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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENTINFORMATION TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT

資訊技術應用 資訊技術應用 Session 6Session 6OUTLINEOUTLINE LogisticsLogistics

• Review revised scheduleReview revised schedule Concept reviewConcept review (O) Ch2 & (L)Ch5: computer H/W terminology review. (O) Ch2 & (L)Ch5: computer H/W terminology review.

(Focus on terminology(Focus on terminology))• Computer categories & their generations/applComputer categories & their generations/appl• Computer system config.Computer system config.

• Centralized vs de-centralized / Client-server config / NCCentralized vs de-centralized / Client-server config / NC

• Computer systems & componentsComputer systems & components• Trends in H/W.Trends in H/W.

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Computer categories & their generationsComputer categories & their generations

• by by computing power/size:computing power/size: (micro - mid range - (micro - mid range - mainframe) (fg 2.1)mainframe) (fg 2.1)

supercomputer/mainframe/mini(work station)/supercomputer/mainframe/mini(work station)/micro/portable/NB/palm-topmicro/portable/NB/palm-top

• by by usageusage: generic vs specific (embedded system) : generic vs specific (embedded system) (eg: inventory counting/car rental)(eg: inventory counting/car rental)

• by by comp relationshipcomp relationship: network server vs client; : network server vs client; workstation; host vs device; workstation; host vs device;

• by by generationsgenerations: 1st - 5th gen (fg 2.2): 1st - 5th gen (fg 2.2)

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CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERSCATEGORIES OF COMPUTERSSome examples (by history)Some examples (by history)

SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTER MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME MINICOMPUTERMINICOMPUTER WORKSTATIONWORKSTATION PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)PERSONAL COMPUTER (PC)

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MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME LARGEST COMPUTER; several cabinetsLARGEST COMPUTER; several cabinets 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE

GIGABYTE RAMGIGABYTE RAM Typical applications:Typical applications:

• COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, MILITARY APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

• COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS ; COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS ; computation intensivecomputation intensive

• transaction-based, heavy-duty data processing,transaction-based, heavy-duty data processing,• large # of users; large amount of datalarge # of users; large amount of data

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MINICOMPUTERMINICOMPUTER MIDDLE-RANGE; single cabinetMIDDLE-RANGE; single cabinet 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE

GIGABYTE RAMGIGABYTE RAM Typical applications:Typical applications:

• UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABSUNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS

• USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR FOR MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME

• Engineering applications, ..Engineering applications, ..

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MICROCOMPUTER & LaptopsMICROCOMPUTER & Laptops DESKTOP OR PORTABLEDESKTOP OR PORTABLE 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 MEGABYTES RAM AFFORDABLEAFFORDABLE Typical appl:Typical appl:

• PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERSMANY AVAIPERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERSMANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTSLABLE COMPONENTS

• CAN BE NETWORKEDCAN BE NETWORKED• office appl., personal use, ..office appl., personal use, ..• Desk-top/Lap-top/PortableDesk-top/Lap-top/Portable

**

5.26

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WORKSTATIONWORKSTATION DESKTOP COMPUTERDESKTOP COMPUTER POWERFUL GRAPHICSPOWERFUL GRAPHICS EXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIESEXTENSIVE MATH CAPABILITIES MULTI-TASKINGMULTI-TASKING USUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL FUSUALLY CONFIGURED TO SPECIAL F

UNCTION (e.g.; CAD, ENGINEERING, GRUNCTION (e.g.; CAD, ENGINEERING, GRAPHICS)APHICS)

Typical appl:Typical appl:• Engineering / technical computationEngineering / technical computation

**

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SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTER

HIGHLY SOPHISTICATEDHIGHLY SOPHISTICATED COMPLEX COMPUTATIONSCOMPLEX COMPUTATIONS FASTEST & multiple CPUs FASTEST & multiple CPUs STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTSSTATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS EXPENSIVEEXPENSIVE Parallel computation (H/W & S/W)Parallel computation (H/W & S/W) Typical appl:Typical appl:

• LARGE SIMULATIONS (eg.: Nuclear explosion)LARGE SIMULATIONS (eg.: Nuclear explosion)• Extremely computation intensiveExtremely computation intensive• (Weather / image processing, etc.)(Weather / image processing, etc.)

