5%.Trong ngnh nm m th tuyt i a s nm ln thuc ngnh ph Agaricomycotina Doweld (2001); ch c mt s rt t loi thuc 2 ngnh ph Pucciniomycotina R. Baeuer, Beregow (vi 12 loi thuc chi Septobasidium thuc b Septobasidioles) v Ustilagomycotina Doweld (2001) vi cc lp thuc Ustilagomycetes (vi 2 i din thuc lp nm Than l Ustilago maydis trn ng v Ustilago esculenta trn c ning u n c) v Exobasidiomycetes (vi mt vi loi thuc chi nm m ngoi Exobasidium gy bnh phng l). Trong ngnh ph Agaricomycotina, i a s nm ln thuc v lp Agaricomycetes. Hai lp cn li ch c s lng loi rt khim tn l Tremellomycetes (17 loi thuc b Tremellales) v lp Dacrymycetes ( vi 5 loi thuc b Dacrymycetales). Trong lp Agaricomycetes, cc b c s lng loi nhiu nht l Aphyllophorales sensu lato (hn 300 loi), Agaricales sensu lato (gn 300 loi), Boletales (gn 60 loi), Russulales (gn 40 loi). Cc b c t loi nht l Hymenogastrales (1 loi), Ceratiomycetales (1 loi).Nu c tnh s loi nm c th c trn lnh th Vit Nam gp 6 ln s loi thc vt bc cao (Hawksworth 1991, 2001) th s loi c th ln ti 72000 loi. iu c ngha l hn 90% s loi nm c th c ca Vit Nam cn cha c nh loi v nu tn trong danh lc. Trong danh lc Thc vt Vit Nam phn Nm (2001), s lng loi nm ch c khong 2250 loi, trong cc loi nm Nang (Ascomycota) cn rt t so vi cc loi nm m (Basidiomycota). Trong khi , nhn chung trn th gii s lng loi nm Nang c tnh chim 2/3 trong tng s cc loi nm c m t. Mt khc, ngay trong nm m (Basidiomycota) th cc loi nm Than (Usilagomycetes), Nm r (Pucciniomycetes) mi ch c nu ra vi mt s t cc i din. Thm vo , cc loi nm thy sinh trong nc ngt v nc mn ca Vit Nam hu nh cn cha c cng b no. Ngay i vi nm ln, s lng cc taxon nh tn c cng ch l bc u. Ch ring chi Marasmius cng c ti khong 500 loi phn b ch yu vng nhit i, nhng Vit Nam mi ch c dn ra mt s loi c trng. Tnh trng tng t nh vy cng c th k ra vi cc chi nm c qu th vi kch thc b nh Mycena, Marasmiellus, Trong khi nh loi nm, chng ta hin nay ch yu da vo cc kha nh loi v m t loi chun ca cc tc gi nc ngoi khi nghin cu khu h nm ca Chu u, Bc M, Nht Bn v mt s t ti liu c c ca khu h nm ng Phi, Trung Quc, Lin X c Qua d nhn ra c s khc bit gia cc loi nm ca Vit Nam v cc nc khc, nht l nm n i. Trong mt s trng hp, khi c cn c th mt s loi mi v th mi cho khoa hc cng c m t. C th k lm v d nh: Favolaschia tonkinensis (Pat.) Sing. = Laschia tonkinensis Pat., Flammunila hanoiensis Pat., Nm bao gc mp nhn - Amanita excelsa (Fr.) Bertillon var. nigrogranulata Drfelt, Kiet R Berk var. nov. , Nm d nh - Chaetocalathus columallifer (Berk.) Singer var. microspora Drfelt, Kiet & Berg var. nov., Nm sao t ming en - Geastrum frimbriatum Fr. var. melanocyclum Drfelt, Kiet & Berk var. nov., Lactarius sanguifluus Fr. var. asiaticus Drfelt, Kiet & Berk var. nov., Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr. var. asiaticus Drfelt, Kiet & Berk var. nov., Polyporus ciliatus Fr.: Fr. var. tropicus Dfrelt, Kiet & Berg var. nov., Xerocomus langbianensis Drfelt, Kiet & Berk sp. nov., ... y cng cn phi ni thm, c mt s loi c cc tc gi ngi Php trc kia m t l loi mi cho khoa hc. Tuy nhin, sau khi kim tra mu chun, cc tc gi khc nh chnh li v cho rng chng l cc bn sao (synonym) ca cc loi c m t. C th k lm v d nh: Lentinus tonkinensis Pat. (1917) thc ra l Nm hng Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler., Lentinus bavianus Pat. l synonym ca Lentinus squarrosulus Mont., Favolus annamensis Pat. l synonym ca Polyporus udus Jungh., ...2. S a dng v yu t a lKhu h nm Vit Nam rt a dng. Chng c to thnh t:2.1. Cc loi lin nhit iGm cc n v (taxon) thuc cc chi: Amauroderma, Cookeina, Heterochaete, Deflexula, Podoscypha, Haddowia, Favolaschia, Lentinus, Tomophagus, vi s loi kh ln; c th k lm v d nh: Amauroderma auriscalpium (Pers.) Pat., Amauroderma macer (Berk.) Pat., Amauroderma subrugosum (Bres. & Pat.) Torrend, Ganoderma tropicum (Jungh) Bres., Ganoderma tornatum (Pers.) Bres., Tomophagus colossus Murr., Hymonochaete attenuata Lev., Hymenochaete cacao Berk., Stereum lobatum Fr., Nigrofomes melanoporus (Mont.) Murr., Perenniporia matius (Berk.) Ryv., Volvariella volvacea (Fr.) Sing., Volvariella murinella Gill., Deflexula fascicularis (Bres.), Phallus aurantiacus Mont., Dictyophora multicolor Berk. & Br., ...2.2. Cc loi nhit i cChng c s chi t hn cc yu t lin nhit i, nhng cng c th gp mt s chi nh: Sarcoxylon, Microporus v mt s loi ca cc chi khc nh: Cerrena meyenii (Klotzch) L. Hansen, Lentinus sajor-caju (Fr.) Fr., Lentinus tuberregium (Fr.) Fr., Lentinus similis Berk. and Broome, Lentinus squarrosulus Mont., Pseudofavolus tenuis (Hooker) Cunn., Rigidoporus durus (Jungh.) Imaz., Ryvarden (1993) cho rng rt c th chi Microporus c hnh thnh sau khi c s tch ca Chu M ra khi Chu Phi.2.3. Cc loi nhit i PhiBao gm mt s loi in hnh nh: Nm l keo Favolaschia tonkinnensis (Pat.) Singer (Laschia tonkinnensis Pat.), Nm mi Termitomyces eurrhizus (Berk.) R. Heim, Termitomyces clypeatus R. Heim, Podabrella microcarpa (Berk. & Br.) Sing., 2.4. Cc loi nhit i chu Gm mt s i din nh: Cookenia institia (Berk. and M. A. Curtis) Kuntze, Heterochaete cretacea Pat., Termitomyces heimii Natarajan, 2.5. Cc loi ng v Bc MCh gm mt s taxon nh: Wolfiporia cocos (Schu.), Boletus griseus Forst., Boletus aff. ornatipes Peck, 2.6. Cc loi ng Gm mt s i din nh: Ganoderma amboinense Pat., Ganoderma sinenese Zhao & Zang, Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler. (qua nui trng ch ng, nm hng ngy nay c c Bc M v Chu u), 2.7. Cc loi n ic bit chng ta c th gp cc loi nm phn b vng n i trong rng ca cc vng ni va v ni cao nh Sapa - Phansipang, Tam o Vnh Phc, Ba V H Ni, P Mt Ngh An, Bch M Bnh Tr Thin, Lt - Lm ng. C th nh: Thelephora nigrescens Bres., Thelephora palmata (Scop.) Fr., Flammulina velutipes (Curt.: Fr.) P. Karst., Gomphus floccosus (Schw.) Sing., Gomphus glutinosus (Pat.) Petersen, Tremella mesenterica Petz.: Fr., Cortinarius violaceus (L.: Fr.) Fr., Stropharia aeruginosa (Curtis: Fr.) Quel., Trametes versicolor (L.: Fr.) Pilat, Aleuria aurantia (Pers.: Fr.) Fuck.2.8. Cc loi Bc bn cuC s lng taxon kh ln, bao gm cc i din thuc cc chi: Inocybe, Lactarius, Clavaria, Spongipellis, Favolus, Fistulina, Lepista, Suillus, vi mt s loi in hnh nh: Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr., Lepista sordida (Fr.) Singer, Russula nigricans (Bull.) Fr., Russula viescens (Schaeff.) Fr., Russula cyanoxantha (Schaeff.: Fr.) Pers., Russula foetens (Pers.) Fr., Russula emetica (Schaeff.: Fr.) Pers., Russula delica Fr., Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr., B. erythropus (Pers.: Fr.) Krombh, Aureoboletus gentilis (Quel.) Pouz., Suilus luteus (L.: Fr.) S. F. Gray, Xerocomus badius (Fr.: Fr.) J.