1

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian iterature

2

Georgian Folklore

6(XXII)

2012

3

qarTuli foklori

6(XXII)

2012

4

redaqtori rusudan ColoyaSvili saredaqcio kolegia irma ratiani nino balanCivaZe qeTevan elaSvili oTar oniani nestan ratiani irma yvelaSvili eka CxeiZe saredaqcio sabWo zaza abzianiZe zurab kiknaZe Teimuraz qurdovaniZe rostom CxeiZe Temur jagodniSvili saredaqcio kolegiis sapatio wevri qeTvin TuiTi (kanada) pasuxismgebeli mdivani soso tabucaZe qarTuli folklori, 2012 misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi, merab kostavas q. 5. telefoni: 99-18-81 faqsi: 99-53-00 E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge

Editor Rusudan Cholokashvili Editorial Board Irma Ratiani Nino Balanchivadze Ketevan Elashvili Otar Oniani Nestan Ratiani Irma Kvelashvili Eka Chkheidze Editorial Council ZaZa Abzianidze Zurab Kiknadze Teimutaz Kurdovanidze Rostom Chkheidze Temur Jagodnishvili Honorary member of editorial boord Kevin Tuite (Canada) Responsible Editor Sosdo Tabutsadze Georgian Folklor, 2012 Address: 0108, Tbilisi M. Kostava str. 5 Tel.: 99-18-81 Fax: 99-53-00 E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge

ISSN 1987-7021

5

miTi, rituali, simbolo

oTar oniani

axali masalebi qalRmerT dalize

svanur zepirsityvierebaSi qalRmerT dalize aRmoCnda

axali miTosuri gadmocemebi, romlebic samecniero litera-turaSi jer aravis gamouyenebia. isini gamoirCeva Temati-kuri siaxliTa da arqaulobiT. maTze damyarebiT SeiZleba axleburad daisvas mTeli rigi problemebi samonadireo epo-sisa da damoukideblad dalisa, kerZod: 1. nadirT patroni dalis bunebis genezisuri safuZvlebi, 2. gardaqmnis trans-formaciis gzebi da safexurebi, 3. funqciebi, 4. monadires-Tan urTierToba. moZiebuli masalis mniSvneloba mraval-mxrivia. igi gvexmareba imis garkvevaSic, Tu rogoraa dali warmodgenili svanTa cocxal yofierebasa da religiur rwmena-warmodgenebSi. ra gansakuTrebul Tvisebebs miaweren mas, ra aris misi gamorCeulobisa da popularobis umTavresi mizezi da bolos, ra adgili SeiZleba mieCinos mas qarTul warmarTul RvTaebaTa panTeonSi. yvela am kiTxvas qvemoT warmodgenili masalis frTxilma analizma unda upasuxos. es masalebi Caiweres da gamoaqveynes gamokvleviTurT: T. Can-tlaZem, q. margian-dadvanma, q. margian-subarma, maia saRlian-ma da rusudan ioselianma wignSi `kodoruli qronikebi~ (2007-10). irkveva, rom dalis xeobaSi moZiebuli masala mra-valmxrivaa saintereso: aq nadirT patronis kulti imdenad Zlieri iyo da aris kidec, rom igi mTeli xeobis macxov-rebelTa mfarvel arsebadaa miCneuli. mis saxelze saloca-via aSenebuli, msxverplsac swiraven da locva aRevlvineba. es ki arsebiTi xasiaTis siaxlea dalis saxis kvlevis istori-aSi, farTo gagebiT ki qarTuli kulturis kvlevis istori-aSi mTqmelis gadmocemiT, dalis xeobaSi sami eklesia dgas: erTi _ SiyerSi, meore _ ajaraSi, mesame _ CxalTaSi. Siyer-Si naeklesiarzea agebuli dalis salocavi. adgilobrivi mo-saxleobisaTvis yvela dResaswaulTa Soris (giorgoba, lama-rioba, uflisoba, aRdgoma, qalebis dResaswauli _ duloba) umTavresi qalRmerTi dalisadmi locva-vedreba iyo. gasaWi-ris Jams adamianebi dalis SesTxovdnen Svelas. damowmebuli fragmenti rTulia, erTi SexedviT, moulodnelic. marTlac,

6

rogor unda gavigoT, rom dResaswaulTa Soris umTavresi qalRmerTi dalisadmi locva-vedreba iyo, ras niSnavs es? an ratom ixsenieba warmarTuli RvTaeba qristianulebTan er-Tad? SemTxveviTobaa, Tu kanonzomierebasTan gvaqvs saqme? ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv qarTul, konkretulad ki svanur, eTnografiul da folklorul ZeglebSi? rasakvirvelia, aq komentaria aucilebeli. mTqmelis sityvebi ar unda gavigoT ise, TiTqos qristianul RvTaebaTa uflebamosilebebi, Rir-sebis xarisxi naklebi iyos an ar aRematebodes dalisas. da-mowmebul teqstSi Rrma azria Cadebuli, Znelad amosacnobi, mas religiur idumalebebamde mivyavarT. pirvel rigSi ga-saxsenebelia, rom dalis funqciebi mravalgvaria da farTo. igi ar SemoisazRvreba monadiresTan mxolod imgvari urTi-erTobebiT, rogorc es samecniero literaturaSia aRwerili.

teqstidan vgebulobT, rom dali nadirT patronobasTan erTad lokalurad SemosazRvruli sivrcis, dalis xeobis, mfarveli arsebaa. unda davZinoT, rom misi Zalmosileba am xeobis iqiT ar vrceldeba, rogorc fSav-xevsuruli miTo-logiis mixedviT aris kopalasa da iaxsaris sabrZanisebi Se-mosazRvruli. migvaCnia, rom dalis, rogorc konkretuli arealis binadarTa mfarvelis kulti, gansakuTrebiT Zli-eria adgilobriv mkvidrTa eTnografiul da folklorul ZeglebSi. amitomaa dawesebuli misi xseneba dResaswaulebze qristianul arsebebTan erTad. dalis aseT aRmatebul re-gistrSi warmodgena araa SemTxveviTi. magaliTad, Tavisufa-li svani (b. niJaraZe) aseT cnobas gvawvdis qalRmerT dali-ze: dali dedaTa sqesis arsebaa mudam kldeSi mcxovrebi. igi bednier monadires kidevac daenaxveba da maSin monadiris saqme gakeTebulia... magram monadirem ar unda gaamJRavnos es, Torem dalis ewyineba da kldeze gadaadgebs. iqve dasZens: `qalRmerT dalis wm. giorgisagan Cabarebuli hyavs jixvebi da arCevebi da maTi ricxvi, rogorc cocxlis, ise moklulis unda icodes. rac dalis jixvi da arCvi uyvars, imas mona-dires ar moakvlevinebs~ (niJaraZe 1964: 35). mowodebuli ma-salidan aSkaraa, rom warmarT da qristian arsebaTa Soris (wm. giorgisa da dalebs Soris) dapirispirebas adgili ara aqvs, piriqiT, es urTierToba keTilganwyobilia. funqciebi isea gadanawilebuli, rom dalebi TavianT valdebulebas yovelgvari winaaRmdegobebis gareSe asruleben wmindanis winaSe. amdenad, dalis xeobaSi moZiebul masalebSi nadirT patronis xseneba qristianul arsebebTan erTad, kanonzomi-eria. poeturi teqstebidanac dgindeba, rom qristian da war-

7

marT arsebaTa Soris urTierToba araa iseTi samkvdro-sasi-cocxlo xasiaTisa, rogoradac es samecniero literatura-Sia aRwerili. monadire Corlas erT-erT variantSi Corlam dasaSvebze meti nadiris mokvla moisurva. amis gamo dalebma SeboWes da kldeze gadmokides. sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze mdgarma Corlam Tavisi erTguli ZaRli yorana gagzavna ZmebTan, rom Tof-iaraRi da Zvlebi Sin waiRon. gzaze yora-nas wm. giorgi Sexvda, daamSvida: `CorlasTan gaabruna: Cems mosvlamde gamagdreso!.. dalebTan molaparakebas gavmarTa-vo! ufali giorgi zeviT abrZanda, Tqva: Corla gamouSviTo. es dalebma gaikvirves... bolos dalebma mociquls uTxres. `Corlas gamouSvebTo, magram niSnad marjvena mxars mov-texT! Corla gamouSves marjvena mxari mostexes~ (svanuri 1939: 300).

rogorc vxedavT, dalTa laSqari b variantSi mZlavrad gamoiyureba. mas Tavisi sauflo aqvs, igi Seuvalia, mtkiced icavs Tavis uflebebs. laSqars ukvirs wm. giorgis moTxovna monadire Corlas gaTavisuflebaze. molaparakeba uflebri-vad TiTqmis Tanabar doneze xdeba. dalebis pozicia imdenad mtkicea, rom ukvirT Corlas dausjelad gaTavisufleba. konkretul SemTxvevaSi saintereso isaa, rom monadire Cor-las dasaSvebze meti nadiri ar mouklavs. e. i. samis meti, mag-ram igi mcdelobisaTvis (meoTxes mokvla gadawyvita) dasa-jes da kldeze gadmokides. Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom wmin-danTan urTierToba mociqulis doneze gadawyda. vinaa es mociquli, teqstidan ar Cans. rasakvirvelia, mociquli ver iqneba adamiani, Tundac saxelganTqmuli monadire.

misi saxeli idumalebis burusiTaa mosili. esec gasage-bia, vinaidan saqme gvaqvs monadireTa saidumlo enasTan. cxa-di isaa, rom qristian da warmarT arsebaTa Soris uTanxmo-ebas mxolod sulieri Zalebi agvarebs. amdenad, dalis xe-obis masalebSi nadirT patroni rom ixsenieba dResaswauleb-ze qristianul arsebebTan erTad, Tavisi safuZveli aqvs.

dalisadmi Tayvaniscema ise Rrmadaa gamjdari adgilob-riv mkvidrTa wes-Cveulebebsa da fsiqikaSi, rom stumars maspinZeli ase mimarTavs: `karg gunebaze momsvlodeT, nadi-robis qalRmerTi dalis salocavi Seewios yvelas, vinc am xeobaze kargs fiqrobdes, vinc cdilobdes, rom dalSi (xe-obaSi) kargi gaakeTos, kargi moimoqmedos, dalis salocavma uSvelos imaT~. mTqmeli locavs masalis Camwers, rom mas da mis amxanagebs dali Seewios, misi madliani kalTa faravdeT keTili saqmis aRsrulebaSi. rogorc vxedavT, aq sxva qristi-

8

anuli arsebebi ar ixsenieba. esec axali elementia dalis kvlevis istoriaSi. sainteresoa, rom svanur sadRegrZelo-ebSi pirveli sadRegrZelo ekuTvnis mama RmerTs, svanurad xoSa RerbeTs _ ufros RmerTs, meore _ miqael mTavarange-lozs, mesame _ wm. giorgis. Camweris kiTxvas: `dali monadi-reTa patroni da mfarvelia, magram aravis vnebs~? mTqmeli pasuxobs: `piriqiT, ai, Cven roca mis sadRegrZelebel Wiqas viRebT, maSin yovelTvis vTxovT: Seni TeTri kalTa gadagva-fare da Segvinaxe, vinc Rirsi viyoTo. rogorc vxedavT, masa-la Zalze sainteresod iwereba: Camweri q. margiani ekiTxeba: Tqven evedrebiT, magram bevri monadire xom dauRupavs? mTqmeli kidev ufro azustebs da akonkretebs naTqvams ise, rom gaugebrobisaTvis adgili aRar rCeba. migvaCnia, rom mTqmelTan swored amgvari muSaobaa dasanergi, rom dazus-tebuli, yovelnairad sando masala movipovoT. pasuxSi ig-rZnoba mTqmelis Sinagani rwmena, rom misi naTqvami sruli simarTlea. Camweris kiTxvas igi aseT axsnas uZebnis: `ra Tqma unda. bevri monadire ratom hyavs daRupuli ici? is gaf-rTxilebs, rom `Cems Zalas Tu ar daemorCilebi da gadauxvev, maSin ganwiruli xar~. dali dagarigebs xolme da raRac ni-Sans gCuqnis: ai, is niSani unda Seinaxo ise, rom aravis aCveno, aravis uTxra. Sen Tu vinmes etyvi amis Sesaxeb an Tu vinmes daanaxveb, maSin CaTvale, rom ganwiruli xar. Tu Rrmad da-vakvirdebiT teqstis Sinaarss, aRmoCndeba, rom mTqmelis si-tyvebSi bevri sirTulea: ras niSnavs gamoTqma: `Cems Zalas Tu ar daemorCilebi~, ra Zalazea saubari? ra igulisxmeba ZalaSi? pirdapiri pasuxi ar Cans, magram am axsna-ganmarte-biTi saubridan irkveva, rom igi saCuqaria, qalRmerTis mier monadireze daSvebuli madlia, am madlis ganivTebuli saxiT boZeba mokvdavisa da ukvdavis gansakuTrebul urTierTo-baze migvaniSnebs. swored am saCuqriT gebulobs dali mona-dirisa da Semdgom ki mTeli saxleulobis saidumloebebs. monadire uzarmazari gamocdis winaSe dgas, pirvel rigSi su-lieri gamocdis winaSe. igi unda gaufrTxildes dalis mier boZebul saCuqars, mas magiuri Zala aqvs, monadire `iRbli-ani~ xdeba, xeli emarTeba nadirobaSi, sawadeli usruldeba. mainc ra niSania es? el. virsalaZem Tavis monografiaSi spe-cialuri Tavi uZRvna am problemas _ `dalis saCuqari~ (virsalaZe 1964: 58), es SeiZleba iyos: beWedi, TavSali, vazne-bi, qarvis mZivi, makrateli, amas unda davumatoT xelsaxoci, `Tuali~, `ledi~ da `juRvi~ (Zvali), kvercxiviT mrgvali oq-ro, SeiZleba raRaca TeTri naWeri. ramdenadac dalis xeoba-

