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History of Russia

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TheMillennium of Russiamonument (was opened on 8 September 1862) on a postage stampdedicated to the 1140th anniversary of theRussianstatehood in 2002

Part ofa series onthe

Culture of Russia

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#mw-headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gosudarstvennost2002.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gosudarstvennost2002.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#p-searchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#mw-head


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Traditions

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v t e

The history ofRussiabegins with that of theEastern Slavsand theFinno-Ugric peoples. The

state ofGararki( "the realm of towns"), which was centered inNovgorodand included theentire areas inhabited byIlmen Slavs,VepsandVotes, was established by the VarangianchieftainRurikin 862 (the traditional beginning of Russian history).[1]Kievan Rus', the first
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Festivals_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Festivals_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_culture#Visual_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_culture#Performance_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_culture#Performance_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_culture#Performance_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monuments_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_symbols_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Culture_of_Russia&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Culture_of_Russia&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADkihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADkihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADkihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmen_Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmen_Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmen_Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepsianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepsianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepsianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-duczko-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-duczko-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Russia.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_culture.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-duczko-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vepsianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmen_Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADkihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peopleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Culture_of_Russia&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_symbols_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_symbols_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monuments_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monuments_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_culture#Performance_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_culture#Visual_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_culture#Visual_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Festivals_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Festivals_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mythology_of_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions


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unitedEast Slavicstate, was founded by Rurik's successorOleg of Novgorodin 882.[2]

The state

adopted Christianity from theByzantine Empirein 988,[3]

beginning the synthesis of ByzantineandSlaviccultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.[4]Kievan Rus'

ultimately disintegrated as a state because of theMongol invasion of Rus'in 12371240. Duringthat time a number of regional magnates, in particular Novgorod and Pskov, fought to inherit the

cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus'. After the 13th century, Moscow came to dominatethe former cultural center.[4]By the 18th century, theTsardom of Russiahad become the huge

Russian Empire, stretching from thePolishLithuanian Commonwealtheastward to the PacificOcean. Expansion in the western direction sharpened Russia's awareness of its separation frommuch of the rest of Europe and shattered the isolation in which the initial stages of expansion had

occurred. Successive regimes of the 19th century responded to such pressures with a

combination of halfhearted reform and repression.Russian serfdomwasabolished in 1861, but

its abolition was achieved on terms unfavorable to thepeasantsand served to increaserevolutionary pressures. Between the abolition of serfdom and the beginning ofWorld War Iin

1914, theStolypin reforms, theconstitution of 1906andState Dumaintroduced notable changes

to the economy and politics of Russia,[5]

but thetsarswere still not willing to relinquish

autocraticrule, or share their power.

[6]

TheRussian Revolutionin 1917 was triggered by a combination of economic breakdown, warweariness, and discontent with the autocratic system of government, and it first brought a

coalition of liberals and moderate socialists to power, but their failed policies led to seizure of

power by theCommunistBolshevikson 25 October. Between 1922 and 1991, the history of

Russia is essentially thehistory of the Soviet Union, effectively an ideologically based statewhich was roughly conterminous with the Russian Empire before theTreaty of Brest-Litovsk.

The approach to the building of socialism, however, varied over different periods in Soviet

history, from the mixed economy and diverse society and culture of the 1920s to the commandeconomy and repressions of theJoseph Stalinera to the "era of stagnation" in the 1980s. From its

first years, government in the Soviet Union was based on the one-party rule of the Communists,

as the Bolsheviks called themselves, beginning in March 1918.[7]However, by the late 1980s,with the weaknesses of its economic and political structures becoming acute, the Communist

leaders embarked on major reforms, which led to the fall of the Soviet Union.[8]

Thehistoryof theRussian Federationofficially starts in January 1992. The Russian Federation

was recognized as the legal successor to the Soviet Union on the international stage .[9]However,

Russia has lost its superpower status as it faced serious challenges in its efforts to forge a new

post-Soviet political and economic system. Scrapping the socialistcentral planningand stateownership of property of the Soviet era, Russia attempted to build an economy based on market

capitalism, with often painful results.[8]

Even today Russia shares many continuities of political

culture and social structure with its tsarist and Soviet past.

