sota rustavelis qartuli literaturis...

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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian iterature

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Georgian Folklore

7(XXIII)

2014

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qarTuli foklori

7(XXIII)

2014

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redaqtorirusudan ColoyaSvili

saredaqcio kolegia

irma ratianinino balanCivaZeqeTevan elaSvilioTar onianinestan ratianiirma yvelaSvilieka CxeiZe

saredaqcio sabWo

zaza abzianiZezurab kiknaZeTeimuraz qurdovaniZerostom CxeiZeTemur jagodniSvili

saredaqcio kolegiis sapa-tio wevriqevin TuiTi (kanada)

pasuxismgebeli mdivanisoso tabucaZe

qarTuli folklori, 2014misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi, merab kostavas q. # 5. telefoni: 99-18-81faqsi: 99-53-00E-mail: [email protected]

EditorRusudan Cholokashvili

Editorial Board

Irma RatianiNino BalanchivadzeKetevan ElashviliOtar OnianiNestan RatianiIrma KvelashviliEka Chkheidze

Editorial Council

ZaZa AbzianidzeZurab KiknadzeTeimutaz KurdovanidzeRostom ChkheidzeTemur Jagodnishvili

Honorary member of edito-rial boordKevin Tuite (Canada)

Responsible Editor Sosdo Tabutsadze

Georgian Folklor, 2014Address: 0108, TbilisiM. Kostava str. 5Tel.: 99-18-81Fax: 99-53-00E-mail: [email protected]

ISSN 1987-7021

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miTi. rituali. simbolo

oTar oniani

amiranis struqturuli elementebi (mijaWva)

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis variantebSi

(werili meoTxe)*

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTa, fSauris gamoklebiT, ar gamoirCeva `amiranianis~ srulsiuJetiani versiebiT. es gan-sakuTrebiT iTqmis TuSeTSi. xevsa da mTiuleTSi moZiebul Canawerebze (rogorc gamoqveynebul, ise arqivebSi dacul teqstebze). variantTa didi nawili galeqsilia, mcire ki pro-zauli. orive fragmentebisa da nawyvetebis saxiTaa SemorCe-nili. Zalian sainteresoa da moulodnelic, rom mixeil Ci-qovanis mier gamoqveynebuli variantebidan, aseve arqivebSi daculi Canawerebidan, xevsurul teqstebSi amiranis mijaWva ar dasturdeba. TuSurSi ki mxolod erT fragmentul vari-antSi gvxvdeba. xalxis TqmiT `sperozis mTas mihkvria erTi mTa, romelsac amiranis mTas eZaxian. am mTaSi mijaWvulia erT kldeze amirani. ram dasaja ase Seubraleblad es gmiri? ai, rogor xsnis xalxis Tqmuleba: `amirani yofila RmerTis naTluli. amirani iseTi gmiri da Ronis patroni yofila, rom momrevi ar hyolia qveyanazed, devebs xom musrs avlebda. RoniT gamarjvebulma amiranma gamoiwvia RmerTi saWidaod. RmerTma Caaso miwaSi rkinis palo, miajaWva amirani da uTxra: aba, Tu Ronieri xar, gawyviteo... amiranma orjer gawyvita, me-samed veRar SeZlo jaWvis gawyveta da darCa ase mijaWvuli aq mTaSi~ (Ciqovani 1947: 345-346). amirani aqac boroti Zalebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli gmiria. amisTvisaa igi movlenili miwier

* amiranis struqturul elementebTan dakavSirebuli �, �� da �� statiebi dai-amiranis struqturul elementebTan dakavSirebuli �, �� da �� statiebi dai-beWda 2014 w. 7-8, 9, 10 nomrebSi.

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saufloSi, damowmebuli epizodi raime mniSvnelovnad gansx-vavebuls arafers gveubneba. mas ar uZRvis win amiranis da misi Zmebis sagmiro saqmeebi, Tu sxva struqturuli komponentebi, mxolod faqtzea miTiTeba, rom man qriste RmerTi gamoiwvia saWidaod da ara sabrZolvelad.

xevSi Cawerili versiebidan mxolod ori prozauli frag-mentia saintereso. maT Soris amiranis mkvlevarTa gansakuT-rebuli yuradReba daimsaxura erT-erTma rva striqonianma fragmentma, Tu nawyvetma, `gaqvavebuli gveleSapi~: `rodesac gamarjvebebiT gaTavxedeblma amiranma qriste RmerTTanac Sejibreba moindoma, RmerTma is myinvarwveris ferdobze mi-ajaWvao. amiT undoda esargebla amiranis dauZinebel mters, gveleSaps, myinvaris wveridan gadmococda da dabmul amirans SeWmas upirebda Turme, magram misi es ganzraxva wmida gior-gis gaugia da swrafad iqve gaCenila. wmindans gveleSapisaT-vis TiTis daqneviT uTqvams: SeCerdi, amirani codvebis mosa-nanieblad davabiT da ara Sen gasaZRomado, mandve gaqvavdio. am sityvebiT gveleSapi iqve gaqvavebula~ (Ciqovani 1947: 346). damowmebuli epizodi marTlac mravalmxrivaa saintereso. igi sxva fragmentTa Soris gansakuTrebulad gamorCeul adgils iWers amiranis kvlevis istoriaSi. mas iseTi dasawyi-si aqvs, rom win unda uZRvodes amiranis, misi Zmebisa da sxva personaJebis mTeli rigi qmedebebi. sxvaTa Soris mTqmeli saTqmels gvawvdis amiranis uaryofiTi daxasiaTebiT, rom igi gaTavxedebulia, RmerTi gamoiwvia saWidaod. rodis moxda amiranis aseTi feriscvaleba, ris gamo, ufalma rodis mouma-ta amdeni Zal-Rone, rom gaTavxedda, araferi viciT, mTqmeli axsna-ganmartebebisagan Tavs ikavebs, pirdapir gveubneba, rom amirani gamarjvebebiTaa gaTavxedebuli. bolo sityva bevri ramis mqTmelia, cxadia, amiranis ganebivreba-gaTavxedebaSi marto boroti Zalebis winaaRmdeg brZola da gamarjveba ar igulisxmeba. aq sxva variantebic SeiZleba moviSvelioT. gasaxsenebelia, rom, rodesac micvalebul ambri arabis mklavi ver daZra, qriste RmerTma mas Zala Semata. SeiZleba

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isic vivaraudorT, rom boroti arsebebis amowyvetis Semdeg, amirans adamianTa sazogadoebaSi gauWirda urTierToba, Sec-domebi dauSva da mravali sxva. centraluri gmiris yvelaze didi Tavxedoba iyo macxovris saWidaod gamowveva da ara mas-Tan brZolis survili. es erT-erTi umTavresi niSanTagania am epizodisa. mTqmeli saTqmels Zalian mokled gveubneba. `RmerTma myinvarwveris ferdobze miajaWva. mizezi gasage-bia... e.i. amiranis dasjas win ar uZRvis misi Zalis gamocda, rogorc es sxva variantebSia.

damowmebul epizodSi TiToeuli striqoni, zogjer TviT sityvac gasaxsnel saidumloebad rCeba. ase magaliTad, amiranis dasjiTo `undoda esargebla mis dauZinebel mters, gveleSaps da dabmuls SeWmas upirebda. bunebrivia kiTxva: ra-tom mtrobs gveleSapi amirans, ratom aris igi misi dauZine-beli mteri? pasuxi ar Cans. unda vivaraudoT, rom es mcire moculobis epizodi Zalian saintereso variantis, rTuli variantis, gadarCenili fragmentia, sadac saubari iqneboda veSapTan amiranis orTabrZolaze. rom amirani da veSapi er-Timeoris dauZinebeli mtrebi arian, Cans svanur varianteb-Sic. ambrim amirans xeli CamoarTva, rom misi Svili gaezarda. qristes Tavdeboba mosTxova, amirani daTanxmda. gzaze CaeZi-na da am dros cidan ori veSapi gadmoeSva, amiranis gadaylapva undodaT. ambris vaJma orive gaguda, erTimeoreze gaafskvna da xeze Camokida. gamoRviZebulma amiranma icno misi gadamy-lapveli veSapi, romlis wiaRidanac igi cocxali gamovida~ (oniani 2009: 545). araa gamoricxuli, rom winamdebare epizod-Sic msgavsi siuJetis kvali iyos darCenili veSapis mtrobisa... Zalian sainteresoa wminda giorgis sityvebi veSapisadmi, Ti-Tis daqneviT rom uTxra: `SeCerdi, amirani codvebis mosanan-ieblad davabiT da ara Sen gasaZRomaTo. mandve gaqvavdio. am sityvebiT gveleSapi iqve gaqvavebula~. wm. giorgis sityvebi pirvel rigSi imiTaa saintereso, rom mijaWvul amirans, ise rogorc miwier saufloSi moRvaweobisas, sulieri Zalebi meTvalyurpeoben, maTi uSualo mzrunvelobis qveSaa TviT

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dasjis Semdegac. damowmebuli epizodis mniSvneloba mar-Tlac gansakuTrebulia, misi WeSmariti mecniurul doneze gaazreba bevr sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. ra cod-vebi Caidina amiranma iseTi, rom misi kldeze mijaWva gaxda aucilebeli? `codvebis mosananieblad davabiTo~. mravlo-biT ricxvSi naTqvami sityva `davabiT~, ras niSnavs? Cven vic-iT, rom amiranis uSualo damsjeli variantTa absoluturi umravlesobiT qriste RmerTia, magram im CanawerSi, romlis fragmentsac saanalizod aRniSnuli teqsti warmoadgens, albaT, imis miniSneba iqneboda, rom amiranis dasja sulier arsebaTa neba iyo da ara romelime erTisa. es problema Zeg-lis genezisamdec SeiZleba mivides, vinaidan, aRiarebuli azris Tanaxmad, ufali momdevno epoqebSi unda Canacvlebo-da romeliRac adreul arsebas. es sakiTxi Zalze rTulia da Cven aq azris gamoTqmisagan Tavs vikavebT, magram faqtia, rom dasaxelebuli sityvac araa SemTxveviTi. amiranis codvebzec gvqonda saubari, rom adamianebTan urTierTobaSi Secdomebi dauSva; zogjer Secodebac, vinaidan ver SeZlo didZali Ro-nis gonebrivi moTokva, magram umTavresi mainc isaa, rom am mi-jaWvul amirans qomagad wm. giorgi gamouCnda. es ki yvelaze didi mniSvnelobis faqtia am gadarCenil fragmentSi. ase rom, araa SemTxveviTi mkvlevarTa didi da Seunelebeli interesi am mcire moculobis epizodisadmi...

moxeuri folkloridan kide erTi fragmenti aRmoC-nda saintereso amiranis mijaWvaze: `amirani da qriste~. masSi moTxrobilia, rom `amiranis naTlia iyo iaso qriste. amirans iseTi Rone misca, rom veravin uZlebda. memre Tavis naTlias uTxra: Seni Rone unda vscadovo. naTliam urCia: me nu dameWidebi, bevri kaci varo. amiranma ar daiSala, mainc vcdi Sens Roneso. roca daeWidnen, amiranma muxlebamde Caiyvana. iaso qriste Zalas ar xmarobda. roca gaigo, rom guliT eWideboda, maSin daukra palo miwaSi... amiranma or-jer amoaZro palo, mesamed veRar. gajavrebulma naTliam jaWvze daaba da rom veRar amdgariyo da ganTavisuflebu-

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liyo, myinvari daadga Tavze. amirani axlac iq aris~ (Ciqo-vani 1947: 347). damowmebuli fragmentic Zalian sainteresoa. igi Tavidanve imaze migvaniSnebs, rom amirans mxolod Zalis gamocdis survili aqvs, naTliasadmi Tqmuli sityvac amas gvidasturebs: `Seni Rone unda vscado~. naTliam urCia: beri kaci var, nu dameWidebi. davakvirdeT, rogor viTardeba moq-medeba. amiranis pasuxi aseTia: `mainc vcdi Sens Roneso~. e.i. Zalis gamocdazea saubari. Tanac aqcentirebuladaa Tqmuli, rom Widaobis dros iaso qriste Zalas ar xmarobda. uflis amgvari qmedeba pirveli SemTxvevaa àmiranianis~ versiebSi.

rogorc vxedavT, macxovarma amirani gamocada, Tavis nebaze

miuSva. amiranma muxlebamde Caiyvana iaso qriste. konkretul

SemTxvevaSi amiranisgan RmerTTan SebrZolebaze saubari rom

gamoricxulia Widaobis procesis aRweridanac aSkaraa. Zalze

sainteresoa mTqmelis sityvebi, rom, roca qriste RmerTma

gaigo, amirani marTlac guliT eWideboda, maSin daukra palo

miwaSi. gavixsenoT ganxiluli fragmentidan `gaqvavebuli

gveleSapi~ sityvebi: amirani gaTavxedebulia gamarjvebebis

gamo. igulisxmeba macxovris mier Zalis momatebis Semdeg. daaxloebiT aqac asea (fraza damowmebulia da aRar gavime-

orebT). gajavrebulma naTliam miajaWva amirani. amiranianis

moxeuri epizodebic Zveli berZnuli miTologiis tradicias

misdevs, sadac adamiani RmerTTan kadnierebis gamo isjeba.

mTiuleTSi moZiebuli àmiranianis~ versiebidan mijaWva

or prozaul variantSi aRmoCnda. erTia àmiranis mama~. teqs-

ti Cawerilia SoTa ZiZiguris mier sof. biblianSi, mTqmeli

giorgi buCukuri. dabeWdilia: S. ZiZiguri 1959: 197. mijaWvis

epizods win uZRvis amiranis, badris da usupis wasvla de-

vebTan saCxubrad. aq saintereso ram aris naTqvami: àdamiani soms wyalsa da ver ZReba wyliT. movida didi wvima da amirani wamoiRo wyalma. mas alqajebi mosdevdnen, ro mkvdari ixilon amirani. ar ausruldaT alqajebs misi sikvdili... gavida erT alagas. sTxovs dambadabedels:

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_ maCveneo, an Cemi Zma mamec, an Cemi savali mamecio! _ ar-cerTi ar usruldeba, mere misca sayveduri:

_ Se dalocvilo, marTla ar Sveli! _ iqna moCveneba, gameecxada moxucebuli:

_ eg sayveduri ra ariso? ar geTqo! imis mosvlaze is de-vebi daixupnen, daikargnen, uTxra amiranma:

_ rato egre qenio? _ su xalxis ganTavisuflebaze ibr-Zoda. moitana jaWvi da gadaaba da datova RmerTma.

_ Sen Rirsi xaro! _ naxa. exla wavida. erTi patara goSia uzis da lokavs jaWvs.

_ ras akeTeb aq, moCveneba xar, ra xar? _ Cafiqrda._ mec SenTan var dawesebulio, unda SenTan movkvde, unda

Cemis eniTa vlio es jaWvio!~ (ZiZiguri 1959: 197-198).damowmebuli epizodi Zalian sainteresoa. masSi svanuri

variantebis Semdeg pirvelad ixsenieba dambadebeli amiranis Semwed. amjerad arafers vityviT wylis mniSvnelobasa da alqajTa gamodevnebaze, rom mkvdari naxon amirani. maT es sawadeli ar ausruldaT. wyals gadarCenili amirani dam-badebels sTxovs daxmarebas: `an Zmebi momeci, an Cemi rva-lio~. arcerTi ar Seusrulda. bolos usayvedura: `marTal ar Svelio!~ amgvarma sayvedurma ganarisxa dambadebeli da `gameecxada moxucebuli iersaxiT da wyeniT mimarTa: `es say-veduri ra ariso?!~ da daumata: ar unda geTqva. am dialog-Tan erTad gansakuTrebiT saintereso isaa, rom dambadeblis gamocxadebasTan erTad boroti Zalebi, alqajebi amowyd-nen, gaqrnen im midamodan. amiranma kide erTi gamouswore-beli Secdoma dauSva: _ rato egre qenio? aqac Txovnis ar-Sesrulebazea saubari... mTqmelis ganmartebiT, amirani sul xalxis TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZvis. rogorc vxedavT, am epi-zodSi mTeli moqmedeba dambadeblisa da amiranis dailogzea agebuli. metyveleba Zalze lakoniuria, TiToeuli fraza Tu gamoTqma Rrma dakvirvebas saWiroebs... `moitana jaWvi da gadaaba da dastova RmerTma~. ra adgilas miajaWva, teqs-tidan ar Cans. cxadia, unda vivaraudoT, rom kldezea mijaW-

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vuli. teqstSi Zalian sainteresoa uflis bolo sityvebi: _

`Sen Rirsi xar~... erTi patara goSia uzis amirans da lokavs

jaWvs. teqstis es adgili sainteresod gveCveneba. Cven viciT,

Tu ras akeTebs goSia, magram TiTqmis yvela variantisagan

gansxvavebiT amirani gakvirvebiT ekiTxeba mas: `_ras akeTeb

aq, moCveneba xar, ra xaro?. damafiqrebelia pasuxi: `mec Sen-

Tan var dawesebuli~. e.i. dambadebelis mieraa igi movlenili

amiranTan erTad, misi Wiris gamziareblad da Semamsubuqe-

blad. misi bediswera amiranis bediswerasTan aris gaigive-

buli, Sesisxlxorcebuli. ùnda SenTan movkvde~. marTalia,

sasjeli mkacria, magram variantTa absolutur umravleso-

baSi mijaWvul amirans fizikuri sikvdili ar uweria. igi ada-

mianuri codvebis gamoa dasjili. goSias sityviT, ùnda Cemis

eniT vlio es jaWvi~... rogorc vxedavT, damowmebuli epizodi

mniSvnelovnad originaluria. mijaWvuli amiranis sikvdilze

miniSneba jerjerobiT erTaderTi Cans amiranianis dRemde

cnobili versiebSi. siaxlea isic, rom goSia amiranisaTvis aris Sewiruli sulieri Zalebisagan... saboloo azri am epi-zodisa isaa, rom amirani sul xalxis ganTavisuflebisaT-vis ibrZoda, magram dambadebelTan ver gamoiCina saTanado sifrTxile. Tavisi TviTneburi kiTxvebiT, ampartavnobiT ganarisxa qveynierebis meufe, batoni da miajaWva, Tan uTxra: `Sen Rirsi xaro!~ amiranis mxridan ki aranairi cda, niSanwyal-ic ki ar SeimCneva, RmerTTan brZolisa, arc Widaobisa da arc Zalis gamocdisa. amdenad, unda davaskvnaT, rom winamdebare epizodi mniSvnelovnad gvexmareba amiranis dasjis mizezTa sworad gaazrebaSi...

meore variantSi àmiraniani~ araa srul siuJetiani, aklia Soba, naTloba, gmiruli qmedebebi da sxva struquturuli erTeulebi. yvela Canaweris mixedviT badri da usibi amiranis Zmebi arian. aq ki badri ambri arabsaa Canacvlebuli: `badri Cahqonda dedasa, SviduRliv eba xarebi~... erTi fexi Cavard-nili hqonia... deda Sehvedrebia amirans: ariqa, Svilo amiran,

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fexi auwie da Sedevi uremze. amiranma ver aswia. moubrunda deda da uTxra:

`_ isemc adgili krulia, saca Sen amiranobdio;

wesi rom iyves dedaTao, qorebliv ginadirebdio~.

mTqmelis sityvebiT: amirani dawva, iseT dReSia, rom uf-lis saxels ar axsenebs... gamogzavna RmerTma angelozebi. ra ambavia Sens Tavsao? raRa ra ambavia, mkvdris fexi ver amiwevia da kacs rogorRa davxvdeo.

moumata RmerTma cxra uReli xar-kameCis Zala amirans... isev gamogzavna angelozebi RmerTma da uTxra: wadi, Seni mamrevi adamiani nuRaravin iqneba. swored amis Semdeg gad-idgulda amirani: `jvaredin gzaze dadga, ramdenic gaivlis da gamoivlis adamiani, daucems palos miwaSi, magram veravin eweva.

daRonda ieso qriste am xalxis codviTa... wamovida gla-xad, sawylad Cacmuli. uTxra amiranma: _ aba am kets amoswie.

