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1 Managing Capacity and Demand Managing dynamic demand Service capacity is perishable Yield Management ShinMing Guo NKFUST Case: Increase Revenue with Fixed Capacity The Park Hyatt Philadelphia, 118 King/Queen rooms. Regular fare is r H = $225 (high fare) targeting business travelers. Hyatt offers a r L = $159 (low fare) discount fare for a midweek stay targeting leisure travelers. Demand for low fare rooms is abundant. Most of the high fare demand occurs only within a few days of the actual stay. 2

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1

Managing Capacity and Demand

• Managing dynamic demand

• Service capacity is perishable

• Yield Management

Shin‐Ming GuoNKFUST

Case: Increase Revenue with Fixed Capacity

• The Park Hyatt Philadelphia, 118 King/Queen rooms.

• Regular fare is rH= $225 (high fare) targeting business travelers.

• Hyatt offers a rL= $159 (low fare) discount fare for a mid‐week 

stay targeting leisure travelers. 

• Demand for low fare rooms is abundant.

• Most of the high fare demand occurs 

only within a few days of the actual stay.

2

2

Booking Limits and Yield Management

• Choice 1: Do not accept low fare reservation.  Hope that high fare customers will eventually show up.

• Choice 2: Accept low fare reservations without any limit. 

• Choice 3: Accept low fare reservations but reserve rooms for high fare customers

• Objective: Maximize expected revenues by controlling the sale of low fare rooms. 

3

Service Capacity

Participation: Need to be near customers

Simultaneity: Inability to transport services

Perishability: Inability to store services

Heterogeneity: Volatility of demand

Capacity: amount of output over a period of time

3

Focus: Matching Capacity with Demand

• Demand can vary and is unpredictable.

• Capacity is inflexible and maybe costly.

• Demand < Capacity  Impossible to stock service

• Demand > Capacity  Customers may not wait for service

5

Economic Consequences of Mismatch

6

Air travel Emergency Room Retailing

Supply Seats on specific flight

Medical service Consumerelectronics 

Demand Travel for specific time & destination 

Urgent need for medical service 

Kids buying video games

SupplyExceedsDemand 

Empty seat Doctors, nurses, and infrastructure are under‐utilized 

High inventory costs

DemandExceeds Supply

Overbooking; Profit loss

Crowding and delaysin the ER, Deaths

Foregone profit; 

Consumer dissatisfaction  

4

7

Matching Supply and Demand for Services

8

DEMANDStrategies

2 Partitioningdemand

5 Developingcomplementary

services

4 Promoting off‐peakdemand

3 Establishingprice 

incentives 6 Developingreservationsystems 

11 YieldManagement

CapacityStrategies

9 Cross‐training

employees

7 Increasingcustomer

participation

Sharingcapacity

8 Schedulingwork shifts

Creatingadjustablecapacity

10 Usingpart‐timeemployees

1 Managing Variability

5

1. Managing Customer-induced Variability

Type of Variability

Accommodation Reduction

Arrival Provide generous staffing Require reservations

Capability Adapt to customer skill levels

Target customers based on capability

Request Cross‐train employees Limit service breadth

Effort Do work for customers Reward increased effort

SubjectivePreference

Diagnose expectations and adapt

Persuade customers to adjust expectations

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2. Segmenting Demand

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Mon. Tue. Wed. Thur. Fri.

BeforeSmoothingAfterSmoothing

10

Smoothing Demand by AppointmentScheduling

Day Appointments

Monday 84Tuesday 89Wednesday 124Thursday 129Friday 114

Too many walk‐in patients on Mondays at a health clinic.

6

3. Offering Price Incentives

• Differential Pricing

– Weekend rates for phone calls.

– Summer pricing by utility companies.

• Promoting Off‐Peak Demand

– Different sources of demand

– Hotel: conventions for business or professional groups during the off‐season.

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4. Discriminatory Pricing for Camping

12

7

5. Developing Complementary Services

• A new service is the complementor if customers value your service more when they already have purchased the existing service.

• Movie theaters offer popcorns and soft drinks.

• A new service is the complementor if it results in a more uniform demand.

• Restaurants offer the “afternoon tea” service.

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6. Reservation and Overbooking

• Taking reservations is like preselling the service.

• Reservations may benefit consumers by reducing waiting and guarantee service availability.

• Approximately 50% of reservations get cancelled.

• Multiple reservations, late arrivals, no‐shows.

The company may fail to receive any revenue if a customer cancels the reservation or does not show up.

• Non‐refundable pre‐payment, overbooking

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8

Overbooking to Protect Revenue

Overbooking—accept more reservations than supply

Example: On average there would be 10 cancellations or no‐shows. So the hotel can accept 10 more reservations.