Contents

1 Early historyo 1.1 Pre-Slavic inhabitantso 1.2 Early East Slavso 1.3 Kievan Rus'
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_serfdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_serfdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_serfdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolypin_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolypin_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolypin_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1906http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1906http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1906http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis3-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis3-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis3-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Filzer-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Filzer-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Filzer-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_post-Soviet_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_post-Soviet_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_post-Soviet_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Filzer-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Filzer-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Filzer-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#Early_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#Early_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#Pre-Slavic_inhabitantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#Pre-Slavic_inhabitantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#Early_East_Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#Early_East_Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#Kievan_Rus.27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#Kievan_Rus.27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#Kievan_Rus.27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#Early_East_Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#Pre-Slavic_inhabitantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#Early_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Filzer-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_post-Soviet_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Filzer-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis3-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1906http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolypin_reformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_serfdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavs


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o 1.4 Mongol invasiono 1.5 Russo-Tatar relations

2 Grand Duchy of Moscowo 2.1 The rise of Moscowo 2.2 Ivan III, the Great

3 Tsardom of Russiao 3.1 Ivan IV, the Terribleo 3.2 Time of Troubleso 3.3 The accession of Romanovs and early rule

4 Imperial Russiao 4.1 Peter the Greato 4.2 Ruling the Empire (17251825)o 4.3 Nicholas I and the Decembrist Revolto 4.4 Ideological schisms and reactiono 4.5 Alexander II and the abolition of serfdomo 4.6 Nihilismo 4.7 Autocracy and reaction under Alexander IIIo 4.8 Nicholas II and a new revolutionary movement

5 Russian Revolution 6 Russian Civil War 7 Soviet Union

o 7.1 Creation of the Soviet Uniono 7.2 War Communism and the New Economic Policyo 7.3 Changes in Russian societyo 7.4 Industrialization and Collectivizationo 7.5 The Soviet Union on the international stageo 7.6 World War IIo

7.7 Cold Waro 7.8 The Khrushchev and Brezhnev yearso 7.9 Breakup of the Union

8 Russian Federation 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links

Early history

This article is part ofa serieson the

History of Russia
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Early Slavs/Rus'(pre9th)

Volga Bulgaria(7th13th)

Khazar Khaganate(7th10th)

Rus' Khaganate(8th9th)

Christianization(9th)

Kievan Rus'(9th12th)

Vladimir-Suzdal(12th14th)

Novgorod Republic(12th15th)

Tatar Yoke(13th15th)

Grand Duchy of Moscow(13401547)

Tsardom of Russia(15471721)

Russian Empire(17211917)

Russian Republic(1917)
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Russian SFSR/Soviet Union(19171991)

Russian Federation(1992present)

Timeline

Russia portal

v t e

Kurgan hypothesis: South Russia as theurheimatofIndo-European peoples

Pre-Slavic inhabitants

Further information:Steppe nomads,Scythians,Goths,Bosporan Kingdom, andKhazaria

During the prehistoric eras the vaststeppesof Southern Russia were home totribesofnomadic

pastoralists. In classical antiquity, thePontic Steppewas known asScythia.[10]

Remnants of theselong-gone steppe civilizations were discovered in the course of the 20th century in such places asIpatovo,[10]Sintashta,[11]Arkaim,[12]andPazyryk.[13]In the latter part of the 8th century BC,

Greek merchants broughtclassical civilizationto the trade emporiums inTanaisand

Phanagoria.[14]

Gelonuswas described byHerodotosas a huge (Europe's biggest) earth- andwood-fortifiedgradinhabited around 500 BC by Heloni andBudini. At about the 2nd century

AD Goths migrated to the Black Sea, and in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD, a semi-legendary

Gothic kingdom ofOiumexisted in Southern Russia until it was overrun byHuns. Between the3rd and 6th centuries AD, theBosporan Kingdom, a Hellenistic polity which succeeded theGreek colonies,[15]was also overwhelmed by successive waves of nomadic invasions,[16]led by

warlike tribes which would often move on to Europe, as was the case with theHunsandTurkish

Avars. A Turkic people, theKhazars, ruled the lowerVolgabasinsteppesbetween theCaspian

andBlack Seasthrough to the 8th century.[17]