_ aba, ra Seni Rone maq, daRonebuli kaci var. ar SeiZlebao...

_ amoswie Cqarao, _ amiranma uTxra.

_ kaco, damexseni, sawyali kaci var...

_ rogor Tu ara, _ gaebRvira. xan aq gadaabrunebs, xan _

iqeT Tavis naTlias. _ kaco, dadego... _ arao.

maSin waiyvana RmerTma amirani da daaba kldeSi da mas ukan

dabmulia. aq, aragvis TavSia, gamiris kldeSi, Rudis kldeSi~...

(f.arq. 31280). dabeWdilia: el. vrrsalaZe, qarTvel mTielTa

zepirsityviereba, 1958. amonaweri vrcelia, magram igi im-

denad specifikuria, rom misi am sisruliT damowmeba aucile-

beli gaxda. ufalma amirans orjer moumata Zala, meored ki uZlevi gaxada: `Seni mamre adamiani nuRaravin iqneba`. viciT, rom amiranma orjer iwvnia uRonoba. itanjeba, magram, roca darwmunda, rom misi `momrevi~, damZlevi adamiani aRaravin iqneborda, gakadnierda da sabediswero Secdoma dauSva. ada-mianebs awuxebda. marTalia, amiranma misi naTlia, glaxad Cac-

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muli qriste RmerTi ver icno, magram aq erTi niuansia sain-tereso _ man ar miaqcia yuradReba glaxad Cacmuli RmerTis sityvebs: _ kaco, damexsenio, sawyali kaci varo. piriqiT `ga-ebRvira. xan aqiT gadaabrunebs, xan iqiT Tavis naTlias~. bolo gafrTxilebac ar ismina amiranma. _ kaco, dadego... arao, al-baT, aq gasarkvevi da amosacnobi araferia. amiranis qmedeba pirvel rigSi wminda adamianuri poziciebidanaa dasagmobi. man `sawyali kacis~ sityvebs ar miaqcia yuradReba. am teqstSi ukve meoTxed Segvxvda, rom amiranma naTlia waaqcia. cxadia, amirani misma uxeSma fizikurma Zalam miiyvana aseT mZime Sec-domamde. es maSin, roca man sakuTar Tavze gamoscda uRonoba, umweoba, tanjvac. mTqmelis sityvebiT, amirani `iseT dReSia, rom uflis saxels ar axsenebs~. e.i. mas mware gamocdileba aqvs. mosalodneli iyo, rom igi Tavis mZleobas gamoiyeneb-da adamianebisaTvis, visTvisac man boroti Zalebi mTlianad mospo da gaanadgura, magram xdeba piriqiT, igi saSiSi aRmoC-nda adamianebisaTvis. es ki misi mijaWvis mizezi gaxda. sxva axsna amiranis qmedebas aRar eZebneba. aq RmerTmebrZoloba gasaxsenebelic araa.

damowmebani:

oniani 2009: oniani o. kulturuli gmiris problema qarTul folk-

lorSi. Tb.: `universali~, 2009.

f.arqivi: SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis folk-

loris ganyofilebis arqivi.

Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m. mijaWvuli amirani. Tb.: stalinis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1947.

ZiZiguri 1959: ZiZiguri S. qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia

leqsikoniTurT. Tb.: samecniero meTodikuri kabinetis gamomcemloba,

1959.

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Otar Oniani

Structural Elements (enchainment) of the Amiraniani in the Versions Recorded in the Highlands of Eastern Georgia

(the third letter)

Summary

In the versions recorded in the highlands of the eastern Georgia the epi-sodes reflecting the enchainment are extremely peculiar, especially the texts recorded in the Khevi (mountainous region). On the basis of their study it has been established that Amirani was supervised by spiritual creatures and they took care of him after enchaining. It is interesting to note that unlike the ver-sions of other regions the One who chained Amirani is a Creator.

Here the major reason for Amirani’s punishment is human errors – disre-spect shown to the Creator and not a challenge to struggle or desire to fight.

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oTar oniani

amiranis struqturuli elementebi _

mijaWvis epizodebi imerul-raWul da

leCxumur versiebSi

(werili mexuTe)

amiranis dasjis originaluri epizodebia SemorCenili

imerul zepirsityvierebaSi. erT-erT variantSi _ `amirani

da gorgasali~ vkiTxulobT: `erTjen amirani brundeboda

nadirobidan. fxarze iremi yavda gadakidebuli. geiara kai

manZili, Sexeda, vicxas moasveneben urmiT. imxelaa ktari,

rom Svidasi xar-kameCi Zlivs ewikeba. Wirisufals win vaxtang

gorgasali miuZRoda da nametani damgloviarebuli iyo igic.

am drosa da fexi gadmouvarda am kvtars urmidan. erTio, _

uTxra vaxtang gorgasalma amirans, es fexi ouwie am kvtars

da uremze Soudevio. mivida amirani, mara ras awikavs?!.. ver

daZra. Sewuxda amirani... maSvin dawyevla vaxtangma: `deiqces

igi qveyana, sacxa Sen amiranobdio~-o.

mivida gorgasali da TiTon Soudo kvtars fexi uremze.

apao, uTxra amiranma, Tu Sen maseTi Ronieri vaJkaci xar,

dameWideo. maSvin gorgasalma locva daiwyo da Seevedra ma-

mazeciers (dideba mis saxels): momeci imdeni Rone, rom es

metiCara davamarcxovo. mica Rone ieso qriste macxovarma.

meiqnia gorgasalma amirani. geiqnia xeli amiranma da gou-

varda isari. eiRo es isari gorgasalma da daaso miwaSi. ubr-

Zana, rome gadgomoda fesvebi da uSvelebel muxad gadaqceu-

liyo. gadaiqca isari muxad. deeWida amirani da ver moTxara.

maSvin gorgasalma daaba igi am muxaze, gadaxura uSvelebeli

mTa Tavze, douyena yaraulad ZaRli, rom ar eeSva amirans.

axla amaze ityvian xolme:

16

`kavkasiis qedze iyo mijaWvuli amirani,

eseoda yvav-yorani, guli hqonda dafleTili~.

(Ciqovani 1947: 353)

damowmebul epizodSi kargadaa daculi imeruli dialeq-tis ena. marTalia, amonaridi Zalze vrcelia, magram igi imden siaxles Seicavs da imdenad sainteresos, rom aucilebeli gaxda misi am sisruliT damowmeba. moulodnelia teqstSi vax-tang gorgasalis gamoCena. isic aseTi zeamaRlebuli, RvTi-uri funqciebiTa da ZlierebiT. igi sruli siaxlea. davsZenT, rom gorgasali, rogorc personaJi, saerTod ar dasturdeba amiranianis dRemde cnobil versiebSi. igi imeruli variantis specifikaa. saanalizo fragmentSi araferia Tqmuli ure-mze dasmuli micvalebulis vinaobaze, magram Tu gaviTval-iswinebT aRmosavleT saqarTveloos mTasa da barSi moZiebul variantebs, nawilobriv dasavleTisac, konkretulad ki sva-nur Canawerebs, Zneli ar iqneba imis danaxva, rom igi ambri ara-bia, romelsac gverdze yovelTvis deda an da mihyveba. swored isini sayveduroben amirans uRonobas, romelmac Zvra ver uyo urmidan gadmogdebul ambris fexs, zogierTi variantiT _ mklavs. rogorc vnaxeT, imeruli versiiT vaxtang gorgasali wyevlis amirans... aseve gansxvavebulia amiranis reagireba, qmedeba, roca micvalebuli gmiris urmidan gadmogdebul fexs Zvra ver uyo, sasowarkveTilebas ki ar mieca, pirdapir saWidaod gamoiwvia vaxtang gorgasali. ise, rom naTliasaT-vis Zalis momateba arc uTxovia. es epizodic mniSvnelovnad originaluria...

gansaxilvel teqstSi gorgasali RvTiur ZalebTan wilna-yaria. igi Seevedra mamazeciers, rom mieca imdeni Zala, rom metiCara amirani daemarcxebina. RmerTma ismina misi vedreba da mowinaaRmdege muxaze miajaWva. esec siaxloea, viciT, rom amiranis mimjaWveli variantTa absoluturi umravlesobiT qriste RmerTia... sainteresod gveCveneba isic, rom gorga-salTan saWidaod gamzadebulma amiranma xeli geiqnia da isari

17

gouvarda, romelic gorgasalma miwaSi Caaso da ubrZana fes-vebi gadgmoda da muxad gardasaxuliyo, rac aRsrulda kidec. amirani am muxaze aRmoCnda mijaWvuli. amgvar saswaulT moq-medi ufalia da ara mokvdavi. viciT, rom vaxtang gorgasali gamiTiurebuladaa warmodgenili qarTul sagmiro-saisto-rio sityvierebaSi, igi RvTiT xeldebulia, miesvleba zeciur saufloSi:

`vaxtang mefe RmerTs uyvarda,

cidan Camoesma reka,

ialbuzze fexi Sedga.

didma mTebma iwyes dreka~.

ialbuzis eSmakebi

cxra mTas iqiT gadareka~.

(sixaruliZe 1961: 182)

miuxedavad amisa, igi pirvel rigSi mainc adamiania, isto-riuli pirovneba da misi warmodgena amiranis mimjaWvelad gamonaklisad unda CaiTvalos. rac mTavaria, am variantiT amiranis RmerTmbrZolobaze saubaric ki gaWirdeboda...

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis folkloristikis ganyofiloebis TanamSromelTa erTobli-vi ZalisxmeviT, ukve gamosacemadaa momzadebuli m. Ciqovanis Sedgenili da z. kiknaZis mier redaqtirebuli amiranianis variantebi or tomad. imerulidan aq aRmoCnda Zalze sain-tereso Canaweri (f. arq. XXVb, 74. gv. 39-48). rigiT # 137. `amira-ni~. teqstis Sesavali nawili gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa. monadire sulkalmaxi nadirobis dros erTi kldis gamoqv-abulSi Sevida. `Sig qali daxvda, Zalian avadmyofi, romelsac rqmevia dali. qalma uTxra: ka dros moxvedi, me ukve eqvsi Tvis orsuloi var. ar dagenanos Cemi Tavi, mucelze gamWeri. vici, biWi meyoleba. gameiyvane is iqidan da sami Tve kuro-mozveris faSvSi amyofe... monaTvlis dros erTi kaci mova... moanaTv-line~. rogorc vxedavT, amiranis deda imeruli versiiTac da-lia. Cans, rom am mxriv svanuri variantebi araa gamonaklisi...

18

saanalizo teqstSi centraluri gmiris gazviadebac origi-naluradaa warmodgenili... `amiranma gaigo didi ambris qeba. gadawyvita, modi, waval, rac momiva, momivideso. Sua gzaze rom mivida, Seexvewa meufes da naTlias, Tu ambri Cemi momrevi iyos, mkvdari damaxvedreo. marTlac mokvda ambri. doudva dedamisma ambri uremze da wamoiRo dasamarxavad. amirani win SeefeTa. sanam SeefeTeboda ambris dedam klavi gadmougdo urmidan Svils... sTxova dedam amirans:

_ modi, amiran, aiReangre Sen genacvalebi.amiran mklavs daezida,vaime weli da Zvlebi._ ro gloviareT ar viyo,miwa _ mtvraT gagatarebdi.

damowmebul striqonebSi siaxle araferia: gzad mimavali amiranis SemTxveviT Sexvedra micvalebul ambri arabTan, romelsac urmiT miasvenebdnen, da mgloviare dedis sityve-bi kargadaa cnobili sxva kuTxis variantebSic, magram konk-retul SemTxvevaSi gawbilebuli amiranis reagireba, ufro zustad, qmedebaa saintereso: ̀ maSin gabrazda amirani da Tqva: me arc gmiri vyofilovar, arc arafeli, qals meti SeZlebia Cemzeo~. sxva versiebisagan gansxvavebiT sabneloSi ki ar Caj-da, aramed gangebas sTxova: ̀ gaacocxle ambri isev da mamrieo~. sulierma Zalebma ismines amiranis vedreba da ambri isev gaa-cocxles. es ki gamonaklisi SemTxvevaa. msgavsi ram amiranianis arcerT variantSi ar dasturdeba. rogorc vxedavT, amiranisa da sulier arsTa urTierToba sruliad axalsa da maRal reg-istrSia warmodgenili. esec mniSvnelovani siaxlea. mTqmelis SeniSvniT, `Seiqna Widaoba, roca iqna, amiranma daZlia ambri da mokla. dedamisic wavida saxlSi~. aseTi dasasruli mou-lodnelia, igi bevr safiqrals gvitovebs... Tu Rrmad davak-virdebiT amiranis zemoT Tqmul sityvebs, davrwmundebiT, rom mas pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs meufesa da Semoqmed RmerT-

19

Tan. swored isini amowmeben mis qmedebas, exmarebian, yovel-nair sawadels usruleben. gavixsenoT amiranis vedreba: `Tu ambri Cemze Zlieria, mkvdari damaxvedreTo~, rac aRsrulda kidec. esec gamonaklisi siaxlea amiranis kvlevis istoriaSi, magram aq ganmartebaa aucilebeli: viciT, rom naTlia ieso qristea (amaze qvemo), magram vin aris meufe? Cveni azriT, meufe zedwodebaa, igi mamaRmerTia, romelic svanuri varian-tebis garda saqarTvelos arc erTi kuTxis CanawerSi ar das-turdeba amiranis personaJad da ar moixsenieba saxeldebiT. damowmebuli epizodebis mecnieruli mniSvnelobac es aris. mamaRmerTi aqac, imerul variantSi, amiranis Semwe arsebadaa warmodgenili. amdenad, gansaxilvel epizods meti sicxade da garkveuloba Seaqvs centraluri gmiris rogorc dasjis mizezebis, ise misi bunebis idumalebaTa amocnobaSi, aseve Zeglis mxatvruli sakiTxebis SeswavlaSi. sruli siaxlea amiranis mier ambri arabis orTabrZolaSi damarcxeba. saku-Tari ZlierebiT gaTamamebulma, Zalian Tavi aidida, Tavisaze Zalovani aravin gonia, Tqva: `vicxam es Zala momca, maCvena da damaWida~. marTlac Tvalwin daudga es kaci. me var Seni naTlia. e.i. am kacma Tavisi Tavi gaacno, rom RmerTia. sain-tereso isaa, rom natvra da aRsruleba erTdroulia. macxo-vari amjeradac mokvdavis iersaxic gamoecxada ucnob kacad. es ki moulodnelobaa. mas analogi ar daeZebneba sxva varian-tebSi. saanalizo teqstidan aSkaraa, rom meufem da qriste RmerTma amirani Tavis nebaze miuSves, yvelaferi aRusrules, gamocades... bolos sTxova amiranma naTlias: `daveWidoTo, kacma upasuxa: me davsvam isars, gadagacmev Zafs kiserze da Tu mowyvet, vnaxoTo. daTanxmda amirani... naTliam Zafi jaW-vad aqcia, xis palo rkinis paloT. amiranma advilaT moTxara. modi, kide vsinjoT. amjeraT jaWvma qveyanaze fesvebi gaikeTa. naTliam amirani paloze miaba. uSvelebeli mTa Tavze daamxo. Soriaxlo daudo Tavisi gordela xmali. patara finiac iqa hyavs, datova ase~. mivaqcioT yuradReba: mTqmeli qriste RmerTsac zedwodebiT _ saxeldebiT moixseniebs. naTlia, es