15

Too much overbooking: some customers may have to be denied a seat even though they have a confirmed reservation.

Too little overbooking: waste of capacity, loss of revenue

Example: Surfside Hotel

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expected number of no‐shows = 0(0.07)+1(0.19)+…+9(0.01)=3.04

Expected opportunity loss = 3.04 × $40 = $121.60

9

17

Cost of too many overbooking: Co=$100 for accommodation at some other hotel and additional compensation.

Cost of not enough overbooking: Cu=$40 per room.

Overbooking Solution

• Critical ratio 

• Find x such that x is the largest number that satisfies P(number of no‐shows < x) ≤ 0.286

• Optimal number of overbooking = 2

• There is about a 26% chance that the hotel will have more customers than rooms.

18

286.010040

40 ou

u

CCC

10

Strategies for Managing Capacity

7. Increasing customer participation

8. Creating adjustable capacity

Different aircrafts, ability to move rental cars around.

9. Cross‐training employees

10. Using part‐time employees

11. Revenue Management

19

7. Customer Participation

Customer participates actively in the service process.

Objectives:

• Cost reduction (less personnel is needed)

• Capacity becomes more “variable”, according to demand

Disadvantages:

• Customer expects quicker service

• Customer expects low prices (compensation for his help)

• Quality of customers “work” cannot be controlled by company (e.g., customer can leave his waste on the table)

11

8. Workshift Scheduling

• The peak to valley variation is 125 to 1.

• Carefully schedule the workforce so that the required service level can be maintained with the minimal cost.

21

Convert Demand and Schedule Shifts

22

12

Scheduling Consecutive Days Off

23

Scheduling Hourly Work Times: First Hour Principle   10  11  12  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 Requirement  4  6  8  8  6  4  4  6  8  10  10  6 Assigned  4       On Duty  4       

26

28

0    0       0      0       08       8       8      8       8

48

410

210

010

Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun

forecast 4 3 4 2 3 1 2A 4 3 4 2 3 1 2

B 3 2 3 1 2 1 2

C 2 1 2 0 2 1 1

D 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

9. Cross-training & Part-time Employees

Training employees to be able to do different tasks

• Demand peaks: Each employee performs his specialized work (e.g., cashier in a supermarket)

• Low demand: Employee performs additional tasks: Job is 

enlarged (e.g., filling the shelves in a supermarket)

Using part‐time employees

• When demand peaks can be foreseen: Additional staff can be employed for these times (e.g., lunchtime in restaurants)

• Skills needed low: Students can be taken (e.g., bakery)

13

11. Revenue Management

• Return = Revenue – Operations Cost

= Throughput  Price – Fixed Costs –Throughput  Variable Costs

– Reduce fixed costs

– Reduce variable costs

– Increase price

– Increase throughput

• If capacity is fixed and perishable, fixed costs are high and variable costs are low, increasing price and/or throughput to improve profitability.

25

Some U.S. Airline Industry Observations

• Carriers typically fill 72.4% of seats and have a break‐even load of 70.4%.

• From 1995‐1999 (the industry’s best 5 years ever) airlines earned 3.5 cents on each dollar of sales

• Very high fixed costs and perishable capacity.

• More ticket sales means more revenue and more profit.

• American Airlines estimated a profit of $1.5B over 3 years contributed by revenue management.

26

14

Yield Management: Airline Pricing

27

Example: Blackjack Airline

28

d = demand for full fare ($69) ~ N(60, 152)

Expected revenue=6960=$4140

Demand for “gamblers fare” ($49) is abundant

Expected revenue=4995=$4655

Decision:

x = seats reserved for full fare passengers

95 seats

15

Optimal Booking Solution

• (z)=P(d < x)=0.29 z= -0.55

29

)1,0(~15

60 Nddz

5115)55.0(60

55.01560

x

xz

29.04920

20)( ou

u

CCC

xdP

Cost of too many seats reserved: Co=$49

Cost of not enough seats reserved: Cu=$20

Optimal Revenue for Blackjack Airline

• Z= ‐0.55  Normal Loss Function L(z)

=NORMDIST(z,0,1,0)‐z*(1‐NORMSDIST(z)) =0.7328

• For full fare customer 

expected loss  (due to not enough seats reserved) =L(z)∙=0.7328=10.99

expected sales + expected loss = expected full fare demand

expected sales=expected demand‐expected loss   =60‐10.99=49.01

• Expected total revenue=49.01*69+(95‐51)*49 =$5537

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Yield Management for a Resort Hotel

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Ideal Characteristics for Yield Management

• Relatively Fixed Capacity

• Ability to Segment Markets

• Perishable Inventory

• Product Sold in Advance

• Fluctuating Demand

• Low Marginal Sales Cost and High Capacity Change Cost

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