-E. Gilb., Cantharellus cibarius Fr., Cantharellus tubaeformis (Bull.) Fr., Tremiscus helveloides (Dc.: Fr.) Donk., Pseudohydnum gelatinosum (Scop.: Fr.) Karst.; mt s loi nm ph g nh: Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.: Fr.) Karst., Bjerkandera adusta (Willd.: Fr.) Karst., Trametes hirsuta (Wulf.: Fr.) Pilat, 2.9. Cc loi ton th gii Vit Nam c cc loi in hnh nh: Schizophyllum communne Fr.: Fr. (mc khp mi ni v quanh nm), Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.: Fr.) Fr., Polyporus arcularius (Batsch) Fr., Irpex lacteus (Fr.: Fr.) Fr., Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.: Fr.) Murrill, Daldinia concentrica (Bolt.: Fr.) Ces. & De Not.. Ngoi ra cng phi k n cc loi gn nh c khu phn b ton th gii (thc ra ban u chng khng phi l ton th gii nhng qua trng trt, chn nui gn vi cc hot ng sng ca con ngi, chng c khu phn b rng khp mi ni) nh: Agaricus campetris L.: Fr., Agaricus bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc., Agaricus bisporus (Lange.) Imbach, Macrolepiota rachodes (Vitt.) Quel., Coprinus disseminatus (Pers.: Fr.) S. F. Gray, Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull.: Fr.) Quel.,...3. Gi tr ti nguynCc loi nm ln ca Vit Nam t ra c gi tr ti nguyn rt ng k v nhiu mt, bao gm:3.1. Cc loi nm n cC khong hn 200 loi trong khong 50 loi l nm n qu. Tuyt i a s nm n ca Vit Nam thuc cc i din ca nm m Basidiomycota v mt s t loi thuc nm Ti Ascomycota. C th k lm v d nh: cc loi Mc nh thuc chi Auricularia (7 loi), Ngn nh Tremella (5 loi), Nm hng Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, Nm rm - Volvariella volvacea (Fr.) Sing., Nm mi - Termitomyces (3 loi), Nm thng - Boletus edulis Bull.: Fr., Nm chm - Boletus aff. felleus (Bull. : Fr.) Karst., Nm trng khng l - Macrocybe gigantea (Massee) Pegle. Lodge, Nm c dy - Entoloma clypeatus (L.) Qul., Nm bo ng Pleurotus spp., Nm mo g Cantherellus cibarius Fr., Nm ngc chm - Hypsizigus marmoreus (Peck) Bigelow, Nm kim chm Flammulina velutipes (Curt. ex Fr.) Sing., ... ng ch l mt i din ca Nm than Ustomycetes l Ustilago esculenta P. Henn. - Yenia esculenta (P. Henn.) Liou k sinh trn gc ca cy Ning c dng lm thc phm, trc kia c by bn ch, hin nay tr nn rt him.3.2. Cc loi nm dng lm dc liuCc loi nm c th dng lm dc liu c khong hn 200 loi (Trnh Tam Kit, 2008) trong c rt nhiu loi l dc liu qu nh : Linh chi mt nm Ganoderma lucidum complex, Linh chi s Ganoderma capense (Lloyd) Teng; Linh chi nhiu nm Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat., Linh chi hi min - Tomophagus colossus Murrill, Nm l phn nhiu nm Lariciformes officinalis (Vill.: Fr.) Kotl. & Pouz., Nm l g st - Inonotus obliquus (Pers.: Fr.) Pil. v mt s khc, Nm vn chi - Trametes versicolor (Fr.) Pilat., Nm phin chi - Schizophyllum commune Fr., Nm hng Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler, Nm kim chm Flammulina velutipes (Curt. ex Fr.) Sing., Mc nh - Auricularia, Ngn nh Tremella, ng trng h tho - Cordycep sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. - Cordycep militaris (L.) Link, Nhng nghin cu bc u v cc cht c hot tnh sinh hc ca mt s nm ln Vit Nam cho thy chng rt giu cc cht c trng lng phn t ln nh polysaccharide, polysaccharide peptide, lectine, v cc cht c trng lng phn t nh nh cc flavonoid, steroid, terpenoid, c tc dng chng vim, tng cng p ng min dch, h tr iu tr cc bnh him ngho nh ung th, suy gim min dch, tit niu, tim mch,Cc loi nm c kh nng ng dng trong cng ngh sinh hc v bo v mi trngKhong 50 loi nm c kh nng sinh enzyme v mt s hot cht qu c th c ng dng trong cng ngh sinh hc v bo v mi trng.3.3. Cc loi nm cCc loi nm c Vit Nam cng kh phong ph. Nhng nghin cu bc u ch ra danh lc ca hn 30 loi (Trnh Tam Kit, 2008). Nm c l nm c c t, khng n c. C loi nm cha c t gy cht ngi (Amatina phalloides, A.verna), ch cn n 50g nm ti c th lm cht ngay mt thanh nin tr, khe mnh m khng c thuc no cu cha c.Mt s loi nm n vo gy nhiu bnh v tiu ha, gan, thn, thn kinh, nu n nhiu, khng c iu tr kp thi d gy t vong. C mt s nm tit c t ra mi trng sinh trng nh t, phn, nc Cc loi rau, c trng trn mi trng cng s b nhim c. Nm c th cc k nguy him, d ch n mt lng rt t, cng c th dn n ci cht. C nhiu loi nm c li rt ging vi nm n c.Trong s cc loi nm c ca Vit Nam, nhm nguy him nht l cc loi gy ng c cht ngi nh: Nm c xanh en - Amanita phalloides (Fr.) Serc., Nm c tn trng - Amanita verna (Lam.) Pers., Nm c trng hnh nn - Amanita virosa Lam.: Fr. gy ra rt nhiu v ng c, c bit l cc vng ni ni c nhiu ng bo cc dn tc thiu s sinh sng. Mt s loi nm c khc gy ng c thn kinh, tiu ha, gy o gic khc cng rt nguy him. C th k ra nh: Nm rui, nm c - Amanita muscaria (L. ex Fr.) Pers. ex Hooker., Nm c nu - Amanita pantherina (D.C) Secr., Cortinarius aff. gentilis (Fr.: Fr) Fr. - Cortinarius aff. gentilis (Fr.) Fr. - Nm c r st, Entoloma lividum (Bull.) Qul., Chlorophyllum molypdites (Meyer. ex Fr.) Mass. Nm phin xanh, Mycena pura (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kummer, Inocybe rimosa (Bull.) Qul., Clitocybe aff. rivulosa (Pers.: Fr.) P.Kumm, Nm phin m (Nm phn) - Panaeolus papilionaceus (Bull.) Qul. - Panaeolus retirugis (Fr.) Gill., II. Tng quan v nm c1. Ng c nmNm n l mt loi thc phm giu m, giu khong v vitamin, t cht bo, n ngon. Tuy nhin, thnh thong trn bo ch chng ta vn c thy nhng tin tc, nhng bi bo au lng, ngi t vong v ng c nm. Gn y nht, c 4 ngi Bc Cn t vong do n phi nm c, mt ngi cn sng st ang iu tr Bnh vin Bch Mai (H Ni) th b vim gan, suy thn, bt n v tiu ha. H Giang c 2 ngi t vong do n nm rng, cn 2 ngi ang iu tr th b suy thn. Bc s iu tr ca 2 bnh nhn ny cho bit, c th h n nhm phi nm A. phalloides. Vy, nh th no l nm c v cch phng trnh? y, chng ti ch cp n nm ln, thy c bng mt thng m chng ta n, thng gi l nm, cn cc vi nm th khng cp n, d y cng l mt i tng gy c v d b mc phi.Trung bnh mi nm c 202.2 v ng c thc phm xy ra vi 5,525.1 ngi mc phi v 55.2 ngi cht. S v ng c xy ra nhiu nht l t thng 4 7 v thng 9 11, trong ng c nm chim 13.2%. Hn 95% cc v ng c nm l do s nhm ln ca nhng ngi hi nm nghip d. Cn khong 5% cn li l do nm sau khi c tiu th b thay i cc tnh cht bn trong. Trong mt bi tm tt v cc ca ng c California trong 5 nm, c 6.300 ca nhim phi v hn 4.200 l tr em. Tuy nhin trong 5 nm ny (1993 1997), ch c 1 ca c ghi nhn l t vong, iu ny cho thy c cng tc phng trnh v cha tr ng c nm ni ring, cng nh y t ni chung cc nc pht trin c ch trng n mc no.Hin nay, c khong 10.000 loi nm ln c bit. Hu ht, trong s l khng c. Tuy nhin, c mt s loi nm c m ngay c nhng nh nm hc c kinh nghim cng kh xc nh, v s ging nhau ca n vi cc nm khng c khc. a s cc nm c