roads: considerations in managing the aisles to our library of forest resources mike curran, phd,...

Roads: Considerations in managing the aisles to our library

of forest resources

Mike Curran, PhD, PAg.Mike Curran, PhD, PAg.

Soil Scientist / Adj. ProfessorSoil Scientist / Adj. Professor

B.C. Forest Service (UBC)B.C. Forest Service (UBC)

“Soil test sites”

Invermere Area

Outline ““Big picture”Big picture”

HistoryHistory ““Sustainability” protocolsSustainability” protocols

Statutory considerationsStatutory considerations Non-statutory considerationsNon-statutory considerations SummarySummary

Historical context

Civilizations have come and gone based on how well Civilizations have come and gone based on how well they have treated the soilthey have treated the soil

Many famous politicians and writers have been quoted underscoring Many famous politicians and writers have been quoted underscoring this fact:this fact:

"The thing about land is, they ain't makin' no "The thing about land is, they ain't makin' no more.“ Mark Twainmore.“ Mark Twain

““A nation that destroys its soil, destroys itself. Forests A nation that destroys its soil, destroys itself. Forests are the lungs of our land, purifying the air and giving are the lungs of our land, purifying the air and giving fresh strength to our people.” Franklin D. Rooseveltfresh strength to our people.” Franklin D. Roosevelt

Roads are a permanent land change

Roads are the most permanent change Roads are the most permanent change we make in the forested landscapewe make in the forested landscape

Roads have been a major cause of Roads have been a major cause of slope stability, erosion, and slope stability, erosion, and sedimentation problemssedimentation problems

A well built road will last for centuries A well built road will last for centuries (e.g., Roman roads in Europe)(e.g., Roman roads in Europe) Good drainage is key to longevityGood drainage is key to longevity

We live and operate in a naturally active environment(Silt happens)

Drainage control is number one, At all times

Road problems one of the major “mudslingers” in the face of more responsible forest practices

Etched in memory and the landscape

“Legacy disturbance”

Old harvesting disturbance is a big deal in Old harvesting disturbance is a big deal in areas with longer harvesting history (e.g., US)areas with longer harvesting history (e.g., US)

What kind of legacy do we want to leave for What kind of legacy do we want to leave for future generations?future generations?

Will future generations need the same roads?Will future generations need the same roads? For example, look at the innovations in filing For example, look at the innovations in filing

systems, libraries, etc… different “aisles” nowsystems, libraries, etc… different “aisles” now

Temporary access structure

1960’s Era Skid Trails

Iron Canyon II

Iron Canyon II Soil MonitoringPre- vs. Post-Harvest Disturbance

Post-Harvest DisturbanceAugust 2003 Entry

undist22%

dist60%

skid18%

Pre-Harvest Disturbance1960's Entry

undist67%

dist22%

skid11%

[ Disturbance Std. on reforested area = __ % ]

[ Disturbance Std. for permanent access = ___ % ]

[ Ameliorated ]

Overall context

““Forestry is not rocket science, it’s more Forestry is not rocket science, it’s more complicated”complicated”

Just like a library, we can’t access our Just like a library, we can’t access our resources without “aisles”resources without “aisles”

We need to balance environmental and socio-We need to balance environmental and socio-economic costseconomic costs

“Sustainable Forest Soils”

““Ensuring that the biological, chemical and Ensuring that the biological, chemical and physical integrity of the soil remains for future physical integrity of the soil remains for future generations of ___(people, trees, etc.)generations of ___(people, trees, etc.)

Addressed at many levels, through Addressed at many levels, through operations, standards, and now protocolsoperations, standards, and now protocols

Often tracked in terms of Criteria and Often tracked in terms of Criteria and Indicators (e.g., land lost to roading)…Indicators (e.g., land lost to roading)…

BUT the adaptive management process is BUT the adaptive management process is likely just as important as the indicatorslikely just as important as the indicators

Adaptive Mgt. Process(maybe need to apply to roads more?)