9

Si moZiebuli masala dalis saCuqarTan dakavSirebiTac, siax-leebs gvTavazobs, saWirod migvaCnia, zogadad SevCerdeT mis mniSvnelobaze, vinaidan bolomde es sakiTxi TviT el. vir-salaZis naSromSic ar aris garkveuli. viciT, rom monadire seriozuli arCevanis winaSe dgas. ramdenadaa igi mzad RvTiT boZebuli madlis bolomde SesanarCuneblad; saiTkenaa mid-rekili _ warmavalisken (wuTieri), Tu waruvalisken (mara-diulisaken)? aris Tu ara igi mzad RvTiuri saidumloebis dasacad? marTalia monadire frTxilobs, saidumlod ina-xavs dalis mier boZebul saCuqars, magram coli poulobs yuTSi Senaxul TavSals, Tu vaznebs. amis gamo monadire iRupeba. e.i. aq dalis risxva vrceldeba mxolod monadireze. Cvens mier moZiebul masalaSi dalis saCuqarTan mTeli sax-leulobis bedisweraa dakavSirebuli, saidumlos gamJRavne-bis SemTxvevaSi isjeba mTeli ojaxi. ase magaliTad, erT-erT miTosur gadmocemaSi `RunCaanT ufrosi da dali~ aRweri-lia, rom `qalRmerTma Seiyvara monadire da Tuali aCuqa, Tan gaafrTxila, rom saidumlo ar gaemxila, Tu ara saqme cudad wavao, Tu rame degemarTeba, Sen Tavs daabrale~. miuxedavad amgvari gafrTxilebisa monadirem ver gamoiCina nebis sim-tkice. coli SeuCnda, imdeni eCiCina, rom aTqmevina, Tuali dalma maCuqao, bolomde verc ki moaswro Tqma, rom saxli da yvelaferi airia... adamianebi mTlianad amowydnen... Turme Tuali gamomxtara skivridan da dalTan Sesula. simdidre mTelma sofelma dainawila~ (oniani 2009: 292). gadmocemis mixedviT Tuali manaTobelia. mTqmelis sityvebiT, romel saxlSic aris dabrZanebuli, is mosaxle yvelaferSi xelmo-marTuli da gamarjvebulia. Tuali saswaulebrivi Tvisebe-bisaa, igi ojaxis bednierebis, janmrTelobis, gamravlebis, dovlaTianobisa da yovelgvari sikeTis momtania. Tualis movla-patronoba, saidumlod Senaxva ojaxis wevrTa wmida-Ta-wmida valia, sulieri gamocdaa (oniani 2003: 285-287). mTe-li rigi gadmocemebis mixedviT RvTiuri nawili davanebulia gareuli cxovelis, zogjer Sinaurisac, TirkmelSi kvercxi-viT mrgvali oqros saxiT an neknze Sezrdili. svanurad `le-dol~, ufro zustad `led~. `ol~ aq kninobiTobis aRmniSvne-li sufiqsia. orive saswaulebrivi Tvisebebisaa, misi mflo-beli monadire da mTeli saxleulobac xelmomarTulia. zog-jer gulRviZlSic aris davanebuli aseTi RvTiuri nawili. maT mniSvnelobasa da specifikurobaze vrclad gvaqvs sauba-ri dasaxelebul naSromSi. ase rom, axali svanuri miTosuri gadmocemebi bevr siaxeles gvTavazobs dalis saCuqris swo-

10

rad gasaazreblad. ikveTeba, rom el. virsalaZis naSromSi damowmebuli masalis mixedviT, monadireTa umravlesobas Ralatobs nebis simtkice da ver icavs saidumlos. aseT Sem-TxvevaSi qalRmerTi dali daundobelia, misgan patieba gamo-ricxulia da monadire isjeba. Cven mier moZiebul teqstebSi sagrZnobladaa gazrdili dalis saCuqris mniSvneloba da TviT nadirT patronis funqciebic. misi sasjeli mTel sax-leulobaze vrceldeba. aris kidev erTi saintereso gadmo-cema `dvidilaanT bipu~, romelSic mTavarma gmirma WeSmari-ti monadirisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nebis simtkiciT bolom-de daicva piroba, gauZlo yovelgvar sulier gamocdas da, dalisave dabedebiT, dvidilaanT sagvareuloSi yvela kargi monadire iyo. am gadmocemaSi kidev ufro gazrdilia dalis uflebamosileba, igi mTel sagvareuloze, sazogadoebaze vrceldeba. amitom vfiqrobT, rom nadirT patronis meufe-obas dalis xeobaze Tavisi safuZveli aqvs da metad amaRle-bul registrSia warmodgenili, rogorc arealis mcxovreb-Ta uSualo mfarveli.

dalis xeobaSi Cawerili gadmocemebidan qalRmerTis saCuqarTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa saxelganTqmuli mona-diris pimen jajvanis Tavgadasavali. gadmocema gvauwyebs, rom mas dalis saCuqari ver Seunaxavs kargad, amitom daRu-pula. saCuqarisaTvis cols miugnia da gamoutania samalavi-dan. soflidan Sors myofma pimenma igrZno, rom mis Tavs ube-dureba iyo datrialebuli. amitom sirbiliT wamovida sax-lSi da uTqvams: _ amis Semdeg didxan ver vicocxlebo, Cemi cxovreba damTavrdao. ori weliwadi aRar wasula sanadirod da roca wasula, daRupula. bolo nanadirevi niSniani jixvi yofila. mTidan Camomsvenebel monadire vaJkacebs uTqvamT: mTvariani jixvi pimenisaTvis dals gamougzavnia da daumar-cxebia kideco~ (CantlaZe... 2007: 107-520).

gadmocemaSi sainteresoa monadiris sityvebi: `gulma migrZno, rom Cems samalavSi (Tofebis) viRac faTurobda~... damowmebuli fraza mniSvnelovani siaxlea. marTalia, saCu-qars magiuri Zala aqvs da misi mflobeli monadire iRbli-ania, magram cnobilia, rom saCuqriT mxolod dali gebulobs monadirisa da saxleulobis saiduloebebsa da praqtikul saWiroebebsac. monadirisaTvis aseTi unari, rom gaigos sa-Cuqris dakargva da mosalodneli ubedureba, pirveli Sem-Txvevaa, es mxolod pimen jajvania; saCuqari ki manaTobeli, molaplape naWeri yofila. dalis risxva agreTve vrceldeba yvelaze, vinc mas augad an dacinviT moixseniebs.

11

monadireTa gadmocemiT, dali ulamazesia, aqvs koWebam-de mwvdomi oqros nawnavebi, misi mudmivi sabrZanisi kldo-van-yinulovani arealia da Semoxveuli aqvs TeTri mosasxami. xSirad TeTri kabiTac dadis. unda ganvmartoT: TeTrs fizi-kuri feris gageba ki ar aqvs, aramed gulisxmobs naTels. qalRmerTi dalic naTliT mosilia, manaTobeli. sadac igi gamoCndeba, is midamo, is adgili naTliTaa mofenili. kodo-ruli qronikebidan kidev erTi gadmocemaa saintereso. Cam-weris _ medea saRlianis kiTxvaze: ai, dalebisa da amisTa-nebis gjera? mTqmeli jaja gasviani pasuxobs: `Zalian (mag-rad) mjera... erTxel mivdivarT me da Cemi da, qvemoTac tyea da zemoTac. am dros gzaze Camovida imisTana qaliSvili, rom Tavis dReSi imisTanas verc vnaxav da arc minaxavs... Cven saqonels veZebdiT, iqauri megona da vkiTxe: Cveni saqoneli ar ginaxavs-meTqi? man erTi gadmogvxeda da mere qvemoT Cavi-da... mTaSi nisli icis, erTxel mivdivarT, kldeebis Ziramde mivediT, nisli gaifanta, davinaxeT, qals bavSvi axlavs... zeda tanze Semoxveuli hqonda SarfiviT. me Semomxeda, lamis guli wagvivida orives, gulma kankali damiwyo, aqeT gamovi-xede da aravinaa... saxlSi rom movediT, debma grZnoba dav-kargeT. yvelaferi es Cemi TvaliT maqvs nanaxi. ufrosma qa-lebma dagvadebines pirsaxoci da salocavi purebi. bavSvi axlda da pirsaxoci dasWirdeboda... sxvebsac unaxavT. mTqme-li dasZens, rom yovel weliwads samjer aRvavlenT dalisad-mi locvas... manamdec iyo, magram ufro metad omis Semdeg daiwyo imaze locva. ufrosebma icodnen, rom dalisaa es xeoba da dals yvelaferi SeuZlia, dideba mis saxels...~

`dalis salocavi SevqmeniT (locva SevuTqviT, aRvavli-neT) am ltolvilobisas. am omis (igilisxmeba afxazeTTan omi _ o.o.) Semdeg aTi weli iqneba gasuli, es rom SemoviReT... dalis mflobelis, dalis salocavi SevqmeniT: zvarakad moz-vers vuZRvniT, or xbosac vyidulobT, oRond mozvers garda sxva araferi varga. icode, aqedan svaneTi Sorsaa da vlo-culobT aq Cveni xeobis gadarCenas: `dalis mflobelo! aba, Seni keTili kalTa gadagvafare, boroti ar mouSva Cvenamde (`Cvens mtrebs ar moaRwevinoT Cvenamde), Cvens saxls simagre mieci (kargi salte mouWire, rom dangrevis saSiSroeba ar hqondes), qaris rom ar gveSinodes, zvavis rom ar gveSinodes, mteri Cvenamde ar mouSva. RmerTs mxolod kargi moetanos CvenTvis~ (Cantlaze... 2007: 10-740).

warmodgenili masalis fonze isev gadasaxedia dalis mkvlevarTa Tvalsazrisebi, TiTqos warmarTulma qalRmer-

12

Tebma sruli tranformacia ganicada... matriarqatis drois keTili RvTaeba dali TandaTan borot tyis qalad (ali) gar-daisaxa, rom mis adgils warmarTul panTeonSi kacRvTaeba (afsaTi) iWers (Ciqovani 1959). unda aRvniSnoT, rom mkvle-varTa Tvalsazrisebi winaswar SemuSavebul azrebs ufro emyareba, vidre zusti teqstobrivi dakvirvebebis Sedegad miRebul daskvnebs. tradiciuli da axlad moZiebuli masa-lis analiziT dgindeba, rom saqme gvaqs nadirT patroni da-lis funqciebis gardaqmna-daqveiTebis mxolod procesTan da ara srul transformaciasTan, dacemasTan. erT-erT leqssimReraSi `monadire~ nadirT RvTaebad afsaTia moxse-niebuli, qalRmerTi dalis Svili, maT Soris urTierToba keTilganwyobilia, erTad qmedoben, ajildoeben Svilis ga-damrCen monadires seqtemebris TveSi jixvebiT. rogorc vxe-davT, erT dros nadirT RvTaeba dalis funqciebi Sekveci-lia, daqveiTebuli, igi ojaxis diasaxlisis rolSia. misi Svi-li afsaTi ki kacRvTaebaa, nadirT patroni. imasac davsZenT, rom svanur folklorSi ali damoukidebeli TavisTavadobaa, igive iTqmis tyis qalzec, TiToeulze sakmarisad mdidari masala mogvepoveba. tyis qals svanur zepirsityvierebasa da eTnografiaSi maqciobis unari aqvs. mamakacs igi misTvis sa-surveli qalis iersaxiT ecxadeba da acTunebs kidec. mas si-keTis gakeTebac SeuZlia. qalRmerT dalis aranairi maqcioba ar sWirdeba, igi ulamazesia, mis mxilvel monadires goneba ebindeba. monadiresTan mis urTierTobas sxva sirTuleebi axlavs... es sakiTxi vrclad gvaqvs ganxiluli dasaxelebul naSromSi (oniani 2009: 190-387). ase rom, dali arc tyis qala-daa gardaqmnili, arc _ alad, igi damoukidebeli TavisTa-vadobaa, kulturuli gmiris mSobeli deda.

dali svanur zepirsityvierebasa da eTnografiul yofa-Si keTili RvTaebis tips ganasaxierebs. mis bunebaSi trans-formaciis gzebi da safexurebi ikveTeba. maT Soris Tavda-pirveli Cans monadiris sizmriseuli xilvebi. dali faru-lad inspirirebs monadireze da aZlevs niSans, rom igi nadi-robidan xelcarieli ar dabrundeba. meore etapze nadirT patroni Soridan SeiZleba daenaxvos monadires. es ki imis niSania, rom xeli moemarTeba nadirobaSi, magram monadirem es ar unda gaamJRavnos, Tu ara daiRupeba. mesame safexurze ki dali uSualod ecxadeba monadires, rCeva-darigebas aZ-levs da aswavlis, Tu rogori niSniT gamorCeuli jixvi da arCvia gamoSvebuli misTvis mosanadireblad. am etapze inti-

13

mur urTierTobaze fiqric ki uxerxulia. meoTxe safexurze ki rCeuli monadire misi satrfoa.

damowmebani:

virsalaZe 1964: virsalaZe e. qarTuli samonadireo eposi. Tb.:

`mecniereba~, 1964. niJaraZe 1964: niJaraZe b. istoriul-eTnografiuli werilebi. I. Tb.:

Tsu gamomcemloba, 1964. oniani 2009: oniani o. kulturuli gmiris problema qarTul

folklorSi. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 2009. svanuri poezia 1939: svanuri poezia. teqstebi Sekribes da gamosces a.

SaniZem, v. Tofuriam da m. gujejianma. Tb.: Tsu stamba, 1939. CantlaZe... 2007-2010: CantlaZe T., margiani-dadvani q., margiani-

subari q., saRliani m., ioseliani r. kodoruli qronikebi (gamokvle-viTurT). 2007-2010.

Ciqovani 1959: Ciqovani m. qarTuli eposi. wigni I. Tb.: saq ssr mecn. akad. gamomcemloba, 1959.

Otar Oniani

New Materials on the Goddess Dali

Summary

In the Svan folklore new mythic narratives related to the goddess Dali which have not yet been used by anybody in the scholarly literature, are found out. They are distinguished by thematic novelty and archaism. On the basis of them a number of questions of Georgian hunting epics can be put anew irrespective of Dali: 1.The fundamentals for the genesis of the nature of the hunting goddess; 2. Roads and steps of transformation; 3.Functions; 4.Relationship with a hunter. It turns out that the cult of hunting patron Dali was and is so strong in the folklore and ethnographic life of the locals that she is recognized as a protectress of all inhabitants in the ravine. A shrine is built in her honor where sacrifices are made and prayers are recited. She is venerated along with Christian creatures and the most important thing during the feasts was a pleading prayer to her. This fact is an essential novelty in the history of research into Dali and in the broader sense, in the history of Georgian culture too.

