SENIOR SEMINARMRS. CIVITELLA

AND MRS. VERGULDI-SCOTT

Review of the history leading to

The Enlightenment

Timeline

475-500 A.D. Fall of Rome

500-1300 A.D. Early Middle Ages

1050-1450 A.D. High Middle Ages

1300-1650 A.D. The Renaissance

1517-1600 A.D. Protestant Reformation

1543-1687 A. D. Scientific Revolution

1660s- 1800 A.D. Enlightenment

What was it?The word means “rebirth”

A time when western Europeans experienced a profound cultural awakening.

It was a bridge between the Middle Ages and the beginning of modern times.

Caused educated Europeans to develop new attitudes about themselves and the world around them.

The Renaissance 1300-1650 A.D.

In the 11th century, scholars began bringing manuscripts of Roman law to Italy from Constantinople

History of the Renaissance

1. Physical reminders of the Roman Empire (architecture, coins, statues)

2. Italian cities prospered during the High Middle Ages as trading cities (began with the Crusades)

3. A wealthy merchant class stressed the cultural rebirth of Ancient Rome (education, the arts, individual achievements)

4. Italian scholars stressed the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, the arts)

5. Renaissance scholars who studied the humanities were called humanists

Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?

Middle AgesGod centeredWhat is important is

the next lifeFeudal systemKnowledge is already

known and recorded by the Church

Catholic church is always right

Human centeredThe individual is

important, this life should be lived to the fullest

Social status based on talent and merit

Much knowledge yet to be discovered, man needed to use reason to gain knowledge

Church may not always be right

Differences between Renaissance and Middle Ages

Renaissance

Three geniuses of Renaissance Art

1. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (1452-1519)2. Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni

(1475-1564)3. Raphael Sanzio da Urbino (1483-1520)

1. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)a) Called the “Renaissance Man”b) Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist,

mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer

Mona Lisaa. Women dressed in

Florentine fashionb. da Vinci utilized the

sfumato technique where the definition of form in a painting is without an abrupt outline. He blended one tone into another

c. The Mona Lisa’s expression is the cause of much controversy. She is both alluring and aloof.

d. It is said that da Vinci captured the mysteriousness of women in this painting

e. 1503-1505f. Oil on wood

Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper 1495-1498

Refectory, Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italy

Michelangelo

Italian painter, sculptor, poet, architect , and engineer

Pieta by Michelangelo 1499

Michelangelo BuonarrotiDavid, 1501-1504

Galleria dell’Accademia, Florence

Michelangelo, The Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Vatican City, Rome ,Italy, 1508-1512

Creation of Adam, by Michelangelo

Michelangelo’s Moses, San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome, Italy 1513-1515

Last Judgment

Michelangelo Buonarroti

Fresco on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel, Vatican City, Rome, Italy

1534-1541

Raphael Sanzio- Italian painter who studied the works of da Vinci and MichelangeloHe used bright colors for his traditional religious images

The School of Athens by Raphael 1509Congregation of great philosophers and scientists of the ancient worldIn Saint Peter’s Basilica

Madonna dell seggiola by Raphael 1513-1514

Other Italian Humanists

A. Francesco Petrarch1) Established a library of ancient

Greek and Roman manuscripts2) “The librarian of the Renaissance”

B. Baldassare Castiglione1) Book of the Courtier2) a courtier is a refined, well-educated

aristocrat3) Provided a handbook for behavior

for this class of people

C. Niccolo Machiavelli

1) Wrote The Prince2) Considered the handbook for politicians3) Studied Roman history and diplomacy4) Was a diplomat for the Medici5) Provided a theory of how to attain and keep

power6) “the end always justifies the means”7) A “prince” must be shrewed and immoral to keep

power8) The term “Machiavellian” now means

characterized by subtle or unscrupulous deception or dishonesty

Three Renaissance Authors

A. Francois Rabelais- French doctor who wrote Gargantua and Pantagruel story of a father and son and the study of war, travel, philosophy and politics

B. Miguel de Cervantes- Spanish writer1) Wrote Don Quixote which mocked the medieval

ideas of warfare2) Called for reform of medieval ideas

C. William Shakespeare

English playwright wrote 37 plays that made fun of or pointed out the corruption in society

1) He had to study history, sociology, and politics in order to write his plays

2) Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Richard III, and Romeo and Juliet

3) Patronized by Queen Elizabeth I

The Printing Revolution

A. 1456, Johann Gutenberg of Germany printed the first complete addition of the Bible using movable metal type on a new machine called the printing press

B. Printed books were cheaper and easier to produce than hand-copied books

C. Increased literacy throughout EuropeD. Significantly increased education

throughout the continent

Natural Law and the Scientific Revolution

During the Scientific Revolution, scientists began to look at how living things interacted with nature to find solutions to questions about the world

Isaac Newton used natural law to discover the law of gravity

natural law- laws found in natureScientists used the scientific method to

answer questions about the physical world

The Scientific Method

New approach to science

Like art and religion, the Renaissance inspired scientists not to rely on the past or the teachings in the Bible

The new scientific method depended on observation and experimentation

Introduction to the Age of Reason

reason- to use one’s intellect to come to a logical conclusion

natural law- laws found in naturephilosophers- intellectual theorists, thinkersIn the late 1600s and early 1700s,

philosophers reexamined society to try to find the natural laws that governed human nature

human nature- how people behave in nature

Age of Reason or Enlightenment

Philosophers believed that they could uncover these laws of human nature

This era is referred to as both the Age of Reason and The Enlightenment

enlighten- to give information toPolitical philosophers believed that they

could find the laws of nature that governed human nature and determine the best types of government to create a peaceful society

Hobbes and Locke

Two English philosophers, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, had a significant impact on the new area of political philosophy

Both men saw the violence of the English Civil War

They had opposing views about human nature

Mercantilism

Mercantilism- economic theory stating that there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world and that in order to receive a larger share, one country has to take some wealth away from another country

1. Mercantilism led to a colonization race by European countries around the world

2. Europeans sought out colonies that could provide them with either

a) Gold and silverb) Raw materials (i.e. British colonies in N. America)

Mercantilism

Exports > Imports

The British victory in the Spanish Armada of 1588 marked the beginning of the end of Spanish dominance in colonizing the New World and issued in the era of British naval dominance in the North Atlantic.Britain was now united behind a popular queen and perched for exploration and settlement of the New World.

It was significant that the Charter for the Virginia Company to settle Jamestown guaranteed settlers the same rights of Englishmen in England. These rights were extended to all settlers of British colonies.

New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals

Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations

Described how the economy worked based on supply and demand

Supplies will rise to reach demand because suppliers can make money

Profit motivates productionLiving in a time of mercantilism, Smith advocated

for free markets called laissez faireLaissez faire means to leave alone, no government

regulation of businessCountries would gain more wealth in a free market,

capitalist, society than in a mercantilist economy

The Big Idea!

The Enlightenment would be just theory in Europe at first

The American Revolution would allow the U.S. to be the first country in the world to attempt enlightenment theory

Giving people the power to govern themselves in a free market economy would be called the “American Experiment”

Most of the world did not think that we would survive