Strategy / Database

Data/results Tools / Guidelines

Training

Best Mgt.PracticesOPERATIONS

Monitoring (C&E)Research

Execution

“Sustainability Protocols”

Set Criteria and specific Indicators of Set Criteria and specific Indicators of sustainable forestrysustainable forestry

Encourage countries to report on the status of Encourage countries to report on the status of these Indicatorsthese Indicators

However, protocols like the Montreal Process However, protocols like the Montreal Process have a number of “b-type” indicators that have a number of “b-type” indicators that require field validation (eg, compaction)require field validation (eg, compaction)

Therefore, compliance with standards is often Therefore, compliance with standards is often used as a proxy (eg, CCFM C&I)used as a proxy (eg, CCFM C&I)

“Sustainability Protocols”

CCFM targets:CCFM targets: loss to permanent access (%), and loss to permanent access (%), and stream crossings (rate of compliance with stream crossings (rate of compliance with

locally applicable standards)locally applicable standards) BC “State of the Forest” report tracks loss to BC “State of the Forest” report tracks loss to

permanent accesspermanent access Third party (eco) certification schemes focus Third party (eco) certification schemes focus

in on permanent access as wellin on permanent access as well

BC Soil disturbance standards

1988 start, then FPC in 19951988 start, then FPC in 1995 Amount for roads and landings has Amount for roads and landings has

remained about the same since the remained about the same since the beginning – not sure if this should be beginning – not sure if this should be the casethe case

Permanent Access Trends

Year Rds Landings Total

1986 8.3 5.1 13.4

2001 4.4 2.9 7.3

Legislative Framework

Evolving to a “Results-Based” ApproachEvolving to a “Results-Based” Approach

Maintain Environmental StandardsMaintain Environmental Standards Monitor (Enforce) ComplianceMonitor (Enforce) Compliance Definition of “Soil Disturbance”Definition of “Soil Disturbance”

““objects of concern” (growth, hydrology)objects of concern” (growth, hydrology)

FPRA Objectives for Soils

““conserve the productivity and conserve the productivity and hydrologic function of soils.”hydrologic function of soils.”

Some FRPA Standards (FPPR)

Invasive plantsInvasive plants 1717 Natural range barriersNatural range barriers 1818 Soil disturbance limits 35 (TAS, Rehab)Soil disturbance limits 35 (TAS, Rehab) Permanent access structure limitsPermanent access structure limits 3636(1) (1) LandslidesLandslides 3737 (don’t cause one, eh) (don’t cause one, eh) Gully processesGully processes 3838 Natural surface drainage patternsNatural surface drainage patterns 3939

RevegetationRevegetation 4040

"permanent access structure"

means an access structure in a cutblock that (a) at means an access structure in a cutblock that (a) at the time of its construction, is reasonably expected to the time of its construction, is reasonably expected to provide access for timber harvesting and other provide access for timber harvesting and other activities that are not wholly contained in the activities that are not wholly contained in the cutblock, or cutblock, or

(b) is constructed on or through, or contains, (b) is constructed on or through, or contains, materials unsuitable for the establishment of a materials unsuitable for the establishment of a commercial crop of trees and is not an excavated or commercial crop of trees and is not an excavated or bladed trail, but does not include an area that bladed trail, but does not include an area that contained an access structure before rehabilitation of contained an access structure before rehabilitation of the area under section 36;the area under section 36;

"temporary access structure"

means an access structure that (a) is in means an access structure that (a) is in a cutblock, and (b) does not conform to a cutblock, and (b) does not conform to the criteria described in paragraph (a) or the criteria described in paragraph (a) or (b) of the definition of "permanent (b) of the definition of "permanent access structure" and does not include access structure" and does not include a pit or quarry;a pit or quarry;

FRPA Standards

Permanent access 7 % or lessPermanent access 7 % or less Temporary access up to 5 %Temporary access up to 5 % Sensitive Soils 5 % “disturbance”Sensitive Soils 5 % “disturbance” Less-sensitive 10 %Less-sensitive 10 % Roadside work areas 25 %Roadside work areas 25 % Based on soil sensitivityBased on soil sensitivity

“Rehabilitation”

Determine where needed based on off-site Determine where needed based on off-site concerns and on-site validation dataconcerns and on-site validation data

Ameliorate where tree growth, hydrology, and Ameliorate where tree growth, hydrology, and other values indicate functions are other values indicate functions are significantly impaired and can be corrected.significantly impaired and can be corrected.

