Simferopol 2011

Выполнили:Студенты 3 курсаНУБиПу КАТУ ЮФ Авраменко И.В.,Олейников Д.А.Научные руководители:Проф. Барсуков Н.П.,Проф. Пикалюк В.С.

Embryology- science about embryo, but it Embryology- science about embryo, but it includes more aspects. There are human, animal, includes more aspects. There are human, animal, plant embryology. Embryology of animals and man plant embryology. Embryology of animals and man studies pre-embryonic development , fertilization, studies pre-embryonic development , fertilization, embryonic development, т. of е. development of embryonic development, т. of е. development of embryo into egg and embryonic shells, larval (for embryo into egg and embryonic shells, larval (for many invertebrates and amphibious), post-many invertebrates and amphibious), post-embryonic (for fishes, reptiles and birds) or post-embryonic (for fishes, reptiles and birds) or post-natal (for mammals) period of development, natal (for mammals) period of development, proceeding to converting of developing organism proceeding to converting of developing organism into adult, able to propagate.into adult, able to propagate.

Embryology researches in India, China, Egypt and Embryology researches in India, China, Egypt and Greece reflected to religiously-philosophical Greece reflected to religiously-philosophical schoolsschools..

The important stage of development of The important stage of development of embryology was appearance works of В. embryology was appearance works of В. Koiter (1573) and Fabricias from Koiter (1573) and Fabricias from Aquapendente (1604), containing Aquapendente (1604), containing observances of chicken embryo observances of chicken embryo development.development.

A change in development of embryology A change in development of embryology came only from middle of 17 century, came only from middle of 17 century, when Garwey generalized ideas about an when Garwey generalized ideas about an egg as source of development of all egg as source of development of all animals,animals, similarly as well as the Dutch similarly as well as the Dutch scientist de Graaf (1672), signing the scientist de Graaf (1672), signing the follicles of ovary.follicles of ovary.

Pander in 1817 published work about Pander in 1817 published work about details of the early stages of chicken details of the early stages of chicken embryogenesis, in which expounded the embryogenesis, in which expounded the ideas about embryonic sheets.ideas about embryonic sheets.

Baer opened and described in 1827 an Baer opened and described in 1827 an egg in the ovary of mammals of animals egg in the ovary of mammals of animals and man. He developed a concept about and man. He developed a concept about embryonic sheets as basic embryonic embryonic sheets as basic embryonic organs and found out their subsequent organs and found out their subsequent fate. Comparative supervisions above fate. Comparative supervisions above embryonic development brought Baer to embryonic development brought Baer to the theoretical conclusions, the major is the theoretical conclusions, the major is a law of embryos similarity, this a law of embryos similarity, this similarity as more , as younger embryo similarity as more , as younger embryo is. is.

Remak setting the cellular structure Remak setting the cellular structure of embryonic sheetsof embryonic sheets

Kovalevsky and Mechnikov set Kovalevsky and Mechnikov set that development passed through that development passed through the stage of isolation embryonic the stage of isolation embryonic sheets. This fact underlay sheets. This fact underlay Kovalevsky's theory of embryonic Kovalevsky's theory of embryonic sheets (1871).sheets (1871).

On this theory were built On this theory were built hypothesis of Gekkel and studies hypothesis of Gekkel and studies of O.Gertwig and R.Gertwig of O.Gertwig and R.Gertwig about an origin and value of about an origin and value of middle embryonic sheet.middle embryonic sheet.

In parallel with descriptive researches the experimental embryology is developed.In parallel with descriptive researches the experimental embryology is developed. Experimental embryology became the arena of sharp discussions, related to the Experimental embryology became the arena of sharp discussions, related to the problems of general biology, of mechanic, vitalistic and other of interpretations of problems of general biology, of mechanic, vitalistic and other of interpretations of embryonic development.embryonic development.

proembryonic developmentproembryonic development , , fertilization, diviningfertilization, divining , , formation of embryonic sheetsformation of embryonic sheets , , organogenesisorganogenesis , , histogenesishistogenesis , , value of provisional organs and different displays of value of provisional organs and different displays of

pathological developmentpathological development . . stimulation of development through chemical agents embryonic stimulation of development through chemical agents embryonic

morphogenesismorphogenesis , , genetic and cytological bases of cellular differentitationgenetic and cytological bases of cellular differentitation , , influence of one parts of embryo on otherinfluence of one parts of embryo on other . .

watching living embryos with the use of the watching living embryos with the use of the cinema- and video surveyscinema- and video surveys

method of study of the fixed cuts of embryos by means of method of study of the fixed cuts of embryos by means of light, light, confocaconfocall and electronic microscopy, and electronic microscopy, historadiography, histo— and immunocytochemistryhistoradiography, histo— and immunocytochemistry

marking method, allows to study marking method, allows to study moving of cages in a developing moving of cages in a developing embryo.embryo.

methods of microsurgerymethods of microsurgery (included: removal of shells of (included: removal of shells of eggs of animals, eggs of animals, transplantation of parts of one transplantation of parts of one embryo to otherembryo to other ))

Transplantation of nucleus Transplantation of nucleus is a method, allowing to is a method, allowing to clone embryos. clone embryos.