14

nino sozaSvili

`amiranianis~ sairmeTi

`amiraniani~, qarTuli miTologiuri eposis ubrwyinva-lesi Zegli, miTologiuri saxismetyvelebis Taviseburi sis-temis erT-erTi uZvelesi Tavfurcelia. masSi bevri ramaa iseTi Semonaxuli, rasac mudmivi Zieba sWirdeba. `amirano-logiam~ dRemde araerT mniSvnelovan kiTxvas gasca pasuxi. bevri problemaa damuSavebuli da gadaWrili, magram bevric axlebur axsnas moiTxovs. aseTTa Soris moiazreba qarTuli xalxuri eposis am unikaluri Zeglis saxismetyveleba, Zeg-lis zRapriseuli Sreebi, bibliuri pasaJebi da a.S.

rogorc wesi, definiciis arsSi unda idos is yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rasac saxismetyveleba unda efuZnebodes. albaT ar SevcdebiT Tu vityviT, rom saxismetyveleba sa-idumloebis Senaxvis erT-erTi SesaZleblobaa; Tavad saxe TavisTavad mdumarea da usityvo manam, sanam misi ametyvele-ba ar moxdeba. metyveleba ki imis gaxmovanebis cdaa, rasac es saxe Tavisi dumiliT faravs.

analogiuri mdgomareoba gveqneba `amiranianis“ saxeTa ametyvelebis SemTxvevaSic. Tundac: amiranis xmali amiran-Tan erTadaa dabadebuli da isic tyupiscalTan erTad izrdeba. amiranis fars mxolod patronis samsaxuri SeuZlia, amiranis dana xanjlis analogia da a. S. sagani mxatvrul sa-xed qceviT iZens gansakuTrebul Sinaarss. mxolod am Sinaar-siTaa igi metyveli saxe, mxolod amis Semdeg iqceva igi saxis funqciis matareblad.

`amiranis~ variantebis erTobas `amiranians~ vuwodebT. `amiranianis~ monografiuli Seswavlis Sedegebis publikaci-aTa Soris bevria gamorCeuli. m. Ciqovanis naSromSi `mijaW-vuli amirani~ gamokvlevasTan erTad Tavmoyrilia teqstis im droisaTvis cnobili yvela varianti mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT. aq mecnieri, Txzulebidan gamomdinare, uamrav problematikas ganixilavs, gvaZlevs Sesabamis daskvnebs. am sakiTxTa Soris aris irmis saxe da masTan dakavSirebuli Ta-viseburebani. mkvlevari irmis kultis arsebobas nadirobis ritualis mniSvnelovan elementad miiCnevs.

`amiranianis~ siuJetis ganviTarebasa da srulyofaSi erT-erTi centraluri adgili ukavia amiranisa da misi Zme-bis nadirobis motivs. TxzulebaSi am epizodis (mxedveloba-

15

Si gvaqvs `sanadirod wamovidnen amiran da Zmani misni~...). calkeul nawilTa Seswavla Txzulebis saxismetyvelebis TaviseburebaTa kvlevas uTuod Sehmatebs axals.

amjerad Cveni mizania, am epizodebidan ramdenime enigmas mivapyroT mzera. pirveli: `mTas iremi wamouxtaT~ (`win iremi SemohyrodaT~); meore: `oqrosia rqani misni~ (`casa swvdeba rqani misni~); mesame: `da meaTe algeTisi~ (`mecamete algeTi-si~). variaciuli Tqma-wakiTxvani gasagebia da zepirsityieri ZeglisaTvis bunebrivi.

monadireni irems gadaeyarnen SemTxveviT Tu RvTis brZanebiT. ratom aris iremTan monadireTa Sexvedris adgi-li maincdamainc mTa da ara, vTqvaT, veli, mindori, tye da a. S. cxadia, aq ar ikmarebs mxolod cnobili leqsis damowmeba:

iremo, mTasa myviralo, ram Camogagdo barada?! ...

aq sxva unda iyos mTavari. mTa uflis sabrZanebelia. sani-muSod davimowmebT uflis werils: iesom `viTarca ganuteva eri igi, aRvida m T a s a locvad Tvisagan, da Se-rai-mwux-rda, martoi iyo mun~ (maTe 14,23); `da viTarca dajda igi m T a s a mas zeTisxilTasa, moujdes mas mowafeni Tvisagan da etyodes~ (maTe 24,3); `... da ganvida Tavadi m T a d k e r Z o locvad da Ramesa aTevda locviTa RmrTisa mi-marT” (luka 6,12) da kidev: `da iyofvoda Tavadi taZarsa mas Sina dRisi da aswavebda; xolo Rame ganvidis da iqcevin m T a s a mas, romelsa rhqvan zeTisxilTai“ (luka 21, 37). mTis definicia analogiuria fsalmunebSic.

irmis simbolikaSi xazi esmis rqaTa Taviseburebas. rqo-san CliqosanTa Soris iremi imdenad sakraluria, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi calkeul sagvareuloTa droSebze misi simbo-lika saCinoa...

`amiranianis~ morfologiiT, iremi RvTis sauflos, RvTis samflobelos binadaria. amdenad igi wminda cxovelia, rasac misi rqebis Taviseburebac mowmobs, _ `cas swvdeboda rqani misni~ (variantebi: qarTli, kaxeTi, mesxeT-javaxeTi da sxv.).

ratom aris ca maRalze ufro maRlis sazomad miCneuli? pasuxi erTaderTia: ca Tu caTaca, aseve, uflis sabrZanebelia.

me-11 fsalmuni: ufali Tavis wminda taZarSia, caSia uflis taxti.

16

me-20 fsalmuni: axla mivxvdi, rom ixsna ufalma cxebuli Tvisi, Tavisi wminda zecidan upasuxebs mas.

33-e fsalmuni: zecidan imzireba ufali, xedavs yvela adamians, Tavis sabrZanisidan uTvalTvalebs qveynis yvela mkvidrs.

Soreuli warsulidan `amiranianiT~ miRebuli memkvidre-oba cxadyofs, rom dedamiwaze m T i s analogiuria kosmiuri ca, orive sabrZanebelia uflisa. gamomdinare aqedan naTe-lia, rom aq binadari iremi mxolod sakraluri SeiZleba iyos.

gavyveT TxzulebaSi monadireTa kvals. `amiranianis~ irmebs erTmaneTisagan pirvel rigSi garegnuli dekori gamoarCevs. aq sxva komponentebTan erTad wminda cxovelis sakraluri rqebia gaTvalsaCinoebuli. monadire Zmebis mier wamofrenili irmis rqebi cas swvdeba, Zeglis qarTluri varianti gveubneba:

sanadirod wamovidnen amiran da biZa misni, mTas iremi wamouxtaT, cas swvdeboda rqani misni.

(Ciqovani 1947: 273)

rqebiT casmibjenili irmis qarTluri versiis analogi-uria, sof. erTawmindeli gigo elisabedaSviliseuli teqsti (Ciqovani 1947: 286); kaxuri i.kaxeliseuli variantis monacemi (Ciqovani 1947: 301) da igive faqtia fiqsirebuli teqstis mesxur-javaxur variantSi (SaniZe 1957: 333). aqve SevniSnavT, rom irmis kulti gansazRvruli ar aris romelime xalxis re-ligiiT, eTnografiiT, folkloriT. igi TiTqmis mTeli kav-kasiis xalxTa areals moicavs, rac maT yofasa da xelovne-baSia fiqsirebuli. irmis kulti mkveTrad ukavSirdeba cxo-velTa mfarvel RvTaebas, amdenad igi uTuod aris sakra-luri cxoveli da masTan mtkice kavSirSi ganixileba. qar-Tul sinamdvileSi, _ wers m. xidaSeli, _ `cxovelTa mfar-veli RvTaebis zoomorfulsa da uZveles saxes warmoadgens jixvi, i r e m i an arCvi“ (xidaSeli 1972:65).

win iremi wamouxtaT oqrosia rqani misni.

(Ciqovani 1947:297)

17

analogiuria sxva kuTxeTa teqstebis monacemebic. fSa-vuri versiiT:

mTas iremi wamouxtaT, oqro iyo rqani misni.

(Ciqovani 1947: 297)

gansxvavebul wakiTxvas iZleva mesxur-javaxuri teqsti:

mTas iremi CamouxtaT, oqro iyo rqani misni.

(Ciqovani 1947: 297)

maSasadame, sanadirod wamosul amiransa da mis Zmebs ara ubralo, Cveulebrivi, aramed yvela sxvaTagan gansxvavebuli iremi xvdebaT. igi oqrosrqebiania. SevniSnavT, rom es iremi Zmebs ara velze, barad, aramed mTaSi xvdebaT. rogorc mes-xur-javaxuri teqsti gvimowmebs, Zmebs iremi mTidan `Camo-uxtaT~, rac sruliad gansxvavebuli Sexvedraa gansxvavebul rqebian iremTan. aq bunebrivad erwymian erTmaneTs RvTis sabrZanebeli ca, mTa da cis mimwvdomi oqrosrqebiani iremi.

oqrosrqianoba, rogorc vTqviT, am irems uTuod gamor-Ceul sxva rigis niSnebis mqone irmebisagan. aseTi niSnebi SeiZleba yofiliyo, vTqvaT, Cveulebrivi rqebi, qorbudi-anoba, tyavWreloba, tyavdawinwkluloba da a. S. dRes irmis 13-14 saxeobaa cnobili (enciklopedia 1980: 219; 286; 333). aSkaraa, rom oqrosrqianoba irmis gansakuTrebul warmomav-lobasa da daniSnulebaze miuTiTebs, mis sakralur bunebaze migvaniSnebs da ufro metad gvafiqrebs amiranisa da misi Zmebis xvalindel bedze. am azrisaken Tavad epikosi mTqmele-bi gvibiZgeben, rac warmoCenilia teqstis momdevno taepe-biT. svanur masalaSi zemoTxsenebuli taepis gagrZeleba ase-Tia: amiransa da mis Zmebs

win iremi SemohyrodaT, oqro hqonda rqani misni, _ davuje/qi/ da vesrole, ar gavarda cvari sisxli. dRe vdie da Rame vdeqi, ar davkarge kvali misi, amiZRva da iq CamiZRva molxeT mindor qveynisasa...

(Ciqovani 1947: 354)

18

kaxuri, fSauri, mesxur-javaxuri da rigi sxva kuTxeebis Canawerebi dabejiTebiT miuTiTeben, rom `amiraniani~ ori rigis irems icnobs: niSnians _ sakraluri, RvTaebrivi niS-niT Semkuls da uamniSnos, Cveulebriv irmebs. orive SemTx-vevaSi iremi rqebiT `casa swvdeba~. oqrosrqianoba irmis rTuli enigmuri niSania, rasac casTan misi mimarTeba emate-ba. vcadoT am enigmasTan miaxloeba!

oqrosrqiani irmis xsenebisTanave oqrosTan dakavSire-biT `amiranianidan~ bevri ramaa gasaxsenebeli, Tundac ami-ranis dedis, qalRmerTis, nadirT patroni dalis oqros Tme-bi; amiranis mamis sul-kalmaxis grZneuli colis mier oqro-save makratliT am Tmebis miparviT SeWra Tu amiranis oqros kbili. Tu yuradRebiT viqnebiT, mzera uTuod gagveqceva qarTuli jadosnuri zraprebisken, sadac oqrosmpyrobel avsulebs vxvdebiT. ai, Tundac, `zRapari ivane ciskrisa~. aq vkiTxulobT: `mivida mis saxlSi ciskari, midamo sul oqrosi iyo~, da iqve: `gadmouxta devi da ciskarac miegeba. Seubera devma da adgili oqrod aqcia~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963:97). sxva magaliTi zRapridan `boJmis yvavili~: `wavida vaJi da dajda kldis Ziras. gamovida qajT qali da gadmohfina Tavis oqros Tma kldeze, aTasnairi yvaviliT aWrelebuli~ (xalxuri sibrZne 1963:181).

magaliTi uamravia. ai, kidev erTi: zRaparSi `sawyali kaci da misi Svili~ vkiTxulobT: mefis asulma mamis mejinibis coloba isurva... gaZevebulma col-qmarma udabur adgilas anwlis qoxi gaikeTes. eyolaT qaliSvili. gogona `rodesac daibada, mivida sami bedis mwereli~... mesamem Tqva: `es qali iseTi bednieri unda iyos, rom sicocxleSi qveyana mas Senat-rodeso. eyolos oqrosTmiani qali. qali icinodes, piridan oqro-vercxli cviodes; tirodes _ Tval-margaliti scvi-odes; rom dadiodes _ oqros aguri iWrebodes da saiTac gaivl-gamoivlis, yvelgan oqros filaqani egebodeso~ (xal-xuri sibrZne 1963: 189).

kaxuri (iyalTouri) variantiT (Camweri mix. Ciqovani) Savi gveleSapis muclidan amirani meored ibadeba. `amirans ji-beSi oqros dana hqonda, amoiRo, gasWra gveleSapis muceli da gamovida gareT~ (Ciqovani 1947: 309). Txzulebis erTi ka-xuri variantis mixedviT, gveleSapis muclidan gamosul ami-rans wver-ulvaSi gacvivnuli hqonda. amis gamo erTma turam sasacilod aigdo. amiranma daiWira da erT did gubeSi gada-agdo es tura. am gubidan ise amovida, rogorc oqrosTmiani.

19

amiranma rom es naxa, ifiqra, modi, mec ese vizamo. gadavarda gubeSi da imaze kai biWi gaxda~ (Ciqovani 1947: 308).

kidev: oqrosTan dakavSirebiT teqstis literaturul variantSi vkiTxulobT: `gasca brZaneba xelmwifem: gaSaleT oqroqsovili iqamde, sadamdi Cemi amiraniao da CamaatareTo oqroqsovilzedao. Camaatares oqroqsovilze da ia da vardi daayares Tavze~ (Ciqovani 1947:289).

magaliTebis gamravleba arafers cvlis, garda imisa, rom teqstSi es elementebi ufro gamWvirvale xdeba. `amiranian-Si~ amirans zogjer oqros magier Wiqis kbili aqvs: `devebma~ uTxres erT rZals: `gaixede gareT da gaucine. Tu erTi kbi-li Wiqisa aqvs, darejanianTi iqneba vinme~ (Ciqovani 1947:275).

Wiqa n. CubinaSviliseuli ganmartebiT, aris `kaJTagan gamodnobili WurWeli, gamWvirvale~ (CubinaSvili 1961: 459).

Wiqa sulxan-sabaseuli ganmartebiT, aris `kacTa mier gamodnobili WurWeli“ (orbeliani 1949: 88).

sainteresoa Wiqa vefxistyaosniseul konteqstSi. iq naT-qvamia: xataeTze tarielis gamarjveba indoeTma didi zeimiT aRniSna. am zeimze, _ ambobs tarieli _ iyoo sasmisTa sim-ravle _ `jami da Wiqa _ yvelai ferozisa da lalisa~ (rus-Taveli 1983: 104). v. nozaZe ganmartavs: `lali aris Tvali pa-tiosani, keTilSobili qva, romlis feria wiTeli (nozaZe 1953:30).