Should be part of BMPs…to minimize area Should be part of BMPs…to minimize area needing amelioration and to correct problem needing amelioration and to correct problem areas, or perhaps use for economic reasonsareas, or perhaps use for economic reasons

Rehabilitation steps

Starts with careful construction (topsoil, Starts with careful construction (topsoil, drainage)drainage)

a) remove or redistribute woody a) remove or redistribute woody materials that are on the surface materials that are on the surface

(b) de-compact compacted soils,(b) de-compact compacted soils, (c) return displaced surface soils, (c) return displaced surface soils,

retrievable side-cast and berm retrievable side-cast and berm materials. materials.

Rehab (amelioration)Plot on LTSP

RehabilitatedHaul Road

Planning framework

Was 3 prescriptive plans that required approvalWas 3 prescriptive plans that required approval Now 1 “results based” FSPlan for large areaNow 1 “results based” FSPlan for large area

More responsibility / liability on the LicenseeMore responsibility / liability on the Licensee Government not providing peer reviewGovernment not providing peer review Standards from legislation (eg, soils), Standards from legislation (eg, soils), or proposed (eg, biodiversity)or proposed (eg, biodiversity)

Districts do compliance monitoring based on riskDistricts do compliance monitoring based on risk Effectiveness monitoring a Government responsibilityEffectiveness monitoring a Government responsibility

Roads also figure into Timber supply reviews Permanent access deducted from the Permanent access deducted from the

timber harvesting landbasetimber harvesting landbase Numbers can be quite low (too low?)Numbers can be quite low (too low?) Incentive to keep them lowIncentive to keep them low [Put them on the least productive land, [Put them on the least productive land,

eh?]eh?]

Cost-effective Assessing / Monitoring of Disturbance

Remote sensing images are now being used Remote sensing images are now being used (Satellite, standard and custom airphotos)(Satellite, standard and custom airphotos)

Useful for C&E and Effectiveness (Resource Useful for C&E and Effectiveness (Resource Stewardship) MonitoringStewardship) Monitoring

Landscape level to Soils Value now – to track Landscape level to Soils Value now – to track permanent access, slides, etc. at a higher permanent access, slides, etc. at a higher level.level.

Example airphoto use for validation monitoring

Non-statutory considerations

““80 % of practice should be outside of FRPA”80 % of practice should be outside of FRPA” Common law may prevail in some instancesCommon law may prevail in some instances R. Reader currently drafting a guidance R. Reader currently drafting a guidance

document on the non-statutory realmdocument on the non-statutory realm Professional relianceProfessional reliance

Ethics of the profession (public safety, Ethics of the profession (public safety, environment)environment)

Permanent access in other jurisdictions Most of our neighbouring jurisdictions Most of our neighbouring jurisdictions

require lower levels of permanent require lower levels of permanent access at the cutblock level (e.g., 5 %)access at the cutblock level (e.g., 5 %)

Permanent versus Temporary access1.1. Be clear on definitionsBe clear on definitions

2.2. StrategiesStrategies

1.1. Sliding file cabinetsSliding file cabinets

3.3. Pros and consPros and cons

1.1. Maintenance costMaintenance cost

2.2. liabilityliability

The “hassle factor”

The deeper you dig, the more drainage The deeper you dig, the more drainage and seepage you will have to deal withand seepage you will have to deal with

The deeper you dig, the more fill you will The deeper you dig, the more fill you will have to deal withhave to deal with

(Temporary roads minimize the above, but (Temporary roads minimize the above, but need some drainage control in case a need some drainage control in case a runoff event occurs during use.)runoff event occurs during use.)