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COMPUTER GENERATIONSCOMPUTER GENERATIONS

1. VACUUM TUBES: 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-19561946-1956

2. TRANSISTORS: 2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-19631957-1963

3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-19791964-1979

4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED4. VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED CIRCIRCUITS (VLSI):CUITS (VLSI): 1980- PRESENT1980- PRESENT

ULSI (Ultra Large-scale)ULSI (Ultra Large-scale)

5. ???5. ???

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BIT /BYTE/WORDBIT /BYTE/WORD • EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per bEBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (8 bits per b

yte)yte)• ASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits peASCII- American Standard Code for Information Exchange (7 or 8 bits pe

r byte)r byte)

MEMORY SIZEMEMORY SIZE KILOBYTE (KT): 2KILOBYTE (KT): 21010 bytes... 1024 bytes bytes... 1024 bytes MEGABYTE (MB): 2MEGABYTE (MB): 21010 KB... “million” bytes KB... “million” bytes GIGABYTE (GB): 2GIGABYTE (GB): 21010 MB... “billion” bytes MB... “billion” bytes TERABYTES (TB): 2TERABYTES (TB): 21010 GB... “trillion” bytes GB... “trillion” bytes

COMPUTER TIMECOMPUTER TIME

MillisecondMillisecond 1010-3-3 second secondMicrosecondMicrosecond 1010-6-6 second secondNanosecond Nanosecond 1010-9-9 second second PicosecondPicosecond 1010-12-12 second second

Commonsense MeasuresCommonsense Measures

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CLIENT SERVERREQUESTS

DATA,

SERVICE

USER INTERFACEUSER INTERFACE

APPLICATION APPLICATION FUNCTIONFUNCTION

DATADATA

APPLICATION FUNCTIONAPPLICATION FUNCTION

NETWORK RESOURCESNETWORK RESOURCES

CLIENT / SERVERCLIENT / SERVER NETWORKED COMPUTERSNETWORKED COMPUTERS CLIENT:CLIENT: user (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data, application,user (PC, workstation, laptop) requires data, application,

communications it does not havecommunications it does not have SERVER:SERVER: component (computer) having desired data, application, component (computer) having desired data, application,

communicationscommunications

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CENTRALIZED:CENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY PROCESSING BY CENTRAL COMPUTER SITECENTRAL COMPUTER SITE• ONE STANDARDONE STANDARD• GREATER CONTROLGREATER CONTROL

DECENTRALIZED:DECENTRALIZED: PROCESSING BY PROCESSING BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY SEVERAL COMPUTER SITES LINKED BY NETWORKSNETWORKS• MORE FLEXIBILITYMORE FLEXIBILITY• FASTER RESPONSEFASTER RESPONSE

NETWORK COMPUTERSNETWORK COMPUTERS NETWORK COMPUTER:NETWORK COMPUTER: simplified desktop simplified desktop

computer stores minimum data to function (uses computer stores minimum data to function (uses server)server)

CENTRALIZED / DECENTRALIZEDCENTRALIZED / DECENTRALIZED

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Computer systems & componentsComputer systems & components The system relationship: The system relationship:

– Input / processing / Output / storage / control (fg 2.9)Input / processing / Output / storage / control (fg 2.9)– CPU & peripheralCPU & peripheral

ComponentsComponents• CPU:CPU:• Primary StoragePrimary Storage

– Where your program & data must reside before prograWhere your program & data must reside before program is run.m is run.

– RAM / ROM / EPROM /EEPROMRAM / ROM / EPROM /EEPROM• Peripherals Peripherals

– all I/O devices and secondary storage devices. Online dall I/O devices and secondary storage devices. Online devices under CPU control.evices under CPU control.