Cans, amiranis Wiqis kbili oqros kbilze nakleb Zvirfasi araa. oqrosaTvis zogjer mkrTali mowiTalo feri bunebri-via. Soreuli warsulidan dRemde Zvirfas liTonebs Soris oqro ukeTilSobiles liTonad rCeba. igi dResac sxvebisagan gamoarCevs mis matarebels, sul erTia, es kbili iqneba Tu samkauli.

xom ar SeiZleba imis daSveba, rom oqrosrqianoba, mkveT-rad gamorCeulobis enigma, romelic sakraluria Tavisi bu-nebiT, Cvens SemTxvevaSi RvTismsaxurebis funqciiTaa aR-Wurvili da misive nebis aRmsrulebeli. Tu am hipoTezas mi-viRebdiT, maSin misi funqciuri datvirTva didad gaizrde-boda. teqstis svanuri versia xom miuTiTebs, rom oqrosrqi-an irems `dauje/qi/ da vesrole, ar gavarda wveTi sisxlio~.

analogiur cnobas Txzulebis sxva variantebic icnobs: kaxuri variantiT, oqrosrqian irems `amiranma boZali hkra, ar gavarda wveTi sisxli~ (Ciqovani 1947:297).

epikuri Zeglis mesxur _ javaxuri versia gviyveba: Zmebs

mTas iremi CamouxtaT, oqro iyo rqani misi. amiranma boZali hkra, daukoda mxari misi.

20

gaeqca da daedevnnen, sul ar gawyda kvali misi, cxra mTa gadairbines da meaTe ars asurisi.

(Ciqovani 1947: 331)

analogiuri faqti teqstis variantebSi bevria. miuxeda-vad kvaldakval devnisa, romelic didxans grZeldeba, iremi bolos mainc ikargeba swored iq, sadac ucnauri koSki dgas. koSki xan basri qviTaa nagebi (Ciqovani 1947:339), xan _ agu-riT (Ciqovani 1947:345), xan _ brolis qviT (Ciqovani 1947: 302). koSkis arqiteqturuli suraTiT, `casa swvdeba wveri misi~ (Ciqovani 1947:301) da a. S. aq koSkis enigmuri Sinaarsi Rrmaa da gasaTvalsaCinoebeli.

`amiranianSi~ xazgasmulia ficisgamtexeis faqti, rac xSirad iremTan personaJis damokidebulebasac ukavSirdeba. teqstis erTi svanuri variantiT, vinme kaci, saxelad andre-robi, fizikurad imdenad Zlieria, rom vidre cocxalia sa-godebelze cxra uRel xar-kameCSebmuli urmiT miaqvT, `rad-ganac sikvdilis Semdeg, _ rogorc teqstSia miTiTebuli, _ simZimis gamo saflavamde veravin miitanda~ (Ciqovani 1947: 361). ai, am uZlevels amiranma urmidan Zirs Camovardnili fe-xi gauswora, ramac Zalian gaakvirva andrerobi. man amirans fici CamoarTva da Tavisi vaJis erTguleba sTxova. amiranma saRmrTo fici misca, magram fici gatexa, roca naxa, rom misi Zilis dros, biWs ori i r e m i daeWira xeliT da iqve `xis Stoze~ Camoekida: amirans ewyina: jer ymawvilia, amas Cadis, rom davaJkacdeba, me majobebso, _ sTqva da ganzraxva aRasrula kidec _ mokla andrerobis vaJi.

aq aSkarad Cans irmis sakraluroba, amirani irmisadmi udier damokidebulebas krZalavs, misTvis mTavaria RvTi-uri irmebis xelSeuxebloba. am SemTxvevaSi ficis gatexva, RvTiur irmebze mudmivi zrunvis gamoxatuleba unda iyos. marTalia, aq am irmebs oqros rqebi ara aqvT, magram isini xom am miTiuri cxovelis analogebi arian?!

`amiranianis~ svanur versiebSi mze-mTvaris unaxveli oq-rosnawnavebiani qaliSvilis sakvebs iremi warmoadgens. amis TviTmxilvelia monadire. koSkSi moxvedrili `monadire tax-tqveS daimala, _ vkiTxulobT teqstis Wuberul /zemo svane-Ti/ variantSi, _ cota xnis Semdeg saidanRac movida irmis uSobeli /dekeuli/, TavisTavad daikla, moixarSa da tabakze daidva TavisiT. adga zeze es qaliSvili da miujda tabaks~ (Ciqovani 1947: 364). qali oqrosTmebiania. amjerad advili

21

SesaZlebelia imis daSveba, rom irmis sruli ganwilva oqros-Tmiani gogonas RvTaebrivTan ziarebis SesaZleblobaa, es irmis nukric xval da zeg oqrosrqian irmad gaizrdeba. is jer mxolod dekeulia, uSobelia (safure xbo sam wlamde). advili gasaxsenebelia, rom `Tormet zRvas iqiTaa erTi mze _ mTvaris unaxavi qalbatoni, misi samyofi koSki cidan aris Camokidebuli oqros jaWviT da Sig Sesvla Zalze Znelia“, (Ciqovani 1947: 37). cxadia, es `mze-mTvaris uxilavi~ qalbato-ni yamar-qeTua. aq `oqros jaWvi~ sknelTa Soris gamaerTiane-beli enigma, gzaa, romliTac personaJi casa da miwas Soris kavSirs amyarebs. aseTi kavSiri RvTisSvilTa biografiaSi tra-diciulia. xalxur leqsSi `laSaris jvari~ vkiTxulobT:

beri giorgi mec viyav, cas vebi oqros SibiTa, goraze medga bermuxa, zed avdiodi kibiTa.

(poezia 1972:118)

ramdenadac Sors gavyvebiT `amiranianiseuli~ irmebis kvals, imdenad ufro saintereso xdeba oqrosrqiani irmis sakulto, sayofacxovrebo Tu utilitaruli da esTetikuri mniSvneloba.

aq nu gamogvrCeba irmis saxismetyvelebis is monacemebi, rac mas xalxur SemoqmedebaSi gaaCnia da xalxisave zepir poeziaSia TavSenaxuli. vnaxoT zogi magaliTi: xalxuri `natirlebis~ mixedviT, sizmarSi nanaxi irmisyvirili gardacvlili Svilis datirebis simboluri gamoxatulebaa.

dialoguri formis leqsSi naTqvamia:

_ tyeSi iremi hyviroda, netav, dedav, rao? _ Svilo, mamaSeni ari, vah, Sen dedasao! (poezia 1976:69).

metaforis klasikur magaliTad moCans saxalxo mTqmeli qalis erTi xmiTnatirlis bolo strofi:

vefxo, daxyare iaraRio, arwivman daiWuWen mxarnio, jixvo, sawolTiT gadmoRvardio, iremo, dainayen rqanio (poezia 1976:96).

cxovel-frinvelTa personifikacia aqtiurad gvexmareba cocxali sinamdvilis aRqmaSi, uTuod gvZens gamorCeul emo-cias, amas gardacvlilis warsulSi cxovrebis wesad aRviqvamT.

22

personaJis sadidebel sxva niSanTa Soris irmis mier rqe-biT winaaRmdegobis garRvevas Tavisi esTetika gaaCnia, Tavi-si emocia axlavs:

adgnesav, geemarTnesav, arxus daukrnes gzania. maua saqanisteli, iremm maiRna rqania. (qxp 1976:241)

mters gadevnebuli kai ymis moqmedeba hiperbolis ran-gSia ayvanili xalxur leqsSi `TuSebi saqoraod~. irmis mxat-vruli saxis win wamoweviT aq ara mxolod Sedarebis safuZve-lia gaaqtiurebuli, aramed metaforis Zirebis Ziebacaa SesaZlebeli:

TuSebm daxkarges mgelai, amxanagn iZevdiano, win _ leki, ukan _ mgelai irmebul mafrindiano. (qxp 1975:238)

iremi, rogorc mxatvruli saxe, gamoyenebulia sxva xal-xur leqsSic:

Tofis xma ro gaigona: _ memrea Tqveni cdisao, mec male CamogeweviT, rogorc iremi mTisao. (qxp 1974:129)

zepirsityvierebaSi mSobliuri faunisa da floris movlapatronobis sapatio movaleoba iremze nadirobis uTuo akrZalvis xerxiT saukeTesodaa gadmocemuli. dialo-guri xalxuri leqsi `gazafxul iyo maSina~ amis saukeTeso dasturad migvaCnia.

rogorc Cans, iremi wminda cxovelia, gavixsenoT xatisa Tu xatis niSnisaTvis irmis rqebis Sewirvis uZvelesi tra-dicia! misi rqebi da, ufro metad, oqros rqebi, irmis wminda cxovelad aRiarebis uTuo safuZvelia. Cveni Soreuli winap-ris rwmeniT, mxolod aseTi rqebiT aris SesaZlebeli caTa caSi, RvTis sabrZanebelSi asvla.

ar SevcdebiT Tu vityviT, rom `amiraniani~, marTlac, aris aTaswleulebis manZilze qarTveli eris mier samyaroze dakvirvebisa da misdami damokidebulebis Sedegad SemuSave-bul SexedulebaTa mxatvruli Taviseburebebis Tavmoyra.

amrigad, gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom arian `amiranianis~ irmebi oqrosrqianebi. zRapriseuli irmebi oqrosrqianni ar arian, magram gardasaxvis Zala mainc gaaCniaT, maTi daxma-

23

rebiT RvTis sabrZanebelSi asvla-moxvedra mainc SesaZlebe-lia. isini personaJis samsaxurSi imitom dgebian, rom sikeTe moutanon ara mxolod maZiebel gmirs, aramed sakuTar Tav-sac. ormagi damokidebuleba aSkaraa: adamianma unda daZlios Caketili wre, raTa sargebloba moutanos ara mxolod saku-Tar Tavs, aramed _ mTel samyaros. aq didi gasaqani eZleva adamianis fantazias, qmediTunarianobas, SemoqmedebiT po-tencias da yvela emociis erTad Tavmoyris gaxmovanebiT is-mis _ adamiani Semoqmedia!

damowmebani: nozaZe 1953: nozaZe v. vefxistyaosnis ferTametyveleba. Tb.:

`mecniereba“, 1953. orbeliani 1949: orbeliani s.s. sityvis kona. Tbilisi, 1949. rusTaveli 1983: rusTaveli SoTa. vefxistyaosani. Tb.: `ganaTleba“,

1957. enciklopedia 1980: qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. V. Tb.:

`sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, 1980. poezia 1972: qarTuli xalxuri poezia. t. I, Tb.: `mecniereba“, 1972. poezia 1974: qarTuli xalxuri poezia. t. III, Tb.: `mecniereba“, 1974. poezia 1975: qarTuli xalxuri poezia. t. IV, Tb.: `mecniereba“, 1975. poezia 1976: qarTuli xalxuri poezia. t. V, `mecniereba“, 1976. SaniZe 1957: SaniZe a. vefxistyaosnis leqsikoni. Tbilisi, 1957. Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m. mijaWvuli amirani. Tb.: `mecniereba“, 1947. CubinaSvili 1961: CubunaSvili n. qarTuli leqsikoni. Tb.:

`mecniereba“, 1961. xalxuri sibrZne 1963: xalxuri sibrZne. t. I, Tb.: `nakaduli“, 1963. xidaSeli 1972: xidaSeli m. brinjaos mxatvruli damuSavebis istori-

isaTvis antikur saqarTveloSi. Tb.: `mecniereba“, 1972.

24

Nino Sozashvili

“Amiraniani” Deer

Summary

Hunting motive of Amirani and his brothers has a central place for developing and perfecting “Amiraniani” plot. This time our goal is to draw the gaze from the episodes to several enigmas. First: “Deer jumped up on the mountain” (“Deer met them”). Second: “Its antlers are golden” (“Its antlers reach to the sky”). Third: “And the tenth of Algeti” (“The thirteenth of Algeti”). Variation saying-reading is understandable and natural for oral speech monument. Hunters met to deer by chance or divine order. After discussion developed in the article, it becomes clear for the reader why deer of “Amiraniani” are golden-antlered. Fabulous deer are not golden-antlered, but they have strength of transformation. With their help, climbing up the God’s place is possible. They are in the service of the character in order to bring him not only kindness, but themselves as well. Dual approach is evident: a human should overcome deadlock in order to give benefit not only for him, but for the whole world as well. Here a great scope has to a human’s fantasy, effectiveness, creative potential and after gathering all emotions together, we hear – human is a creator!