Environmental Framework

Wildfire – have to expect much larger Wildfire – have to expect much larger runoff events after one (e.g., runoff events after one (e.g., Kuskanook)Kuskanook)

Climate change / extreme weatherClimate change / extreme weather Have to expect more “Flathead Have to expect more “Flathead

floods”floods” 100 year-event likely in a rotation 100 year-event likely in a rotation

anyways…anyways…

Environmental Framework

Inherent Soil Sensitivity: (HAZARD)Inherent Soil Sensitivity: (HAZARD) Mass Wasting [non-alcoholic])Mass Wasting [non-alcoholic]) ErosionErosion CompactionCompaction DisplacementDisplacementPotential Effects: (CONSEQUENCE)Potential Effects: (CONSEQUENCE) On-site (forest productivity)On-site (forest productivity) Off-site (fish, water, property, life)Off-site (fish, water, property, life) View-shed aesthetics (amelioration)View-shed aesthetics (amelioration)

Mass Wasting

““Minor” cut and fill failuresMinor” cut and fill failures Often result in drainage diversionOften result in drainage diversion Can lead to larger landslidesCan lead to larger landslides Loss of productive growing siteLoss of productive growing site Impacts on downslope valuesImpacts on downslope values Safety concernsSafety concerns Tools:Tools: Hazard key and stability indicators Hazard key and stability indicators

Mass Wasting

Controlling factors: parent material, Controlling factors: parent material, climate, slope, topographyclimate, slope, topography

Manageable factors: amount and Manageable factors: amount and extent of excavation, drainage control, extent of excavation, drainage control, machine traffic, seasonal soil conditions machine traffic, seasonal soil conditions (wetness, snow, frost)(wetness, snow, frost)

Erosion

Surface soil eroded primarily by water Surface soil eroded primarily by water (splash, sheet, rill erosion)(splash, sheet, rill erosion)

Loss of fertile topsoil layersLoss of fertile topsoil layers Loss of effective rooting volumeLoss of effective rooting volume

Exposure of unfavourable subsoilsExposure of unfavourable subsoils Drainage diversionDrainage diversion Sedimentation of watercoursesSedimentation of watercourses Tools:Tools: Erosion key, related tables Erosion key, related tables

Erosion

Controlling factors: texture, coarse Controlling factors: texture, coarse fragments, slope, climatefragments, slope, climate

Manageable factors: machine traffic, Manageable factors: machine traffic, degree of scalping, drainge controldegree of scalping, drainge control

Sediment from roads

Apart from initial construction, (and Apart from initial construction, (and any erosion issues), most sediment any erosion issues), most sediment comes from roads as a result of comes from roads as a result of hauling during wet weather (a hauling during wet weather (a consideration)consideration)

Compaction

Compaction and Puddling result in the Compaction and Puddling result in the alteration / loss of soil structure alteration / loss of soil structure (architecture of pores)(architecture of pores)

Bulk Density increase (penetrability)Bulk Density increase (penetrability) Infiltration decreases (more runoff)Infiltration decreases (more runoff) Aeration decreases (less biological Aeration decreases (less biological

activity)activity)

Bad air?

Compaction needs to be ameliorated in rehab

Decreased hydrologic function:

U VL 1 HT U VL 1 HT U VL 1 HT U VL 1 HT U L 1 U L 10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Sat

urat

ed c

o nd u

ctiv

i ty (

c m/h

r)

Bull River Perry Creek Chain of Lakes

2-4 cm2-4 cm2-4 cm 8-10 cm 8-10 cm 8-10 cm

Displacement

Controlling factors: slope, topography, Controlling factors: slope, topography, soil depth, subsoil typesoil depth, subsoil type

Manageable factors: amount and extent Manageable factors: amount and extent of excavation, machine size/type, of excavation, machine size/type, seasonal soil conditions (wetness, seasonal soil conditions (wetness, snow, frost)snow, frost)

Soil Disturbance as a proxy for productivity/hydrologic effects In many NA ecosystems, we need at least 10 In many NA ecosystems, we need at least 10

to 20 years data to draw conclusions about the to 20 years data to draw conclusions about the effects of various practiceseffects of various practices

Therefore, we use soil disturbance as a proxy Therefore, we use soil disturbance as a proxy that we can observe and regulate at the time of that we can observe and regulate at the time of harvesting, site preparation, etc.harvesting, site preparation, etc.