Noted for their laws, tolerance, andcosmopolitanism,[18]the Khazars were the main commercial link between the Baltic and the

MuslimAbbasidempire centered inBaghdad.[19]

They were important allies of theByzantine
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Empire,[20]

and waged a series of successful wars against theArabCaliphates.[17][21]

In the 8th

century, the Khazars embraced Judaism.[21]

A general map of the cultures in European Russia at the arrival of the Varangians and before the

beginning of the Slavic colonization

Early East Slavs

Main articles:Early East SlavsandRus' Khaganate

The ancestors of theRussianswere theSlavic tribes, whose original home is thought by some

scholars to have been the wooded areas of thePripet Marshes.[22]

TheEarly East Slavsgraduallysettled Western Russia in two waves: one moving fromKievtowards present-daySuzdaland

Muromand another fromPolotsktowardsNovgorodandRostov.[23]From the 7th century

onwards, the East Slavs constituted the bulk of the population in Western Russi a[23]

and slowly

but peacefully assimilated the nativeFinno-Ugrictribes, such as theMerya,[24]

theMuromians,[25]and theMeshchera.[26]

Kievan Rus'

Kievan Rus' in the 11th century
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Main article:Kievan Rus

ScandinavianNorsemen, called "Vikings" in Western Europe and "Varangians"[27]in the East,

combinedpiracyand trade in their roamings over much of Northern Europe. In the mid-9th

century, they began to venture along the waterways from the easternBalticto theBlackand

Caspian Seas.

[28]

According to theearliest Russian chronicle, a Varangian namedRurikwaselected ruler (knyaz) of Novgorod in about 860,[4]

before his successors moved south and

extended their authority toKiev,[29]

which had been previously dominated by the Khazars.[30]

Thus, the first East Slavic state,Kievan Rus', emerged in the 9th century along theDnieper River

valley.[4]

A coordinated group of princely states with a common interest in maintaining trade

along the river routes, Kievan Rus' controlledthe trade route for furs, wax, and slavesbetweenScandinavia and the Byzantine Empire along theVolkhovand Dnieper Rivers.[4]

The name "Russia", together with theFinnishRuotsi (which means "Sweden") andEstonian

Rootsi (which means "Sweden"), are found by some scholars to be related toRoslagen.[31]

The

etymology ofRus and its derivativesare debated, and other schools of thought connect the namewith Slavic orIranicroots.[32]

By the end of the 10th century, theNorseminority had merged with the Slavic population,[33]

which also absorbedGreekChristian influences in the course of the multiplecampaignsto loot

Tsargrad, orConstantinople.[34]

One such campaign claimed the life of the foremost Slavicdruzhinaleader,Svyatoslav I, who was renowned for having crushed the power of theKhazars

on the Volga.[35]

At the time, theByzantine Empirewas experiencing a major military andcultural revival; despite its later decline, its culture would have a continuous influence on the

development of Russia in its formative centuries.

Kievan Rus' is important for its introduction of a Slavic variant of theEastern Orthodoxreligion,[4]

dramatically deepening a synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined

Russian culture for the next thousand years. The region adopted Christianity in 988 by theofficial act of publicbaptismof Kiev inhabitants byPrince Vladimir I.[36]Some years later the

first code of laws,Russkaya Pravda, was introduced.[37]

From the onset the Kievan princes

followed the Byzantine example and kept the Church dependent on them, even for its

revenues,[38]

so that the Russian Church and state were always closely linked.

By the 11th century, particularly during the reign ofYaroslav the Wise, Kievan Rus' displayedan economy and achievements in architecture and literature superior to those that then existed in

the western part of the continent.[39]Compared with the languages of European Christendom, the

Russian languagewas little influenced by theGreekandLatinof early Christian writings.[4]

This

was becauseChurch Slavonicwas used directly inliturgyinstead.[40]

A nomadic Turkic people, theKipchaks(also known as the Cumans), replaced the earlier

Pechenegsas the dominant force in the south steppe regions neighbouring to Rus' at the end ofthe 11th century and founded a nomadic state in the steppes along the Black Sea (Desht-e-