25

qeTevan elaSvili

saxelisuflo simboloTa funqcionaluri speqtri

(jadosnuri zRapridan literaturul Zeglamde)

eTnokulturisa Tu eTnofsiqologiis speqtrs, garkve-ul SemTxvevaSi, warmoadgens saxelisuflo simboloTa mxat-vruli veli _ Sesatyvisi sityvieri gansxeulebebiT, ris sa-ilustraciodac gamodgeba Tundac sulxan-sabaseuli filo-sofiur-ezoTerikuli wvdoma `Zala-uflebisa~ anda `xelmwi-fis~ robaqiZiseuli `sakraluri wyoba~.

folklorul teqstSi ki am simboloTa arqetipebs gan-kargavs zRaparTmetyvelebis ena, romelic ZiriTadad uZve-les rwmena-warmodgenebzea aRmocenebuli. amitomacaa, rom literaturuli Zeglisagan gansxvavebiT, zRapari ver hgu-obs saxelisuflebo simboloTa (iqneba es samefo taxti Tu gvirgvini) Tavisufal interpretirebas.

simboluri TvalsawieriT literaturuli Zeglis da ja-dosnuri zRapris arqetipuli sqema sruliad araidenturia. TumcaRa, es fenomeni Zalian mkafiod gamoxatavs saxismety-velebiTi cnobierebis Camoyalibebis gzas.

zRaparTmetyveleba arqetipul doneze ar eqvemdebareba ezoTerikul Tu mxatvrul definicias da amitomac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, is erTsawyisiania... zRapruli arqetipi mxolod lokaluri situaciis gamomsaxvelad gvevlineba (miTologi-ur Tu folklorul arqetipTagan gansxvavebiT...).

arqetipis, rogorc erTgvari Sedegis (zogjer ki faqtis), ilustrirebisas bunebrivia sruliad iCrdileba zRapris mxatvruli diapazoni. es `saxismetyvelebiTi vakuumi~ yvela-ze metad igrZnoba im jadosnur zRaprebSi, sadac saxelisuf-lo simboloTa gaqvavebul arqetipebs vawydebiT. `jadosnur zRaparTa struqturis Seswavla cxadyofs am zRaparTa mWid-ro naTesaobas erTmaneTTan. es naTesaoba imdenad mWidroa, rom erTi siuJetis gamoyofa meorisagan SeuZlebelia. amas mivyavarT Semdeg or mniSvnelovan winamZRvarTan. jer erTi: jadosnuri zRapris arc erTi siuJetis Seswavla ar SeiZleba meoris gareSe, da meore: jadosnuri zRapris arc erTi moti-vis Seswavla ar SeiZleba mTelTan misi kavSiris gareSe~ (propi 2008: 84). gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom `jadosnuri zRapari dasavleTSi ukve didi xania TavSesaqcev literatu-

26

rad an realobidan gaqcevis literaturad iqca, igi mainc ganuzomlad seriozul da sapasuxismgeblo Tavgadasavlis struqturas warmoadgens, radgan saboloo jamSi, daiyvaneba xeldasxmis scenaramde: isev da isev vxvdebiT xeldasxmisaT-vis damaxasiaTebel faTerakebs... jojoxeTSi Casvlas, caSi amaRlebas an kidev sikvdilsa da aRdgomas, qorwinebas mefis asulze... zRapars yovelTvis bednieri dasasruli aqvs, mag-ram sakuTriv misi Sinaarsi exeba Zalze seriozul realobas: xeldasxmas...~ (eliade 2009: 176).

jadosnur zRaprebSi saxelisuflo simboloTa arqeti-pebs swored amgvar finalur epizodebSi vxvdebiT, sadac met-naklebad msgavsi mizanscenebi ikveTeba. da, rac mTava-ria, aq zRapruli gmiri garkveul regaliebs (samefo taxtsa Tu gvirgvins...) mxolod zRaparTmetyvelebis erTgvar sta-tikur mdgomareobaSi gadasvlis Jams (finalur an finalur epizodebTan miaxloebulSi) moipovebs xolme da TiTqosda msgavsi frazeologiTacaa warmodgenili.

`mefed kurTxevis~ zRapruli sqema ki amgvaria: `xelmwifem Tavisi taxti dauloca da Tavisi samefo

gvirgvinic imas gadasca~ _ `sizmara~ (canava 1994: 83). naxevari samefos gaCuqeba (sikeTis an gaweuli samsaxuris

sanacvlod) _ `SavTeimurazi, mze-Teimurazi da mTvare-Teimurazi~ (canava 1994: 88).

xelmwifis sikvdilis Semdeg xemwifed gaxdoma _ `yvela-feri uambo xelmwifes. SeirTo umcrosi qali da, rodesac xelmwife mokvda, TviTon gaxda xelmwife~ _ `zRapari cis-krisa~ (canava 1994: 97).

xelmwifis qonebis darCena _ `xelmwifis qoneba mzis siZes darCa~ _ `mzis asuli~ (canava 1994: 105).

ubralod `gaxelmwifeba~ _ `patara Svils kargi qorwili gadauxada, gaaxelmwifa da xarobdnen~ _ `broweulis zRapari~ (canava 1994: 138).

`xalxma maSin mefed ivane-falavani airCia~ _ `ivane falavani~ (canava 1994: 196).

`xelmwifem imave dRes daswera jvari Tavis qaliSvilze da taxtic dauloca. es Cofano xelmwife gaxda~ _ `mZleTamZle~ (canava 1994: 297).

taxtis daTmoba _ `aw ki raRad Rirs Cemi xelmwifoba, vxedav majobe da taxtic SenTvis damiTmiao! da dauloca xelmwifoba Svils~ _ `xelmwife da misi Svili~ (canava 1994: 299).

27

`xelmwifem mewisqvilis Svils qalic miaTxova da xel-mwifobac dauloca~ _ `mewisqvilis vaJiSvili da sami qosa~ (canava 1994: 336).

rogorc vnaxeT, jadosnur zRaprebSi samefo taxtisa Tu gvirgivnis gadacema, erTi SexedviT, martivad xdeba; anu zRapruli gmiri konkretul regaliebs, rogorc wesi, moipo-vebs xolme saqorwino ritualis Jams (arsebobs gamonaklisi SemTxvevebic...) _ iq, sadac zRapris `jadosnuri kvanZi~ ix-sneba, xdeba erTgvari emociuri ganmuxtva, rac logikuri sasrulis wina pirobaa.

`zRapris dasasruls xelmwifis Svilis qorwineba da game-feba sakraluri mniSvnelobisaa da iwvevs samyaros Semdgom ayvavebasa da ganaxlebas momakvdavi da mkvdreTiT aRmdgomi RvTaebis msgavsad~ (ColoyaSvili 2004: 176). amitomacaa, rom jadosnuri zRapris finaluri epizodi, iqneba es, qorwineba Tu gamefeba∗ sruliad gamoricxavs saxelisuflo simboloTa zeaweul, STambeWdav da mistikur speqtrs _ anu aq Zalauflebis mxolod TvalsaCinoebiTi gansxeulebaa.

swored amitom, _ `zRapari∗∗ ar aris aracnobieris nauc-baTevi da spontanuri qmnileba (rogorc, magaliTad, sizma-ri): is pirvel yovlisa, `literaturuli formaa~, rogorc romani da drama~ (eliade 2009: 172) da mainc, sruliad gan-sxvavebulia saxelisuflo simboloTa funqcionaluri speq-tri jadosnur zRaparsa da literaturul ZeglSi. magali-Tad, `vefxistyaosanSi~ TinaTinis gamefebis epizodi mrav-lismetyveli da masStaburia da, rac mTavaria, Zalauflebis arsis simboluri speqtris zedmiwevniTi kanonikurobiTaa warmodgenili;

`TinaTin mihyavs mamasa piriTa miT naTeliTa, dasva da Tavsa gvirgvini dasdga Tavisa xeliTa, misca skiptra da Semosa mefeTa samoseliTa~ (45;1,2,3).

`rusTavels uyvars sazeimo scenebis xatva, mis Semoqme-debiT mizans, rogorc karis poetisas, samefo xelisuflebis gandideba, samefo karis cxovrebis brwyinvalebis aRbeWdvac

∗ mefis asulze dqorwinebiT samefo Zalauflebis mopovebis miToritualu-ri modeli _ r. canava, miToritualuri modelebi, simboloebi antikur mwerlobaSi da qarTuli literaturul-eTnologiuri paralelebi, Tb., `logosi~, 2005. ∗∗ es koncefcia ian de vrisisa da karl gustav iungis `koleqtiuri aracno-bieris struqturis cnebas~ efuZneba.

28

Seadgens. saerTod, is xelisufalTa bunebas, maT cxovrebas Rrma WrilSi gviCvenebs, magram am cxovrebis sadResaswaulod morTul fasadsac gatacebiT da feradovnad xatavs. Tina-Tinis gamefebasTan dakavSirebiT zeimi, ceremoniac ase ixateba.

TinaTinis gamefebis ceremonialur scenas acocxlebs da aadamianebs TviT TinaTinis sulieri mdgomareobis warmoCe-na~ (vasaZe 2011: 284). es mefed kurTxevis vizualuri efeqtia mxolod da mxolod; arada, gacilebiT mniSvnelovania zemo-xsenebul regaliaTa mxatvruli diapazoni.

`samefeo taxti Tavisi mdidruli morTulobiT da kvar-cxlbekiT gaxlavT vizualuri dasturi xelmwifis aRmatebu-lobisa da sxvaTagan gamorCeulobis... taxti simbolurad ga-nasaxierebs sazogadod samefo Zalauflebas, anda sulac mTel samefos... gvirgvini (`samefo saxuravi~ _ saba) _ is Tavsamkaulia, romelmac gareSeTa TvalSi gvirgvinosani un-da aamaRlos (pirdapiri da gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT), raTa `RmerTebis rCeuli~ gansakuTrebulobis xilul simbolos warmoadgendes... samefo skiptra, jadoqris joxi, mRvdel-mTavris kverTxi, hermesis kadukeusi _ gamorCeulobisa da garkveul sivrceze batonobis simbolo gaxldaT~ (abzianiZe, elaSvili 2007: 126).

`vefxistyaosani~ religiuri da saxelmwifoebrivi cnobi-erebis mxatvruli ganzogadebis universaluri literatu-ruli Zeglia da amitomac saxelisuflo simboloTa kanoni-kurobis miuxedavad, Tavisufal interpretirebasac vxvde-biT. erT-erTi aseTi epizodia swored TinaTinis mefed kur-Txeva. jadosnuri zRaprisagan gansxvavebiT, _ es nawarmo-ebis sasruli akordi rodia. aq piriqiT, _ arabeTis samefos es uCveulo saxelisuflo rituali, faqtobrivad, ufro im-pulsursa da Seucnobels xdis `vefxistyaosans~. amitomac gamefebis STambeWdavi Tu momnusxveli ceremonialis miRma ikveTeba Zalauflebis `mistikur centrTan~ gaigivebis ten-denciebi da `mefe-pirovnebaTa~ Sinagani Tavisuflebisa Tu `sulieri sikeTis~ demonstrireba (risi zedmiweTniTi gamo-xatuleba, _ rostevanis mier mefobis daTmoba...). es feno-meni sruliad ucxoa jadosnuri zRaprisaTvis.

aqve aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom miTologiuri RvTaebani zRaprul eposSi imave xelmwi-feebad arian gardasaxulni, rac saxelisuflo simboloTa ze-nivTier sawyisze migvaniSnebs (ze-nivTieri arsi gansxva-vebulia jadosnuri sagnisagan), sadac saxelisuflo simbo-loTa saxismetyvelebiTi da Sesatyvisad _ mxatvruli ve-

29

lic imgvaradaa daCrdiluli, rom imuSaos mxolod zRapris qrestomaTiulma enam. saxelisuflo simboloTa amgvari ara-erTgvarovani aspeqti literaturasa da jadosnur zRaparSi saintereso niSandoblivi detalia Tavad am simboloTa `biografiisaTvis~.

damowmeba: abzianiZe, elaSvili 2007: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. simboloTa ilus-

trirebuli enciklopedia. II. Tb.: `bakmi~, 2007. eliade 2009: eliade m. miTis aspeqtebi. Tb.: ilia WavWavaZis univer-

sitetis gamomcemloba, 2009. vasaZe 2011: vasaZe T. SoTa rusTaveli. `vefxistyaosani~. komenti-

rebuli teqsti da analitikuri gzamkvlevi literaturis Semswav-lelTa da moyvarulTaTvis. Tb.: `diogene~, 2011.

propi 2008: propi v. jadosnuri zRapris istoriuli fesvebi. Targmna m. karbelaSvilma. _ qarTuli folklori, 4(XX). Tb.: literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2008.

rusTaveli 1966: rusTaveli S. `vefxistyaosani~. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1966.

canava 1994: canava a. (Semdgeneli). `miwa Tavisas moiTxovs~. _ qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi da miTebi. Tb.: `lomisi~, 1994.

ColoyaSvili 2004: ColoyaSvili r. uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenaTa kvali xalxur eposSi. Tb.: `nekeri~, 2004.

Ketevan Elashvili

Functional Spectrum of Authority Symbols (From the fairytale to the literature work)

Summary

A Literature field of authority often represents ethnocultural and ethnopsychological spectrum of symbols.

Archetypes are often used in myths and folk storytelling across diffe-rent cultures that are based on ancient faith and imagination of people. Using of authority symbols is not peculiar for fairytales (will it be crown or throne), the symbols in fairytales are manifested with free interpretation: In Rustaveli poem Tinatin’s coronation is based on the crown, in fairytales such episodes are always optional: “Blessing of throne and crown”, “Dona-tion of half kingdom”, “Accession to the throne”, “Election of King by people”, “Concession of throne”, “Marriage with princess”.

The use of Throne and Authority symbols in such context is of para-mount importance for the symbols “biography”.

30

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

Tanamedrove miTologiis sami arsebiTi niSani Sesavali politikur miTologiaSi

`sayovelTao sikeTis uzrunvelsayofad

naTqvami sicrue aris miTosi~. k. ginZburgi

miTebis ubadlo mcodnem, miTografosmaca da `miTebis

gasaocarma ganmajadoebelma~∗ platonma, `saxelmwifos~ me-same wignSi `idealuri qalaqis~ sayovelTao sikeTis uzrun-velsayofad, mtrebisaTvis an moqalaqeebis gamo, dauSva `sicrue~, rogorc miTosi. `sicrue RmerTebisTvis usargeb-loa, adamianebisTvis ki sargebloba moaqvs, rogorc erT-gvar wamals~ (platoni 2003: striqoni 389b). amgvari saxel-mwifoebrivi kanonieri politikuri sicruis SemoRebiT, pla-toni `Tavisdauneburad~ safuZvels uyris miTosis sruliad axal Janrs _ `politikur miTologias~. platonis utopis-tur-miTosuri idealuri saxelmwifos `politikuri miTo-logia~ didi filosofosis mniSvnelovan, magram mainc arasa-yovelTao sayovelTaooba aris miTis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi aucilebeli faqtori) miTologiur gaazrebas warmo-adgenda da sayovelTao elinuri miTebis brwyinvalebis fon-ze ar iyo da verc iqneboda aqtualuri. Zveli samyarosTvis mxolod Zveli miTi atarebda idumal xibls da momajadoebel zemoqmedebas.

platonis miTosur politikur sicrues kidev araerTxel miubrundebian sxvadasxva epoqis moazrovneni, magram miTo-si, rogorc `politikuri sicrue~ arasodes ise aqtualuri da, rac mTavaria, _ sayovelTao ar gamxdara, rogorc Tana-medrove samyaroSi.∗∗

* * *

Tanamedrove gageba miTs aigivebs `gamonagonTan~, gan-sxvavebiT tradiciuli sazogadoebisagan, romelic miTSi xe-

∗ `miTebis gasaocar ganmajadoebels~ uwodebs platons k. ginZburgi Tavis esseSi _ `miTosi~ (ginZburgi 2011: 351). ∗∗ aq ar SevudgebiT politikuri miTis cnebis gansazRvras, arc mis istori-ografias gavadevnebT Tvals, radgan es Cveni sxva statiis Temaa.