u nm trong b Agaricales, mt b c s lng loi nm rt ln.Nh tn gi, nm c ch nhng loi nm mang c t bn trong mnh. Ng c nm (mycetism) cp n tc hi do n phi cc cht c hi c mt trong nm. Nhng nh hng do ng c nm c th dao ng t cm gic kh chu ng tiu ha cho n cht. C t nht by loi ng c nm khc nhau c cp sau y.1.1. Ng c do c t amanitaNg c do nm trong nhm Amanita phalloides l nguy him nht. A.phalloides c mu xanh liu vi cc si mu en xe ra bn ngoi trn m nm. Ramsbotton (1953) c tnh rng 90% s ca t vong c ghi nhn do ng c nm l bi cc loi ca nhm ny. Ch cn n t 1 n 3 nm c th dn n cc triu chng, v trong 20 30 % s ca mc phi dn n t vong (i vi tr em di 10 tui, t l ny ln n 50%) c t nm thuc nhm ny l cc c, ch mt lng nh cng c th dn n t vong. S nguy him ny khng ch nm cht c ca n m cn do n khng c mi hng hay v kh chu v khng c triu chng biu hin sau khi n t 8 n 12 gi hoc i khi lu hn. Bi sau khong thi gian ny c do nm c hp th vo bn trong mu v mi bin php thng thng nh sc rut u khng mang li kt qu g.Cc triu chng thng gp ca loi ng c ny l au bng nghim trng, nn, ra m hi lnh, tiu chy v mt nc trm trng. Sau mt thi gian th cc triu chng ny s nh i nhng sau s ti pht mnh hn, gan cng nh h thn kinh s b tn thng. C th c m sng, hn m su v cui cng s dn n ci cht.Cc nghin cu ban u v c tnh ch ra rng c t nht 2 loi c t bn trong A.phalloides. Mt trong chng b phn hy bi nhit, nhng loi cn li th khng v n l nguyn nhn chnh dn n cc trng hp ng c sau ny. N c gi l c t amanita v cc nghin cu sau ny ch ra rng y l hn hp ca 3 cht -amanita, -amanita v phalloidine. C ba cht ny u mang c tnh cao.Mc d cc trng hp ng c do nhm nm ny c t l t vong cao, nhng c 3 phng php c s dng v mang li cc kt qu kh quan.Phng php th nht l s dng huyt thanh ca nga min nhim c sn xut ti vin Pasteur Paris. N cho kt qu tt nu c tim di da hoc tim trc tip vo tnh mch v c s dng sm. Tuy nhin, do s xut hin him hoi v ri rc ca cc ca ng c m huyt thanh c lu tr khng cn ti.Phng php th hai l s dng glucose trong nc mui bnh thng (0.9% w/v NaCl). Phng php ny iu tr da trn vic c t Amanita h thp lng ng trong mu lm tn thng n gan, thn. S dng glucose trong nc mui sinh l s gip hi phc li lng ng v chnh sa cc tc hi gy ra do cht c. Vic tim glucose trong nc mui sinh l di da s tt hn so vi vic dng bng ng ming.Phng php cui cng da trn tng rng dch d dy ca loi th s v hiu ha c tnh ca Amanita. 1.2. Ng c do Mycoatropine Loi ng c th hai l do cc loi nh A. muscaria v A. pantherina v c cho l do mt cht gi l Mycoatropine. Cc triu chng thng xut hin sau khi n nm t 30 pht n 4 gi. Cc triu chng c trng nht l h thn kinh phn khch, o gic; sau dn n hn m v i khi dn n t vong, mc d t l t vong do loi ny thp hn so vi A.phalloides. A. pentheria c coi l nguy him hn so vi A.muscaria.Vic iu tr n gin hn so vi A.phalloides do c t cha xm nhp vo ng mu, bao gm gy nn, sc rut lm sch ng tiu ha, sau s dng Chloral Hydrat hoc Kali Bromua iu tr cc cn m sng v cui cng s dng cht kch thch tim.1.3. Ng c do MuscarineLoi ng c th ba ny l do mt s nm thuc loi Inocybe v Clitocybe dealbata. A. muscaria cng c cha c t Muscarine nhng ngi ta cho rng c tnh ca n ch yu l do Mycoatropine. Cc triu chng ng c bao gm m hi nhiu, nn ma, tiu chy, au d dy, tm nhn hn ch v nhp tim chm dn. Rt t ca t vong do Muscarine, nu c l do s nh hng n tim.Atropine l thuc gii khi b ng c do Muscarine.1.4. Ng c do MuscimolGp cc loi thuc chiAmanitanhAmanita muscaria,A. cokeri, A. gemmata, gy triu chng co bp tht, hoa mt, nn ma, hn m vi nhng o gic ch sau 2 gi n phi.1.5. Ng c do GyromitinGp cc loi nmGyromitra esculenta, Gyrometra infula sau 6 8 gi n nm c cm gic sng ph, bun nn, tiu chy, chut rt, u oi, thiu kim sot c, bn chn v trong mt s trng hp c th cht.1.6. Ng c do OrellaineGp mt s loi nm thuc chiCortinariusnh:Cortinarius orellanus, C.speciosissimus.C triu chng: Rt kht nc, km nng v kh mi, nhc u, n lnh. au lng hoc au bng, nn ma. Tn thng thn sau 3 n 5 ngy.1.7. Ng c do CoprineCh gp Coprinus atramentarius vi triu chng mt v c nng st, tay chn c cm gic nh kin b. Tay t cng, tim p mnh, hi hp, nn ma nhng khng gy cht. Triu chng xy ra ch sau 30 60 pht n nm c km ung ru. Nng cn trong mu cng cao cng lm nng thm.1.8. Ng c do Psilocybin v PsilocinGp mt s loi nm thuc 4 chi:Psilocybe, Panaeolus, Conocybe v Gymnopilus. C triu chng: nh hng n thc. Gy o gic, ci v thc, cm thy khoan khoi v i khi cm thy nh xut hn ra khi xc. o gic nh LSD (o gic thi mien) ca cn sa.1.9. Nhm gy kch thch bao t v ng rutMt s loi nm thuc cc chiAgaricus, Amanita, Chlorophyllum, Tricholoma gy tiu ha kh chu ch sau 30 n 90 pht n nm. Ph bin nht l nn ma v tiu chy, bng b co tht. Bnh phc trong ngy hoc sau vi ngy. Kh iu tr do khng th xc nh cht c no gy ra triu chng trn v ch bnh phc khi bao t c sc ra sch.2. Mt s lu khi nhn dng Ban u, mi loi nm u c th ging nhau v mt hnh thc nhng nu chng ta quan st chng mt cch k cng hn v quan tm n n nhiu hn, chng ta s nhn ra c nhng im khc nhau cng nh nhng im tng ng gia cc loi. Mt s ngi s bng lng vi vic hc xc nh mt s loi ph bin, v s khc s mun bit nhiu hn hoc thm ch c th mun nghin cu k hn v mt s nhm hoc chi.Xc nh ng, sau , quan st cn thn cc c tnh ca nm, so snh chng vi cc m t v minh ha hoc vi cc mu vt khc. Khng c khi nim cng nhc hoc thit lp cc quy tc m ngi ta c th ni rng c hay khng mt s khc bit c trng hay nhng c tnh i din cho nhng loi khc nhau hay cho nhng c th ca cng chung mt loi. V d, kch thc ca m nm v chiu di ca thn nm, mc d c a vo mt gii hn nht nh, nhng c th tm thy c mt s c th c kch thc vt ngoi nhng gii hn a ra. Mu sc c th b phai m, vy nm c th b trc ra bi nhng cn ma ln, mt vnh nm mng manh c th b mt i t rt sm, Mt khc, mu sc bo t nm lun gi c nh.C l cch thng thng nht cho mt ngi mi bt u hc nhn dng nm l hc hi nhng ngi c kinh nghim hn mnh, nhng ngi c th ch ra cc loi ph bin v ch ra c nhng c tnh c trng nht. Trong vic a ra nhn dng ca mt loi, iu u tin cn phi xc nh l mu sc ca bo t, vic ny c th c thc hin mt cch d dng da vo bn in bo t (spore print). c c mt bn in bo t, ct phn thn nm gn vi m nm, t m nm ln mt t giy trng vi phin nm mt pha di v n trong vi gi (thng l qua m), sau bao ph bn in bng mt t khn giy mm sch v n kh cho n khi t giy mm khng cn m na. S thu c kt qu tt hn nu n c bao ph bi mt lp knh bo v n khi dng khng kh. Sau vi gi, cc bo t trng thnh (v ch c cc bo t trng thnh) s c gii thot t phin nm. Nhng g m chng ta thy c trn bn in l hng trm, hng ngn hoc i khi l hng triu bo t. Vi mt s lng ln nh vy ta c th d dng thy c mu ca bo t. Nhng mu thng gp l mu trng v cc mu nu. Nu nh mu trng th ta s khng th quan st c trn giy trng, v th n s l mt kin hay nu ta t m nm mt na trn giy trng, mt na trn giy en trong qua trnh lm. Mt im lu l mu ca bn in c th khng ging vi mu ca phin nm.