Kipchak). Repelling their regular attacks, especially on Kiev, which was just one day's ride from

the steppe, was a heavy burden for the southern areas of Rus'. The nomadic incursions caused a
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kipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzhinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzhinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svyatoslav_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svyatoslav_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svyatoslav_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Kievan_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Kievan_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Kievan_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_I_of_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_I_of_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russkaya_Pravdahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russkaya_Pravdahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russkaya_Pravdahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Smith-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Smith-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Smith-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Slavonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Slavonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Slavonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchakshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchakshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchakshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechenegshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchakshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Slavonichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wisehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Smith-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russkaya_Pravdahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_I_of_Kievhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Kievan_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svyatoslav_Ihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzhinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsargradhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27%E2%80%93Byzantine_War_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_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massive influx of Slavs to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north, particularly to the area

known asZalesye.

Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated as a state because of in-fighting between members of the

princely family that ruled it collectively. Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit ofVladimir-

Suzdalin the north-east,Novgorodin the north, andHalych-Volhyniain the south-west.Conquest by theMongolGolden Hordein the 13th century was the final blow. Kiev was

destroyed.[41]

Halych-Volhynia would eventually be absorbed into thePolishLithuanianCommonwealth,[4]while the Mongol-dominated Vladimir-Suzdal and independentNovgorod

Republic, two regions on the periphery of Kiev, would establish the basis for the modern Russian

nation.[4]

Mongol invasion

Sacking ofSuzdalbyBatu Khanin February 1238: aminiaturefrom the 16th-century chronicle

Main articles:Mongol invasion of Rus'andTatar invasions

The invading Mongols accelerated the fragmentation of the Rus'. In 1223, the disunited southern

princes faced a Mongol raiding party at theKalka Riverand were soundly defeated.[42]

In 12371238 the Mongols burnt down the city ofVladimir(4 February 1238)[43]and other major cities ofnortheast Russia, routed the Russiansat the Sit' River,

[44]and then moved west intoPolandand

Hungary.[45]

By then they had conquered most of the Russian principalities.[46]

Only the

Novgorod Republic escaped occupation and continued to flourish in the orbit of theHanseaticLeague.[47]
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ssia#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kalka_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_invasionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus%27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_%28illuminated_manuscript%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Khanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzdalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Hamm-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Hordehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halych-Volhyniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalesye


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The impact of the Mongol invasion on the territories of Kievan Rus' was uneven. The advanced

city culture was almost completely destroyed. As older centers such as Kiev and Vladimir neverrecovered from the devastation of the initial attack,[41]the new cities of Moscow,[48]Tver[48]and

Nizhny Novgorod[49]

began to compete for hegemony in the Mongol-dominated Russia.

Although a Russian army defeated theGolden HordeatKulikovoin 1380,[50]

Mongol

domination of the Russian-inhabited territories, along with demands of tribute from Russianprinces, continued until about 1480.[48]

Russo-Tatar relations

Alexander Nevskyin theHorde

Main articles:Volga BulgariaandGolden Horde

After the fall of theKhazarsin the 10th century, the middle Volga came to be dominated by themercantile state ofVolga Bulgaria, the last vestige ofGreater Bulgariacentered atPhanagoria. In

the 10th century the Turkic population of Volga Bulgaria converted toIslam, which facilitated its

trade with the Middle East and Central Asia.[citation needed] In the wake of theMongol invasionsof

the 1230s, Volga Bulgaria was absorbed by theGolden Hordeand its population evolved into themodernChuvashesandKazan Tatars.

The Mongols held Russia and Volga Bulgaria in sway from their western capital atSarai,[51]

oneof the largest cities of the medieval world. The princes of southern and eastern Russia had to pay

tribute to the Mongols of the Golden Horde, commonly calledTatars;[51]

but in return they

received charters authorizing them to act as deputies to the khans. In general, the princes wereallowed considerable freedom to rule as they wished,[51]while theRussian Orthodox Church

even experienced a spiritual revival under the guidance ofMetropolitan AlexisandSergius of

Radonezh.