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CPUCPUPRIMARYPRIMARY

STORAGESTORAGE

DATA BUSDATA BUS

ADDRESS BUSADDRESS BUS

CONTROL BUSCONTROL BUS

INPUT

DEVICES

OUTPUT

DEVICES

SECONDARY

STORAGE

COMPUTER COMPONENTSCOMPUTER COMPONENTS

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VLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPUVLSI CIRCUIT WITH CPU WORD LENGTH:WORD LENGTH: bits processed at one timebits processed at one time MEGAHERTZ:MEGAHERTZ: one million cycles per secondone million cycles per second DATA BUS WIDTH:DATA BUS WIDTH: bits moved between CPU & othebits moved between CPU & othe

r devicesr devices Bandwidth: Speed of data transmission. Bandwidth: Speed of data transmission. REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTINGREDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTING (RIS(RIS

C):C): embeds most used instructions on chip to enhance sembeds most used instructions on chip to enhance speedpeed

MultiMedia eXtension (MMX):MultiMedia eXtension (MMX): enhanced Intel chip imenhanced Intel chip improves multimedia applicationsproves multimedia applications

MIPS: Million Instruction Per SecondMIPS: Million Instruction Per Second

MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR

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EXAMPLES OF EXAMPLES OF MICROPROCESSORSMICROPROCESSORS

NAME MICROPROCESSOR WORD DATA BUS CLOCK SPEEDMANUFACTURER LENGTH WIDTH (MHz)

80486 INTEL 32 32 20 - 10068040 MOTOROLA 32 32 25 - 40

PENTIUM INTEL 32 64 75 - 200PENTIUM PRO INTEL 32 64 150 - 200

PENTIUM (MMX) INTEL 32 64 166 - 233PENTIUM II INTEL 32 64 233 - 450

PowerPC MOTOROLA, IBM, APPLE 32 64 100 - 250+ALPHA DEC 64 64 300+

=> Clock-less computer (asynchronous vs synchronous) => Clock-less computer (asynchronous vs synchronous)

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TYPES OF MEMORYTYPES OF MEMORY

RAM :RAM : Random Access MemoryRandom Access Memory• Dynamic: Changes thru processingDynamic: Changes thru processing• Static: Remains constant (power on)Static: Remains constant (power on)

ROM :ROM : Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)• PROM: Program can be changed oncePROM: Program can be changed once• EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet lightEPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light• EEPROM: Electrically erasableEEPROM: Electrically erasable

Mask ROMMask ROM Volatile vs Non-volatileVolatile vs Non-volatile Flash memoryFlash memory

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SEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSINGSEQUENTIAL & PARALLEL PROCESSING

SEQUENTIAL PARALLELSEQUENTIAL PARALLEL

TASK 1

RESULT

TASK 2

RESULT

ProgramProgram

CPUCPU

ProgramProgram

CPUCPU

ProgramProgram

CPUCPUTASK 2TASK 2

CPUCPUTASK 3TASK 3

CPUCPUTASK 1TASK 1

RESULTRESULT

vs. Multi-tasking. (Is it really true ?)vs. Multi-tasking. (Is it really true ?)

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DISKDISKTAPETAPEOPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGE

SECONDARY STORAGESECONDARY STORAGE

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DISK PACK STORAGEDISK PACK STORAGE

LARGE SYSTEMSLARGE SYSTEMS RELIABLE STORAGERELIABLE STORAGE LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATALARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLEQUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE TYPICAL: 11 2-SIDED DISKSTYPICAL: 11 2-SIDED DISKS CYLINDER: SAME TRACK ALL SURFACESCYLINDER: SAME TRACK ALL SURFACES

CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)

DISK 1DISK 1DISK 2DISK 2DISK 3DISK 3DISK 4DISK 4DISK 5DISK 5

READ/WRITEREAD/WRITEHEADSHEADS

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TRACKSTRACKS

STARTSTARTOFOFTRACKSTRACKS

DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0DIRECTORY ON TRACK 0

SECTORSECTOR

EACH TRACK HOLDSEACH TRACK HOLDSSASAME AMOUNT OF DATAME AMOUNT OF DATA

TRACKS AND SECTORS

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CD-ROM:CD-ROM: 500-660 MEGABYTES500-660 MEGABYTES• LAND: LAND: flat parts of disk surface reflects lightflat parts of disk surface reflects light

• PITS: PITS: small scratch on surface scatters lightsmall scratch on surface scatters lightWRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):WRITE ONCE / READ MANY (WORM):

• CD-R: CD-R: Compact Disk - RecordableCompact Disk - Recordable• CD-RW: CD-RW: CD - RewritableCD - Rewritable

DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD):DIGITAL VIDEO DISK (DVD): CD size, uCD size, up to 10 gigabytes of datap to 10 gigabytes of data