20

kaci, rasakvirvelia, imerul variantSic kargadaa gamokveTi-li, kuTxis rwmena-warmodgenaTa siRrmiseuli siwmindec, krZalva da Tayvaniscema umaRlesi ierarqiuli Zalebisadmi...

saintereso aRmoCnda amiranis raWuli variantebi. maTi mniSvneloba gansakuTrebulia centraluri gmiris bunebis raobisa da mijaWvis idumalebaTa gaxsnisa da gaazrebisaT-vis. mixeil Ciqovanis mier gamoqveynebul naSromSi `mijaW-vuli amirani~ (Ciqovani 1947: 354). `amiranis gamocdileba~ _ vkiTxulobT: `es amirani sawyali glexis Svilia... aravin mounaTla... maSvin TviTon ieso qriste mivida da mounaTla es balRi. saxelad amirani uwoda... 15-16 wlis gaxda. erTxel mis-ma tolebma gamarTes Widaoba. amirani sisustis gamo ver Wida-obda~. rogorc vxedavT, es varianti Zalze specifikuria. igi erTaderTia, sadac amiranis bavSvobisdroindel sisustezea saubari. sxva variantebiT ki misi boboqari bavSvoba Tval-Si sacemia badrisa da usupTan erTad. daRonebuli amirani naTliasTan wavida da SesCivla: `Cemi tolebi Widaoben, me vera, susti varo, Zala momimate. naTliam uTxra: mogimateb, magram qveyanas ar daayenebo... amiranma piroba misca, aravis xmas ar gavcemo... adga, misca Zala... wavida sworebSi, magram xels veravin hkidebs... aravinaa iseTi, rom gerSi moiklas... amis Semdeg gadmocemulia naTliasTan Sexvedra... `SesTxova naTlias, Tu SeiZleba me da Sen viWidaoTo. ras tutucob kaco, CemTan Widaoba raSi gamogadgebao. xom giTxari me, qveyanas ar daayeneb-Tqo. kidev gaixsene es sibriyve? kargi, viWidavoTo. jer gavsinjoT Zala erTmaneTis! daasva amiranma palo rki-nisa, Zalian Rrmad. mivida ieso qriste, mokida ori TiTi: amo-agdo miwidan. axla ieso qristem daasva, movida amirani, rom unda amoiRos palo, movida ieso qriste da jaWviT zed daaba. mTeli mTa saxlad gadaadga Tavze. weliwadSi kari erTxel eReba, yavs erTi goSpara, saWmel-sasmeli daulevari. goSpa-ra jaWvs lokavs~... teqstSi aqcentirebuladaa naTqvami, rom amirani 15-16 wlis asakSic ki susti iyo. imdenad, rom tolebSi Widaobas ver bedavda. dRemde cnobil amiranis variantebidan

21

viciT, rom Cvil-amirans qriste RmerTma gansakuTrebuli Zliereba daanaTla, zrdiTac araCveulebrivad izrdeba, bob-oqaria. raWul teqstSi ki sustia, 15-16 wlis asakSic. CvenT-visac esaa saintereso. naTliam swored aseT safrTxilo asak-Si uboZa amirans gansakuTrebuli Zliereba, Tan gaafrTxila, ufro zustad, winaswarmetyvelurad uTxra. mogimateb, ma-gram qveyanas aRar daayenebo. Zalamomatebul amiranSi swrafi feriscvaleba moxda. misi metoqe aravinaa da ufals Sebeda, `SesTxova, Tu SeiZleba me da Sen viWidavoTo~. naTliam datuq-sa: ras tutucob... kide gaixsene es sibriyve?~ aSkaraa, rom qriste RmerTisa da amiranis saubarSi centraluri gmiris mxridan mxolod krZalva, Txovnaa, rom daeWidos. araviTar SemTxvevaSi brZolis survili! macxovris SegonebebSi bevri ram aris amosacnobi da dasanaxavi. saqme is aris, rom am vari-antiT, qriste RmerTma icis, rom amirani Zalas ver Seiferebs, ver gamoiyenebs keTilad. aqac wminda adamianuri cdunebebTan gavqs saqme. ymawvilobaSi Sesulma amiranma ver SeZlo RvTiT boZebuli fizikuri Zalis sasikeTod, gonivruli gziT war-marTva. es ki sabediswero aRmoCnda. ganrisxebulma naTliam miajaWva, `mTeli mTa saxlad gadaadga~. saanalizo teqstSi naTlia-naTlulis dialogia saintereso. masSi kargadaa war-moCenili amiranis dasjis mizezi. am azriT, igi aranair axsna-ganmartebasa da komentarebs ar saWiroebs, gasagebia, rom gmiri isjeba wminda adamianuri Secdomebis gamo... ramdenadme gansxvavebul viTarebasTan gvaqvs saqme saarqivo CanawerebSi, ufro zustad folkloris ganyofilebis mier ukve gamosace-mad gamzadebul krebulSi. raWuli folkloridan erT-erT variantSi, rigiT №148, `amirani~ (xelnaweri, mTqmeli toto solomonis Ze lobJaniZe, 80 wlis, Camweri niko nikos Ze rex-viaSvili, sof. Rebi, 1932 w.). igi mniSvnelovania im azriT, rom amirani monadire sulkalmaxisa da kldis gamoqvabulSi mcx-ovrebi darejanis (dalis) Svilia, aRmzrdeli iamani, naTlia ieso qriste. Zalian saintereso aRmoCnda № 150 varianti _ `amiranis leqsi~ (Camweri el. virsalaZe, mTqmeli gabriel

22

bakuriZe, sof. glola, onis raioni, Cawerilia 1953 w.). èrTi klde iyo, kldeSi qali iyo. is qali iyo wmindaniani da mecn-ieri... kldis gamoqvabulSi Sesvla SeZlo mWedelma siraZem, xSirad dadioda. qali daorkecda (daorsulda)... mSobiarobis dros uTxra mWedels: me, icode, vkvdebi. roca suls davlev, muceli gamipe, bavSvs Subli mzisa aqvs, tani alvisa. Sublze amiranoba aweriao... oqros akvani gaWede, Sig Casvi da iamanis wyaroze dadgi...iamani madliani kacia da gazrdis. Sen ver gazrdi~... teqstSi gvxvdeba kidev erTi saintereso epizodi: roca amirani daSorda iamans, devi miuxta, badri da usibi warstaca. iamanma moZebna amirani da balxeTi uboZa baRdada-mdis. balxeTis bayayaZis qali Tamari gibednieros RmerTmao. manamdi Tamari badrisaTvis yofila daniSnuli~. amis Semdeg gadmocemulia, rom amiranma devis qalisadmi micemuli fici gatexa, da daatyuao, maSinve moSivda, manamde suliT wmindiTa cxovrobda, saWmeli ar sWirdeboda~. miuxedavad imisa, rom am variants aklia calkeuli struqturuli komponentebi, damowmebuli epizodebi sruli siaxlea amiranis kvlevis is-toriaSi. isini Zalian bevri problemis axsnaSi, dazusteba-sa da garkvevaSi gvexmareba. rogor unda gavigoT gamoTqma àmiranis deda wmindaniani da mecnieri iyo~. amjerad Znelia sruli garkveulobiT iTqvas, Tu vin, romeli arseba igulisx-meba wmindanianSi (igi zedwodebad migvaCnia). masze saubari Sors wagviyvanda. aq SeiZleba qristianobis kvali veZeboT. es sakiTxi damoukidebel Seswavlas saWiroebs. Cven mxolod amiranis dasja gvainteresebs. devis qalTan ficis gatex-vis gamo moSivda amirans. adreo suliwmidisgan ikvebeboda... amiranis amgvari dasja saqarTvelos arc erTi kuTxis vari-antSi ar dasturdeba. misi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobac es aris.

centraluri gmiris mijaWvasTan dakavSirebiT raWuli folkloridan saintereso aRmoCndeba kidev erTi varianti, rigiT № 158, àmirani~ (f. arq. XL, 104. gv. 154-157). àmirani, SeniSnavs mTqmeli, ìyo qristes naTluli, mariamis Svili.

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gamdidrda es amirani. Semoxvda ieso qriste da uTxra: _ gagimarjos, magram raRa gagimarjoso, gagiswordio. da erTi didi koSki yofila. TiTon nakeTeba imas amirani (mamaCemi me-tyoda) mere movida ieso qriste, daartya maTraxi am Senobas da mTeli nangrevebi dafanta. mere Sexvda da kidev Cxubi mou-vidaT. daasva rkina ieso qristem da _ midi, aba, Tu Cemodena Rone gaq, amoiReo. ro mivida amirani, am dros yelze moeba

didi jaWvi boqlomiT da zed klde wamoxura, didi gora da we-

liwadSi erTxel iReba, xolo dabmuli ki iyo~.

damowmebul teqstSi mniSvnelovani siaxle isaa, rom

amiranis deda mariamia, mamis vinaoba ucnobia (aq qristianobis

gavlena aSkaraa). saqme is aris, rom svanuris erT-erT varian-

tSi RvTismSobeli mariami mdinaris piras idga, qvemodan ki

wm. giorgim qari gauSva, RvTismSobels kaba aufrialda da

daorsulda. cxra Tvis Semdeg amirani Soba. svanur CanawerSi

sakamaTo araferia. viciT, rom am kuTxeSi moZiebuli vari-

entebiT amirani wmida RvTiuri Camomavlobisaa dediTac da

mamiTac. Cans, igi asea gadasuli qristianul gadmocemaSic...

raWul CanawerSi mamis vinaoba ucnobia. es sakiTxi calkea

Sesaswavli. zemoT damowmebuli epizodis gansakuTrebul

specifikurobad migvaCnia Semdegi: paloze dabmul amirans

monadire aTavisuflebs. amiranma sTxova gasaRebi momawode,

rom aviSvao. monadirem miawoda. amiranma boqlomi gaxsna, ga-Tavisuflda da eubneba: unda mogkla. ki magram sikeTisaTvis siave vis gaukeTebiao. gamoiara erTma kacma, SeSinda da isic daeTanxma, sikeTisaTvis siave unda gauwioo. meore kacmac es uTxra. bolos patara biWs kiTxa amiranma. sikeTisaTvis siave xom unda? gaCerda patara: _ me Tqveni arc sikeTe vici, arc siave. amiranma uTxra: _ me dabmuli viyavi. man amiSva da exla unda movklao.

_ ar vici me, rava iyavi dabmuli. _ baRanam uTxra, _ maCvene da getyvio.

amiranma uTxra: ai, im jaWvze vebio.

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_ modi, maCvene. mivida da gaikeTa jaWvi da boqlomi. gasaRebi sad iyo, rogor iyoo, dade gasaRebio.

dado es gasaRebi. uTxra baRanam am monadires: _ Se tu-tuco, aq ra gindao?!

amirans uTxra: _ axla Sen iyavi da egdeo~.saanalizo epizods analogi ar eZebneba amiranis dRemde

cnobil versiebSi. igi sruli moulodnelobaa. amirani damow-mebul raWul variantSi orjer isjeba: erTjer RmerTTan ur-CobisaTvis, meored ki umadurobisaTvis. man misi tanjvisagan damxsneli, ganmaTavisuflebeli monadre mosaklavad gaime-ta. brZeni bavSvis gamoCena da qmedeba gansakuTrebuli mniS-vnelobis siaxlea da Zalian rTuli amocanis winaSe gvayen-ebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, igi sruli moulodnelobaa amiranianSi, damoukideblad gamosakvlevi. naSromis interesebidan gamom-dinare masze msjelobisagan amjerad Tavs vikavebT.

leCxumur variantSi № 166 _ xelnaweri, mTq. arqifo bo-boxiZe, kolmeurne, sof. aRvi. cageris raioni, Camweri lili axvlediani (studenti, 1951 w.15 agvisto). mxolod isaa naTq-vami, rom amiranma TviT qristesac ki gaubeda SeWideba. amitom qristem miajaWva kavkasionis qedze. kvleva-Zieba gvarwmunebs, rom amiranis RmerTmebrZoloba arc raWul variantebSi das-turdeba da arc leCxumurSi.

damowmebani:

sixaruliZe 1961: sixaruliZe qs. qarTuli xalxuri saistorio si-

tyviereba. Tb.: saq. ssr akad. gamomcemloba, 1961.

f. arq.: SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis fol-

kloris ganyofilebis arqivi.

Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m. mijaWvuli amirani. Tb.: stalinis saxelobis


25

Otar Oniani

The Episodes of Chaining Amiran in Imeretian-Rachian and Lechkhumian Versions

The Fifth Letter

Summary

In the versions found in the west part of Georgia the original episodes depicting Amiran’s punishment are remained in Imeretian folklore. Vakhtang Gorgasali is the very person who chained the hero. This is an absolute nov-elty in the history of studying this legend... It is noteworthy that according to other versions Amiran has a direct connection with the highest hierarchy... In particular Rachian versions Amiran’s mother is a saint and scientist. The main reason for punishing the hero is breaking the promise because of which Amiran got angry. Before he had been fed by Holy Spirit... In all the three versions we encounter the challenge by God in order to test his strength.

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meri xuxunaiSvili-wiklauri

astraluri miTosuri azrovnebis kvali

amiranis TqmulebaSi

`miTologia aris pirvelyofili adamianebis cdebis jami, romelic cdilobs mis irgvliv mdebare realuri qveynis ax-snas. amiranis Tqmulebac erTi aseTi miTTaganiao~ _ werda vaxtang kotetiSvili (kotetiSvili 1967: 34). ivane javaxiSvi-li Tqmulebis Tavdapirveli saxis deda-azris warmosadgenad saWirod Tvlida amiranis Tqmulebis variantebis SedarebiT Seswavlas (javaxiSvili 1951: 149). iv. javaxiSvilis, S. nucu-biZis, m. Ciqovanis, e. virsalaZis, d. Sengelaias, z. kiknaZis, o. onianis, r. CxeiZis, q. sixaruliZis da sxvaTa gamokvlevebi imis safuZvels iZleva, rom vivaraudoT amiranis Tqmulebis Camoyalibeba damoukidebeli miTosuri epikuri ciklebis gaerTanebis Sedegad moxda, romlebic Tematurad urTierT-kavSirSi iyvnen.

Tqmulebis variantebis detaluri analizi gviCvenebs, rom Tqmulebam Semoinaxa matriarqatis daSlisa da adrin-deli patriarqatis droindeli warmarTuli miTebis demi-Tologizirebuli motivebi, rasac mogvianebiT qristianuli elementebic daemata.

adreul patriarqats Tan axlda guTnuri miwaTmoqmede-bis ganviTareba, ris Sedegadac warmarTul panTeonSi wina planze wamoiwia mzis RvTaebam, romelic qarTuli astraluri panTeonis umaRles RvTaebaTa sameulSi Sedioda ciskris var-skvlavTan (kviriasTan) da mTvaresTan erTad. sayuradReboa, rom RvTis karze, sadac astraluri RvTaebebi ikribebodnen, ciskris varskvlavi _ `nasiskar kvirai~ (kviria) mzis win idga da mzes pirvelobas ecileboda (bardaveliZe 1959:168-169). warmarTuli panTeonis astralizaciis procesSi xTonuri RvTaebebi astralurs Seerwynen. ase moxda nadirT RvTaeba dalisTan mimarTebaSic, man nayofierebis RvTaebis niSnebi

27

SeiZina da ciskris varskvlavs Seerwya, moxda misi astralur rangSi ayvana (surgulaZe 1986: 115-118). dali, ciskris var-skvlavi mdedria. misi Svili amirani, romelic TqmulebaSi as-traluri niSnebis matarebelia, mamri. astraluri RvTaebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi orsqesianni arian (kotetiSvili 1961: 357-358, 382; kiknaZe 1984: 33).

amiranis Tqmuleba sam ZiriTd nawilad iyofa: amiranis da-badeba, amiranis sagmiro saqmeebi da amiranis dasja. Tqmuleb-is variantebis SedarebiTi Seswavlis safuZvelze pirveli nawili _ amiranis dabadeba SesaZlebelia xuT tipad da-jgufdes:

amiranis deda cobilia, mama _ ucnobi;1. amiranis deda cobilia, mama _ ara, radganac amirani 2.

ubiwod Caisaxa jadosnuri nayofiT an RmerTis SewevniT gaCn-da;

amiranis ded-mama cnobilia;3. amiranis mama cobilia, deda ucnobia;4. amiranis mSoblebi ucnobni arian.5.

amiranis Tqmulebis im variantebSi, sadac amiranis deda ar aris dali da deda meore planzea gadasuli, mama mTavari figuraa. swored am tipis teqstebSi iZebneba adreuli patri-arqatis periodis astraluri miTosis Sreebi, TvalnaTliv Cans amiranis da misi ojaxis astraluri atributebi. am kuTx-iT sayuradReboa petre umikaSvilis arqivSi daculi amiranis Tqmulebis dRemde ucnobi varianti (fauf0680), romelic Caw-erilia goris r-nis sof. kirbalSi 1875 wels. teqstis mixed-viT, amiranis mama aris usuf mayaSvili. usufi saymos mosakre-bad wasvlisas Tavze rkinis rgols wamoicvams da imwamsve moaqvT saymo. usufs vaJi SeeZina da mzes moanaTvlina, romel-ic cidan Camovida. vaJs saxelad amirani daarqva da erTi pa-tara xmali daanaTla. izrdeba amirani da masTan erTad iz-rdeba xmalic. axlaSobili amirani sociums samyaros mTavari sasicocxlo Zalis mzis daxmarebiT eziara, romelmac mas gan-sakuTrebuli fizikuri Zal-Rone mianiWa. aRsaniSnavia, rom