Hnh 4. Bn in bo t nmNu bn in c mu trng hoc vng th tinh bt c kh nng trong . xc nh c hay khng, chng ta s dng thuc th Melzer ( 1.5g potassium iodide, 0.5g iodine, 20g nc ct v 20g chloral hydrate). Nu bo t chuyn sang mu xanh xm hoc xanh en th c tinh bt trong v nu khng c hin tng xy ra th bn in khng c tinh bt.III. c t t nm c1. AmatoxinsAmatoxin l mt phn nhm ca t nht 8 cht c c tm thy trong mt s chi nm c, c bit l trong Amanita phalloides v mt s c th thuc nhm Conocybe, Galerina v Lepiota.1.1. Cu trc

Hnh 5. Cu trc ca AmatoxinCu trc chnh (mu en) l ging nhau vi mi Amatoxin v 5 nhm thay i (mu ) xc nh c th loi cht c. Hin ti c 10 loi amatoxin bit :Danh tnhR1R2R3R4R5

-AmanitinOHOHNH2OHOH

-AmanitinOHOHOHOHOH

-AmanitinHOHNH2OHOH

-AmanitinHOHOHOHOH

AmanullinHHNH2OHOH

Amanullinic acidHHOHOHOH

AmaninamideOHOHNH2HOH

AmaninOHOHOHHOH

ProamanullinHHNH2OHH

Bng 2. Cu trc ca cc AmatoxinNgoi ra cn c -Amanitin, nhng khng xc nh c cu trc.1.2. C ch tc ng chungAmatoxin l cht c ch mnh ln RNA polymerase II, mt enzyme quan trng trong qu trnh tng hp RNA thng tin (mRNA), microRNA v ht nhn RNA nh (snRNA). Nu khng c mRNA, l khun mu tng hp protein, cc chuyn ha t bo s dng li v s tiu t bo s xy ra ngay sau . Gan v thn l hai c quan ch tng hp protein tc cao nn s b tn thng trm trng. RNA polymerase ca A.phalloides khng b nh hng bi amatoxin. V th n khng b cht bi c ca chnh n. Amatoxin l c t c c tnh cao v n nh, khng b phn hy bi nhit di bt c hnh thc ch bin no. Amatoxin nhanh chng c hp th t rut v c vn chuyn ti gan nh qu trnh bn chuyn mt. Khong 60% ti hp thu nh chu trnh gan rut. c t ny c pht hin trong nc tiu t 90 120 pht sau khi n.1.3. Triu chng lm sngGan l c quan ch yu b nh hng, v n l c quan u tin gp phi sau khi c hp thu ng tiu ha, tip n l cc c quan nhy cm nh thn. Liu lng gy cht c c tnh l 0.1 mg/kg hoc 7mg i vi ngi ln. c nhanh chng hp thu bi ng rut v vi kh nng chu nhit tt n pht tn trong c th ngi n phi trong mt khong thi gian tng i ngn.Cc triu chng thng gp khi n phi au bng nghim trng, nn, ra m hi lnh, tiu chy v mt nc trm trng. Sau mt thi gian th cc triu chng ny s nh i nhng sau s ti pht mnh hn, gan cng nh h thn kinh s b tn thng. Vim d dy rut, nn thng km theo au bng qun, tiu chy d di dn n mt nc v in gii nghim trng, mt s bnh nhn c th cht v sc trong 24 gi. Suy gan, tn thng c th xut hin trong vng 24 36 gi, enzyme gan tng nhanh. Khi c h ng huyt km theo th thng c tin lng xu v t vong nhanh. C th c m sng, hn m su v cui cng s dn n ci cht.1.4. iu trNh ni pha trn, c t ny c thi gian tc dng lu, n khi pht hin c nhng triu chng lm sng th n vo c mu, v th cc phng php thng thng nh sc rut khng cn hiu qu.Hi sc, m bo ng th, cho th oxy, t kh qun v thng kh nhn to khi cn.B nc v in gii tch cc v mt nc v in gii c th gy ra tt huyt p. Truyn nc mui sinh l hoc ringerlactat 10 20 mg/kg, sau truyn theo p lc tnh mch trung tm hoc thm ch truyn theo p lc ng mch phi.Thuc, silymarine (legalon) c tc dng bo v gan, c ch cnh tranh vi amatoxin ti c quan th cm; thay i tnh thm thu ca mng t bo gan, c tc dng ngn chn c t vo gan, lm tng tng hp protein ca ribosom; thc y qu trnh hi phc a t bo gan; vin 70mg, ung 420 800 mg/ngy.Chng ri lon ng mu bng truyn huyt thanh ti ng lnh. Ch nh ghp gan khi bnh nhn v suy gan ti cp.Hin nay cha c thuc iu tr c hiu khi b ng c. Nhiu nghin cu trn ng vt v cc nghin cu trn ngi cho thy rng nu iu tr sm bng silibinin (mt sn phm c tm thy trong cy k sa) tim tnh mch chm vi liu 20 50 mg/kg/ngy, hoc vi penicillin G (benzylpenicilin) liu cao. Thc nghim trn ng vt chng mienh penicillin G c tc dng c ch hp thu amatoxin vo gan. Nghin cu hi sc trn lm sng cng cho thy liu cao penicillin lm gim t l t vong. Peniculin G liu 500.000 UI/kg/ngy hay 300mg/kg/ngy dng trong 3 ngy.2. MuscimolMuscimol l mt alkaloid tc ng n thn kinh chnh c mt trong cc loi nm thuc chi Amanita. Muscimol l mt c ch vn mnh, chn lc cho cc c quan th cm GABAA v lm du thn kinh, phn ly tc dng thn kinh.2.1. Cu trc

Hnh 6. Cu trc ca MuscimolMuscimol l mt hp cht tc ng n thn kinh chu trch nhim cho nhng tc ng ca nhim c nm A.muscaria. Acid Ibotenic, mt cht chuyn ha gy c thn kinh th cp ca A.muscaria, l mt tin cht ca Muscimol khi nm c tiu ha hoc sy kh, chuyn thnh muscimol bng con ng tch oxy ha.