These experiments pawned These experiments pawned basis of cloning higher basis of cloning higher vertebral and assisted vertebral and assisted appearance (in 1997) of appearance (in 1997) of famous sheep Dollyfamous sheep Dolly

Yet in 1967 conducted Yet in 1967 conducted researches of researches of characteristics ovule by characteristics ovule by scientists on the base of scientists on the base of the Crimean state the Crimean state medical institute medical institute

(Velikij P. )(Velikij P. )..

The newest achievement of The newest achievement of experimental embryology was experimental embryology was development of method of extra development of method of extra corporal fertilization.corporal fertilization.

Honor of creation of method of extra Honor of creation of method of extra corporal fertilization and transfer of corporal fertilization and transfer of embryo in an uterus belongs to the embryo in an uterus belongs to the English scientists — embryologist English scientists — embryologist Edwards and togynaecologist SteptouEdwards and togynaecologist Steptou ..

For ten of years till in 1978 in England first girl Eliza For ten of years till in 1978 in England first girl Eliza Brown, conceived in a tube, bore in the world, in printing Brown, conceived in a tube, bore in the world, in printing reports told that an italian doctor Petrucci successfully reports told that an italian doctor Petrucci successfully carried out the fertilization of human ovule out of organism, carried out the fertilization of human ovule out of organism, in vitro, and grew in artificial environment quite big in vitro, and grew in artificial environment quite big embryo.embryo.

Extra corporal Extra corporal fertilizationfertilization

Cell division of the Cell division of the human zygote out human zygote out organismorganism

At the department of histology, cytology and At the department of histology, cytology and embryology of the Crimean medical institute, embryology of the Crimean medical institute, headed by a professor Boris Pavlovich headed by a professor Boris Pavlovich Khvatov, conducted researches on the Khvatov, conducted researches on the artificial fertilization of ovules of animals out of artificial fertilization of ovules of animals out of organism, which carried out by Grigory organism, which carried out by Grigory Nikolaevich Petrov.Nikolaevich Petrov.

If experiments on the fertilization of ovules of If experiments on the fertilization of ovules of animals of in vitro will pass successfully :animals of in vitro will pass successfully : second step extra corporal fertilization,second step extra corporal fertilization,

third stepthird step - - to work out the problems of to work out the problems of sterilitysterility Now this method is used in livestock-Now this method is used in livestock-risingrising.. Scientists can get about 60 calfs in a Scientists can get about 60 calfs in a year.year.

With participation of Boris Trotsenko specially With participation of Boris Trotsenko specially for these experiments an artificial biological for these experiments an artificial biological cradle was created.cradle was created.

Assistant Korolev Vitalij Aleksandrovich Assistant Korolev Vitalij Aleksandrovich offered to add salpinx contentsoffered to add salpinx contents

More then 1100 ovules of animals were used. As More then 1100 ovules of animals were used. As a result of the conducted experiments the first a result of the conducted experiments the first embryos of pig and rabbit were got on the initial embryos of pig and rabbit were got on the initial stages of diviningstages of divining ..

Certain experience was already produced on the Certain experience was already produced on the fertilization of ovules of animals, and a scientist fertilization of ovules of animals, and a scientist went the tested way- were got human zygotes on went the tested way- were got human zygotes on the stage of 2th and 3th cells (blastomeres).the stage of 2th and 3th cells (blastomeres).

Embryo transplantationEmbryo transplantation /embryo technology/embryo technology\\ is is taken from one or more embryos from donors taken from one or more embryos from donors and transplanting to them to the recipients till and transplanting to them to the recipients till they will be born.they will be born.

About 100 years ago, on 27th April 1890, About 100 years ago, on 27th April 1890, Walter Heape transferred rabbit embryos from Walter Heape transferred rabbit embryos from one mother to another. One animal one mother to another. One animal became pregnant and delivered young from became pregnant and delivered young from the transferred embryos. Thus the first the transferred embryos. Thus the first mammalian embryo transfer experiment was mammalian embryo transfer experiment was successfully completedsuccessfully completed . . In 1930 scientists In 1930 scientists used this method on another animal – goat. used this method on another animal – goat. Than, till 1950, there were no successful Than, till 1950, there were no successful embryo transplantations.embryo transplantations. And only since 1970 And only since 1970 this method is used in livestock-rising.this method is used in livestock-rising.

In In 1954-1958 1954-1958 on the base of Crimean on the base of Crimean medicine institute were also researches medicine institute were also researches connected with transplantation of embryo to connected with transplantation of embryo to the mother-recipientthe mother-recipient.. More then 1000 embryos More then 1000 embryos were examined , such as: horse, pig, rabbit.were examined , such as: horse, pig, rabbit.

Embryo transplantationEmbryo transplantation

Method of transplantationMethod of transplantation

PPerspective erspective

Embryo transplantation is equal to artificial Embryo transplantation is equal to artificial fertilization in its potential.fertilization in its potential.

It helps to solve problems with many It helps to solve problems with many infectious diseasesinfectious diseases ( ( Rhinotracheitis Rhinotracheitis infectiosa , diarrhea virosa , leucosis ). infectiosa , diarrhea virosa , leucosis ).

Getting more then 50 embryos from one Getting more then 50 embryos from one donordonor

Opportunity to restore population of Opportunity to restore population of disappearing speciesdisappearing species