However, when we discuss or read about “Soil However, when we discuss or read about “Soil Disturbance” there are inconsistent approaches Disturbance” there are inconsistent approaches and methodsand methods a common approach is needed. a common approach is needed.

@ 3 YRS @ 10 YRS

@ 15 YRS

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

% o

f vol

ume

on u

ndis

turb

ed s

oil

R / R

S / NR

T / NS

T / R

T / NR

Mean Douglas-fir volume - Gates Creek

(Smith & Wass, 1991; Wass & Senyk, 1999)

Mean Douglas-fir volume - Gates Creek

(Smith & Wass, 1991; Wass & Senyk, 1999)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

C0 C2 C0 C2 C0 C2 C0 C1 C0 C2

Challenge Wallace Owl Vista Central CampCamp

Other

Trees

CLAY LOAM SAND

BIO

MA

SS

(M

g h

a-1)

10-YR BIOMASS RELATIVE TO COMPACTIONON FIVE LTSP SITES IN CALIFORNIA

Adaptive Mgt. Process

Strategy / Database

Data/results Tools / Guidelines

Training

Best Mgt.PracticesOPERATIONS

Monitoring (C&E)Research

Execution

A “Package Deal”

Regional Database Indicators/Thresholds

Validation Implementation

Harvesting strategies

Independant of climate/weather (how wet?)Independant of climate/weather (how wet?) Longer season, less shutdownsLonger season, less shutdowns Can rehab. as you go (but stay under)Can rehab. as you go (but stay under) Rehab. can be haul roads, unbladed trailsRehab. can be haul roads, unbladed trails

close trail spacingclose trail spacing close road spacingclose road spacing designated/random skiddingdesignated/random skidding hoe-chuckinghoe-chucking

Harvest Recommendations(Interior BC) Winter log?Winter log? Cut-to-length for sensitive sites?Cut-to-length for sensitive sites? Consider the “4 strategies” for your sitesConsider the “4 strategies” for your sites Watch roadside work areas?Watch roadside work areas? Recognize/rehab all TAS (all NAR)Recognize/rehab all TAS (all NAR) Operator effect is number one oftenOperator effect is number one often Operator training materialsOperator training materials

Summary

Roads are necessary to manage forestsRoads are necessary to manage forests But, we don’t necessarily need a lot of themBut, we don’t necessarily need a lot of them Temporary access is likely not identified Temporary access is likely not identified

enough and perhaps too much permanent enough and perhaps too much permanent access is the result?access is the result?

Temporary access requires shallow cutsTemporary access requires shallow cuts Planned rehab can be an accepted practicePlanned rehab can be an accepted practice Future generations are affected by actionsFuture generations are affected by actions

The path to “Pedo-righteousness” Know your soilKnow your soil Know what you are doing to itKnow what you are doing to it Know the effects of thisKnow the effects of this (on- and off-site) (on- and off-site) Adapt your practices (reliable process) over Adapt your practices (reliable process) over

timetime as more knowledge becomes available as more knowledge becomes available ““Science-based” managementScience-based” management None of this is new, but integration might be...None of this is new, but integration might be... KNOW / INFLUENCE PRACTICESKNOW / INFLUENCE PRACTICES

After we are gone, our roads will speak for us, what do we want them to say?...

Careful,Steward,Pride in a good job, well done.

What some of us like to drive on roads….

FRPA, the fine print…

Invasive plantsInvasive plants 1717 For the purpose of section 47 For the purpose of section 47 [invasive [invasive plants]plants] of the Act, a person who prepares a forest of the Act, a person who prepares a forest stewardship plan must specify measures in the plan to stewardship plan must specify measures in the plan to prevent the introduction or spread of species of plants that prevent the introduction or spread of species of plants that are invasive plants under the Invasive Plants Regulation, if are invasive plants under the Invasive Plants Regulation, if the introduction or spread is likely to be the result of the the introduction or spread is likely to be the result of the person's forest practices. person's forest practices.