28

Cvenamde moRweul teqstebSi es funqcia qristes, ufals da zogjer wm. giorgisac akisria. SemTxveviTia Tu ara axalSo-bili amiranis mzis mfarvelobis qveS moqceva, mzis naTlulo-ba? albaT ara, Tu daveyrdnobiT amiranis Tqmulebis varian-tebis analizs, gaviziarebT iv. javaxiSvilis mosazrebas, rom amiranis naTlia-mfarvelad `rasakvirvelia Tavdapirvelad yvela TxzulebaSi qristes magier romelime warmarTobis droindeli RvTaeba iqneboda dasaxelebulio~ (javaxiSvili 1951:153). aranakleb sayuradReboa axlaxan Cvens mier mikv-leuli amiranis Tqmulebis kidev erTi teqsti, romelic au-dio Canaweris saxiT inaxeba folkloris arqivSi (PHN36b) da misi gaSifvra rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis da-finansebis farglebSi mimdinare proeqtze _ `folkloris arqivSi daculi fono Canawerebis xelmisawvdomobis uzrun-velyofa digitalizaciisa da eleqtronuli sistematizaci-is gziT~ _ muSaobisas gaxda SesaZlebeli. teqstis mixedviT, usupi da badri amiranis biZebi arian, sulkalmaxi ki amiranis mamaa, romelic amiranis dedasTan qorwinebaSi mxolod erTi Ramea da winaswarmetyvelebis mixedviT, imave Rames kvdeba. badris cis binadari devebi itaceben da zecaSi WaxrakebiT ahyavT. roca amirani gaizrdeba, caSi asvlas da badris daxsnas gadawyvets. amirani klavs kameCs, mis tyavs axmobs, Sig exveva swored im mindorSi, saidanac badri moitaces. kameCis tyav-Si gaxveuli amiranic zeciur devebs WaxrakebiT caSi ahyavT. swored caSi zeciur devebTan brZoliT iwyeba amiranis sag-miro Tavgadasavali.

amiranis mzesTan, mTvaresTan da zogadad, astralur mi-TosTan kavSirs Tqmulebis sxvadasxva variantebSi vxvdeb-iT. pirvel rigSi sameulis _ amiran, badri, usupis ciklSi (wiklauri 2002: 89-96; wiklauri 2004: 67-77). qarTluri ver-siiT amiranis mama usipi rkinis quds ixuravs, alvis xeze adis, kivis da SeSinebul devebs ZRveni moaqvT (Ciqovani 1947: 272-273). kaxeTSi Caweril teqstSi amiranis mamas `solomons erTi xe bmia karebze maRla. am xeze cxra TveSi erTxel adioda da

29

daiyvirebda. mis yvirilze yvela mdevs muceli daawydeboda~. solomoni amiranis gaCenamde aRmosavleTiT midis, ukaro ko-Sks iSenebs da Sig kvdeba (Ciqovani 1947: 306). sxva kaxur teqst-Si amiranis mama Jadalia. igi amiranTan erTad qveynis baton-batronia (Ciqovani 1947: 300). megrul folklorSi `Jadali~ dasavleTia, `bJaioli~ _ aRmosavleTi (danelia, canava 1991: 110-111). amirani mamis saZebnelad midis, ukaro koSks pou-lobs, koSks Seamtvrevs, Sig dasvenebul mamas asaflavebs da mamis dauZinebel mters, bay-bay devs klavs. amiranis ma-mis, solomonis wasvla aRmosavleTiT, amiranis mamis saxeli Jadali _ dasavleTi, mzis dReRamuri moZraobis marSrutia. ukaro koSkSi dasvenebuli amiranis mama Casuli anu mkvdari mzea, romlis caze dabrunebac misi vaJis amiran _ ciskris varskvlavis funqciaa, risTvisac saWiroa mamis _ mzis mtris, bay-bay devis _ Ramis _ sibnelis mokvla da damarcxeba.

mzis dReRamuri moZraobis miTosis kvali Cans petre umi-kaSvilis arqivSi dacul dRemde ucnob jadosnur zRaparSic (fauf 0887), romelic asavleTisa da CasavleTis (dasavle-Tis) xelmwifeTa ambavs gviambobs. asavleTis xelmwifes vaJi SeeZineba, CasavleTisas _ qaliSvili. CasavleTis xelmwife atyobinebs mzes, modi, qali mominaTleo. mze modis Casavle-Tis xelmwifis asulis mosanaTlavad.

astralur miTologiaSi ciskris varskvlavi samsaxova-nia: dilis, saRamos (mwuxris) da Ramis. mzisgan da mTvarisgan gansxvavebiT misi gavlena caze dReRamur periods moicavs. savaraudoa, rom mzesTan misi paeqrobac pirvelobisTvi amiT iyo ganpirobebuli. amiranis Tqmulebis zogierT variantSi ZmebTan (biZebTan), badrisTan da usupTan erTad sanadirod wasul amirans oqrosrqiani iremi wamouxteba. mis nakvalevs sameuli ukaro koSkTan mihyavs, romelsac mze sxivs styorc-nis da mzis sxivis natyorcnze koSks kari Seebmeba. kars amira-ni Sexsnis. koSkSi lomi asvenia, romelic sanadirod wamosuli sameulis naTesavia (Ciqovani 1947: 273, 282, 297, 301-302, 314, 331, 333). iremi da lomi mzis RvTaebis cxovelebi arian, rac

30

amiranis, badris da usupis mzesTan naTesaobaze migvaniSnebs. mzesTan maT wilnayarobas svanuri ferxulebic adasturebs. sameulis nadirobis epizodze agebuli ferxuli `amiranis ferxulis~ an “sanadiros” saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. am ferxulis fexis moZraobebi igivea, rac `liles ferxulis~. maSin, roca is `dali kldeSi mSobiarobs~ ferxulisagan gan-sxvavdeba (TaTaraiZe 1976: 17-18).

amiranis mamis da amiranis atributebi: kivili, kosmogo-niuri simboloa da cisa da miwis kavSirs aRniSnavs (kerloti 1994: 563); xe, maT Soris alvis xe, RvTaebaTa sabrZanisia, nay-ofierebis simboloa (surgulaZe 1986: 158; vikeri 1995: 36-37, 286, 397); xmali RvTaebrivi Zalis gamovlinebaa, mamrobiTi mziuri simboloa (viliamsi 1996: 167; kerloti 1994: 320-322). axalSobili amiranisTvis mzis mier xmlis danaTvla masTan ziarebis, mis mfarvelobis qveS moqcevas niSnavs. Tqmulebis finalur nawilSi mijaWvul amirans naTliis naCuqari xmali xelT aRar aqvs. Soriaxlos udevs, ver wvdeba, lamobs mziuri Zalis dabrunebs, magram ver axerxebs. uxmlo amirani uZlu-ria. Cven mier ganxilul teqstSi mzis naTlulobis miTosuri Sinaarsi epikur qargaSia moqceuli ise, rom pirvelsawyisis xsovnac ar daukargavs. es pirvelsawyisi ki is astraluri miTosuri ciklebia, romelTa profanirebul motivebzec amiranis Tqmuleba Camoyalibda.

damowmebani:

bardaveliZe 1959: bardaveliZe v. qarTveli tomebis astraluri pan-

Teonis ganviTarebis erTi uZvelesi safexurTagani (panTeonis Semad-

genloba, RvTaebaTa ierarqia da maTi buneba). // masalebi saqarTvelos

eTnografiisaTvis. t. 10. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1959.

danelia ... 1991: danelia k., canava ap. qarTuli xalxuri sityviereba,.

megruli teqstebi. t. 2. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1991.

31

vikeri 1995: Vickery R. Oxford Dictionary of Plant – Lore. Oxford, UK, 1995.

viliamsi 1996: Вильямс К. А. Энциклопедия Восточного Символизма. Золотой

Век. М.: 1996.

TaTaraZe 1976: TaTaraZe a. Zveli qarTuli ferxulebi (svanuri). Tb.:

`ganaTleba~, 1976.

kerloti 1994: Кэрлот Х. Э. Словарь Символов. RELF – book. М.: 1994.

kiknaZe 1984: kiknaZe z. Suamdinaruli miTologiis leqsikoni. Tb.: ̀ mec-

niereba~, 1984.

kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili v. xalxuri poezia. Tb.: `sabWoTa

saqarTvelo~, 1961.

kotetiSvili 1967: kotetiSvili v. rCeuli nawerebi. Tb.: `sabWoTa

saqarTvelo~, 1967.

surgulaZe 1986: surgulaZe i. qarTuli xalxuri ornamentis simboli-

ka. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1986.

Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m. mijaWvuli amirani. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba,

1947.

wiklauri 2002: wiklauri m. amiranis Tqmulebis zogierTi motivis Ses-

wavlisaTvis. // qarTuli folklori, 1 (17), Tb.: SoTa rusTavelis qarTu-

li literaturis institutis gamomcemloba, 2002.

wiklauri 2004: wiklauri m. amiranis Tqmulebis miTosuri Zirebi Ses-

wavlisaTvis. // qarTuli folklori, 2 (18). Tbilisi: SoTa rusTavelis

qarTuli literaturis instituti gamomcemloba, 2004.

javaxiSvili 1951: javaxiSvili iv. qarTveli eris istoria. t. 1. Tb.: Tsu

gamomcemloba, 1951.

saarqivo masalebi

SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis folkloris

arqivi, Sifri: fauf0680, fauf0887, PHN36b.

32

Mary Khukhunaishvili-Tsiklauri

Traces of the Astral Mythology in Amirani Tale

Summary

Detailed analysis of the versions of the tale shows that it was formed from the combination of the independent mythological epic cycles being the-matically in the interrelationship, in particular, from the astral mythological cycles. This is a period of the early patriarchy accompanied with the develop-ment of the ploughing agriculture, when the pantheon of the astral deities:was represented by the Sun, the Moon and the Morning Star.

33

nestan ratiani

zogierTi mxatvruli saxis transformaciis

ramdenime aspeqti akvnis simRerebSi

araerTma samecniero kvlevam daadgina da uCvena, rom akvnis simRerebis erTi jgufi momdinareobs bavSvTa infeq-ciuri daavadebebis, e.w. batonebis, dros Sesasrulebeli sawesCveulebo simRerebidan. ramdenime metad saintereso mxatvruli saxe (gansakuTrebiT, mcenareTa da Zvirfas qva-Ta Tu liTonTa), romelic am jgufis TiTqmis yvela simRe-raSi metnaklebi sixSiriT meordeba da lamis ganuyofeli nawilia, imdenad Seesisxlxorca am simRerebs, rom danarCen, Cveulebriv akvnis simRerebSic sxvadasxva formiT, mag., mis-amReris (sc. iavnana, vardo, nana, iavnaninao) saxiT, gadavida. xolo erTi aseTi saxe am tipis simReraTa zogadi saxelis sinonimadac iqca (sc. iavnana). vinaidan cnobilia, rom misam-Rerebi, rogorc wesi, teqstis uZveles nawils warmoadgens,*

amitomacaa aqtualuri swored misamRerSi gadasul mxat-vrul saxeTa kvleva, raTa moxdes ara marto teqstis uZvele-si Sreebis dadgena, aramed, Tu SesaZlebeli iqneba, maTi saSu-alebiT konkretuli rwmena-warmodgenebis rekonstruqciac. zemoaRniSnuli mizezis gamo da imis gamoc, rom saxadis dros Sesasrulebeli simRerebi mxolod am infeqciur daavadebaTa gavrcelebis dros ki ara, Cveulebriv situaciebSic srulde-boda, anu imis gamo, rom wess Sinaarsi gamoecala, akvnis, iav-nanas tipis simRerebi calke jgufad aRar moiazreba da isini qarTuli xalxuri poeziis me-8 tomSia Setanili, rogorc sayofacxovrebo poeziis nawili sabavSvo leqsebis ciklSi.**

* magaliTisTvis qarTuli xalxuri simRerebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli tipuri refrenis (sc. ari arale, ivri arale) gaxsenebac kmara, romelic, mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis mosazrebiT, uZveles Sres ganekuTvneba da igi urartuli eni-dan Semosul RvTaebisadmi mimarTvad miiCneva.** Janris farglebSi qvesaxeobis Camoyalibeba ucxo ar aris. magaliTad, cno-bilia, rom inglisurenovan samyaroSi akvnis simRerebidan saSobao simRerebi

34

kvlevisas me gamovacalkeveb am jgufs sabavSvo poeziidan da ise ganvixilav.

erTi mxriv, eTnologTa da folkloristTa Sekrebili masalis safuZvelze, xolo, meore mxriv, sxvadasxva mecnier-Ta mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT (zumbaZe 1996; burduli 1996; makalaTia 1971; nadaraia 1980; jalabaZe 1956; saxokia 1956; futkaraZe tariel; mindaZe nino; sixar-uliZe qeTino; abakelia 2010; xuciSvili 2010) miCneulia, rom batonebis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi ojaxis wevrebi, damxmare pirebTan erTad an maT gareSe, garkveul qmedebebs aRas-rulebdnen; maT Soris ki gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia yoveldRiuri leqsikis Secvla avadmyofobebTan da sneulTa mimarTebaSi. Cemi azriT, es qmedebebi gadmotanili iyo cx-ovrebaSi saritualo teqstebidan. agreTve vvaraudob, rom sazogadoeba miiCnevda, rom teqstebSi dadasturebuli mxat-vruli saxeebi ucvlelad (an dasaSvebi cvlilebiT) unda gad-mosuliyo yofaSi. oRondac xSirad, bunebrivia, saritualo teqstebs drom, epoqam da sxva faqtorebma Tavisi daRi daasva. Sesabamisad, am teqstebSi bevri ram aRaraa pirveladi saxiT SenarCunebuli, amitomac, yofaSi maTi gadmotanisas, araswor praqtikasTan gvaqvs saqme. amdenad, ikveTeba Semdegi suraTi: adreul stadiaze yofaSi arsebuli sinamdvile aisaxeba rit-ualur teqstSi, Semdeg es teqsti ganicdis garkveul cvli-lebas, bolos ki Secvlili teqstis `wyalobiT~, praqtikaSi damkvidrebuli wesebic icvleba da axali wesis saxes iRebs. am procesSi mTavari `damnaSave~ ki teqstis mxatvruli saxea.

qarTuli iavnanas ciklis pirveli jgufi* mdidaria mxat-vruli TvalsazrisiT da gamoirCeva daxvewili mxatvruli sa-xeebiT. xSiria mcenareuli da frinvelTa, Zvirfasi qvebisa da liTonebis, astraluri saxelebis xseneba. Sesabamisad, mxat-vruli saxeebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT iavnanas simRerebi aseT jgufebSi gadanawildeba:

warmoiSva, anu Lullaby-dan Carols miviReT. es movlena advilad asaxsnelia, radgan Soba, Tavisi siuJetidan gamomdinare, ar gamoricxavs akvnis simReras.* pirobiTad ase vuwodeb batonebis dros Sesasrulebel iavnanas jgufis sim-Rerebs, romlebic am mizniT aRar gamoiyeneba.

35

a) ciur sxeulebTan dakavSirebuli mxatvruli saxeebi:

daiZine, genacvale,

iavnaninao,

varskvlavebi amosula,

iavnaninao...

mTvare SeSinebulao,

iavnaninao. (553)*

darejani qali iyo mzeze

lamazio. (558)

Sen xar varskvlavi ciskrisa. (574)

brWyvirvare saxiT mzisao. (582)

gadavxade sabani da davxede me,

mzesa da mTvares damsgavsebia, misi Wirime! (591)

mTvares kaci gaugzavna

iavnaninao,

aq mobrZandi da mnaxeo,

iavnaninao...

mzesac kaci gaugzavna,

iavnaninao,

aq modi da aq mnaxeo, iavnaninao...

marixs kaci gaugzavna,

iavnaninao,

aq modi da aq mnaxeo,

iavnaninao. (597)

varskvlavi RilaT ubiaT,

iavnaninao. (598)

* aqac da SemdgomSic yvela citata motanilia qarTuli xalxuri poeziis merve tomidan.