To the Orthodox Church and most princes, the fanaticalNorthern Crusadersseemed a greater

threat to the Russian way of life than the Mongols. In the mid-13th century, Alexander Nevsky,
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litan_Alexishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-history_world-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-history_world-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-history_world-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarai_%28city%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Hordehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phanagoriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Hordehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_Bulgariahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Hordehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nevskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis2-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Kulikovo-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Hordehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Curtis2-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia#cite_note-Hamm-40


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elected prince of Novgorod, acquired heroic status as the result of major victories over the

Teutonic Knightsand theSwedes. Alexander obtained Mongol protection and assistance infighting invaders from the west who, hoping to profit from the Russian collapse since the

Mongol invasions, tried to grab territory and convert the Russians to Roman Catholicism.[citation

needed]

The Mongols left their impact on the Russians in such areas as military tactics and transportation.

Under Mongol occupation, Russia also developed its postal road network, census, fiscal system,and military organization.[4]Eastern influence remained strong well until the 17th century, when

Russian rulers made a conscious effort to modernize their country. In popular memory, this

period left a very unpleasant impression, and is referred to as the Tataro-Mongol Yoke.[citation

needed]

Grand Duchy of Moscow

Main article:Grand Duchy of Moscow

The rise of Moscow

During the reign ofDaniel, Moscow was little more than a small timber fort lost in the forests of

CentralRussia.

Daniil Aleksandrovich, the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, founded the principality of

Moscow (known as Muscovy in English),[48]which eventually expelled the Tatars from Russia.

Well-situated in the central river system of Russia and surrounded by protective forests andmarshes, Moscow was at first only avassalof Vladimir, but soon it absorbed its parent state. A

major factor in the ascendancy of Moscow was the cooperation of its rulers with the Mongol

overlords, who granted them the title of Grand Prince of Moscow and made them agents for

collecting the Tatar tribute from the Russian principalities. The principality's prestige was furtherenhanced when it became the center of theRussian Orthodox Church. Its head, theMetropolitan,

fled from Kiev toVladimirin 1299 and a few years later established the permanent headquarters

of the Church in Moscow under the original title of Kiev Metropolitan.

By the middle of the 14th century, the power of the Mongols was declining, and the Grand

Princes felt able to openly oppose theMongol yoke. In 1380, atKulikovoon theDon River, theMongols were defeated,[50]and although this hard-fought victory did not end Tatar rule of
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Russia, it did bring great fame to the Grand PrinceDmitry Donskoy. Moscow's leadership in

Russia was now firmly based and by the middle of the 14th century its territory had greatlyexpanded through purchase, war, and marriage.

Ivan III, the Great

Ivan III tears off the Khan's missive letter demanding the tribute in front of Khan's mission

Main article:Ivan III of Russia

In the 15th century, the grand princes of Moscow went on gathering Russian lands to increase

the population and wealth under their rule. The most successful practitioner of this process wasIvan III[48]who laid the foundations for a Russian national state. Ivan competed with his

powerful northwestern rival, theGrand Duchy of Lithuania, for control over some of the semi-

independentUpper Principalitiesin the upperDnieperandOka Riverbasins.[52][53]

Through the

defections of some princes, border skirmishes, and a long war with the Novgorod Republic, IvanIII was able to annex Novgorod and Tver.[54]As a result, theGrand Duchy of Moscowtripled in

size under his rule.[48]

During his conflict with Pskov, a monk namedFilofei(Philotheus of

Pskov) composed a letter to Ivan III, with the prophecy that the latter's kingdom will be the Third

Rome.[55]TheFall of Constantinopleand the death of the last Greek Orthodox Christian emperorcontributed to this new idea of Moscow as 'New Rome' and the seat of Orthodox Christianity.[48]

Fall ofNovgorod Republicin 1478. On the right standsMarfa Boretskaya.

A contemporary of theTudorsand other "new monarchs" in Western Europe, Ivan proclaimedhis absolute sovereignty over all Russian princes and nobles. Refusing further tribute to the

Tatars, Ivan initiated a series of attacks that opened the way for the complete defeat of thedecliningGolden Horde, now divided into severalKhanatesand hordes. Ivan and his successors

sought to protect the southern boundaries of their domain against attacks of the Crimean Tatars
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