Natural range barriersNatural range barriers 1818 For the purpose of section 48 For the purpose of section 48 [natural range barriers][natural range barriers] of the Act, a person who prepares of the Act, a person who prepares a forest stewardship plan must specify measures to a forest stewardship plan must specify measures to mitigate the effect of removing or rendering ineffective mitigate the effect of removing or rendering ineffective natural range barriers. natural range barriers.

FRPA, the finer print… (6) An agreement holder who rehabilitates an area under subsection (6) An agreement holder who rehabilitates an area under subsection

(4) or (5) must (a)remove or redistribute woody materials that are (4) or (5) must (a)remove or redistribute woody materials that are exposed on the surface of the area and are concentrating subsurface exposed on the surface of the area and are concentrating subsurface moisture, to the extent necessary to limit the concentration of moisture, to the extent necessary to limit the concentration of subsurface moisture on the area, (b)de-compact compacted soils, subsurface moisture on the area, (b)de-compact compacted soils, and (c)return displaced surface soils, retrievable side-cast and berm and (c)return displaced surface soils, retrievable side-cast and berm materials. (7) If an agreement holder rehabilitates an area under materials. (7) If an agreement holder rehabilitates an area under subsection (4) or (5) and erosion of exposed soil from the area would subsection (4) or (5) and erosion of exposed soil from the area would cause sediment to enter a stream, wetland or lake, or a material cause sediment to enter a stream, wetland or lake, or a material adverse effect in relation to one or more of the subjects listed in adverse effect in relation to one or more of the subjects listed in section 149 (1) of the Act, the agreement holder, unless placing debris section 149 (1) of the Act, the agreement holder, unless placing debris or revegetation would not materially reduce the likelihood of erosion, or revegetation would not materially reduce the likelihood of erosion, must (a)place woody debris on the exposed soils, or (b)revegetate the must (a)place woody debris on the exposed soils, or (b)revegetate the exposed mineral soils. exposed mineral soils.

FRPA, the finest print… Permanent access structure limitsPermanent access structure limits 3636(1) (1)