36

b) frinvelTa samyarosTan dakavSirebuli mxatvruli saxeebi:

dedia RuRuna qedano,

nana, nana, Svilo, nana! (544)

mtredebi uRuRunebdis,

angelozeb aswevdiso. (564)

mtredni RuRunebdiana,

angelozeb mReridiana. (566)

zed bulbuli Samamjdara,

iavnaninao,

gasafrenad frTasa Sliso,

iavnaninao. (573)

zed bulbuli Semomjdara,

iavnaninao,

Savardeni frTasa Sliso,

vardo, naninao. (598)

nane, nane, nanulio,

patarao, Citi modis. (576)

angelozni garwevdes,

tredni nanas getyodes. (585)

g) Zvirfas qvebTan da liTonebTan dakavSirebuli mxat-vruli saxeebi:

nana, nana gogonasa,

nana giSerTvalebasa. (555)

Seikerav kabasa,

wiTel-yviTel atlassa,

zed dagisxam Rilebsa,

oqroT dakerilebsa. (557)

37

nana, nana, Cemo kargo

Cemo oqro, Cemo batarao. (560)

iagundis maranSia,

iavnaninao,

Rvino dga da lali Wvivso,

iavnaninao. (573; 598)…

iavnana, vardov, nana,

Se oqro akavanasao,

akavano xaratulo,

Sig Cawvenilo ymawvilo! (581)

es akvani evani,

Siga mwoli margalitis tevani.

netarebis xati xar,

brol-kalmiT saxati xar. (582)

Siga mwoli brolisao,

nana, nana, nana batono. (590)

batonebis mamidasa,

iavnaninao,

qveS gavuSliT xaliCasa,

iavnaninao,

gverdT moudgamT oqros akvans,

iavnaninao...

ymawvils qudsa vukeramdi,

iavnaninao.

garedan vmargalitamdi,

iavnaninao...

klite davade oqrosi,

iavnaninao,

gasaRebi almasisa,

iavnaninao. (597)

38

lalis CanCuxa ubiaT,


batonebis mamidasa,

iavnanineo,

Zirs gavuSli xaliCasa,

iavnanineo,

win davudgam oqros Tabaxs,

iavnanineo,

zed davasvam oqros yoCsa,

iavnanineo,

...Sig uwvanan oqros burTi,

iavnanineo. (601)

batonebis mamidasa,

vardo, naninao,

udgia oqros akvani. (602)

saZirkveli vercxlisao. (611; 612)

me gagiwyve oqros taxti. (614)

d) mcenareTa samyarosTan dakavSirebuli mxatvruli saxeebi:

iavnana, vardo, nana,

iavnaninao,

ias vardi riT sjobia,

iavnaninao,

riT ufro mSvenieria,

iavnaninao,

silamaziT yayaCo sjobs,

iavnaninao,

yana dauSvenebia,

iavnaninao. (571)

39

baRCaSia gadvixede,

gadmipatiJa iama,

yayaCo ayvavebula,

vardi gaSlila, miama. (572)

Sig alvis xe amosula,

aivnaninao,

norCia da Stosa Sliso,

iavnaninao. (573)

Sig alvis xe amosula,

iavnaninao.

totebi aqvs nargiziso,

iavnaninao. (598)

es akvani cudi xisa. (574)

iama gSoba SobiTa,

vardma gagzarda qebiTa,

nargizma ZuZu gawova,

mas gevxar ferovnebiTa. (580)

yvavilo samoTxisao. (582)

baRCaSi Caval, CavimReri,

xelT miWiravs kalaTai,

yovils imaCi movkrifav,

Sen ki genacvalebi. (585)

vardma gasZaxa bulbulsa _

`eg baRi damicaleo!~

_ `gana sxva baRi ar aris,

ra Cemze moicaleo?”

iasa da vards Sua

me yayaCo mirCevnia. (587)

Sig uwevs lamazi vaJi

asxia oqros Tmania,

40

pirs axuria dibao..

vardi gayria enamdi,

Tu vinme gamomiSvebdes,

sirbiliT moval Senamdi. (589)

ias gikref, vards gikonam,

nana, nana, nana batono!

... Conguro, Cemo Conguro,


gaTlilo wmindis xisao,


es akvani ebanozi,


...es akvani bJolisao,

nana, nana, nana batono (590)

akvanSi miwevs vardis kokori me.

...gaSlili vardi xar. (591)

akvanSi miwevxar

vardis yvavili me!

saxidan Tavsafari gadagxade me...

ver gicani me!

glexis Svili xar,

magram yvavili,

mTel qveyanaze ar moipoveba

Senze ukeTesi! (593)

Sakruli yurZnis mtevani...

mindor baRi avaSene,

iavnaninao,

lobio margalitisa,

iavnaninao. (597)

ia vkrife, vardi vSale,

iavnaninao,

41

win batonebs gavuSale,


ia vkrife, vardi vkone,

vardo, batono,

Zirs batonebs gauSale,

dido batono! (606)

Tqvensa gzasa davfenT vardsa,

vardo, batono!

...am batonebis WalaSi,

lxini aris da TamaSi,

vardo, batono! (607)

iisa da vardis baRSi,

iavnaninao,

batonebi brZandebian,

iavnaninao,

...batonebis mamidasa,

iavnaninao,

vardni usxedan kerasa,

iavnaninao.

...vardi fexamdis usxiaT,

iavnaninao. (599)

zed hyria ia da vardi,

iavnanineo. (601)

batonebis baRSiao,

vardo naninao,

TeTri TuTa asxiao,

iavnaninao,

gana marTla TuTa ari,

iavnaninao,

batonebi brZandebian. (602)

Semogwirav ia da vards

da dagifen wminda bazmas. (605)

42

Tqvensa gzasa vfendi vardsa,

dido batono. (606)

ia da vardi Tqven gzasao! (610)

saxli davdgiT verxvisao. (611; 612)

ia da ia-vardi,

ia batonebo,

...Sens avadmyofs mouSuSe,

ia batonebo,

misi vardi da kokori,

ia batonebo. (614)

ia da vardi gfeniaT,

ia batonebo,

yovel gzasa da yovel karze,

ia batonebo.

...ia da vardi Sens gzaze,

ia batonebo. (614)

am jgufebSi naxsenebia Semdegi sityvebi: mze, mTvare, var-skvlavi, ciskris varskvlavi, marixi; bulbuli, Savardeni, mtredi, qedani, oqros yoCi; iagundi, lali, oqro, vercxli, margaliti (lobio margaliti), almasi, broil, giSeri; ia, vardi (kokori, gaSlili vardi), yayaCo, nargizi, alva, verx-vi, bazma, TuTa, yurZnis mtevani, wminda xe, ebanozi, bJola. miuxedvad imisa, rom am mxatvruli saxeebis xsenebisas mkiTx-vels/msmenels Tvalwin ulamazesi sanaxaoba gadaeSleba – fe-radi yvavilebiT Semkuli Wala an mindori, sadac sxvadasxva saxis frinveli binadrobs, RuRunebs, laRobs da Slis frTebs, nairgvari mcenareebi xarobs, xan mze anaTebs da xanac mTvare da varskvlavebi cialeben da anaTeben mdidar garemos – mainc vxvdebiT, rom es leqsika, romelic silamazes aRwers, dadeb-iTi emociebiT gvavsebs, sworedac rom sapirispiros, ulama-zos SesaniRbadaa gamoyenebuli. amaze migvaniSnebs zogierTi

43

simReris daboloeba. magaliTad, miuxedavad amdeni mcdelo-bisa, aamon sneulebas, ar aRniSnon is uaryofiTi mxareebi _ ZiriTadad, gamonayari, rac am daavadebas axlavs Tan, aris SemTxveva, rodesac simReraSi es arasaxarbielo mdgomareoba mainc gamoixata da aisaxa akvnis simReraSi mxatvrulad:

cxenis jogi SaCveula,

iavnaninao,

su mTlad wauxdeniao,

iavnaninao. (597)

sainteresoa, mainc ras unda ukavSirdebodes aseTi mxat-vruli saxeebiT mdidari leqsikis gamoyeneba qarTuli iav-nanas pirveli jgufis simRerebSi. Cemi azriT, aq saqme gvaqvs tabusTan. rogorc cnobilia, araerT kulturaSi avadmyo-fobebis xseneba tabuirebuli iyo. amas ganapirobebda SiSi, rom avadmyofobis xseneba realur cxovrebaSi gamoiwvevda namdvil avadmyofobas. es wesi dRemde gvxvdeba yofaSi, gansa-kuTrebiT, bavSvebTan mimarTebaSi. deda TiTqmis arasodes ar axsenebs SvilTan mimarTebaSi romelime konkretul sneule-bas, magaliTisTvis ar moiyvans sakuTar Svils, avadmyofobis xsenebisas TiTiT ar mianiSnebs sakuTar Svilze da, Tu es au-clebelia, maSin aucileblad moayolebs garkveul moqmede-bas (mag. samjer gadafurTxebis imitirebas, xeze dakakune-bas, uflis saxelis mfarvelad xsenebas da sxv.), romelic, sazogadod gavrcelebuli azriT, gaaneitralebs sityvebs. tabuirebisas ena midrekilia evfemizmebis gaCenisken. aseTi evfemizmebi ara marto uwmawuri sityvebis an anatomiuri nawilebis, aramed rwmena-warmodgenebTan dakavSirebuli terminologiis Casanacvlebladac gamoiyeneba. garda imisa, rom qarTul enaSi sityva `gvel~-s Caenacvleba `uxsenebeli~ an `usaxelo~, ZiriTadad mainc sikvdilTan asocirebul si-tyvebs (kubo-sasaxle, mokvda–gardaicvala-marilze gavida-miiZina..., ) emuqreba evfemizmiT Canacvlebis safrTxe. iavnanas teqstebSi ki saqme gvaqvs evfemizmebad sapirispiro, radika-

44

lurad gansxvavebuli sityvebis gamoyenebasTan. Tumca, rode-sac saxadisgan dauSnoebuli bavSvis saxe dardeba yvavils, mainc saqme gvaqvs (Tumca ara yovelTvis) raRac niSniT msgav-si mcenaris dasaxelebasTan. wiTelasa da wiTuras SemTvevaSi es vardi an yayaCoa, Cutyvavlilasa da yvavilis SemTxvevaSi TuTa, bJola da yurZnis mtevani. aseTive viTarebaa Zvirfasi qvis dasaxelebisasac, Cutyvavilas SemTxvevaSi es unda yo-filiyo margaliti, xolo wiTelasa da wiTuras SemTxvevaSi _ lali. ra Tqma unda, droTa ganmavlobaSi am mxatvrul sax-eebs daemata sxva saxeebic. sainteresoa, rom, rodesac vsau-brobT radikalurad gansxvavebuli sityvis dasaxelebaze, aseTi radikalizmebi xSiria bavSvebTan mimarTebaSi, rodesac erT wlamde bavSvze ar ityvian, rom is lamazia da mimarTaven, rogorc uSnos, `fu, fu, fu, ra cudi xar~ da a.S. msgavs mov-lenasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac adamiani arafrisdidebiT ar ityvis, rom kargada aqvs saqme, Tu ar unda, rom gaiTvalos da piriqiT, ityvis, rom kargada aqvs saqme, Tu unda, rom dadeb-iTisken Semobrundes fortuna. zogierT xalxTan kvalis aR-revis mizniT amgvar radikalur zomebs mimarTaven saqor-wino ritualebSic, namdvili patarZlis nacvlad procesias win miuZRvis `cru-patarZali~, romelic umetesad asakovani qalia, patarZals pirbades afareben an ukuRma Semosvamen im cxovelze, romelic gadaadgilebis saSualebad gamoiyeneba saqorwino msvlelobisas. aseTive movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme qarTuli iavnanas pirveli jgufis simRerebSic. imisaTvis rom bavSvs gamonayari ar garTuleboda, gamonayars saxeliT ki ara, SeniRbuli formiT, evfemizmiT moixseniebdnen. bavS-vic, romlis saxec droebiT dauSnovdeboda xolme saxadis SemTxvevaSi, dardeboda sapirispiros _ xalxis warmodgen-ebSi lamaz sagnebad miCneul sagnebs. aseTi sityvebi iyo mze, yvavili, Zvirfasi qva da liToni da a.S.

aqve, Sedarebis mizniT, sasurvelia, gavixsenoT, rom ev-ropis qveynebSi bavSvTa infeqciur daavadebebs ar hyavda romelime patroni RmerTi, Tumca sxvagvaradaa saqme indur

45

da Cinur religiebSi. CrdiloeT indoeTSi, bangladeSSi, ben-galsa da pakistanSi RmerTTa panTeonSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs qalRmerT Sitalas. misi saxeli sanskritidan iTarg-mneba rogorc `is, vinc agrilebs~. xSirad igi paranasabaris, avadmyofobebis RvTaebis, mxlebelia. Sitala _ marcxena, xolo jvarasura marjvena gverds umSvenebs qalRmerTs. aR-saniSnavia, rom Sitala gamoisaxeboda Tavze maraos msgavsi gvirgviniT, romelic qandakebebze xSirad Zvirfasi qvebiT iyo Semkuli. gasagebia, rom marao am SemTxvevaSi qalRmer-Tis saxelsac ukavSirdeboda da avadmyofebisTvis sigrile mohqonda. qalRmerTi warmoedginaT saxedarze amxedrebuli, romelsac cal xelSi cocxi, infeqciebis gasavrceleblad, da meoreSi _ saTli hqonda, romelSic fustulebi eyara, xolo qalRmerTi mas aqeT-iqiT yrida da bavSvebSi gamonayars iwvev-da. Sitalas msgavsi qalRmerTi samxreT indoeTSi iyo mariam-mani, igive deda mari, romelic didad ar gansxvavdeboda Sita-lasgan. mariamanis Tavdapirveli funqcia wvimis moyvana iyo, xolo Semdeg am funqcias gamonayaris gavrcelebac daerTo. es advilad asaxsnelia, radgan wvimis wveTebi, romelic mar-galitis saxiT gamoisaxeboda, maleve gaigivda gamonayarTan. amdenad, wvimis wveTebi, romlebic margalits dardeboda, gadaiazres rogorc gamonayari saxeze. sainteresoa, rom aseTive qalRmerTi hyavdaT Cinelebsac. tu-Sen niang niangi Cinur samedicino ierarqiaSi oTx vaJiSvilTan erTad moix-senieba. Tuki Tavad Cutyvavilas avrcelebda, misi vaJebi sxva infeqciur daavadebebis _ yvavilis, wiTelas da sxv. _ gavrcelebas uzrunvebelyofdnen. bavSvebi mas niRbebis qveS emalebodnen da gansakuTrebiT saSiS sezonebSi niRbebiTac iZinebdnen, raTa Tavi daecvaT infeqciisgan, xolo saxe _ gamonayarisgan. nigeriaSic miaCndaT, rom infeqciur daavade-bebs RmerTi sopona/sapona/Sapona avrcelebda. masac cocxi da terakotis Tasi eWira xelSi, romelSic marcvali eyara. es marcvali igivdeboda infeqciuri daavadebebis gamonayar-Tan. aRsaniSnavia, rom am RmerTis saxeli tabuirebuli iyo da

46

misi xseneba safrTxisSemcveli iyo, vinaidan aRiqmeboda, rom gamoiwvevda daavadebas.*

rogorc vxedavT, aSkarad ikveTeba erTi msgavseba: dam-sjeli RvTaebebi erTdroulad mwyaloblebic arian, maT xelSia daavadebis gavrcelebac da misgan gankurnebac. xolo daavadeba misTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamonayaris gamo war-mogvidgeboda marcvlis, wylis wveTis _ margalitis an sxva Zvirfasi qvebis saxiT. qarTul folklorSi am mxatvrul sax-eebs emateba konkretul mcenareTa xseneba (Tumca aq SeiZleba, iTqvas, rom cocxi, romelic aRmosavluri infeqciis gamavr-celebeli RvTaebebis aucilebeli atributia, mcenareebisgan aris Sekruli, Tumca sakuTriv daavadebebi ar asocirdeboda romelime konkretul mcenaresTan. am xalxTa warmodgenaSi cocxi ZiriTadad iseTi mcenarisgan iyo Sekruli, romelic imavdroulad iTvleboda, rom daavadebas kurnavda kidec), astraluri saxelebi da zogierTi frinveli. qarTul iavnanas ciklis simRerebSi naxsenebi mcenareebis ZiriTadi nawili se-zonuria, amitomac Znelia imis dajereba, rom isini praqtiki-dan gadavida poeziaSi. aq vgulisxmob imas, rom gamoricxu-lia, es mcenareebi samkurnalo Tvisebebis gamo praqtikaSi gamoeyenebinaT da Semdeg amis gamo xSiri yofiliyo maTi xsen-eba poeziaSi. radgan saqme gvaqvs sezonuri yvavilebisa da xi-lis xsenebasTan _ mag. vardi, yayaCo**, TuTa, yurZnis mtevani. saqme isaa, rom am mcenareTa umetesoba sworedac rom formiT an feriT waagavs da daaxloebiT mainc imeorebs infeqciuri daavadebis amosacnob maxasiaTebels _ an gamonayars yvavi-lis, Cutyvavilas, wiTelas, qunTruSas SemTxvevaSi an fers _ wiTelasa da wiTuras SemTxvevaSi. mogvianebiT is, rac moixse-nieboda simRerebSi, gadavida praqtikaSic da miiCneoda, rom

* Measles: A Gift from a Goddess, luckylosing.com/2011/11/13/measles-a-gift-from-a-goddess/Myth and Legends of China, Edward T.C. Werner, at sacred-texts.com, chapter IX, Ministry of Medicine, www.sacred-texts.com/cfu/mlc/mlc11.htm.** Cemi azriT, cnobili sabavSvo leqsi “yayaCosa siwiTliTa” Tavdapirvelad iavnanas ciklis poeziis nimuSs warmoadgenda, radgan misi pirveli striqone-bi (`yayaCosa siwiTliTa yana daumSvenebia~...) da maTi Sinaarsic zustad ime-orebs am leqsebSi dacul mxatvrul saxeebs.