31

davs sinamdvilis erTaderT utyuar gacxadebas. am sazoga-doebaSi miTis `ambavi~, `gadmocema~, is rac miTSia moTxro-bili naklebad sayuradReboa, aq miTs struqturuli, Sinaar-sobrivi mxare ar gansazRvravs. Sinaarsi gadafarulia ambis `qmediTunarianobiT~, rac teqstis sakralur-ritualurTan mimarTebaSi mdgomareobs. pirvelyofili sazogadoebebis-Tvis miTi tradiciuli koleqtiuri cnobierebis nayofia, igi namdvili, utyuari, sakraluri gadmocemaa, romelic CarTulia maTi gvarisa Tu tomis romelime sakralur-ritualur sistemaSi.

pirvelyofili sazogadoebebis sakralur-ritualuri miTologiuri sistemebi uSualod am sazogadoebebis soci-alur empiriul yofas efuZneba da socialuris gakosmiure-biT qmnis unikalur miTologiur msoflmxedvelobas. miTo-logiur-ritualur sistemaTa buneba swored sociokosmo-goniiT aris gansazRvruli. kosmogonia _ miTis umTavresi mamoZravebeli Zala arqaul safexurze gaumijnavia soci-alurisagan. arqauli miTi atarebs sociokosmogoniur xasi-aTs, rac kosmiuri movlenebis socializaciaSi mdgomareobs.

ra viTarebaa am mxriv Tanamedrove samyaroSi? SeiZleba iTqvas, arsebiTad araferi Secvlila. Tanamed-

rove miTologia ganagrZobs samyaros sxvadasxva sferos (politika, ekonomika, socialuri sfero, xelovneba da a.S.) movlenaTa sociokosmiur WrilSi warmodgenas: yvelaferi met-naklebad kosmosTan aris dakavSirebuli; yvelaferSi met-naklebad Cans mistiuri kvali; yvelaferSi RmerTis, transcendenturis xeli urevia...

miuxedavad miTis `maradiuli brunvisa~ da Tanamedrove samyaroSi(iseve rogorc nebismier sakacobrio epoqaSi) misi uZvelesi formebiT, arqetipebiT SemoWrisa da aqtivobisa, SegviZlia gamovyoT Tanamedrove miTologiis ramdenime ar-sebiTi niSani, riTac igi gaemijna arqaul miToss.

niSani pirveli: politikuri miTi, rogorc dominanti mijaWvuli amirani _ `politpatimari~?

uZvelesi qarTuli miTologiuri eposis `amiranianis~

erT-erT epizodSi moTxrobilia, vinme mwyemsis Sexvedra gamoqvabulSi mijaWvul gmirTan. gamoqvabulis kari weli-wadSi erTxel ixsneba da swored am dros aRmoCnda mecxvare amiranis pirispir. CvenTvis sainteresoa dialogi, romelic maT Soris Sedga: `amirani etyvis, rom me sawylis da Raribis

32

mokeTe var, ras meridebi, modi axloo. Turme im kacs zurgze puris guda hkidebia. axlo misula, amirans amouRia gudidan puri, mouWeria xeli. `em purs rogor sWamT, Tqve sawylebo, aseT Sav oflSi aris mozelilio~. Sen maS rogor pursRa Wamo ? _ ekiTxna Tavisi mxriT glexsac. ai rogorsao, eTqo amirans da meeWirebina xeli, rZe ki gasloda wurwuriT. `me rom aveSo qveyanazed sisxlis puris Wama aRar iqnebao~ — eT-qva amirans daRonebiT. me giSvelio, daeZaxa glexs~ (Ciqovani 1947: 296-297). Tuki teqsts miTologiur saburvels Camova-cilebT, xelT SegvrCeba tipiuri politikuri ritorika _ datyvevebuli gmiri/lideri amxels arsebul socialur-eko-nomikur kriziss(`Sav oflSi mozelili puri~) da gamefebuli politikuri reJimis totalitarizms _ `pirsisxlianobas~ (`sisxlis puris Wama~), rasac Tavisi politikur-ekonomikuri `programiT~ upirispirdeba: misi gaTavisuflebis/mosvlis SemTxvevaSi, xalxs samarTlian mmarTvelobas da yofa-cxov-rebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas (`rZiani puri~) pirdeba. Se-saZloa swored es epizodi inaxavdes amiranis mijaWvis nam-dvil mizezs. Tu ratom aujanyda, daupirispirda gmiri Tavis naTlias, romelic romeliRac politikurad dawinaurebuli Zalaa. naTliam~ Cvilobidanve sazogadoebrivi saqmianoba (miTologiurad _ urCxulebTan brZola kosmosis dasaca-vad) daanaTla naTluls, politikuri orientirebi dausaxa, magram wamozrdil-gaZlierebuli naTluli myisierad ganud-ga mas. Zalzed nacnobi epizodia Tanamedrove politikuri cxovrebidan. gamocdili politikosis gamozrdili da misi kalTebidan opoziciuri ideebiT afrenili mravali axal-gazrda lideri axsovs msoflio (maT Soris qarTul) poli-tikis istorias. Tavad cneba _ `naTliobac~ pirdapiri re-ligiuri Sinaarsis garda, TanamedroveobaSi axali politi-kur-sazogadoebrivi konteqstiT daitvrTa. sityvam gadata-niTi, ideomuri Sinaarsi SeiZina, riTic gamoixata romelime politikuri personis mier `politikuri neofitis~ sakuTar politikur ideologiasTan ziareba.

miTologiuri gmiri amirani Tanamedrove axalgazrda opozicioneri politikuri lideris prototipia. igi arse-bul usamarTlo mmarTvel ZalasTan(politkur reJimTan) dapirispirebuli `miTologiuri lideria~. swored opozici-uri ideebiT ganudga gmiri diqtator-liders _ sakuTar naTlias. gabatonebuli Zala amiranis winaaRmdeg avrcelebs politikur miTebs _) `gaampartavnebuli amirani~, `xalxis mCagvreli gmiri~, `RmerTTan mebrZoli~ da a.S. msgavsi mi-

33

Tebi droebiT faravs simarTles. Tumca, eposSi mainc `gaipa-reba~ alternatiuli da rogorc sabolood gamoCndeba, nam-dvili miTi _ simarTle. es aris amiranis argumentebi, Tqmu-li mijaWvis Semdeg mwyemsis winaSe: `amirani etyvis, rom me sawylis da Raribis mokeTe var, ras meridebio~ da a.S. SeiZ-leba iTqvas, aRniSnuli epizodi miTologiuri eposisagan sruliad ganyenebulad dgas. es pasaJi amirans evgemeristul, realistur-politikur WrilSi warmoaCens. amirani sakuTari `politikuri~ opoziciuri Sexedulebebis msxverplia da Ta-namedrove politpatimris uZveles miTologiur prototi-pad SegviZlia davsaxoT. usamarTlod datyvevebuli gmiris argumentirebulma politikur-diplomatiurma ritorikam myisierad gamoiRo Sedegi _ mwyemsi Tavis banakSi gadaibira da dasaxmareblad, gaTavisuflebisaTvis zrunvisTvis aRZra.

amirani, rogorc urCxulebTan mebrZoli, Zlevamosili demiurgi, qalRmerTisa da mokvdavi monadiris vaJi _ es amiranis `maradiuli miTia~ _ maradiuli paradigma, swored amitom ver daamsxvria igi kontrmiTma — amiranis hubrisma (RmerTTan mebrZoli da xalxis mCagvreli gabudayebuli gmi-ri), romelmac mTeli eposis msvlelobisas imuSava da gaba-tonebuli politikuri ZalisTvis sasurveli realoba xan-mokle vadiT daamkvidra, raTa gmiris dasjas(mijaWvas) poli-tikur-samarTlebrivi legitimacia miniWeboda. realurad ki, kontrmiTi aralegitimur, xelovnur naratiul qsovilad darCa. swored amiT aixsneba is faqti, rom cnobierad Tu aracnobierad, xalxis simpatia da TanagrZnoba yovelTvis amiranis mxaresaa. xolo me-19 saukunis 60-iani wlebis re-alisturi, SeiZleba iTqvas, wminda politikuri interpreta-ciiT (akaki, vaJa), amirani, erTis mxriv, erovnul gmirad, xolo meores mxriv, _ Cagruli saqarTvelos simbolod gamocxadda.

amiranisa da mwyemsis dialogis epizodi, Tavisi politi-kur-socialuri paTosiT, Zveli miTologiuri msoflmxedve-lobisTvis naklebad sayuradReboa. SesaZloa, SedarebiT gviandeli CanarTic iyos, roca wminda religiur-miTolo-giur msoflmxedvelobaSi Cndeba politikuri Teologiisa da politikuri miTologiis pirveli niSnebi. miTologiuri arqaika kosmogoniis, ciklurobis, etiologizmis, panTeiz-mis, totemizmis da a.S. niSniTaa aRbeWdili. Zveli miTi ne-bismier movlenas miTologemebiT(miTosuri fraza-formu-lebi), miTosuri metaforebiT, simboloebiT gadmoscems. misTvis ucxoa movlenaTa realistur WrilSi gaazreba. po-

34

litikuri miTologia da politikuri Teologia miTiuri drois (sawyisi dro) Semdgomi, SedarebiT gviandeli istori-uli epoqebis produqtia.

is rac meoreulia Zveli samyarosTvis, arsebiTia axlisTvis. politika _ ai is niSa, romelic Zvelma miTologiam

TanamedroveobaSi daikava.

`gamoyenebiTi miTologia~ Tematurad mravalferovani miTologiuri arqaikidan

Tanamedrove samyarom mravali arqetipi da universaluri paradigmuli modeli miiRo memkvidreobiT, romlebic axali naratiuli qsoviliT SefuTa. magram Tanamedrove teqnolo-giuri progresis kvalze represirebuli aRmoCnda da `gamo-nagonis~, `aranamdvilis~ sazrisiT daitvirTa, amasTan uki-duresad dakninda miTis Tavdapirveli roli, is rac mas tra-diciul sazogadoebaSi gaaCnda. Tanamedrove samyaro TiT-qos mTlianad daxuruli aRmoCnda miTisa da yovelgvar mi-Tologiur gamovlinebaTa misaRebad, Tumca es mxolod erTi SexedviT _ swored aseT araxelsayrel (aratradiciul, racionalur, teqnologiur da a. S.) garemoSi paradoqsulad gaZlierda erTaderTi `miTologiuri Janri~ _ politikuri miTi, romelic totalurad gabatonda adamianis socialur da politikur yoveldRiurobaze. politikurma miTma aita-ca mTeli arqauli miTologiis Tavdapirveli Tviseba, Zala-ufleba, gavlena da legitimacia. igi iTvisebs yvela katego-riis tradiciul miTologiur cikls (asimilacia politi-kur miTTan am ukanasknelis gabatonebiT) da Tavs acxadebs mTeli miTologiuri warsulis erTaderT memkvidred. ami-eridan, mTeli miTologiuri saganZuri erT miTologiur JanrSi _ politikur miTSi iyris Tavs da Tanamedrove sam-yaroSi realuri politikuri procesebis erT-erT mZlavr teqnologiur iaraRad gvevlineba. sabolood, masobrivi sa-informacio saSualebebisa da piar-teqnologTa xelSi poli-tikuri miTi xelovnur, miznobriv, wminda gamoyenebiT dar-gad _ `gamoyenebiT miTologiad~ Camoyalibda.

es procesi meoce saukunis pirvel naxevarSi daiwyo da Tavis piks Cvens epoqaSi miaRwia.

meoce sakunis pirvel naxevarSi msoflio moicva orma fundamenturma politikurma miTologiam _ faSizmma da ko-munizmma. faSizmi daefuZna konkretuli eris nacionalur hiperambiciebs _ `ariuli _ umaRlesi rasis~ rasistul

35

miTs; xolo sabWoTa miTi, dafuZnda komunizmis utopistur ideologiaze, romelic modelirebuli iyo uSualod miTo-logiuri `oqros xanis~ (`maradiuli zafxulis~) paradigmiT. msoflio politikurma praqtikam aCvena, rom erTmaneTisagan gaumijnavia `politikuri miTi, ideologia da utopia~ (bo-tisi 2010: 177). am mxriv didi gansxvaveba ar yofila maSin-deli msoflios or udides totalitarul reJimebs Soris _ orive maTgani idga religiamde amaRlebul, politikuri fanatizmiT STagonebul utopistur-miTologiur ideolo-giaze da aRbeWdili iyo totalitaruli miTologiis yvela niSniT. faSizmsa da sabWoeTSi _ swored am or totalita-rul politikur sistemebSi miiRo politikurma miTma yvela-ze srulyofili, klasikuri saxe da safuZveli Cauyara kul-turul da socialur sferoTa politizirebas.

`miTologiuri transpolitika~

meoce saukunis pirveli naxevris totalitarul politi-

kur miTologiebs, meoce saukunis meore naxevridan, Caenac-vla Tanamedrove teqnologiebze dafuZnebuli `liberalu-ri politikuri miTologiebi~ Tumca amgvari miTologiebis garegnuli demokratiulobis miuxedavad, isinic mZlavrad gabatondnen msoflmxedvelobasa da cnobierebaze. adamianis socialuri yofa, ekonomika, xelovneba, ganaTleba, medicina, sporti politikur procesebSi Rrmad Cafluli aRmoCnda. Tanamedrove samyaro arsebiTad da isteriulad moicva po-litikurma miTologiam. Tanamedrove adamianze totalurad gabatonda axali ekleqtikuri produqti _ politikuri mi-Ti, romelmac Caanacvla yvela sxva miTologia da Tavad itvirTa Janrobrivi mravalferovnebis aRrevis sirTule. amgvar asimilaciaSi, romelmac TavisTavSi ganusazRvrelad gaafarTova politikuri miTologiisa da Tavad politikis sazRvrebi, rac TavisTavad Tanamedrove hiperteqnologi-uri politikuri procesebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, samyaro axali realobis winaSe daayena: Tanamedrove samyaroSi poli-tika raRac sxva axal arsebobaSi gadavida. politikam gadak-veTa politikis mijna da sakuTari sistemis farglebs gareT gavida. am gasvlam gamoiwvia misi Serwyma `gareT~ arsebul yvela sxva sistemasTan, anu moxda `JanrTa aRreva~ (J. bod-riaris termini). amieridan politika TviT politikazec, ekonomikazec, socialurzec da a.S. zeupiratesia. es sruli-ad axali politizirebul-miTologiuri eraa, romelsac

36

frangi filosofosis Jan bodriaris termini `transpoli-tika~ rom mivusadagoT, miviRebT politikuri miTis sruli-ad axal definicias _ `miTologiuri transpolitika~. es niSnavs realuri politikis gaqrobas da politikuri, vir-tualur-simulaciuri politikuri miTologiis gaCenas. J. bodriari wers: `kanoni, romelic Cven Tavs mogvaxvies, aris JanrTa aRrevis kanoni. yvelaferi seqsualuria, yvelaferi politikuria, yvelaferi esTetikuria. yvelaferi erTdro-ulad iZens politikur azrs...~ `...TiToeuli kategoria miil-tvis miseuli umaRlesi xarisxis ganzogadebisaken. imavdro-ulad, myiseurad kargavs ra mTel Tavis specifikas da ikar-geba sxva danarCen kategoriebSi. rodesac yvelaferi poli-tikuria, aRaraferia politikuri. Tavad es sityva kargavs azrs. rodesac yvelaferi seqsualuria, aRaraferia seqsu-aluri da SeuZlebeli xdeba ganisazRvros seqsis cneba. ro-desac yvelaferi esTetiuria, ukve aRaraferi warmoadgens arc mSveniers, arc usaxurs. xelovnebac ki ganqarda. es aris sagnebis paradoqsuli mdgomareoba, romelic imavdroulad warmoadgens ideebis srul ganxorcielebas. es aris Tanamed-rove progresis srulyofa da misi uaryofa, likvidireba gadametebis gziT, gafarToeba sakuTar sazRvrebs miRma, rac SeiZleba davaxasiaTod xatovani gamonaTqvamiT _ transpo-litika, transseqsualoba...~ (bodriari 2000: 17-18).

