SENTENCE PATTERNS

THERE ARE FIVE BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS.

• S-V

• S-V-SC

• S-V-DO

• S-V-IO-DO

• S-V-DO-OC

S-V

• Subject-Verb

• Consists of a noun, pronoun, or other nominal as the subject of the sentence and an intransitive verb or verb phrase as the predicate

Examples:

The horses can swim.

We huddled under our ponchos through the opera in the rain.

S-V-SC

• Subject-Verb-Subject Complement

• Contains a linking verb followed by a subject

complement (can be a noun or an adjective)

Examples:

Janet is the president of the club. (noun)

Nerdo is upset by the bankruptcy of the pocket-

protector manufactory. (adjective)

S-V-DO

• Subject-Verb-Direct Object

• Contains a transitive verb that takes a direct object

Examples:

Who painted your house?

Margaret tasted the tacos.

S-V-IO-DO

• Subject-Verb-Indirect Object-Direct Object

• Contains a transitive verb and takes an indirect and

direct object

Examples:

The realtor sold us a money pit.

Bob asked me a question.

S-V-IO-DO

S-V-DO-OC

• Subject-Verb-Direct Object-Object Complement

• Contains a transitive verb and takes a direct object

and object complement

Examples:

My friends call me Bif.

I colored the balloon red.

PARALLELISM

• Repetitive elements such as items in a series

should be in the same form

• Repetition of similar grammatical structures

• Creates a sense of rhythm and emphasis

Examples:

Triathlons include running, swimming, and biking.

Politicians rarely acknowledge the problem or

propose alternatives.

ACTIVE VOICE

• Subject performs the action of the verb

• Stronger, more concise construction

• Use in most situations

Examples:

I ate the tacos.

The city controls rents.

PASSIVE VOICE

• Subject is acted upon

• Weaker construction

• Use when the action is more important than

the subject or when the subject is unknown.

Examples:

The tacos were eaten by me.

Rents are controlled by the city.

*PRONOUNS

Take the place of nouns in sentences.A pronoun is a substitute for a noun (antecedent).

We will revisit/review pronouns

more specifically at a later date.

*This concept shows up often on the AP exam—especially with antiquated text that is difficult to track.

iyouhesheitwetheymeyouhimheritusthemmymineyouryourshisherhersitsourourtheir

SUBJECTIVE PRONOUNS

• A subjective pronoun is

a noun or pronoun

after some form of to

be (is, was, might, have

been, and so on)

• Legal subject pronouns

include I, you, he, she,

it, we, they, who, and

whoever.

• It was they who first suggested

getting the 90-pound puppy.

(they is the subject of the verb

was)

• I certainly did tell Lulu not to

remove her nose ring in public.

(I is the subject of the verb did

tell)

OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS

• Objective pronoun

functions as a direct

object, indirect

object, object of a

prepositional phrase,

or the subject of an

infinitive.

• I kissed him on

the nose. (DO)

• Give a piece of

cookie to

me.(prep)

• She gave him

the cold

shoulder. (IO)

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

• Possessive case is

used to denote

ownership or to

attribute a quality

of characteristic to

someone or

something.

• No apostrophe for

personal pronouns

• Apostrophe and an

s for indefinite

pronouns

• It took the prince a

moment to find her

lips for the kiss.

• The ennui is hers.

• It was no one’s

fault.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS

• this

• these

• that

• those

• Point to nouns that they are replacing.

• May function as adjectives (determiners).

• Use this and these to refer to objects that are nearby in space and time.

• Use that and those for objects that are farther away in space and time.

• This is my ruler in my hand.

• Those are my crayons on the other desk.

• This house is beautiful.

• That dog is vicious.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS

• which, what, who, whom, whose

• Who stole my car?

• With whom were you dancing?

• Whose book is this?

• Whom are we meeting?

• Please give this message to whoeverarrives first.

• Which of you broke my window?

• What are you thinking?

• Ask questions.