47

es mcenareebi unda yofiliyo sneulis sasTumalTan, Tuki ojaxis wevrebs surdaT daavadebis keTilad dasruleba (am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba ara marto sikvdilianoba, aramed saxis damaxinjebac, masze sneulebis kvalis darCenac). imis gamo, rom infeqciuri daavadebebi ZiriTadad gvian zamTarSi da adreul gazafxulze vrceldeboda, warmoudgeneli iyo poeziaSi naxsenebi mcenareebis Sovna, amitomac es mcenareebi praqtikaSi Seicvala iseTi mcenareebiT, romlebic Sesabamis sezonze iyo gavrcelebuli an maTi Senaxva SeiZleboda ra-Rac formiT (mag. gamxmari yvavilebis furclebi an qiSmiSi da Ciri). aqedan gamomdinare, eTnologebis mier dafiqsirebul wesebSi, romlebic avadmyofis movlas ukavSirdeboda, gvx-vdeba iseTi mcenareebi, romlebic poeziaSi ar aris. aseTia kakali (yvelaze ufro xSirad), vaSli, komSi, broweuli da sxv. albaT amave rigSi unda vivaraudoT iis gaCenac, radgan ia, gansxvavebiT vardisagan, sworedac rom avadmyofobebis gavrcelebis sezonze xarobs. rogorc Cans, zogierTi maTgani amis Semdeg gadavida poeziaSi. Cemi azriT, Tvali SeiZleba mi-vadevnoT aseT praqtikas: Tavdapirvelad tabuebis gamo ad-gili hqonda gamonayaris Canacvlebas sxvadasxva mxatvruli saxeebiT, romelsac es gamonayari waagavda. Tavdacvisa da avadmyofis ukeT movlis mizniT, avadmyofis patronebma es mxatvruli saxeebi gadaitanes yofaSi da miiCnies, rom sneu-lis sasTumalTan mxatvrul saxeebad naxsenebi mcenareebi unda yofiliyo. vinaidan warmoudgeneli iyo am mcenareTa moZieba maTi sezonurobis gamo, moxda maTi Canacvleba sxva mcenareebiT, romlebic an gavrcelebuli iyo sezonze da Se-sabamisad advilad mosaZiebelic an maTi Senaxva raRac saxiT SeiZleboda. amis gamo, acdena mogvca praqtikaSi gamoyen-ebulma mcenareebma da poeziaSi naxsenebma mcenareebma. Tum-ca amgvari gaugebrobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, zogierTi mcenare mogvianebiT gaCnda poeziaSi, albaT maT Caanacvles is sxva mcenareebi, romlebic manamde iyo naxsenebi. ase gaC-nda praqtikaSi CiCilaki, romelic damSvenebuli iyo CiriT,

48

kakliT, TxiliT, aseve sxvadasxva masalisgan damzadebuli oqrosferi da wiTeli burTebiT. savaraudod, es burTebi imeorebda astralur simbolikas, romlebic uxvad gvxvdeba akvnis poeziaSi. Tumca am burTebis, yvinCilebis dakideba CiCilakze, SesaZloa, ybayurasTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebsac _ Sesiebul jirkvlebs _ imeorebdes. xesTan axlos, cxadia, frinvlic unda iyos, amitomac poeziaSi praqtikidan gada-suli unda iyos frinvelTa mxatvruli saxeebis gaCena. Tumca, Tuki aRmosavleTSi gavrcelebul saxeebs SevadarebT, Segvi-Zlia vivaraudoT, rom frinvelis gaSlili frTa maraos ime-orebda, romelic sneulis gagrilebas emsaxureboda.

mxatvruli saxeebis kvlevam saSualeba mogvca, aRgvedgina is Sreebi, romlebic uZveles rwmena-warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba.

damowmebani:

abakelia 2010: abakelia n. sicocxlis ciklTan dakavSirebuli

sakraluri xis simbolika qarTul miTo-ritualur sistemaSi. semiotics-

journal.wordpress,com/2010/08/04/ ნნნნ ნნნნნნნნ;

burduli 1996: burduli m. xalxuri medicina saqarTveloSi. Tb.: 1996.

zumbaZe: zumbaZe n. qarTuli batonebis simRerebi. polyphony.ge/uploads/

symposium/qartulib/zumbadze-batonebi.pdf;

makalaTia 1971: makalaTia s. liaxvis xeoba. Tb.: 1971.

miTebi... : Myth and Legends of China, Edward T.C. Werner, at sacred-texts.com,

chapter IX, Ministry of Medicine, www.sacred-texts.com/cfu/mlc/mlc11.htm

mindaZe: Mindadze N. Customs Related to Children`s Infectious Diseases in Georgia.

www.folklore.ee/rl/pubte/ee/usund/fbt/nmindadze.pdf;

Measles: A Gift from a Goddess, luckylosing.com/2011/11/13/measles-a-gift-from-a-

goddess/

nadaraia 1980: nadaraia m. demonologiis sakiTxisaTvis saqarTveloSi.

1980.

saxokia 1956: saxokia T. eTnografiuli nawerebi. Tb.: 1956.

49

sixaruliZe: sixaruliZe q. kavkasiuri miTologia, avadmyofobis

gamomwvevi RvTaebebi. astrologia.com;

futkaraZe: futkaraZe t. www.scribd.com/doc/14026178/-The-etymology-of

the-Georgian word-Batoni;

qarTuli xalxuri poezia 1979: qarTuli xalxuri poezia. t. V��. Tb.:

`mecniereba~, 1979.

xuciSvili 2010: xuciSvili q. saqarTvelos eTnografia. eTnologia.

2010, www.dzeglebi.ge/statiebi/etnografia/cinareqristianuli-rcmena.html

jalabaZe 1956: jalabaZe g. masalebi guriis eTnografiuli Seswav-

lisaTvis. 1956.

Nestan Ratiani

The Cock Symbolizations in Folklore and Ethnological Space

Summary

The cock is a very interesting symbol-image with its sacral functions. According to the materials, preserved in Georgian folklore and ethnology, the symbol of cock is acknowledged in several aspects. Still existed the red cock cult dates back to pagans epoch. All rituals and narratives connected with it, expressed worship to luminaries. This cult was also addressed to deities of health, fertility and renascence-renewal. Furthermore, as a symbol of light, it echoes the cult of the souls of the departed. In Christian epoch this symbol merged to St. George and The Holy Virgin images, supplemented with new spiritual indications and played an important role in Georgian people’s life. The cock symbol unconsciously or instinctively is still alive.

50

qeTevan dekanoziSvili

mamlis simbolizacia folkloruli da

eTnologiuri masalebis mixedviT

warmarTobis epoqaSi e. w. dabali miTologiis xanaSi, `po-liTematurobiT aRbeWdili qarTuli miTologiis sazRvrul samyaroSi~ (a. arabuli) kosmiur sxeulebTan erTad dadas-turebulia xe-mcenareTa, cxovelTa da frinvelTa totemuri kulti. am droidanve unda Cndebodes mamlisadmi, rogorc RvTaebis simbolosadmi, tradiciuli damokidebuleba. qarT-velTa cnobierebaSi mamali damkvidrda, rogorc erT-erTi saintereso miTologema, romelmac qristianobis SemoRebis Semdegac SeinarCuna Tavisi sakraluri funqcia da, qvecnobi-erad Tu instinqturad, dRemde cocxlobs.

mamlis kults sxvadasxvagvari datvirTviT msoflio mi-Tologia icnobs. aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis civilizacie-bSi igi sakmaod popularuli simboluri frinvelia. `mamals erTob datvirTuli simboluri biografia aqvs. ZvelTaganve misi kolorituli silueti qandaraze sifxizles, simamaces, winaswarganWvretasa da saimedoobas ukavSirdeboda. gariJra-Jze misi yivili ara mxolod axali dRis, aramed sulieri aRor-Zinebis momaswavebeli iyo, xolo Tavad mamali _ Tavaweuli, amayi, wiTlad aalebuli bibiloTi da feradi kudiT _ caze amowveril mzes emsgavseboda da ganasaxierebda kidec~ (abz-ianiZe, elaSvili 2011: 130). analogiuri funqciuri datvirT-viT warmoCindeba es saRvTo frinveli qarTul folklorul-eTnologiur yofaSi. `mamali, romelic ganTiadis mauwyebeli frinvelia, umTavresad mzesTan asocirdeba. igi ukavSirdeba wminda barbares, rogorc mzis RvTaebas~ (bardaveliZe 1941: 147). `es frinveli casa da mzesTan iyo dakavSirebuli da mzis frinvelad iTvleboda. …igi RamiT adamianebs darajobs da Tavisi yiviliT av sulebsa da moCvenebebs, devebsa da arimanis

51

msaxurebs afrTxobs. qarTul cnobierebaSi mamali mzis frin-velad iTvleba. misi yivili sinaTlis, mzis amosvlis, bnelze naTelis gamarjvebis mauwyebelia~ (ruxaZe 1999: 149–150).

qarTul eTnosSi mamlisadmi sakraluri damokidebuleba misi unikalurobiTaa ganpirobebuli. xalxis rwmeniT, igi ufro adre grZnobs gaTenebas, axali dRis moaxloebas, vidre gaTendebodes, rac RvTis CagonebiT xdeba. `mamlebma naSu-aRamevisa iyivles~ (n. wuleiskiri), èrTi mamali aRviZebda odiS-afxazeTs~ (S. niSnianiZe). xalxuri leqsis mixedviT; `samjer iyivla mamalma, / samjer saxeli RvTisao, / jer gaTen-eba ar aris, / xma modis zarebisao~ (umikaSvili 1937: 490). mam-lis simbolikaze mianiSnebs m. lebaniZis Semdegi taepi: ìyo yivili mamlebis, / riJraJis maxaroblebis, / Robeze Semofre-nilebs / mzisken mihyavdaT soflebi~. cnobilia isic, rom ma-mals, rogorc sinaTlis simbolos, micvalebuls sasaflaoze dasaflavebamde uklavdnen, raTa misi sulisaTvis sibneleSi gza gaekvlia. amasTan, Cveni winaprebis rwmeniT, adamianuri yofa mamlis gareSe warmoudgeneli iyo. roca xalxis garkveu-li jgufi, gvari, tomi samosaxlod adgils arCevda, mamali da ZaRli aucilebeli atributi iyo: ̀ yefda ZaRli, yioda mamali, amodioda kvamli da iyo sofeli~ ( n. lorTqifaniZe). zogjer, roca saxadi an Semoseuli mteri sofels gaanadgurebda da ia-varqmnida, xalxi ityoda: ìse amowyda sofeli, mamalic aRar yiviso~.

qarTuli poeturi folklori mamlis vizualur xats ase warmogvisaxavs: `yiyliyo mamalo, / oqros bibilovano, / abre-Sumis qoCriano, / koxta dezebiano~. am SemTxvevaSi sintagma òqros bibilovani~ mzis simbolikas unda ganasaxierebdes, iseve rogorc òqros Tmebiani~, òqros qoCriani~, radgan oqro, v. kotetiSvilis cnobiT, mzis atributia~ (kotetiS-vili 1934: 293). mamlis xasiaTis upiratesi Tviseba _ amayi da mediduri buneba, metaforulad gaxazulia galaktionis taepSi: àmpartavani TaTari, / ezoSi dadis mamali~, Tumca unda vTqvaT, rom es mxatvruli sintagma ufro adre xalxur

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gamocanaSi gvxvdeba: àmpartavani TaTari, / daiareba, yviri-sa, / nametnavad medidurobs, / ar molodine Wirisa, / qriste RmerTsa mogvagonebs, / gamfrTxobi aris Zilisa~ (umikaSvili 1937: 500).

mamlis simbolikasTan dakavSirebuli agrarul–religi-uri rwmena-warmodgenebi mTel saqarTveloSi iyo gavrcele-buli da mravali aspeqtiT cnobierdeboda. upirvelesad igi Cndeba mzisadmi miZRvnil uZveles saZeobo sagalobelSi `mze Sina~, romelsac bavSvis dabadebisTanave gamarTul Zeobis nadimze mRerodnen. mamlis yivili gaTeneba-ganaxlebas, mzis amosvlas gulisxmobda da bavSvis dabadebac, xalxuri rwme-niT, mzis amosvlasTan anu RvTaebasTan iyo wilnayari. `mzev Sina da mzev, gareTa, / mzev, Sin Semodio, / uyivlia mamalsao, / mzev, Sin Semodio, / gaTendi Tu gaTendebi, / mzev, Sin Semodio, / Cven vaJi dagvbadebia, / mzev, Sin Semodio~ (umikaSvili 1937: 6).

mamlis sakraluri saxe warmarTuli epoqidan qristianul religiaSi gadmosula. saxarebaSi mamali ramdenimejer fig-urirebs. petre mociqulTan dakavSirebiT, maTes saxarebaSi vkiTxulobT: ùTxra mas iesom: WeSmaritad geubnebi Sen: am-aRam, sanam mamali iyivlebs, samjer uarmyof me (maTe 26–30). uflis sityvebi marTlac aRsrulda. mamlis yivilamde petrem marTlac samjer uaryo qriste. es saxarebiseuli detali gvxvdeba g. wereTlis biografiul narkvevSi `Cemi cxovrebis yvavili~, sadac avtori migvaniSnebs, rom aRniSnul sarwmu-noebaSi mamals garkveuli funqciuri datvirTva aqvs.

mamlis, rogorc qristianuli simbolos, daniSnulebas kar-gad asaxavs gadmocema àRdgomis mamali~, sadac xazgasmulia misi saswaulmoqmedi Zala. ebraelebi aRdgoma dRes mamals xarSavdnen. am dros qristem bavSvis saxeliT axaraT, qriste aRdgao, ebraelebs ar daujerebiaT da uTqvamT: umal es mox-arSuli mamali gacocxldeba, vidre qriste aRdgebao. amis Tqma da aduRebuli wylidan mamali amomxtara, xolo kecebSi Cakruli comi jejilad gadaqceula. wylidan amomxtarma ma-

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malma frTebi Seibertya, erTi magrad daiyivla da gafrinda (kiknaZe 2007: 29).

qristianuli epoqis qarTul legendebSi mamlis simbolika ZiriTadad wminda giorgisa da RvTismSoblis saxelebs ukav-Sirdeba, rac niSandoblivia, radgan i. javaxiSvilis cnobiT, am orma wmindanma Caanacvla warmarTuli mzisa da mTvaris Rv-Taebebi (javaxiSvili 1979: 88-91). TvalsaCinoebisaTvis gvinda moviSvelioT saingiloSi gavrcelebuli xalxuri legenda `qurmuxis oqros mamali~. rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, oqros mamali mzis simboloa da am legendaSi igi eklesiis siRrmeSi, fuRuro lodSi RvTismSobelsa da wminda giorgisTan erTad cxovrobs. isini mamals yovel Rames, im dros, roca qriste aRdga, sayivlelad gareT uSveben, rom man axlomaxlo sxva mamlebs Seatyobinos Ramis ganaxevreba da sinaTlis moaxloe-ba. vidre es mamali ar daiyivlebs, sxva mamlebs yivilis neba ara aqvT. mis yivils ki mTeli saingilos mamlebi ahyvebian. am dros deda mariami gamodis, qvis lodze dajdeba da mTvaris Suqze Tmas ivarcxnis (kiknaZe 2007: 210.) aSkaraa, am SemTxveva-Si saqme warmarTuli rwmenebisa da qristianuli sarwmunoe-bis Serwymis faqtTan gvaqvs.

qarTul cnobierebaSi mamali, rogorc samsxverplo zva-raki, upirvelesad aRorZineba-ganaxlebis, nayofierebisa da gamravlebis RvTaebebTan dakavSirebuli dReobebisa da ritualis ganuyofeli nawilia. aseve am sakralur frinv-els adamianis saxadisagan (batonebi, Tvalis tkivili da sxva) gankurneba-gamojanmrTelebis TxovniT an madlierebis niS-nad ZRvnad miarTmevdnen RvTaebas (v. bardaveliZis cnobiT, barbares). svanur yofaSi ki es saRvTo frinveli dRemde micvalebulis kults ukavSirdeba.

rogorc vTqviT, mamali mniSvnelovnad figurirebs nay-ofierebisa da agrarul-sameurneo saqmianobasTan dakav-Sirebul dResaswaulebsa da wes-CveulebebSi. aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT ,saintereso kvlevebi aqvs Catarebuli prof.