Tanamedrove politikuri cxovreba, romelic praqtiku-lad adgils ar tovebs arapolitikurisTvis, sinamdvileSi warmoadgens ara wminda politikas, aramed sublimirebuls, transpolitikurs (politikas dakarguli sqesobrivi niS-niT), miTologiurs. igi ganagebs im fantasmagoriul, simu-laciur sivrces, romelic Tanamedrove miTografos-kre-atorebis ZalisxmeviTa da uaxlesi teqnologiebis gamoye-nebiT xelovnurad iqmneba. Tanamedrove miTografos-kre-atorebi Caenacvlnen ra uZvelesi miTis mTqmelebs (es reli-giuri statusia arqaul kulturaSi) gaxdnen arqetipuli po-litikuri qronikebis mamodelirebelni. swored amitom po-litikuri miTi aris xelovnuri, teqnologiuri da `aRreul JanrTa~ ekleqtikuri produqti. politikuri miTi warmoad-gens `winaswarganzraxul sicrues da damaxinjebas~ (fludi 2002: 46). igi ar warmoiqmneba spontanurad, aramed iqmneba xelovnurad, gacnobierebulad da mizanmimarTulad. poli-tikuri miTis ukan politikosTa ambiciebi, gacnobierebuli da kultivirebuli swrafvebi, imedebi da konkretuli miznebi dgas.

37

niSani meore: racionalizacia

kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani, riTac Zveli miTolo-giuri samyaro axal teqnologiur eras daupirispirda, aris mkveTrad gamoxatuli racionalizmi da pragmatizmi. Tumca, am dapirispirebam arsebiTad garegani, formaluri mxare mo-icva da arsebiTad, amaze Sors veRar wavida. Tanamedrove adamiani aris `racionalurad gadawyobili~ iracionaluri arseba, Ria Tu `daxuruli~ transcendenturi midrekile-bebiT. paradoqsulad erT adamianur qvabSi ixarSeba raci-onaluroba da iracionaluroba. magram es siaxle rodia, am-gvari orazrovnebiT, mentaluri dualizmiT xasiaTdeboda Tavad arqauli sazogadoebebi, romelTa arseboba kosmiuri, miTiuri, mistiuri da a.S. Sinaarsis miuxedavad, ukiduresad pragmatuli iyo _ uZvelesi adamiani xelmZRvanelobda cxovreba-gadarCenisaTvis aucilebeli kriteriumebiT da swored amitom Tanamedroveobisagan gansxvavebiT, arqaul samyaros ar hqonia fufuneba `damtkbariyo~ mistikiT. mis-Tvis miTi, rituali, magia da sxva, praqtikuli, gamoyenebiTi daniSnulebis iyo. miTologia nebismier epoqaSi `gamoyenebiTia~.

amdenad, racionalizaciis gzaze, adamiani arqaikas bev-rad ver gascda. Tanamedrove adamiani kvlavindeburad ga-nagrZobs cxovrebasa da sazrdoobas miTebiT(amjerad Tana-medrove miTebiT). miuxedavad misi mondomebisa _ SeniRbos Sinagani iracionaluri midrekilebebi da Tavi warmoaCinos Tanamedrove samyaros Sesaferis racionalur arsebad, ada-miani Zveleburad rCeba miTebisa da miTosuri stereotipe-bis, arqetipebis tyveobaSi. rogorc eliade wers, `Tanamed-rove samyaro jer kidev inaxavs mistiuri qcevis kvals: maga-liTad, yvela sazogadoebaSi miRebuli zogierTi simbolo interpretirebulia, rogorc Semonaxuli koleqtiuri az-rovnebidan. nacionaluri droSis funqcia, yvelafer imasTan erTad rasac moiazrebs, arafriT gansxvavdeba arqauli kul-turebis simboloebisagan. es igivea, rom vTqvaT _ sazoga-doebrivi cxovrebis sibrtyeze ar arsebobs wyveta arqauli da Tanamedrove epoqebis TanmimdevrobiTi monacvleobisas~ (eliade 2008: 1). Tanamedrove adamiani, ramdenadac ganviTa-rebuli ar unda iyos misi socialuri garemo, azrovnebisa da teqnikuri progresis ra simaRleebsac ar unda miaRwios, versad gaeqceva sakuTar cnobierebas, miT ufro _ `ara-cnobiers~, romelSic Rrmad aris daleqili da xeluxleblad

38

Senaxuli cxovelmyofeli maradiuli miTosuri saxe-xatebi _ arqetipebi. am miTosur saxe-xatebs unari SeswevT cocx-ldebodnen (brundebodnen) nebismer garemosa da pirobebSi. amitom adamianis qceva-azrovneba, romel epoqaSic ar unda cxovrobdes upirvelesad STagonebulia misTvis ucnobi (da-xuruli), sruliad gaucnobierebeli miTosuri stereotipe-biT. am uZvelesi, universaluri mentaluri modelebis gada-farva TanamedroveobaSi xorcieldeba racionalizaciis miTiT. `Cveni racionaloba gvevlineba mxolod racionali-zebad, e.i. mcdelobad davfaroT racionaluri dasabuTebe-biT is azrebi da qmedebebi, romlebic nakarnaxevia aracno-bieris wiaRidan momdinare impulsebiT~ (wulaZe 2003: 3).

`racionalizirebuli mistiuri kvali~

Tanamedrove samyaro morfologiurad warmoadgens mis-tikis, transcendenturi warmodgenebis, miTosuri paradig-mebis da a.S. racionalizirebul models, romelSic arsebo-ba-formirebas ganagrZoben uZvelesi miTologiuri fenome-nebi. am fenomenebs unari SeswevT transformirdnen drosa da sivrceSi da yovelTvis Tanadroulni iyvnen. racionali-zirebuli forma aris uZvelesi miTis Tanamedrove sabur-veli. amgvari racionalizirebuli saburveliT funqcioni-rebs arqauli samyaros mravali reliqti Tanamedrove epo-qaSi. erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTia monarqiuli wyobis simbiozuri Tanaarseboba qveynis sakonstitucio, sa-parlamento wyobaSi. monarqiuli institutebi SenarCunebulia mTeli Tavisi samefo regaliebiT, ritualebiT, ceremoniebiT.

`monarqiuli miTi~ sakacobrio kulturis yvelaze uni-versalur _ Sesaqmis, `sawyisTan dabrunebis~ arqetipze dgas, ramac misi miTologiur-istoriuli `maradiuloba~ uzrunvelyo. `monarqiuli miTis~ sruli gaqroba SeuZlebe-li aRmoCnda. igi funqcionirebas ganagrZobda da ganagrZobs totalitaruli politikuri reJimebis erTpirovnuli, diq-tatoruli mmarTvelobis modelebSi. axali istoriuli epo-qis dabadebis mijnaze, msoflio revoluciebis qarcecx-lSic, `monarqiuli miTis~ ganadgurebis sisxlianma, tragi-kulma mcdelobebmac, magaliTad, iseTi rogoric ganxorci-elda ruseTSi _ oqtombris revoluciis gamarjvebis Sede-gad romanovebis samefo ojaxis sruli amowyveta da a.S. _ ar gamoiRo Sedegi. romanovebis samefo gvarTan erTad, monar-qiuli miTis ganadgurebis mcdelobas mohyva axali miTis

39

dabadeba _ axali ZaliT ifeTqa Zvelma universalurma arqe-tipma _ myisierad warmoiSva miTi anastasia romanovis sas-waulebrivi gadarCenis Sesaxeb. am miTiT gagrZelda samefo ojaxisa da monarqiuli wyobis maradiuli miTologiuri da istoriuli paradigma.

monarqiuli miTis niSnebi latenturi formiT funqci-onirebs Zlieri saprezidento mmarTvelobis sistemebSi. mi-Tologiur elfers inarCunebs politikur-sadResaswaulo ceremoniebi _ politikur WrilSi gadawyvetili naciona-luri dResaswaulebi, samxedro aRlumebi, inauguraciebi, da a.S. uZvelesi samefo ritualis _ koronaciis uSualo ana-reklia saprezidento inauguracia, romelic Cveulebriv ar-qauli kosmogoniuri intronizaciisa da xeldasxmis univer-salur kosmogoniur arqetips imeorebs. rogorc cnobilia, arqaul kulturaSi intronizaciisas kosmogonia meordebo-da, riTac mefe-kosmokratosis xeliT samyaros xelaxali Se-saqme, ganaxleba iyo uzrunvelyofili. `xelmwifis taxtze dasmis dros kosmogonia simbolurad meordeboda. es Sexe-duleba sakmaod gavrcelebulia miwaTmoqmed xalxebSi. bo-lodroindeli interpretaciis mixedviT, indoeli mefis kur-Txeva rajasuya samyaros aRdgenas Seicavda~ (eliade 2009: 38).

swored amgvari politikur-kosmogoniuri paradigmiTaa STagonebuli Suasaukunovani qarTuli renesansuli politi-kuri miTebi. sanimuSod movixmoT Tamar mefis politikuri miTologia, kerZod, kosmogonia:

`Tamar dedofali viyav, Tavi zecamdi aviRe, stambols xmali vkar, darubands, Sams sabalaxe aviRe, zRvaSi samnebi Cavyare, xmeleTi Cemken maviRe, usieri mTa gavkafe, didi Saragza gaviRe, Rada-Ruda tye viare, qedzed saydari avige~.

(poezia 1984:14)

zRvisa da mTis zebunebrivi damorCilebis msgavsi suraT-xatebiT(arqetipebiT) miTologiebSi uzenaesi RmerTisagan samyaros Sesaqmis, an demiurgisagan kosmosis momawesrigebe-li aqtebia gadmocemuli.

`umaRlesi xelisuflis miTi~ verc TanamedroveobaSi ga-emijna kosmogonias. swored am uZvelesi miTologiuri arqe-tipis dublirebiT, TanamedroveobaSic umaRlesi xelisufa-li qveynis RvTaebrivi kreatoris _ samyaros demiurgis ran-gSia ayvanili, rac `damowmebulia~ mTeli rigi aRmSeneblo-biTi-reformatoruli miTologizirebuli TemebiT. Tana-

40

medrove fundamenturi (arqetipebze dafuZnebuli) politi-kuri miTebi, iseve imeoreben samyaros Sesaqmis (kosmogoni-uri) miTis eskizs, rogorc es kosmogoniuri eskizi xorci-eldeboda nebismieri ciklis uZveles miTebSi. m.eliade, e.meletinski da sxvebi miTis specifiur kosmologizmze sa-ubroben _ `miTi aRiqmeba rogorc `Sesaqmis droSi Sesvla~. miTi principulad kosmiuria da kosmiuri modeli qmnis miTologiuri `samyaros modelis~ birTvs gacilebiT farTo gagebiT~. kosmogoniuri funqcia miTs TanamedroveobaSic gadmohyva. Tanamedrove politikuri miTebi mogviTxroben axali politkuri Zalebis mosvliT (an mosvlis SemTxvevaSi) `ganaxlebul~, `aRorZinebul~ kosmosze (mikrokosmiur do-neze _ qveyana, sofeli, ojaxi, individi). aseTi miTebi mowo-debulia samyaros ganaxleba, xelaxali didi Tu mcire kre-aciebi politikur liderebs, maT mier inicirebul mimdinare politikur procesebs daukavSiron. `reformebis~, `mSeneb-lobebis~, `teritoriebis~, `omebis~ da sxva `ybadaRebuli~ Temebi, romlebic yovelTvis konkretuli politikuri kam-paniis nawilia, samyaros Sesaqmisa da demiurguli mowesrige-bis ekvivalenturia. am Temebis `ybadaRebulobas~ da tira-Jirebas, realisturi Temis avtomaturad miTis JanrSi gada-tana _ miTologizireba mosdevs.

niSani mesame — individualizacia

miTi, romelic uZvelesi droidan arqauli sazogadoebis tradiciul, koleqtiur cnobierebas gamoxatavda, Cvens epo-qaSi Tanamedrove individualisturi da politizirebuli sazogadoebis msoflmxedvelobis gamomxatveli gaxda. Sesa-bamisad, Cvens droSi miTi individualizmis niSniT aRibeWda. `individualuroba~, rogorc Tanamedrove miTis arsebiTi niSani, uSualod Zveli miTis arsebiT niSans _ `tradici-ulobas~ daupirispirda da Caenacvla.

individualizacia _ es aris Cveni epoqis niSani, ramac gansazRvra Tanamedrove socialur-politikuri da kultu-ruli realobis im forma-SinaarsiT Camoyalibeba, rogoric dRes Cven gvaqvs. Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis individu-alisturi subieqtebiT dakompleqtebam, personaluri az-rovnebisa da msoflmxedvelobis siWarbem da a.S. samyaros Sinagani morfologiuri struqtura arsebiTad gaarTula. garTulda socialuri wesrigis organizebisa da zogadad kosmosSi wesrigis SenarCunebis meqanizmi. wesrigisTvis (kos-