• Their forms stay constant across person, gender, and number, but who changes form with case.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

Singular Pronouns

• Anyone

• Anybody

• Anything

• Someone

• Somebody

• Something

• Everyone

• Everybody

• Everything

• Each

• None

• Either*

• Neither*

Plural Pronouns

• All

• More

• Most

• Several

Is anyone bringing his car?

Anybody can eat her sandwich now.

Will someone lend me his pencil?

Everyone is happy.

Either Joe or John knows the answer.Neither Mr. Jones nor his cousins are coming

to the party.

None of the students is prepared.

Each worker is responsible for safety.

All of the students are taking the test.

Many couples want to have children.

Several competitors were present.

Some children are ready to be promoted to the next grade level.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

• who, which, what, when, where, why

• The person who finds my dog will receive a reward.

• The car which struck mine was stolen.

• The story that we read last week was a great one.

• I know what you are talking about.

• Do you know the place wherewe’re meeting?

• Tell me the reason why you left the firm.

• Perform two functions simultaneously.

• They take the places of nouns as normal pronouns would, but they also connect those replaced nouns to subordinate clauses.

• When a subordinate clause begins with a relative pronoun, it is called a relative clause or nominal relative clause.

USAGE OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS• The people who climbed that mountain were ambitious.

Which refers to animals and things, never to people.

• The dog which tipped over my garbage needs a shorter leash.

Whose can be substituted for which.

• We encountered animals whose ferocity was frightening.

That refers to people, animals, or things.

• The woman that witnessed the shooting will testify tomorrow.

What refers only to inanimate objects, never to people or animals.

• I saw what happened to your wallet.

What never has a specific antecedent; it implies its own antecedent.

What is interchangeable with the pronoun phrase that which.

• I saw that which happened to your wallet.

When refers to times.

• Do you remember the time when we filled the pool with lime Jell-o?

Where refers to places or locations.

• We returned to the place where we met.

Why refers to reasons.

• I cannot tell you the reasons why they behaved as they did.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

• myself

• yourself

• himself

• herself

• itself

• ourselves

• yourselves

• themselves

• Formed by adding –self or –selves to the appropriate possessive pronoun.

• No reflexive pronoun can be the subject of a sentence. Instead they reflect back to the subject of the sentence.

• Become intensive pronouns when they serve an emphatic role (to place emphasis on another noun or pronoun).

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

Correct:

• I hurt myself.

• My parents treated themselves to a movie.

• You yourself told me to ask for a raise.

• Janet built the house herself.

Incorrect:

• Tensions are building between ourselves and Russia.

• Mr. Jones and myself went to lunch.

Correct:

• Tensions are building between Russia and us.• Mr. Jones and I went to lunch.

INTENSIVE PRONOUNS

• Function as

appositives in the

sentence

• (myself, yourself,

herself, himself, itself,

ourselves, yourselves,

and themselves)

• George himself

is responsible

for the mess in

the kitchen.

LANGUAGE ACTIVITY 2

• Due on October 22 to turnitin.com by 7:00 a.m.

• Type, double space, underline/highlight vocab words, and identify sentence pattern.

• Apply the grammar lesson by using each word from List 2 in a different sentence pattern. You may use the vocab words in any order, but please

use the following sentence patterns in order:

• Apply the grammar lesson by using each word from Vocabulary List 2 in a different sentence pattern. You may use the vocab words in any order, but please use the following sentence patterns in order and label them clearly: 1. S-V 2. S-V-SC 3 S-V-DO . 4. S-V-IO-DO 5. S-V-DO-OC (TWO of each pattern = 10 sentences)

• Apply the grammar lesson by writing two sentences with a subjective pronoun, two with an objective pronoun, one with a possessive pronoun, one with a demonstrative pronoun, one with an interrogative pronoun, one with a relative pronoun, one with a reflexive pronoun, and one with an intensive pronoun, each using a different word from Vocabulary List 3. Please label the pronoun type and italicize or bold the pronoun.