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j.ruxaZes. mecnieris naSromebSi gamowvlilviTaa Seswav-lili saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi Sobis, axali wlis, xomlobis, petre-pavlobis, eliobis, aseve sameurneo RvTa-ebebTan dakavSirebuli dResaswaulebi, sadac mkafiodaa gamokveTili mamlis, rogorc gamanayofierebeli da amaRor-Zinebeli Zalis sakraluri mniSvneloba. j. ruxaZis daskvneb-Si miTiTebulia, rom mamlis kavSiri agrarul meurneobasTan mzis Tayvaniscemisa da miwaTmoqmedebis kultis ganuyreli kavSiris saxiT iyo gaazrebuli.… mzis RvTaebis funqciis mqone mamals dedamiwis simboluri aRorZineba unda gamoewvia. mam-lis kavSiri agrarul meurneobasTan mzis Tayvaniscemisa da miwaTmoqmedebis kultis ganuyreli kavSiris saxiT iyo gaaz-rebuli~ (ruxaZe 1999: 149–154).

mamlis fituli, mamlisTaviani berika, j. ruxaZis mixed-viT, uZvelesi warmarTuli dResaswaulebis ganuyofeli at-ributi iyo da umTavresad nayofierebis RvTaebisadmi miZR-vnil dResaswaulebs amSvenebda.… samegreloSi mamlis fituls, rogorc RvTaebis simbolos, mnaTobTa dResaswaulis drosac gamoiyenebdnen. igi TiTqos Suamavali iyo kacsa da RvTaebas Soris. es rituali aRwerili aqvs n. wuleiskirs moTxrobaSi `TuTarCela”. mwerali gadmogvcems: ` CiraRdnebiTa da mTva-ris sxivebiT ganaTebul tyeSi mamals daklavdnen, bumbuli-anad gaatyavebdnen, mamlis fituls wiTeli babTebiT moka-zmavdnen da Wyondidis (didi muxis) kenweroze dakidebdnen. amis Semdeg visac ra uWirda, TuTas (mTvares) moaxsenebda da SesTxovda (wuleiskiri 2011: 56).

mamlis, rogorc RvTaebisadmi mirTmeuli zvarakis, funq-ciaze mianiSnebs erTi xalxuri leqsis dasawyisi striqonebi: `yiyliyo mamalo, / Tavsa gadasavalo, / sami weliwadia, / furi ara myolia~ …(umikaSvili, dasax. wigni, gv. 273). Tavsa gadasava-lo, anu Tavze Semosavlebo,– mimarTavs glexi mamals. moce-muli sintagma ase unda gaviazroT: ojaxs saqoneli gauber-wda, sami wlis ganmavlobaSi erTi furic ki ar SemomatebiaT, amitom saqonlis salocavs mamali unda Semoavlon Tavs da

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ZRvnad miarTvan nayofierebis RvTaebas, rom xeli moubrun-deT da furebi gaumravldeT.

mamlis, rogorc samsxverplo zvarakis, funqcia kargadaa gamJRavnebuli mesxeT-javaxeTSi gavrcelebul xalxur sim-ReraSi ̀ mamli-muxasao~ (zogad qarTluri variantis mixedviT `mumli muxasao~). sasimRero teqstis TiToeul taeps refre-nad mihyveba gamorCeuli JReradobis leqsema ̀ mamli muxasao~. teqstis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli varianti aseTia: `muxa wonwilebs, wonwilebs, / mamli muxasao, / wonwilebs da waiqce-va, / mamli muxasao, / maRali RmerTi vaxsenoT, / mamli muxasao, / mereda yovlad wminda RvTismSobeli, / mamli muxasao, / won-wilebs da waiqceva, / mamli muxasao, / Sigac rom wyali Cadgeba, / mamli muxasao, / Siga rom Tevzi gaCndeba, / mamli muxasao, / imasac xom daWera unda, / mamli muxasao~.

sasimRero teqstSi Serwymul-SenivTebulia warmarTuli da qristianuli plastebi. amjerad CvenTvis sainteresoa refreni, romelic migvaniSnebs, rom tradiciulad muxas, rogorc RvTaebas, gnebavT, RvTaebis simbolos, zvarakad mamals miarTmevdnen. `mamli muxasao~ gulisxmobs, mamali SevwiroT muxasao. v. kotetiSvilis mixedviT, es himni warmo-adgens xeTa Tayvaniscemis naSTs, ukavSirdeba RrubelT ba-tons da aCens im realiebs, rac mecniers afiqrebinebs, rom nayofierebis himnia (kotetiSvili 1934: 389).

megrul folklorul da eTnologiur masalebze dayrd-nobiT Catarebuli kvleva–Ziebis mixedviT (T. saxokia, T. abakelia, a. canava, j. ruxaZe da sxv.) garkveulia, rom `Jini anTaris~ anu `zena anTaris~ pativsacem ritualSi, romelic gazafxulze, didmarxvis aRebis dRes imarTeboda da saqon-lis gamravlebasa da janmrTelobas SesTxovdnen, mamali mniS-vnelovan figuras warmoadgenda. TvalSisacemia is faqti, rom es rituali tyeSi, xeebis qveS sruldeboda, rac, Tavis mxriv, xe-mcenareTa da frinvelis kults erTmaneTTan akavSirebda. am sakralur aqts aseTi saxe hqonda: ojaxis ufrosi mamakaci saxlidan waiRebda danas, SeSas, wyals, cecxls, mWadis or

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kvers da waiyvanda erT mamals. igi frinvels xis (muxis) qveS daklavda da gaatyavebda. fituls xis kenweroSi aitanda da dahkidebda, rogorc RvTaebisaTvis misarTmev ZRvens. Sem-deg dailoceboda: Jini anTaro, batono gamarjvebulo, Cemi saqoneli Sen gaamravle, asobiT gamoviwerde da araferi ak-ldebodes, uSobels da xboians ver varCevde (makalaTia 1941: 329; kiknaZe 2007: 166). locvis dasrulebis Semdeg mouxmobda Tavis vaJebs, erTad Sewvavdnen samsxverplo mamals da miirT-mevdnen. Tu erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi maT saqonels raime dae-marTeboda, `Jini anTars~ miewereboda da momaval wels, misi gulis mosagebad, ufro did mamals wauyvandnen.

aseve cnobilia, rom mamlis RvTaebisaTvis zvarakad mirTmeva avadmyofi adamianis gamojanmrTelebis TxovniT an gajansaRebis Semdeg madlierebis niSnad xdeboda. batone-bisaTvis (wiTela, yivanaxvela, qunTruSa, yvavili…) gawyobil tablas tkbileulobasa da wiTel–yviTel babTebTan erTad wiTeli zonriT tablis fexze mibmuli wiTeli yvinCilac amS-venebda. batonebis wabrZanebis Semdeg misTvis gawyobili su-fra soflis gareT, ukacriel adgilas unda gadaelocaT da yvinCilasac iq aafrendnen.

msgavsi warmarTuli rituali aRwerili aqvs k. gamsaxur-dias romanSi ̀ didostatis marjvena~. yvavilbatonebis moxdis Semdeg konstantine arsakiZem wiTeli mamali waiyvana tyeSi da muxas Seswira. am rituals gabrieli Seeswro da mefes mouyva: `wiTel–yviTliT morTuli vaJi gamovida erTi. wiTeli mamali gamoeCara iRliaSi. samjer Semouara im ymawvilma muxas, samg-zis akoca xes. Semdgom amisa Tavi waacala mamals, sisxli apku-ra garSemo xes, mamali waiRo da tyeSi gauCinarda~ (gamsaxur-dia 1959: 349–350). meore dRes monadireebi Tavad gadaawydnen arsakiZes, romelic giorgi mefis SekiTxvaze, ratom dakla im dRes mamali, upasuxebs, rom wina kviras yvavili moixada da amitomac Seswira wiTeli mamali RvTaebas (gamsaxurdia 1959: 351), am SemTxvevaSi muxas, romelic Tavis mxriv, konkretuli RvTaebis hipostasia.

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mamali k. gamsaxurdias sxva mxatvrul teqstebSic gvxvde-ba, magram sxvagvari datvirTviT. `landebTan lacicSi~ mam-lis gasazrisebas safuZvlad udevs mxatvrulTan erTad sim-boluri unari. aq mamali warmoCindeba, rogorc adamianuri yofierebis sazrisis gaxsenebisaken mimarTuli miswrafeba. mamlis ardaviwyeba mwerlis arsebaSi mxolod imdenadaa Se-saZlebeli, ramdenadac igi gulisxmobs axlo warsuls, ar-sebiTs da amave dros, rac mTavaria, uxsovardroindelsac. yovelgvari axsna–ganmartebis gareSe mwerali Tavis azrs cxadad gamoTqvams: `upirvelesi sagani, romelic me arasodes damaviwydeba, es iyo wiTeli faifuris sarZeo jami, romlis fskerze mamali exata. … ekaias uamravi mamlebi hyavda, magram me es daxatuli wiTeli mamali yvelaze metad miyvarda. mama-li ise kargad iyo gamosaxuli, xels movusvamdi xolme jamis fskers~ (gamsaxurdia 1983: 66).

swored mexsierebaSi Rrmad CarCenili bavSvobisdroin-deli mamali reminiscinirdeba mwerlis erT-erT saukeTeso teqstSi ̀ mTvaris motaceba~, sadac simbolo, garkveulwilad, aris gancdis sazrisi. aRniSnul mamalTan dakavSirebiT prof. n. xelaia miuTiTebs: `SesaniSnavi saxe-simbolo iqmneba mwer-lis bavSvobisdroindeli Cinuri faifuris rZis jamis fsk-erze gamosaxuli mamlisagan.… es ki imaze migvaniSnebs, rom k. gamsaxurdias cxovrebiseuli epizodebi da pirovnebiseuli Strixebi uxvad moipoveba TaraS emxvaris saxeSi~ (xelaia 2008: 117). magram, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, Cven ara es problematika, aramed sxva ram gvainteresebs, risTvisac gvinda movixmoT teqstidan igive amonaridi: `dedaCemma erTi Cinuri jami mi-yida rZis sasmelad, _ igonebs TaraSi, _ ubralo bambukis jami. maxsovs, xeli wamovusvi jamis fskers balRma. ase mego-na, cocxaliao Savi mamali. merme darCa Cems xsovnaSi es sisx-lisfer bibilovani Savi mamali… da vxedav axlac Tvalwin im Sav mamals, sisxlisfer bibilovans. sworia! bavSvobis STabe-Wdilebani upiratesi yofila Turme. arc saqarTveloSi, arc evropaSi mogzaurobis dros arafers ise didi STabeWdileba

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ar mouxdenia Cems fantaziaze, rogorc im mamals, rZis jamze pirvelad nanaxs.

SesaZloa, is Savi mamali bediTi gaxda Cems cxovrebaSi da etlis gamrudebaSic mas miuZRvodes karga mozrdili wili… da ase, mamali aTenebda Cemi cxovrebis dila–saRamos. mis Jin-moreul yivils mivyvebodi qveSecneulad… Sors, Zlier Sors, WiuxebSi hyivis isev Savi mamali’’(4. 661). rogorc vxedavT, am SemTxvevaSi mwerliseuli Savi mamali samyaroSi adamianis yofierebis orientaciis, adamianuri sazrisisa da masTan mis-adagebuli fenomenis simbolod warmoCindeba. Tavis mxriv, igi garkveul urTierTobaSi, mniSvnelobaSia upirveles sim-bolosTan, adamianuri yofierebis dadgenasTan, rasac adas-turebs zemoT moxmobili amonaridi.

davubrundeT isev folklorul-eTnologiur garemos. rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, mamlis Sewirvis tradicia qvec-nobierad Tu instinqturad dRemdea SemorCenili. 2013 wlis mariamobas Tavad Seveswari samegreloSi, sujunis wminda giorgis eklesiaSi, romelsac Zalian xSirad moixseniebs Tav-is mxatvrul teqstebSi k. gamsaxurdia, samma, sxvadasxva asakis ymawvilma, ezoSi fexze wiTelTokSebmuli mamali Semoiyvana. samgzis Semouares taZars, Semdeg Sig Sevidnen da mamali xate-bis win dasves. frinveli erTxans Tavdaxrili idga, Semdeg frTebi daiferTxa, daiyivla, gareT gamovida da Cveulebri-vad, balaxis wiwkna daiwyo.

samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos kuTxeebSi, aWarasa da lazistanSi, mamals igive simboluri datvirTva aqvs, rac zogadqarTul yofiT sivrceSi. guriaSi `dezebiani wiTeli mamlis fafxuri~ saSobao ritualis mniSvnelovani elemen-tia. amasTan igi ojaxis patronad, mfarvelad miiCneva. `did wiTel mamals evaleboda ojaxis wevrTa gaRviZeba–amoqmede-ba. mas `saxlis mamals~ eZaxdnen (zoiZe 2007: 210-213).

samSobloze fiqrisa da ocnebis alegoriul saxed aRiqme-ba mamali TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa Soris. `mamlis sim-bolika, _ wers S. futkaraZe wignSi `Cveneburebis qarTuli~

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(futkaraZe 1993: 59), _ ucxoobaSi myofi qarTvelebis, sam-Soblodan iZulebiT gadaxvewili mTqmelebis poeziaSi dakar-guli mamulis simbolod aRiqmeba. `TeTro mamalo, ratom ar yivi, / lamazo qalo, ratom ar tiri?!~ dakarguli qveynis ada-mianis mamalic aRar yiviso,– amboben Turme Cveneburebi.

dasasrul gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom qarTul yofiT real-obaSi warmarTuli epoqidan dRemde gavrcelebuli, umetesad wiTeli, mamlis kulti da masTan dakavSirebuli Sesabamisi rituali da sityviereba upirvelesad gamoxatavda mnaTobTa Tayvaniscemas, aseve mimarTuli iyo aRorZineba–ganaxleb-is, nayofierebisa da gamajansaRebel RvTaebebisadmi, xolo qristianobis SemoRebis Semdeg igi daukavSirda RvTismSob-lisa da wminda giorgis saxelebs, daitvirTa axali sarwmu-noebrivi plastebiT da mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula qarT-veli xalxis cxovrebaSi.

damowmebani:

abzianiZe, elaSvili 2011: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. simboloTa ilus-

trirebuli leqsikoni. t. 1. Tb.: `bakmi~, 2011.

bardaveliZe 1941: bardaveliZe b. qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis

istoriidan. Tb.: 1941

gamsaxurdia 1959: gamsaxurdia k. rCeuli Txzulebani. t. ��. Tb.: 1959.

gamsaxurdia 1973: gamsaxurdia k. mTvaris motaceba. Tb.: 1973.

gamsaxurdia 1983: gamsaxurdia k. landebTan lacici. // Txzulebani. t.

V��. Tb.: 1983.

zoiZe 2007: zoiZe e. frinvelis simbolizacia aWaris zepirsityviere-

baSi // samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos zepirsityviereba. baTumi: 2007.

kiknaZe 2007: kiknaZe z. qarTuli miTologia. Tb.: 2007.

kotetiSvili 1934: kotetiSvili v. xalxuri poezia. quTaisi: 1934.

makalaTia 1941: makalaTia s. samegrelos istoria da eTnografia. Tb.:

1941.

ruxaZe 1999: ruxaZe j. bunebis ZalTa aRorZinebis xalxuri dResas-

waulebi saqarTveloSi. Tb.: 1999.

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umikaSvili 1937: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba. Tb.: 1937.

futkaraZe 1993: futkaraZe S. Cveneburebis qarTuli. baTumiL: 1993.

wuleiskiri 2011: wuleiskiri n. TuTarCela // qarTuli prozis sagan-

Zuri. t. 56-e. Tb.: 2011.

xelaia 2008: xelaia n. miuwvdomeli mwvervalebi. Tb.: 2008.

javaxiSvili 1979: javaxiSvili i. qarTvelTa warmarToba // javaxiSvi-

li i. qarTveli eris istoria. t. 1. Tb.: 1979.

Ketevan Dekanozisjhvili


Summary

The cock is a very interesting symbol-image with its sacral functions. According to the materials, preserved in Georgian folklore and ethnology, the symbol of cock is acknowledged in several aspects. Still existed the red cock cult dates back to pagans epoch. All rituals and narratives connected with it, expressed worship to luminaries. This cult was also addressed to deities of health, fertility and renascence-renewal. Furthermore, as a symbol of light, it echoes the cult of the souls of the departed. In Christian epoch this symbol merged to St. George and The Holy Virgin images, supplemented with new spiritual indications and played an important role in Georgian people’s life. The cock symbol unconsciously or instinctively is still alive.

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xaTuna TavdgiriZe

axali miTologiuri paradigma _ politikuri miTi(politikuri miTis Teoriis sakiTxebi)

`araferi ise Zalian ar hgavs miTosur azrovne-bas, rogorc politikuri miTologia.

Cvens Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, isic Sesa-Zlebelia, rom am ukanasknelma mxolod Caanac-vlos pirveli~.

levi-strosi, `miTebis struqtura~.

ra aris politikuri miTi?Zvelma sakralurma miTma sakmaod xangrZlivi da araerTg-

varovani gza ganvlo, vidre igi Tanamedrove miTopolitikur narativad mogvevlineboda. am gzaze man raRac SeinarCuna, raRac dakarga da raRac SeiZina: SeinarCuna garegnuli forma da struqtura; dakarga sulier-sakraluri sawyisi; SeiZina farTo naratiuli qsovili da sruliad axali teqnologiur-instrumenturi SesaZleblobebi.

pirveli Sromebi dasavlur politikur filosofiaSi, romelSic damuSavebuli iyo Tanamedrove miTis koncefcia, ekuTvnoda frang filosofoss, revoluciuri sindikalizmis Teoretikoss JorJ sorels. misi publikaciebi gamoCnda 1900-ian wlebSi da sabolood gaerTianda 1906 wels gamocemul sorelis yvelaze saxelganTqmul wignSi `gansja Zaladobaze~ (soreli1961). kidev erTi wigni, romelic miznad isaxavda Tan-amedrove politikuri miTis fundamentur kvlevas, gamoCnda 1946 wels, avtoris gardacvalebis Semdeg. es iyo cnobili germaneli filosofosis, miTis profesionali mkvlevris er-nest kasireris naSromi `miTi saxelmwifoze~ (kasireri 1946). swored soreli da kasireri mogvevlinen Tanamedrove poli-tikur-socialuri miTis pirvel Teoretikosebad, romelTa naSromebis gamoCenis TariRebma moniSnes Tanamedrove mi-

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Tis kvlevisa da interpretaciis dasawyisi. politikuri mi-Tologiis interpretaciisas axali disciplinis pirveli Teoretikosebi gansxvavebul poziciebze idgnen. J. sorelis koncefcia miTs ganixilavda, rogorc ideologiur-propa-gandistul iaraRsa da sazogadoebis cnobierebis Segnebuli manipulirebis saSualebas. amasTan, soreli politikuri miz-nebis ganxorcielebaSi miTebis gansakuTrebul rols rwmenis stimulirebaSi xedavda. e.kasireri ki, Tanamedrove politi-kuri miTis teqnologiur specifikaze miuTiTebda da miTs ganixilavda, rogorc xelisuflebis legitimaciis instru-ments. amas garda, isini urTierTgamomricxavad afasebdnen Tanamedrove miTis struqturas: `kasirerisTvis politi-kuri miTi warmoadgenda miTis regresirebul formas, xolo sorelisTvis, piriqiT _ progresirebads~ (botiCi 2010:159). miTosis axali, Tanamedrove forma marTlac iZleoda urT-ierTgamomricxavi ormagi interpretaciis safuZvels: erTis mxriv, Zveli sakraluri miTis miTopolitikur profanul narativad gardaqmna iwvevs mis desakralizacias (oRondac es ar niSnavs demiTologizacias), rasac fundamenturi mor-fologiuri cvlilebebi mosdevs da damangrevlad moqmedebs miTis arqetipul struqturaze; magram, meores mxriv, am process Tan axlavs miTis transformaciuli progresireba _ axali miTologiebis, arsebiTad politikuri miTonara-tivebis warmoSoba, maTi droSi xangrZlivoba, mdgradoba da axali teqnologiur-instrumenturi politikuri miTosuri paradigmis dafuZneba. am axali paradigmiT Tanamedrove miTi ganaxlebuli sasicocxlo ZalebiT imoseba da ganagr-Zobs ara ubralod arsebobas arsebobisTvis, aramed gamoav-lens sruliad axlebur kreatiul-kosmogoniur intenciebs, romelT kvalzec iwyebs aqtiur, mZlavr, SeiZleba iTqvas _ totalitarul funqcionirebas.