An agreement holder must ensure that the area in a cutblock that is occupied by permanent access structures built by the holder or used by the An agreement holder must ensure that the area in a cutblock that is occupied by permanent access structures built by the holder or used by the holder does not exceed 7% of the cutblock, unless (a)there is no other practicable option on that cutblock, having regard to (i)the size, holder does not exceed 7% of the cutblock, unless (a)there is no other practicable option on that cutblock, having regard to (i)the size, topography and engineering constraints of the cutblock, (ii)in the case of a road, the safety of road users, or (iii)the requirement in selection topography and engineering constraints of the cutblock, (ii)in the case of a road, the safety of road users, or (iii)the requirement in selection harvesting systems for excavated or bladed trails or other logging trails, or (b)additional permanent access structures are necessary to provide harvesting systems for excavated or bladed trails or other logging trails, or (b)additional permanent access structures are necessary to provide access beyond the cutblock. (2) If an agreement holder exceeds the limit for permanent access structures described in subsection (1) for access beyond the cutblock. (2) If an agreement holder exceeds the limit for permanent access structures described in subsection (1) for either of the reasons set out in that subsection, the holder must ensure that the limit is exceeded as little as practicable. (3) An agreement either of the reasons set out in that subsection, the holder must ensure that the limit is exceeded as little as practicable. (3) An agreement holder may rehabilitate an area occupied by permanent access structures in accordance with the results or strategies specified in the forest holder may rehabilitate an area occupied by permanent access structures in accordance with the results or strategies specified in the forest stewardship plan or by (a)removing or redistributing woody materials that are exposed on the surface of the area and are concentrating stewardship plan or by (a)removing or redistributing woody materials that are exposed on the surface of the area and are concentrating subsurface moisture, as necessary to limit the concentration of subsurface moisture on the area, (b)de-compacting compacted soils, subsurface moisture, as necessary to limit the concentration of subsurface moisture on the area, (b)de-compacting compacted soils, and (c)returning displaced surface soils, retrievable side-cast and berm materials. (4) If an agreement holder rehabilitates an area under and (c)returning displaced surface soils, retrievable side-cast and berm materials. (4) If an agreement holder rehabilitates an area under subsection (3) (a) and erosion of exposed soil from the area would cause sediment to enter a stream, wetland or lake, or a material adverse subsection (3) (a) and erosion of exposed soil from the area would cause sediment to enter a stream, wetland or lake, or a material adverse effect in relation to one or more of the subjects listed in section 149 (1) of the Act, the agreement holder, unless placing debris or revegetation effect in relation to one or more of the subjects listed in section 149 (1) of the Act, the agreement holder, unless placing debris or revegetation would not materially reduce the likelihood of erosion, must (a)place woody debris on the exposed soils, or (b)revegetate the exposed mineral would not materially reduce the likelihood of erosion, must (a)place woody debris on the exposed soils, or (b)revegetate the exposed mineral soils. soils. LandslidesLandslides 3737 An authorized person who carries out a primary forest activity must ensure that the primary forest activity does not An authorized person who carries out a primary forest activity must ensure that the primary forest activity does not cause a landslide that has a material adverse effect in relation to one or more of the subjects listed in section 149 (1) of the Act. cause a landslide that has a material adverse effect in relation to one or more of the subjects listed in section 149 (1) of the Act. Gully Gully processesprocesses 3838 An authorized person who carries out a primary forest activity on the Coast must ensure that the primary forest activity does not An authorized person who carries out a primary forest activity on the Coast must ensure that the primary forest activity does not cause a gully process that has a material adverse effect in relation to one or more of the subjects listed in section 149 (1) of the Act. cause a gully process that has a material adverse effect in relation to one or more of the subjects listed in section 149 (1) of the Act. Natural Natural surface drainage patternssurface drainage patterns 3939(1) (1) If an authorized person constructs a road, a temporary access structure or a permanent access structure on an area, the person must maintain If an authorized person constructs a road, a temporary access structure or a permanent access structure on an area, the person must maintain natural surface drainage patterns on the area both during and after construction. (2) Despite subsection (1), if it is not practicable for an natural surface drainage patterns on the area both during and after construction. (2) Despite subsection (1), if it is not practicable for an authorized person to maintain natural surface drainage patterns during the construction of a road, a temporary access structure or permanent authorized person to maintain natural surface drainage patterns during the construction of a road, a temporary access structure or permanent access structure, the person must ensure the altered surface drainage pattern is compatible with the original natural surface drainage pattern by access structure, the person must ensure the altered surface drainage pattern is compatible with the original natural surface drainage pattern by the earlier of (a)the end of the construction, and (b)the next freshet. the earlier of (a)the end of the construction, and (b)the next freshet. RevegetationRevegetation 4040 An authorized person who constructs or deactivates a An authorized person who constructs or deactivates a road must ensure that soil exposed by the construction or deactivation is revegetated within two years after the construction or deactivation is road must ensure that soil exposed by the construction or deactivation is revegetated within two years after the construction or deactivation is completed if it is reasonably foreseeable that (a)the erosion of the soil would cause (i)sediment to enter a stream, wetland or lake, or (ii)a completed if it is reasonably foreseeable that (a)the erosion of the soil would cause (i)sediment to enter a stream, wetland or lake, or (ii)a material adverse effect in relation to one or more of the subjects listed in section 149 (1) of the Act, and (b)revegetation would materially material adverse effect in relation to one or more of the subjects listed in section 149 (1) of the Act, and (b)revegetation would materially reduce the likelihood of erosion. reduce the likelihood of erosion.

roads: considerations in managing the aisles to our library of forest resources mike curran, phd,...

Documents