41

miuri, socialuri) zrunva miTis umTavresi funqciaa, amitom Tanamedrove, `Janrobrivad aRreuli~ _ ekleqtikuri sam-yaros xelaxal mowesrigeba-modelirebaSi miTi Tanamedrove ritualur-magiuri _ teqnologiuri meqanizmebiT CaerTo. es aRar aris `koleqtiuri~ miTi, aramed igi individualis-turia _ mis ukan konkretuli persona (Tanamedrove miTog-rafosi _ politikosi, misi mrCeveli, piar-teqnologi da a.S.) dgas, romelic individualisturi, politizirebuli sa-zogadoebisaTvis sagangebod `damzadebul~ miTs qmnis da avrcelebs.

miTis individualizaciis procesSi aris erTi mniSvnelo-vani moulodneloba — Tanamedrove miTi, romlis struqtu-rul safuZvels Zveli miTologiebi warmoadgens, Cveuleb-riv, ar wyvets kavSirs arqaul miTologiur fenomenebTan. am SemTxvevaSi _ `koleqtivizmTan~, radgan mxolod koleqti-uri cnobierebisa da qcevis farglebSia SesaZlebeli gan-xorcieldes miTis gamaerTianebeli, maorganizirebeli, mo-mawesrigebeli, warmmarTveli, marTvadi funqcia. amitom axa-li individualisturi miTic, kvlavindeburad, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebsac `koleqtivizaciisaken~ miaqanebs. rogorc n.berdiaevi wers, Tanamedrove samyaroze _ `iwyeba mibrune-ba jogurobisaken axali, civilizebuli formiT. xelisuf-lebis saTaveSi misul masebs surT icxovron am axlad orga-nizebulsa da araorganul koleqtivebSi...~ (berdiaevi 2001: 63). ra Tqma unda, es aRar aris arqauli tradiciuli koleq-tivebi, aramed _ individualistebiT dakompleqtebuli sa-zogadoebebi. swored kacobriuli individualizmis gaZli-erebam gamoiwvia arqauli, miTologiuri koleqtivizmis kon-trSeteva da Tanamedrove sazogadoebis masirebisaTvis ga-cilebiT rTuli uaxlesi teqnologiuri manqanis — miTolo-gizirebuli masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebi, miTebze dafuZnebuli piaris xelovneba, miTodizainze damyarebuli reklama da a.S. amuSaveba. arqaul koleqtiur sociumebs re-alurad Tanamedrove koleqtivebi _ `masirebuli sazogado-eba~ Caenacvla, romlis arsebobisa da funqcionirebis for-ma-Sinaarsi Seudareblad rTulia da Sinagani struqturiT bevrad gansxvavdeba Tavisi Soreuli winamorbedisagan. aseTi sazogadoebisTvis umeteswilad politikuri paTosiT STa-gonebuli socialur-politikuri miTologia iqmneba. Ziri-Tadad politikuri miTi kvebavs Tanamedrove masebs. `SeiZ-leba iTqvas, rom moqmedi masa yovelTvis imyofeba politi-kuri miTis gavlenis qveS, Rebulobs ra mas, rogorc erTad-

42

erT SesaZlebel socialur realobas. masebis mier inspiri-rebuli politikuri Zvra, romelic, rogorc wesi, ganixile-ba masis Semadgenel pirovnebaTa interesebis gamovlinebad, aRmoCndeba daSifruli miTsa da mis Sesabamis siuJetSi, ro-melic an nadgurdeba Tavad cxovrebis procesSi (Tu raime mizezTa gamo daiSleba masa), an gamarTldeba, rogorc winas-wargancdili WeSmariteba. da radganac sawyisi miTosiuJeti ukana TariRiT SesaZlebelia daedos praqtikulad nebismier movlenaTa rigs, politikuri miTi xdeba socialuri proeq-tis Sifri. Sesabamisad, socialuri proeqtis sicocxlisuna-rianoba damokidebulia mxolod miTografosTa xelovnebasa da mis niWze, ganumartos masebs, rom movlenebi ar ewinaaR-mdegeba winaswar dadgenil siuJets~ (kolevi 2003: 37).

`miTologiuri koleqtiuri~ es aris aracnobieris wiaRSi daleqili da gaqvavebuli arqetipebiT ukvdavyofili mTeli kacobriuli `universaluri warsuli~, is saerTo genetikuri kodi, romelic adamianTa jgufebs TanamedroveobaSic Se-akavSirebs koleqtiur, masirebul sazogadoebebad. amgvari, stereotipebze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebebi, warsulSi Cve-ulebriv, marTuli iyo erTi politkur-religiuri statusis mqone piris(beladi, mefe da a.S.) mier da aseve martivad sa-marTavia TanamedroveobaSic. progresul-demokratiuli qveynebis prezident-menejeris institutic ki bolomde ar aris Tavisufali arqauli beladis mmarTvelobis elemente-bisagan. beladi muSaobs pirvelyofil koleqtivze, masaze, axdens mis religiur-magiur uzurpacias da Tavs acxadebs RvTaebis memkvidred da xeldasxmulad. Tanamedrove epoqa xelisufals Camoacilebs religiur-mistiur regaliebs, qarizmatulobas, Tumca mmarTvelobisa da Zalauflebis uz-runvelsayofad masebis manipulirebis saWiroebas Zvelebu-rad ZalaSi tovebs, rasac Tanamedrove teqnologiebiT axorcielebs. arqauli miTologiuri magia Canacvlebulia masobrivi sainformaco saSualebebis, piar-teqnologiis, tiraJirebis axali miTologiuri magiiT, romlis mizans sazogadoebis masireba _ axali tipis koleqtiuri sociumis formireba-SenarCuneba da misi marTva warmoadgens.

dRes paradoqsulad erT winaaRmdegobriv sistemaSi Tav-sdeba individualizacia da masireba. amitom vambobT _ Ta-namedrove individualisturi masirebuli sazogadoeba. misi uZvelesi prototipia koleqtiuri, tradiciuli, upirovno sociumi. Zvels da axal sazogadoebebs erTi saerTo uZve-lesi fenomeni aerTianebT, TiTqos martivi da uwyinari, mag-

43

ram sinamdvileSi, rTuli da yovlisSemZle, yvela drosa da garemoSi cocxali, maradaqtualuri fenomeni _ miTosi.

damowmebani: berdiaevi 2001: berdiaevi n. adamianis bedi Tanamedrove samyaroSi.

`logos presi~, Tb.: 2001. bodriari 2000: Бодрийяр Ж. Прозрачность зла. М.: `Добросвет~, 2000. botisi 2010: Bottici C. A Philosophy of Political Myth. New School for Social

Research. Cambridge University Press, 2010. ginZburgi 2011: ginZburgi k. nakvalevebi, miTebi, mikroistoria.

esseebi evropis istoriisa da kulturis Sesaxeb. Tb.: ilias saxelmwifo unversitetis gamomcemloba, 2011.

eliade 2008: Элиаде М. Мифы современного мира. 2008. http://twasbrillig.ru/?p=547 eliade 2009: eliade m. miTis aspeqtebi. Tb.:ilias saxelmwifo

unversitetis gamomcemloba, 2009. kolevi 2003: Колев А.Н. Политическая мифология. `Логос~. М.: 2003. platoni 2003: platoni. saxelmwifo. Zveli berZnulidan Targmna

baCana bregvaZem. Tb.: `nekeri~, 2003. poezia 1984: qarTuli xalxuri poezia. XI, Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1984. fludi 2002: Christopher G. Flood, Political Myth (Theorists of Myth). Routlege

New York and London: 2002. wulaZe 2003: Цуладзе А. Политическая мифология. М.: "Эксмо" 2003. Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m. mijaWvuli amirani. Tb.: 1947.

44

Khatuna Tavdgiridze

Three Essential Marks Of Modern Mythology Introduction Of Political Mythology

Summary

Myth is characterised with its archaism and stability. In the modern

world it continues existence with its ancient forms. Therefore we can dis-tinguish some essential marks of modern mythology. These marks separate it from archaic mythos.

The first, the most important differential mark is '' Poity''. In number of ancient myths we can see political layers, but for the ancient world it is not dominant. On the one hand in the modern world, political myth became do-minant, but on the other hand myth in general turned into a political myth.

The second differential mark is ''rationality'', though it was rather formal and did not go far. A modern human is a irrational human being turned into a ''rational'' one, with open or closed transcendental trends. Mys-tical trace is not disappeared. It becomes ''rationalized mystical trace''.

The third mark is ''individualization''. Modern myth became ''individu-alistic'' instead of 'traditional'' or collective'' but myth as an ancient traditi-onal phenomenon can not break communication with ''collectivism''. There-fore modern myth holds the middle position. Myth expresses the point of view of mass society which consists of the individualists.

Nowadays individualization and mass society both are situated in one paradoxical contradictious system , which results in forming of a modern individualistic mass society.

Its ancient prototype is collective, traditional impersonal society.

45

Teimuraz qurdovaniZe

winaswarmetyveluri sizmris xat-simboloebi xalxur leqsebSi

sizmari, rogorc adamianTa cxovrebis Tanamdevi movle-

na, xalxis kulturis nawilad aris miCneuli. igi gansakuTre-buli fsiqologiuri fenomenia, ris gamoc mravali aTeuli welia mis mimarT ar Senelebula sxvadasxva profilis mecni-erTa interesi da didZali literaturac dagrovda (xuciS-vili 2009: 81-86), Tumca mecnierTa mosazrebebi rig saki-Txebze gansxvavebulia.

sadReisod miRebulia, rom adamianis cnobierebas `ara-cnobieri sfero~ da instinqtebi marTavs. adamianze zemoqme-debs rogorc piradad miRebuli STabeWdilebebi (individu-aluri aracnobieri), aseve `koleqtiuri~ aracnobieri. Tavad sizmari am zemoqmedebaTa gavleniT `aracnobier sferoSi~ ibadeba. adamianis sulieri cxovrebis warmarTvaSi did rols TamaSobs `arqetipebi~, romlebSic cxovrebiseuli gamocdi-lebiT dagrovili da Taobidan Taobaze gadacemuli simbo-loebi iyris Tavs. `arqetipebis~ meSveobiT formdeba (gamo-ixateba) sizmris saTqmelic. sizmari uZvelesi droidan aris gagebuli RvTis nebis uwyebad (`brZaneba xTisao~ _ xevsu-ruli 1931: 225)), rac mis komunikaciur funqcias gaxazavs. azrovnebis ganviTarebis dabal safexurze sizmris, gansakuT-rebiT `mxriani~, anu winaswarmetyveluri sizmrisadmi rwmena imdenad didi yofila, rom Suamdinaruli miTologiuri epo-sis `gmiri TviT evedreba zena Zalebs, mouvlinon mas sizma-ri, raTa masSi gamocxaddes misi moqmedebis sqema da keTili bolo~ (kiknaZe 1963: 97). sizmrisadmi msgavsi damokidebuleba SenarCunebula mogvianebiTac. homerosis gmirebic `mtkiced dganan weris ganaCenis molodinSi da sizmars mimarTaven imi-tom ki ara, rom am werisa eSiniaT, aramed imitom, rom Tavian-Ti moqmedeba am weras Seufardon~ (kotetiSvili 2006: 402).

Cveulebriv (umniSvnelo) sizmars xSirad xedavs adamiani, winaswarmetyveluri xilva ki iSviaTad evlineba da isic gansakuTrebul fsiqologiur mdgomareobaSi yofnisas. siz-mriseuli xilva mokle utyvi qmedebis saxiT Cndeba da Tu mexsierebaSi CaibeWda, mxolod Semdeg yalibdeba konteqsti, romelmac sizmriT miRebul gancdasTan erTad safuZveli unda Seuqmnas nanaxis axsnas.

46

marTebulia Tvalsazrisi, rom qarTul msoflmxedvelo-basa da rwmena-warmodgenebze didi gavlena mouxdenia `ber-Znuli civilizaciisa da qristianuli moZRvrebis~ (xuciS-vili 2009: 12-21) Rirebulebebs, Tumca, vfiqrobT, Tavisi didi wili SenarCunebuli aqvT warmarTobisdroindel war-modgenebsac, miT umetes, rom xat-simboloebze mniSvnelobe-bis mimagrebisas adamiani, rogorc aRiarebulia, swored mi-Turi da zRapruli kategoriebiT azrovnebda. zRaparSi dRe-sac Zlieradaa gamoxatuli sagnebTan simboloebis msgavse-bis (wyali _ tba (zRva), salesavi _ klde, savarcxeli _ tye) an asociaciurad dakavSirebis (aRviri _ raSi) tradicia. sizmriseuli xat-simboloebic an msgavsebis, an asociaciis mixedviT ixsneba da am saqmeSi warmmarTveli aris rwmena-warmodgenebis wili. uZvelesi rwmeniT, xe, rogorc cocxali arseba, adamianTan aris Setolebuli. msgavsi paralelebiT mravali xalxi sargeblobs, radgan adamianTa fsiqika, Sexe-dulebebi da yofiTi azrovneba erTtipobrivia.

winaswarmetyveluri sizmris Temaze Seqmnili xalxuri leqsebi ZiriTadad sikvdilis Temas amuSaveben. maTSi aqcen-tirebulia awmyoSi miRebuli uwyeba, romelic upirateswi-lad sami dRis ganmavlobaSi unda acxaddes. poeziis nimuSeb-Si avis momaswavebeli simboloebi bunebaSi mimdinare uCve-ulo procesebis asaxviT iqmneba. miniSnebebis sakvanZo sity-vebi: `ukuRm amoxdes ciskari~, (xalxuri poezia, V, 1976, gv. 121) igivea, rac mzis ukuRma amosvla (sikvdilis simbolo); `sawvimrad emzadeboda, Suqi ar Canda mzisao, wovaTis ceriT momesma sazarlad quxil cisao~ (iqve, gv. 215) _ wvima = cremlisRvras, Suqi ar Canda mzisao = mze (sicocxlis niSani) wasuli iyo, sazareli quxili = SiSis momgvreli, avis maniSne-beli. es erTi tipis niSnebia, magram msgavsi simboloebi mxo-lod `sizmris~ tipis leqsebisTvis ar iqmneba da gamoiyeneba. isini aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis poeturi tradi-ciis gamoxatulebaa da migvaniSnebs folkloruli azrovne-bis maneraze. magaliTad, sagmiro leqsebSi gvxvdeba gamoT-qmebi: `ardotSi ra ambavia: Camotexas Rgav cisasa~ (xevsu-ruli 1931: 130), `udrood dabnelebula TxuTmeti dRisa mTvareo~ (iqve), `wiTlad maiqcnes wyaroni~ (xe