Hnh 7. Cu trc ca Acid Ibotenic2.2. C ch tc ngMuscimol lin kt vi cc th th GABA c trong no, hot ng nh mt cht ch vn kch thch cc th th. Bnh nhn mc phi s phi tri qua cc phn ng kch thch trn no. mt liu lng thp c th gy ra cc o gic, thng mang o gic ca cc gic m sng sut (lucid dream), ch khng kch thch mt khu vc duy nht ca no b m ly lan ra khp no.Mt khi nhim muscimol, c th s b mt cn bng cc cht dn truyn thn kinh v hormone trong c th bi v cc t bo c cc th th GABA bt u gi nhng tn hiu sai. Cc nh khoa hc ang nghin cu nhng nh hng ca hp cht ny kim sot hot ng thn kinh cng vi cc hot ng khc trong c th. N xut hin kch thch tuyn yn v c th tng tc to ra cc iu kin c bn dn n mt s bnh nh bnh Huntington gy ra thm s mt cn bng cht dn truyn thn kinh.Tuy nhin, hp cht ny c vai tr quan trng trong vic iu tr v kim sot cc cn ng kinh, ngoi ra cn c cc nghin cu v vai tr ca n trong cc gic ng. Bnh nhn c mang m in no trong sut qu trnh nghin cu cc bc s c th theo di hot ng ca no khi hp cht di chuyn bn trong no.2.3. Triu chng lm sngNgi n phi mt lng ln Muscimol, nh c thy trong cc trng hp ng c nm Amanita, s c cc triu chng nh o gic cc oan, bun nn, i ma, hn m v c th s i vo trng thi qu ti. C th, trong vng 30 pht n 2 gi, nn nhn s c du hiu chng mt, hoa mt, tht iu, long chong, tot m hi, chy nc di, nn ma v tiu chy. Sau c du hiu co git, hung hang, lo lng o gic, ng t co li, tm nhn thu hp. Nu ng c nng c th gy m sng, co git, lit trung khu h hp v cui cng dn n t vongNgi v ng vt n phi 6mg muscimol hoc 30 60 mg ibotenic acid s dn n t vong.2.4. iu trHin nay cha c thuc c tr i vi loi c t ny. Tuy nhin, v c t bc pht trong mt khong thi gian ngn nn cha th i vo mu nn chng ta c th s dng cc phng php thng thng lm bt lng c c trong c th. Phng php iu tr bao gm n lc lm sch rut (sc rut), ngn nga s nhim c, theo di chc nng gan ca bnh nhn. c t c th gy ra suy gan, c th dn n vic cy ghp ni tng. Sau s dng Chloral Hydrat hoc Kali Bromua iu tr cc cn m sng v cui cng s dng cht kch thch tim. Ngay khi c iu tr, vic bnh nhn t vong l iu c th xy ra, nht l i vi nhng ca c iu tr mun.3. MuscarineMuscarine hay muscarin l mt sn phm t nhin c tm thy trong mt s loi nm nht nh, c bit l trong cc nm thuc loi Inocybe v Clitocybe, v d nh loi nm cc c C.dealbata. Nm thuc loi Entoloma v Mycena cng c pht hin l c cha muscarine mc c cht ngi nu n phi. Ngoi ra n cn c tm thy trong cc loi vi lng nh v hi Boletus, Hygrocybe, Lactarius v Russula. A.muscaria cng c cha c t ny bn trong, tuy nhin c tnh ca n c cho l do muscimol. N l mt cht ch vn khng chuyn bit ca th th acetylcholine muscarinic.Muscarine c phn lp u tin t A.muscaria vo nm 1869. N l cht c tc dng ging h thn kinh i giao cm (parasympathomimetic) u tin c nghin cu v gy ra cc kch thch ln h thng thn kinh i giao cm ngoi vi, c th dn n cc cn co git v cui cng t vong.L mt amin bc 4, muscarine khng c hp thu hon ton t ng tiu ha, nhng n c th xm nhp vo mu, nht l mu no.3.1. Cu trcMuscarine m phng cc chc nng ca cht dn truyn thn kinh t nhin acetylcholine phn muscarinic ca h thn kinh cholinergic, do cu trc gia muscarine v acetylcholine c nhiu nt tng ng. C 2 dng muscarine: 2S-muscarine v 2R-muscarine. Hnh 8. Cu trc ca Muscarine: 2S-muscarine (bn tri) v 2R-muscarine (bn phi)3.2. C ch tc ngMuscarine l c t gy kch thch cc th th muscarinic ca dy thn kinh v c bp.N bt chc cc hnh ng ca cht dn truyn thn kinh acetylcholine bng cch gn vi cc th th muscarinic acetylcholine. Cc th th ny c t tn da vo muscarine, c 5 loi th th muscarinic khc nhau: M1 M5. Cc phn nhm M2 v M3 l trung gian phn ng muscarinic cc m ngoi vi t tr. Phn nhm M1 v M4 c nhiu trong no v cc hch thn kinh t ng. M1, M3 v M5 tng tc vi protein Gq kch thch qu trnh thy phn trong phosphoinositide (c coi l phospholipid c tnh acid cao nht) v phn tn calcium bn trong t bo. Th th M2 v M4 tng tc vi protein Gi c ch enzyme adenylyl cylase, dn n vic gim nng ni bo ca adenosine monophosphate vng (cAMP).Cht c ny khng b chuyn ha bn trong c th con ngi. Muscarine d ha tan trong nc v th cch chc chn nht thi b cht c ny l qua thn v h bi tit.3.3. Triu chng lm sngNg c Muscarine c c trng bi co ng t, tm nhn b m i, si bt mp, chy m hi nhiu, chy nc mt, tht ph qun, chm nhp tim, au qun bng, tiu chy v i ngoi nhiu.Nu muscarine n no, n c th gy run, co git v gim thn nhit. Tm tht tim cha th th muscarinic lm trung gian gim lc co bp dn n huyt p thp. Nu muscarine c a vo trong tnh mch, n c th gy suy tun hon cp tnh v dn n tim ngng p. C th khi n phi cc loi nm giu muscarine, v d nh Inocybe, au u, bun nn, i ma v co tht c hng l cc triu chng in hnh sau khi n t 15 pht n 2 gi. Sau , nc bt c tit ra, chy nc mt v m hi khp c th, kt hp vi co ng t, lon iu tit ca thy tinh th, dn n tm nhn b gim. au d dy v rut non dn n tiu chy v thi thc qu trnh i tiu. Co tht ph qun dn n hen suyn v kh th nng v chm nhp tim kt hp vi h huyt p dn n sc h tun hon. C khong 5% trong s cc trng hp t vong sau 8 9 gi n phi, nhng c th trnh c bng cch chun on kp thi v s dng atropine.3.4. iu trThuc c tr cho nhng ca ng c do muscarine l atropine. Atropine l mt alkaloid c ch acetylcholine v c th gn vo cc th th muscarinic, t ngn chn cc hnh ng ca acetylcholine th th muscarinic. Mt s cc cht c tnh cht tng t l scopolamine v pirenzepine.

Hnh 9. Cu trc ca AtropineTuy nhin, vic s dng atropine phi tun th theo cc quy nh ca bc s v n c cc tc dng ph v tc dng xu nu s dng qu liu lng. Liu lng cha tr t 10 20 mg mi ngi.Nn nh muscarine khng ng vai tr no trong ng c do A.muscarina hay A.pantheria do khng c s dng atropine cho cc trng hp ny.4. OrellanineOrellanine hay Orellanin l mt c t c tm thy trong cc nm thuc h Cortinariaceae.4.1. Cu trcN mang cu trc ca mt pyridine N-oxide.

Hnh 10. Cu trc ca OrellanineVo nhng nm 50 Ba Lan c mt bnh dch nh, khong 100 ngi mc phi. iu g gy nn dch bnh vn cn b n cho n nm 1952 khi mt bc s ngi Ba Lan Stanislaw Grzymala pht hin ra rng tt c cc bnh nhn, trong c mt binh s c xc nhn, n phi nm Cortinarius orellanus.Nm 1962, ng ta thnh cng trong vic c lp cht c y ra t nm, t tn n da trn loi nm c. Cc th nghim tin hnh trn ng vt khc cng cho ra kt qu tng t i vi ngi. Nm 1973, orellanine c pht hin c trong C.rubellus.4.2. c tnhBipyridine vi cc in tch Nito dng c bit n l c hi trc khi cu trc ca orellanine c lm sng t. Cc loi thuc dit c (c s dng cc hp cht bipyridine) khng ch c hi i vi thc vt m cn tc ng ln ng vt bao gm c con ngi. Bipyridine vi cc nguyn in tch Nito dng lm xo trn vc phn ng oxi ha quan trng bn trong c th sinh vt, n cp mt hoc hai electron, i khi b qua cc in t trong cc phn ng oxi ha khc v dn n cc phn ng khng mong mun. Cc sn phm cui cng c th l peroxide hoc ion superoxide, dn n c hi cho t bo. T vic lm ri lon cc phn ng oxi ha kh v sau dn n tn thng thn.4.3. Triu chng trong c th con ngi, c t orellanine cn mt qung thi gian kh lu bc pht, cc triu chng u tin thng khng xut hin cho n 2 3 ngy sau khi nhim phi v trong mt s trng hp c th kp di n 3 tun. Thng thng khong ngy 11, qu trnh suy thn bt u xy ra v thng c triu chng trong ngy th 20.Cc triu chng u tin khi ng c orellanine tng t nh bnh cm thng thng (bun nn, nn, au bng, nhc u, u cn,). Cc triu chng tip theo l giai on bt u ca suy thn (kht nc, i tiu thng xuyn, au trn v xung quanh thn) v cui cng lng nc tiu b mt ht v xy ra cc triu chng khc ca suy thn. Nu khng c cha tr th s dn n t vong.Liu lng gy cht trung bnh (LD50) ca orellanine chut l 12 20 mg/kg, t vong trong vng 2 tun, i vi con ngi th liu lng gy cht thp hn ng k.4.4. iu trNgoi cc phng thc cn bn tr suy thn, cha c cch no c chnh thc s dng tr ng c do orellanine. Cc nn nhn b ng c nng, nhng cha n giai on h thn hon ton c th hi ph sau t 2 n 4 tun.5. GyromitrinGyromitrin l mt cht c v gy ung th c mt trong mt s loi nm thuc chi Gyromitra, c bit l trong G.esculenta. N l mt cht khng n nh v d dng thy phn thnh cc hp cht monomethylhydrazine c hi, mt thnh phn c trong nhin liu tn la. Monomethylhydrazine tc ng ln h thn kinh trung ng v gy cn tr vic s dng vitamin B6. Tip xc vi monomethylhydrazine c chng minh l gy ung th cc loi ng vt nh c v.5.1. Cu trc

Hnh 11. Cu trc ca Gyromitrina phn cc v ng c do loi c t ny l do nm G.esculenta, mt loi nm c tiu th nhiu Phn Lan v mt s vng khc ca chu u, Bc M. 5.2. C ch tc ngGyromitrin l mt cht d tan trong nc, khi vo trong c th n b thy phn thnh monomethylhydrazine (MMH). Tnh cht d bay hi c th c ngha l Gyromitrin c im si thp v do nm cha cht c ny c th rt c i vi ngi ny nhng li v hi i vi nguwofi khc. Khong ranh gii gia an ton v c hi rt nh. c t ny phn ng vi pyridoxal 5-phosphate, dng hot ha ca pyridoxine, v to thnh th hydrazone. iu ny lm gim sn lng cht dn truyn thn kinh GABA bi hot ng ca enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase b tr tr, dn n cc triu chng thn kinh. MMH cng gy ra p buc oxi ha dn dn methemoglobinemia (mt dng ri lon mu).