OPTICAL STORAGEOPTICAL STORAGE

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STANDARD FOR STANDARD FOR SEQUENTIAL FILESSEQUENTIAL FILES SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH SPOOL OF PLASTIC TAPE COVERED WITH

FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool)FERROUS OXIDE (2400 feet per spool) RECORD GROUPS: RECORD GROUPS: BLOCKING FACTOR BLOCKING FACTOR (e.g., 10 (e.g., 10

records per block)records per block) GROUPS SEPARATED BY GROUPS SEPARATED BY INTER-BLOCK GAPINTER-BLOCK GAP RECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIMERECORDS READ BLOCK AT A TIME USED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDSUSED PERIODICALLY TO BACK UP RECORDS INEXPENSIVEINEXPENSIVE

HEADER IBG BLOCK 1 BLOCK 2 BLOCK 3

MAGNETIC TAPE or CARTRIDGEMAGNETIC TAPE or CARTRIDGE

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PERIPHERAL DEVICESPERIPHERAL DEVICES POINTING DEVICESPOINTING DEVICES SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATION OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES

POINTING DEVICESPOINTING DEVICES• KEYBOARDKEYBOARD• MOUSEMOUSE

– WIREDWIRED– INFRA-REDINFRA-RED– TRACKBALLTRACKBALL– TOUCH PADTOUCH PAD

• JOYSTICKJOYSTICK• TOUCH SCREENTOUCH SCREEN

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SOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONSOURCE DATA AUTOMATIONCAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE CAPTURES DATA IN COMPUTER FORM AT TIME & PLACE

OF TRANSACTIONOF TRANSACTION OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR):OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION (OCR): saves saves

characters, formatcharacters, format BAR CODE:BAR CODE: identifies products in stores, warehouses, identifies products in stores, warehouses,

shipmentsshipments MAGNETIC INK CHARACTERMAGNETIC INK CHARACTER RECOGNITION (MICR):RECOGNITION (MICR):

special ink identifies bank, account, amountspecial ink identifies bank, account, amount PEN-BASED INPUT:PEN-BASED INPUT: digitizes signaturedigitizes signature DIGITAL SCANNER: translates images & characters into DIGITAL SCANNER: translates images & characters into

digital formdigital form VOICE INPUT DEVICES:VOICE INPUT DEVICES: converts spoken word into digital converts spoken word into digital

formform SENSORS:SENSORS: devices that collect data devices that collect data from from environment for environment for

computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges)computer input (e.g., thermometers, pressure gauges)

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OUTPUT DEVICES & DATA PROCESSING

OUTPUT DEVICESOUTPUT DEVICES CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT)CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) PRINTERPRINTER

– Impact: dot matrix, line printerImpact: dot matrix, line printer– Non-impact: laser, inkjetNon-impact: laser, inkjet

PLOTTERPLOTTER VOICE OUTPUT DEVICEVOICE OUTPUT DEVICE MULTIMEDIAMULTIMEDIA

DATA PROCESSINGDATA PROCESSING• BATCH PROCESSING: transaction data stored until convenient

to process as a group. Useful for less time-sensitive actions. • ON-LINE PROCESSING: transaction data entered directly into

system, constantly updating files. Requires direct-access devices. direct-access devices.

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Additional Basic TermsAdditional Basic Terms

FLOPS/MIPSFLOPS/MIPS CD/HD/FDCD/HD/FD dump terminal vs intelligent terminaldump terminal vs intelligent terminal Fault tolerant capabilityFault tolerant capability Disk shadowingDisk shadowing Disk arrayDisk array

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TrendsTrends faster / cheaper / smaller faster / cheaper / smaller (MICROMINIATURIZATION)(MICROMINIATURIZATION) / /

more reliable / easier UImore reliable / easier UI INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIAINTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA VIRTUAL REALITYVIRTUAL REALITY ENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEBENHANCED WORLD WIDE WEB SUPERCHIPSSUPERCHIPS FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERSFIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS MASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERSMASSIVELY PARALLEL COMPUTERS SMART CARDSSMART CARDS

Fig. 2.15; Fig. 2.24.Fig. 2.15; Fig. 2.24.