Hnh 12. Th HydrazoneNgoi ra trong qu trnh trao i cht ca MMH, N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine c sinh ra; sau tri qua qu trnh trao i cht cytochrome P450 iu tit oxy ha thng qua phn ng nitrosamine trung gian dn n s hnh thnh ca cc gc methyl gy hoi t gan. au u, bun nn v au bng l nhng nh hng ca s c ch enzyme diamine oxidase (histaminase).c tnh ca gyromitrin l khc nhau i vi cc loi ng vt khc nhau. Liu lng t vong trung bnh (LD50) l: 244mg/kg i vi chut, 50 70 mg/kg th v 30 50 mg/kg i vi ngi. c tnh phn ln l do MMH c to ra, khong 35% gyromitrin n phi c chuyn i thnh MMH. Cn c vo t l chuyn i ny, LD50 ca MMH ngi c c tnh l 1.6 4.8 mg/kg tr em v 4.8 8 mg/kg ngi ln.5.3. Triu chngc t l t MMH, nh hng n nhiu h thng c th. N ngn chn s dn truyn thn kinh quan trng, dn n m sng, sng s, au c, mt cn bng, ng kinh. N kch thch ng tiu ha nghim trng, dn n nn ma v tiu chy. Trong mt s trng hp gy suy gan. N cng c th gy ph hy hng cu, dn n vng da, suy thn v cc du hiu ca bnh thiu mu.C th, cc triu chng ng c thng lin quan n h tiu ha v thn kinh, xy ra trong vong t 6 12 gi tiu th, mt s trng hp nhim c nng hn c th xut hin t 2 gi sau khi nhim phi. Cc triu chng ban u lin quan n ng tiu ha, khi pht l bun nn, nn t ngt v tiu chy (i khi c xut huyt), dn n mt nc trm trng. Chng mt, hn m, run, tht iu, rung git nhn cu v nhc u ngay sau , thng c km theo st.Trong mt s trng hp, s c mt khong thi gian cc triu chng ban u khng cn m thay vo l tn thng thn, tn thng gan v ri lon chc nng thn kinh bao gm co git v hn m. Nhng du hiu ny thng pht trin trong vng t 1 3 ngy trong cc trng hp nghim trng, nn nhn s b vng da, gan v l lch b khuch trng, trong mt s trng hp mc ng trong mu s tng ln (tng ng huyt) v sau gim (h ng huyt), tip gan nhim c. Ngoi ra, tn huyt ni mch gy ph hy t bo hng cu dn n tng lng hemoglobin v gy ra hemoglobinuria (tnh trng hemoglobin cao mt cch bt thng trong nc tiu), c th dn n ng c thn v suy thn. Methemoglobinemia cng c th xy ra trong mt s trng hp. N lm cho bnh nhn tr nn kh th v tm ti. Cc trng hp nhim c nng c th dn n m sng, rung c v co git, gin ng t tin n hn m, qu trnh lu thng b ngng tr v cui cng ngng h hp. T vong c th xy ra t 5 7 ngy sau khi nhim phi.5.4. iu trVic iu tr ch yu l h tr, sc rut vi than hot tnh c th c ch nu c pht hin trong vi gi. Tuy nhin, cc triu chng cn nhiu thi gian hn c th quan st c, bnh nhn thng khng c iu tr sau khi n c vi gi, v l hn ch ca n.Bnh nhn b mt nc do nn ma hoc tiu chy c th c cung cp li thng qua dch truyn tnh mch. Gim st cc thng s sinh ha nh mc metheglobin, in tch, chc nng gan v thn, nc tiu v mu. Chy thn c th c s dng nu chc nng thn b suy yu hoc thn khng hot ng. Vic truyn mu c th cn thit thay th cc t bo hng cu b mt, trong khi methemoglobinemia c iu tr bng cch tim tnh mch methylene xanh. Pyridoxine, cn c gi l vitamin B6, c th c s dng chng li s c ch ca MMH. N hu ch cho cc triu chng thn kinh v khng lm gim nhim c gan. S dng mt liu 25mg/kg, lp li ti a 15 30 g/ngy nu cc triu chng khng c ci thin. Benzodiazepine c a ra kim sot cc cn ng kinh. Ngoi ra MMH cn c ch bin i ha hc ca acid folic thnh dng hot ng, acid folinic, iu ny c th c x l bng cch cung cp acid folinic 20 200mg/ngy.6. CoprineCoprine l c t c chuyn ha thnh mt cht ha hc ging disulfiram. Coprine c tm thy ch yu nm ca chi Coprinus. Khc vi cc loi c c k trn, coprine c tm thy trong cc loi nm n c nh C.atramentarius.6.1. Cu trcCoprine (N5-1-hydroxycyclopropyl-L-glutamine), chuyn ha 1-aminocyclopropanol, mt cht c nhng tnh cht gn ging vi disulfiram.

Hnh 13. Cu trc ca Coprine (bn tri)6.2. C chNgi ta cho rng coprine hay mt trong nhng chuyn ha ca n (cyclopropanone hydrate) c ch enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). Cn (ethanol) l cht chuyn ha trong c th bng enzyme dehydrogenase (ADH) thnh acetaldehyd, mt cht kh c gy nn cc triu chng say ru.Acetaldehyde tip tc c chuyn ha bi ADLH thnh mt cht gn nh khng gy c, acid acetic v ch yu gy ra tnh trng nn nao trong ngi.6.3. Triu chngMt , bun nn v nn, cm gic lo lng, kh th, chng mt sau khi n 5 10 pht, nu nh ung ru th tc dng s mnh hn v c th gy t vong, do tim hot ng qu mc, nu khng ung ru th thi gian tc dng khong 2 3 gi. c t tn ti trong c th kh lu, ch cn ung ung c cn trong khong thi gian ln n 72 gi sau khi nhim phi cng gy ra ng c acetaldehyde. Triu chng thng ch ko di 2 4 gi, nhng c th ko di n 2 ngy.c tnh ca Coprine thp, LD50 khong 1.500 mg/kg i vi ngi v ch mnh ln khi c mt ca cn.6.4. iu trVic iu tr ch yu l h tr (nh i vi iu tr ng c disulfiram). Cc triu chng s t ng bin mt trong mt khong thi gian v khng gy thng tch g cho c th.7. Psilocybin v PsilocinPsilocybin l mt cht gy o gic c mt trong t c c pht hin c trong hn 200 loi nm, c gi chung l nm psilocybin. c tnh mnh nht l cc thnh vin thuc chi Psilocybe, chng hn nh P.azurescens, P.semilanceata v P.cyanescens, ngoi ra psilocybin cn c phn lp t khong mt chc ging khc.7.1. Cu trcPsilocybin (O-phosphoryl-4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine hay 4-PO-DMT) l mt tin cht chuyn ha thnh psicolin trong c th nh vo phn ng loi phosphoryl. Phn ng ha hc din ra trong iu kin acid mnh hoc trong iu kin sinh l ca c th, nh vo hot ng ca enzyme phosphatase.Psilocybin l mt hp cht tryptamine c cu trc ha hc gm mt vng indole lin kt vi nhm th ethylamine. Tnh cht ha hc lin quan n acid tryptophan, v c cu trc tng t nh cht dn truyn thn kinh serotonin. Psilocybin l mt thnh vin thuc nhm tryptophan hot ng nh mt cht chng oxy ha ca s sng thi k u khi m cha c cc chc nng phc tp trong cc sinh vt a bo, bao gm c con ngi. Hnh 14. Cu trc ca Psilocybin (bn tri) v Psilocin (bn phi)L 1 alkaloid c tnh lng tnh v th n c th ha tan trong nc, methanol v ethanol mt cch d dng, khng ha tan c trong cc dung mi hu c nh chloroform ether, B oxy ha mt cch nhanh chng khi tip xc vi nh sng.7.2. C chPsilocybin nhanh chng b dephosphoryl trong c th thnh psilocin, l mt cht ch vn mt phn cho th th serotonin. Psilocin c i lc cao vi cc th th serotonin 5-HT2A trong no, ni n bt chc tc ng ca serotonin (5-hydroxytrypamine, 5-HT). Psilocin lin kt t cht ch vi cc th th seretonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT1D v 5-HT1C. Th th serotonin c t ti nhiu v tr trong no, c c v no, v c tham gia vo mt lot cc chc nng, bao gm c vic quy nh tm trng v vn ng.Hiu ng psychotomimetic (ri lon gi lm tm thn) ca psilocin c th b chn bi cc cht i khng 5-HT2A l ketanserin v resperdone. Mc d th th 5-HT2A chu trch nhim cho hu ht cc tc ng ca psilocin, c nhiu bng chng khc ch ra rng cc th th khng l 5-HT2A cng gp phn tc ng ch quan. V d, psilocin gin tip lm tng nng ca cc cht dn truyn thn kinh dopamine trong hch nn, v mt s hiu ng psychotomimetic ca psilocin b gim li do haloperidol, mt cht i khng th th dopamine khng chn lc. Tm li, nhng kin trn u mang li 1 kin rng c mt dopamine gin tip to nn hiu ng psychotomimetic. Ngc li LSD, lin kt vi tt c cc phn nhm th th dopamin, psilocybin v psilocin khng c i lc vi cc th th dopamine.7.3. Triu chngCc triu chng bt u ngay sau khi n, bao gm hng phn, o gic th gic. Triu chng biu hin s hi, kch ng, l ln. Tt c cc triu chng thng xut hin sau vi gi.c tnh ca psilocybic v psilocin thp, LD50 i vi chut khong 280mg/kg.7.4. iu trKhng cn iu tr, cc triu chng s t bin mt sau mt khong thi gian m khng li bnh tt.8. Mt s loi c t khc8.1. PhallotoxinCc phallatoxin bao gm t nht 7 hp cht, tt c u l heptapeptide bicylic, c phn lp t A.phalloides: Phalloidin, Prophalloin, phalloin, phallisin, phallacidin, phallacin v phallisacin. Khng bn vi nhit, c c tnh cc mnh, ch n 5g sau 30 pht, da tm mu, m sng, ngi co git, thi ra phn thi ln mu khi cha kp cp cu. 8.2. ArabitolMt loi ru ng, tng t nh mannitol, khng gy hi, nhng l nguyn nhn gy kch thch ng tiu ha trong mt s trng hp. N c tm thy vi s lng nh trong nm s hay nm bo ng (Pleurotus ostreatus) v s lng ng k trong cc loi Suillus v Hygrophoropisis aurantiaca. 8.3. Myceto Atropine (Mycoatropine)Gy ri lon h thn kinh.8.4. Cc cht c gy kch thch ng tiu ha, nn nhn s t khi trong mt thi gian, nhng tt hn ht l i n bnh vin sc rut.Cc triu chng bao gm: bun nn, nn, tiu chy v chut rt c bng, v gim t t trong vi gi, nhng i khi ko di cho n 2 ngy. Nh cc loi nm cha cc cht kch thch d dy khc, khi n nhm phi n bnh vin ngn nga mt nc v mt cn bng khng dn n mt mng.

IV. Mt s lu khi mua v s dng nmC 3 phng php chnh phn bit nm c: phng php ha hc, phng php th nghim trn ng vt v phng php nhn bit hnh thi. Phng php ha hc thng phc tp v i hi my mc v ha cht lm xt nghim. Phng php th nghim trn ng vt khng phi u v vo bt c lc no cng lm c. Phng php n gin v c ng dng nhiu nht trong thc t l nhn bit hnh thi, so snh nm c v nm khng c.V chuyn su th mi phng php u c nhng mt u v khuyt ring. Phng php ha hc s nh danh ra c chnh loi nm ang xt, tuy nhin s tn thi gian v tin bc, nn phng php ny ch yu dng nghin cu. Cn vic s dng trn ng vt, phng php ny kh l c, c s dng cch y rt lu v khng phi lc no n cng mang li hiu qu, l do l mt s loi nm c cn mt khong thi gian pht tn. Cui cng l phng php nhn bit hnh thi, s rt tt nu nh bn hay mt ngi quen ca bn l mt nh hi nm chuyn nghip, bi v vic nhn dng thng qua hnh dng ca nm l mt iu rt kh v khng phi ai cng lm c, n c l mt s loi nm c c hnh dng ging vi nm n c, mt s chi tit ca nm c b thay i do yu t thi tit,Tuy nhin khng phi v th m chng ta t b mt loi nguyn liu cha nhiu cht dinh dng cng nh c th ch bin thnh nhng mn n ngon, sau y l mt s cch n gin gip chng ta khng n nhm phi nm c cng nh hn ch kh nng mc phi. Nhn bng mt. Thng thng cc loi nm c bao gi trong cng nhiu mu sc hn, c m ni ln, trn m nm c nhng ht ni hay vn mu hay mu tp, c rnh, vt nt, c vng quanh thn Thng thng cc loi nm c khi ngt s c nha chy ra. Ngi bng mi. Nm c khi hi thng c mi cay, mi hc hoc mi ng xc ln. Nm n c thng thm hoc khng mi. Th nghim bin mu. Dng phn trng ca hnh l ch xt ln m nm, nu thn bin thnh mu xanh nu chng t c c, nu ngc li, hnh khng chuyn mu chng t khng c c. Ngoi ra, sau khi nu chn, c th dng a, tha bc th trc khi n (cch ny c s dng t rt lu da vo tnh cht ha hc ca bc). Th nghim bng sa b. Cho mt lng nh sa b ti bn trn m nm nu thy hin tng sa vn cc, c kh nng nm ny c c.V i vi nhng ai ch bin nm di th sau y l vi cch phng trnh. Khng hi th nm m mnh khng bit chc. Mi ln dng khng nn dng nhiu loi ln ln m ch nu mt loi duy nht. Ngoi vic phng ln nm c, cn v nhiu loi nm nu cng s gy phn ng ha hc, khng c cng thnh c. Khi ch bin nm di, cng nh ch bin nm thng, bin php tt nht l nn luc si trc khi xo nu gim bt c tnh. Khi mua nm ch, tt nht nn mua loi tng n, du vy, cng cn phi nu chn mi n. Khi n nm khng nn ung ung c cn (khng ch ru m c bia,). C mt s loi nm di khng c nhng c cha nhng thnh phn gy ra phn ng ha hc vi cn, v vy gy c. Sau khi n nm nu thy kh chu, bun nn, chong vng, au bng d di, nhn khng r, st, phi lp tc n ngay bnh vin. Nu khng kp, cn c cc bin php s cu n gin nh gy nn, hoc tm nhng thuc d thy sc rut nhm loi b nhng thnh phn c hi trong nm m c th cha kp hp thu, nh gim nh mc c. Sau khi s cu, phi a ngay ngi bnh i cp cu.V. c im hnh dng ca mt s loi nm cTi Vit Nam, cc v ng c do n phi nm c vn thng xuyn xy ra cc tnh c nhiu rng (nht l vo ma ma). Trong 4 nm (2004 2007), ti H Giang xy ra 33 v ng c nm vi tng s 165 ngi mc, trong t vong 24 ngi v loi nm c gy ng c cht ngi l loi nm c tn trng A.verna. Ng c nm Vit Nam thng xy ra vng ng bo dn tc t ngi, dn tr thp, i sng ca ngi dn cn gp nhiu kh khn v li hu qu nng n.Sau y l hnh dng mt s loi nm c nhm cung cp thng tin cng nh kin thc v nm c n cho mi ngi.1. Chi AmanitaLu , khng phi tt c loi nm thuc chi Amanita u c.1.1. A.phalloidesM nm li hoc phngPhin nm dng t doThn nm c vng nm v bao gcBn in bo t c mu trngc tnh cht ngi (cht c Amanitin)M nm c kch c t 5 n 15 cm, ban u trn v li, nhng phng dn theo thi gian, c cc mu nh xanh nht, vng xanh, xanh liu, cng nht hn khi mp nm v sau cc cn ma. Vng nm c kch c t 1 n 1.5 cm pha di m nm. Thn nm cao t 8 n 15 cm v dy t 1 n 2 cm, c mu trng v c cc vy mu xanh liu. Nm ban u c mi yu v ging mi ngt ca mt ong, nhng nng dn theo thi gian v tr nn kh chu. C kh nng to vng trn thin thn.1.2. A.pantherinaM nm c dng phngPhin nm dng t doThn nm c vng nm v bao gcBn in bo t c mu trngc tnh c c v tc ng n no (cht c muscimol)M nm, rng t 4 11 cm, ban u c hnh cu, sau chuyn sang hnh li n phng li, c mu nu sm, mu nu ht d, trn m nm c cc vy mu trng phn b dy c. Do khi m t, tht c mu trng, khng thay i khi ct ra. Phin nm c mu trng tr thnh mu xm khi ct. Thn nm di 5 14 cm, rng 0.6 2 cm.1.3. A.vernaM nm li hoc phngPhin nm dng t doThn nm c vng nm v bao gcBn in bo t c mu trngc tnh cht ngi (c t amanita)M nm c kch c t 4.5 6.5 cm, c mu trng, vng nht trung tm, ban u c hnh cu vi phn trung tm phng, sau tr v dng li v cui cng phng. Thn nm cao 8.5 10.5 cm, dy 0.7 1.3 cm, hnh tr, mu trng, ban u c sau rng, mn. Vng nm mng.1.4. A.muscariaM nm phng hoc liPhin nm dng t doThn nm c vng nm v bao gcBn in bo t c mu trngc tnh c c tc ng ln no (c t muscimol)M nm rng 9 14.5 cm, c mu cam hoc vng (him khi gp mu ). Mt s ni chu u, m nm c mu trng. Phn vy c mu trng hoc vng v d dng b g b bi ma. Thn nm cao t 6 21 cm v dy t 0.8 2.2 cm. C kh nng to vng trn thin thn. y l mt v d in hnh trong vic khng nn n nm c mu sc sc s. 1.5. A.cokeriM nm liPhin nm dng t doThn nm c vng nm v bao gcBn in bo t c mu trngc tnh c c (c t muscimol)M nm rng t 8 15 cm, ban u c dng cu, sau chuyn v dng li v cui cng dng phng, c mu trng ng. Tht c mu trng v khng thay i. Phn vy pha trn c hnh tam gic gia, mt vy gim dn t trung tm n ra. Thn nm cao 10 20 cm, dy 1.2 2 cm. 1.6. A.gemmataM nm li hoc phngPhin nm dng nh thn hoc hp sinhThn nm c vng nmBn in bo t c mu trng c tnh c c hoc cht ngi (c t muscimol)M nm c kch c t 5 10 cm, ban u c dng cu, sau chuyn v dng li v phng li, c mu vng xm n mu vng sng. Pha trn m c cc vy mu trng c kch thc trung bnh n kch thc nh. Thn nm c kch thc vo khong 11 x 1 cm.2. Chi Inocybe2.1. I.geophyllaM nm hnh chung hoc nnPhin nm nh thnThn nm khng c gBn in bo t c mu nuc tnh cht ngi (cht c muscarine)M nm c ng knh t 1 4 cm, mu trng hoc kem, ban u c hnh nn sau chuyn sang dng li v cui cng v dng hnh chung. Thn nm cao t 1 6 cm v dy t 0.3 0.6 cm, khng c vng nm.2.2. I.erubescensM nm hnh chung hoc nnPhin nm nh thnThn nm khng c gBn in bo t c mu nuc tnh cht ngi (cht c muscarine, hm lng cao hn trong A.muscaria)M nm c hnh cu trc khi chuyn thnh dng phng, c ng knh khong 8 cm, c rt nhiu loi mu, ban u n mu trng sau c th chuyn sang mu vng hoc nu ty theo tui. Ra ca m nm thng c cc kha. Tht nm ban u c mu vng nht, sau chuyn mu hng m. Mu sc c xu hng m dn trong nh sng mt tri trc tip. N c th b nhm ln vi Calocybe gambosa.3. Chi Clitocybe3.1. C.dealbataM nm nnPhin nm hp sinhThn nm khng c gBn in bo t c mu trngc tnh cht ngi (c t muscarine)Mt loi nm nh c mu trng, ng knh m nm t 2 4 cm, c dng phng n nn vi phin nm mu trng. Thn nm cao t 2 3.5cm, dy t 0.5 1cm. Khng mi v khng v. C kh nng to vng trn thin thn.3.2. C.rivulosaM nm nnPhin nm hp sinhThn nm khng c gBn in bo t c mu trngc tnh cht ngi (c t muscarine)Mt loi nm nh c mu trng, nu dn vo gia, ng knh m nm t 3 4 cm, c dng phng n nn vi phin nm mu trng. Thn nm cao n 4 cm v khng c vng nm. Khng mi v khng v. C kh nng to vng trn thin thn.4. Chi Cortinarius4.1. C.gentilisM nm liPhin nm nh thnThn nm c mn (Cortina = curtain)Bn in bo t c mu - nu c tnh cht ngi (cht c Orrellanine)M nm c kch c t 1 3 cm, mu nu, sau c mu vng x v vng nu. Thn nm cao t 5 10 cm v dy t 0.3 0.8 cm. Tht c mu vng, sau chuyn thnh mu vng nu. Hng v nh, c mi c ci sau khi ct ra.4.2. C.orellanusM nm c hnh chungPhin nm nh thnThn nm c mn Bn in bo t c mu nu c tnh cht ngi (cht c Orrellanine)M nm thng c kch thc t 3 n 8.5 cm khi pht in y , phn ra thng r xung. Phin nm ban u c mu vng ti, v sau c mu khi nm trng thnh. Thn nm cao t 5 10 cm, c ng knh t 0.7 1.5 cm.4.3. C.rubellusM nm c hnh chungPhin nm nh thnThn nm c mn Bn in bo t c mu nu c tnh cht ngi (cht c Orrellanine)M nm c kch thc t 4 8 cm,ra m nm r xung khi trng thnh. Phin nm ban u c mu vng, sau chuyn thnh mu nu x. Thn nm thng c chiu cao t 5 10 cm v dy t 0.7 n 1.5 cm.5. Chi Gyromitra5.1. G.esculentaM nm liPhin nm dng c bitThn nm khng c gBn in bo t c mu vng n mu vng smc tnh cht ngi (c t MMH)M nm c ng knh t 3 11 cm, hnh dng ging nh no, trn bt thng, hi dt, mu nu hoc sm, vng nu; i khi n kh nhn, nhng nhn chung th n gm nhiu np nhn phc tp. Thn nm cao t 2 5 cm, dy t 1.5 4 cm, ban u c sau tr nn rng. Tht nm mng v gin. c t gy t vong theo thi gian.6. Chi Coprinus6.1. C.atramentariaM nm hnh trngPhin nm t doThn nm khng c g Bn in bo t c mu enc tnh n c hoc c c (c t coprine)M nm c kch thc 3 7 cm, mu xm hoc nu xm, ban u c hnh chung, sau c nhu li v cui cng tch ra. Cng vo trung tm mu cng m. Thn cy nm cao t 7 17 cm v c ng knh khong 1.5 cm, c mu xm v khng c vng nm. Tht mng v c mu xm nht.7. Chi Psilocybe7.1. P.azurescensM nm c dng li hoc hnh chungPhin nm dng nh thn hoc men xung thn nmThn nm khng c gBn in bo t c mu en nu n mu tmc tnh c t lin quan n thn kinh (c t psilocybin)M nm c ng knh t 3 10 cm, ban u c dng li sau m rng ra thnh hnh chung, c mu ht d. Thn cao t 9 20 cm v dy t 0.3 0.6 cm, mu trng mt, sau c mu nu xm theo thi gian. C mi nh, v cc k ng.7.2. P.semilanceata M nm hnh nn hoc hnh chungPhin nm c dng nh thn hoc hp sinhThn nm khng c gBn in bo t c mu nu n mu tmc tnh c t lin quan n thn kinh (c t psilocybin)M nm c ng knh t 0.5 2.5 cm v cao 0.6 2.2 cm. C nhiu hnh dng t kiu nn cho n kiu chung. Mu sc ph thuc v m, khi nm t th c mu nu nht cho n nu ht d, ti hn gia, cn lc kh th c mu nht hn. C khong 15 n 27 mang phin nm. Thn nm cao 4.5 14 cm v dy t 0.1 0.35 cm v thng mng hn v pha gc.7.3. P.cyanescensM nm phngPhin nm dng hp sinh n dng ctThn nm khng c gBn in bo t nm c mu nu en cho n mu tmc tnh c t lin quan n thn kinh (c t psilocybin)M nm c kch thc t 2 4.5 cm, ban u c mu nu sau chuyn dn sang mu vng nu. Thn nm cao t 3 6 cm, dy t 0.3 0.6 cm, dy hn v pha gc.8. Mt s loi nm hay gp khc8.1. Chlorophyllum molybditesM nm phngPhin nm t doThn nm c vng nmBn in bo t c mu xanh l c tnh c c (c t l cc amino acid khng b phn hy b h thng tiu ha)M nm ban u c hnh dng ging tri banh vi ng knh t 5 10 cm, sau dn dn thnh dng phng vi ng knh 15 25 cm trong sut qu trnh sinh trng. Kh v mu trng, c x v c mt phn mu nu pht trin bn trong vy, c bit gn vi trung tm ca tai nm khi n pht trin. Phin nm ban u c mu trng, sau chuyn sang mu xanh v xanh xm cho n lc trng thnh. Thn nm mt v trng, cao t 7.5 25 cm v dy t 1.25 2.5 cm, i khi hi dy phn gc.8.2. Entoloma sinuatumM nm liPhin nm dng hp sinhThn nm khng c gBn in bo t c mu tmc tnh c c (c t l mt cht kch thch tiu ha khng xc nh)M nm c ng knh t 5 15 cm, c mu kem ti ti mu nu xn hoc xm, mn, hi trn khi t. Phin nm c mu vng xm nht, tr thnh mu hng nht khi trng thnh. Thn nm cao 4 15 cm v dy 1 2.5 cm, xm nht, c mt cht lng.Ti liu tham khoNm v ng c nm (bi tng hp) u Ngc Ho Khoa hc k thut th y, tp XVIII, s 6, 2011Worldwide Mushroom Poisoning, Diagnosis and Treatment: Comments on Some of the Recent Research Michael W.BeugEdible and poisonous mushrooms of Canada Agriculture CanadaEdible and poisonous mushrooms Barbara Bassett, Naturalist, Jefferson City, Mo.