kasirerma da sorelma arsebiTad sxva, Tanamedrove mi-marTulebiT warmarTes miTologiis kvleva, romelic mana-mde mTlianad pirvelyofili tradiciuli sazogadoebebis

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miTologiebze iyo orientirebuli. XX saukunis meore naxev-ridan miTis rogorc koleqtiuri warmodgenebis ganxilva daiwyo politikuri Teoriis WrilSi. amieridan, Tanamedrove miTi interpretirebulia, rogorc ideologiuri da simbo-luri brZolis Sedegi da imavdroulad iaraRic. gafarTov-da analizis sfero _ miTis kulturuli sawyisebidan miTis politikur fenomenamde. am periodidanve Cndeba miTis axali mdgomareobis aRmniSvneli sxvadasxva termini _ `Tanamed-rove miTi~, `axali miTi~, `teqnologiuri miTi~, `socialu-ri miTologia~, `politikuri miTologia~. termini ,,Political Myth’’ (`politikuri miTi~) daamkvidra 1972 wels gamosulma britaneli mecnieris henri Tiudoris amave saxelwodebis wignma (tudori 1972). h.Tiudorma politikuri miTi aRwera, rogorc Tematurad politikur movlenebTan dakavSirebuli miTi, romelSic wamyvan rols asrulebs ara forma, aramed - Sinaarsi: ,,rac axasiaTebs miTs, rogorc politikurs, aris misi Sinaarsi, _ wers Tiudori. _ politikuri miTi yovelT-vis aris konkretuli jgufis miTi. misi gmiri, an protagonis-ti arasodes aris erTi pirovneba, aramed _ jgufi. es jgu-fi SesaZloa iyos eri, eTnikuri jgufi an socialuri klasi. politikuri miTebi dakavSirebulni arian istoriasTan, mag-ram ar arian aucileblad istoriulni da ar gadmogvcemen uciloblad istoriul sizustes~ (tudori 1972:138). poli-tikuri miTologiis Tanamedrove Teoretikosi britaneli qristefor fladic politikur miTebs konkretuli social-uri jgufebis politikur interesebs ukavSirebs. misi azriT, politikuri miTis arsi, upirvelesad, mis ideologiuroba-Si, Semdeg ki, politikuri movlenebis axsna-ganmartebisas konkretuli socialuri jgufis interesebis gamoxatvasa da dacvaSi mdgomareobs. fladi amgvarad axasiaTebs poli-tikur miTs: `ideologiurad markirebuli narativi, romlis mizania mogvces namdvili axsna-ganmarteba warsulis, awmyosa da prognozirebadi momavali politikuri movlenebis Sesa-xeb da romelic miRebulia rogorc marTebuli da aucile-

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beli konkretuli socialuri jgufis mier~ (Ffladi 2000: 44). fladis azriT, politikuri miTi uSualo urTierTmimarTe-baSia realobasTan, ramdenadac igi sworad dasmul isto-riul, socialur da kulturul konteqsts saWiroebs. aseTi politikuri miTi gavlenis, zemoqmedebis mZlavri iaraRia. ,,politikuri miTis gavlena SesaZlebelia maSin, rodesac is dakavSirebulia istoriul, socialur da ideologiur kon-teqstTan (fladi 2000: 44). Tu politikuri miTi moklebulia istoriul, socialur da ideologiur konteqsts, igi imTa-viTve myife da dRenakluli aRmoCndeba.

amdenad, politikuri miTi aris konkretuli socialuri/politikuri jgufis wiaRidan gamosuli da misi ideologiis gamomxatveli narativi, romelic warmoadgens xelisuflebis legitimaciis instruments da propagandis saSualebas, rasac axorcielebs teqnologiuri, instrumenturi saSualebebiT. politikuri miTi specifikur _ ontologiur da empiriul urTierTmimarTebaSia realobasTan da dakavSirebulia epoq-is istoriul, socialur da ideologiur konteqstTan, riTac zegavlenisa da manipulirebis mZlavr iaraRad gvevlineba.

amas garda, politikuri miTis arss bunebaSi `miTolo-giurad~, anu bunebiTad arseboba warmoadgens. politikuri miTi(iseve rogorc arqauli miTi) Cvens Tanamedrove yovel-dRiurobaSi bunebrivad arsebuli fenomenia, romelic an TavisTavad aqtualizdeba, an _ xelovnurad, teqnologi-urad, konkretuli socialuri/politikuri jgufis mier. aqedan momdinareobs swored politikuri miTis morfolo-giuri Tvisobrivi ormagoba: bunebiToba(TavisTavad aqtu-alizirebadi) da teqnologiuroba(xelovnurad aqtualiz-irebadi). teqnologiuroba, instrumentaloba politikuri miTis axalSeZenili garegani faqtoria(iaraRia, insrumen-tia), romelic ZiriTadad efuZneba tiraJirebis, masobrivi komunikaciisa da piaris Tanamedrove teqnologiebs; xolo `miTologiuroba~, anu bunebiToba politikuri miTis arse-bobis, sicocxlisunarianobisa da maradiulobis safuZvelTa

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safuZvelia, rac gansazRvrulia misi mimarTebiT arqetipTan _ Tu ramdenadaa igi miaxloebuli sakraluri miTis paradig-mul models. swored es ukanaskneli faqtori ganapirobebs politikuri miTis Zlevamosilebas, qmediTunarianobasa da maradiulobas.

politikuri miTis sami kategoriapolitikuri miTis mravalferovnebam da Tvisobriv-

ma gansxvavebebma ganapiroba misi klasifikacia ramdenime ZiriTad(amosaval) kategoriad. politikuri miTologiis Tavdapirveli klasifikacia ekuTvnis cnobil frang semi-ologsa da Tanamedrove miTebis mkvlevars rolan barts, romelmac ganusazRvreli terminebiT(Tavad barti ganixi-lavs am terminebs ganusazRvrel cnebaTa kategoriaSi) _ `me-marjvene~ da `memarcxene~ miTebi _ erTmaneTisagan gamijna ZlierTa da sustTa miTologiebi, anu, Zlieri da susti mi-Topolitikuri Semoqmedeba. barti Tavis `miTologiebSi~ ase axasiaTebs politikuri miTebis am or klass: `memarcxene miTi arasensaciuria. amasTan, is vrceldeba mxolod garkveul sagnebze, garkveul politikur cnebebze. memarcxene miTi arasodes vrceldeba adamianuri urTierTobis uzarmazar sivrceze, `umniSvnelo~ ideologiis farTo arealze. yovel-dRiuri cxovreba misTvis miuwvdomelia. es aris Raribi miTi, esenciurad Raribi. mas ar SeuZlia TviTgamravleba, iqmneba brZanebiT, droSi SezRudulia da mcire moculobisaa. mas aklia mTavari Zala _ gamomsaxveloba. aseTi arasrulyo-fileba damokidebulia TviT `memarcxeneobis~ bunebasTan. es termini, Tavisi ganusazRvrelobis miuxedavad, yovelTvis moiazreba CagrulebTan, proletarebTan an koloniis mcx-ovreblebTan... statistikurad miTi memarjveneTa mxarezea. aq is ukve esenciuria, kargad nakvebi, bzinvare, eqspansiuri, molaybe, amouwuravi gamomgonebeli. is yvelafers moicavs: samarTals, morals, esTetikas, diplomatias, marTvis xe-lovnebas, literaturas, sanaxaobas...~ (barti 2011: 224-226).

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politikuri miTebis rolan bartiseuli klasifikacia gadawyvetilia semilogiur WrilSi da politikuri miTolo-giuri movlenebisa da procesebis mxolod erT nawils asaxavs. politikuri miTebis srulyofil klasifikaciamade misvla ki SesaZlebelia mxolod misi sruli morfologiuri suraTis warmoCeniT, romelic sabolood gansazRvrulia politiku-ri miTis Tvisobrivi ormagobiT: bunebiTobiT (TavisTavad aqtualizirebadi) da teqnologiurobiT(xelovnurad aqtu-alizirebadi). amdenad, sabolood, politikuri miTebis mor-fologiurma Tvisobrivma ormagobam ganapiroba misi ori ZiriTadi saxeobis(kategoriis) formireba. es saxeobebia:

1. namdvili politikuri miTi, anu _ wminda miTologiuri, bunebiTi, politikuri miTi;

2. fsevdopolitikuri miTi, anu _ teqnologiuri, xelov-nuri politikuri miTi.

uaxlesma politikurma procesebma, romelSic aqtiurad CaerTo miTologiuri arqauli modelebi da miToteqnolo-giebi, gamoavlina kidev erTi, mesame, arsebiTad filosofi-ur-ontologiurad modelirebuli politikuri miTis gansa-kuTrebuli saxeoba, romelsac Cven vuwodeT _ simulaciur-precesiuli politikuri miTi.

1.namdvili(bunebiTi) politikuri miTi namdvili politikuri miTebi warmoiSvebian `miTolo-

giurad~, anu bunebiTad da rogorc genezisiT, aseve mor-fologiiT yvelaze axlos dganan arqaul `wminda miTTan~. isini mWidrod arian dakavSirebuli tradiciebTan, adaT-CveulebebTan da, rac mTavaria, maTi profanuli narativebi fuZndebian pirvelyofil sakralur da universalur arqeti-pebze, rac maT paradigmul Tvisebas aniWebs.

namdvili politikuri miTi, rogorc bunebiTi miTologi-uri movlena, yovelTvis Tanaarsebobs sazogadoebaSi. igi Ta-vad gamoarCevs Sesafer arqetips, romelsac Tavadve (SesaZ-loa xelSewyobiTac) aqtualizebs. aseve, Tavad gansazRvravs

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gamoCenis _ `miTCenis~ Sesafer dros. rogorc kasireri wers: `miTi yovelTvis Cvens gverdiTaa da mxolod imaleba ukunSi Tavisi saaTis dadgomis momlodine. es saaTi dgeba maSin, roca yvela sxva Zala, romelmac socialuri cxovrebis organizeba unda ganaxorcielos, kargavs Tavis Zlevamosilebas da metad aRar SeuZlia demonuri, miTologiuri stiqiebis SeCereba (kasireri 1946: 280). namdvili politikuri miTi TavisTavze iRebs ara mxolod socialuri organizebisa da politikuri wesrigis uzrunvelyofas, aramed, arqauli miTis msgavsad (romlis mizans Seadgenda, nebismieri socialuri moqmedebiT samyaros kosmogoniuri modelis aRdgena), socialur-poli-tikuri kataklizmebis dros CamoSlili samyaros Tanamedrove socialur da kosmogoniur suraTs aRadgens. es aris miTis, zogadad miTologiis axali paradigma. namdvili politikuri miTis paradigma aris Tvisobrivad axali paradigma. mas sam-yaros miTologiuri daZvelebuli suraT-xatidan gamohyavs Tanamedrove samyaros axali miTologiuri suraT-xati.

paradigmuloba namdvil politikur miTs sZens univer-salizms da uzrunvelyofs mis mdgradobasa da droSi xan-grZlivobas. swored amitom namdvili politikuri miTebi fsevdomiTebisagan gansxvavebiT(romelTac ar gaaCniaT para-digmuli buneba) ar eqvemdebarebian gaqrobas, arc xelovnuri kontrmiTebiT gadafarvas. namdvilma politikurma miTebma garkveulwilad moipoves Zveli miTis dari `maradiuloba~ da zegavlena. `rogorc sakralur miTebs, politikur miTeb-sac, analogiurad, sWirdebaT, rom iyvnen gadmocemulni da miRebulni, rogorc eliade uwodebs exemplar history, rom ga-naxorcielon mniSvnelovani zegavlena~ (fladi 2000: 41) _ wers qristefor fladi _ `maT SeiZleba hqondeT politi-kuri funqciebi msgavsi imisa, romelic gaaCniaT tradiciuli sazogadoebis im miTebs, romlebic Zalauflebis ganawilebas ukavSirdeba~ (fladi 2000: 41). b.linkolnis azriTac, politi-kur miTebs `imaTTvis, visac sjera maTi, unda hqondeT para-digmuli Rirebuleba, imavdroulad `modeli~ realobisa da

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realobisaTvis, (Llinkolni 1989: 24). paradigmuli Rirebu-lebis mqone realobis logikuri modeli namdvil politi-kur miTSi qmnis iracionaluri universaluri arqetipisa da racionaluri yofiTobis, logikuri azrovnebis unikalur sinTezss. amgvar miTopolitikur narativebSi harmoniu-ladaa Serwymuli pragmatul-gonebrivi, mentaluri aspeqte-bi da numinozur-mistikuri swrafvebi, midrekilebebi. namd-vil politikur miTSi, romelic igeba arqaul pirvelsaxeze, `iqmneba realurobis sakuTari gegma, Tavisi logikuri da siuJeturi kanonebiT, simboloebisa da saxeebis sakuTari sistemiT. magram politikuri miTi arqaulisagan gansxvave-biT, warmoiqmneba ara mxolod, emociuri mRelvarebebiT, aramed racionalurad, myari azrobrivi sayrdeniT~ (kolevi 2003: 31). myari azrobrivi, logikuri sayrdeni udevs safuZ-vlad yvelaze Zlier, totalitarul miTopolitikur nara-tivebs, romlebic, ra Tqma unda, upirvelesad, fuZndebian arqauli miTebis paradigmul siuJetur qargaze, rac maT ani-Webs sakraluri miTebis Tanamedrove oreulebis statuss.

amdenad, zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, namdvil politi-kur miTs axasiaTebs Semdegi 4 gansakuTrebuloba:

arqetipuloba. arqetipze dafuZneba.1. 2. arqauli da Tanmedrove miTis msoflmxedvelobrivi da

Tematuri homologiuroba. es gulisxmobs: a). msoflmxedvelobrivi homologiuroba: pragmatizmisa

da misticizmis, logikurisa da winarelogikuri azrovnebis, profanulisa da sakralur-arqetipulis homologiurobasa da erT did mTlian naratiul qsovilad Camoyalibebas;

b). Tematuri homologiuroba: sakralur TematikasTan miaxloeba-gaigiveba: arqetipebze dafuZnebuli namdvili politikuri miTebi sakraluri Zveli miTebis Tanamedrove oreulebad gvevlinebian. isini agrZeleben iseT fundamen-tur sakralur ciklebs, rogorebicaa: warmoSobisa da daar-sebis kosmogoniebi, kulturuli gmirebis moRvaweobis sag-

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miro aqtebi, ganaxleba-aRdgomis ritualuri ciklebi da esqatologiuri miTebi.

3). totaluroba(Tematikis globaluroba): namdvili po-litikuri miTi yovelTvis did politikur movlenebs, kardi-nalur cvlilebebs, gardamtex ideologiur brZolebs, axali politikuri sistemebis(yvelaze xSirad totalitaruli re-Jimebis) damkvidrebas ukavSirdeba. es gansakuTrebulobac aris namdvili politikuri miTis maradiulobis(droSi xan-grZlivobis) ganmapirobebeli kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori.

zemoT Tqmuli 3 faqtori ganapirobebs meoTxes:4) mdgradoba, `maradiuloba~, droSi xangrZlivoba.

namdvili politikuri miTis totaluri sqema yvelaze xSi-rad igeba òqros xanisa~ da esqatologiuri miTis arqetipe-bze. es ori arqetipi gaerTianebuli da ganmtkicebulia on-tologiuri niSniT: samyaroseuli erTi ciklis dasasruls, rasac Tan axlavs kidev erTi(mesame) arqetipi _ `RmerTebis daisi~ (Tanamedrove viTarebaSi _ saxelisuflebo poli-tikuri Zalebis Secvla axali saxelisuflebo politikuri ZalebiT), mosdevs axali, ontologiurad sruliad sxva sam-yaros dabadeba, axali ciklis dasawyisi. am miTosur arqe-tipebs daukavSirda me-20 saukunis politikuri realobis yvelaze gardamtexi totaluri movlenebi: germanuli rasis-tuli faSizmi da sabWoTa komunisturi socializmi.

hitleri aqtiurad iyenebda Tavis propagandaSi ariuli miTologiuri gmirebis modelebs; amas garda, òqros xanisa~ da esqatologiis miTosur arqetipebs ukavSirdeba ariuli wminda rasis dabrunebis utopisturi ideologia, ganxor-cielebuli sxva `dabali rasebis~ wmendiT – esqatologiiT.

òqros xanis~ kidev erTi utopisturi politikur-ekono-mikur-socialuri sistema Camoyalibda marqsistuli komu-nizmis ideologiis saxiT. rogorc m.eliade aRniSnavs, marqs-ma azia-xmelTaSuazRvis samyaros erT-erTi esqatologiuri

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miTi gaimeora, romelSic mxsnelis funqcia proletariatma unda Seasrulos, `romelic mowodebulia tanjvis gziT da borotebasTan ukanaskneli gadamwyveti brZoliT samyaros ontologiuri statusi Secvalos. marTlac, marqsis uklaso sazogadoeba da mis Sedegad istoriuli daZabulobis mospo-ba, Tavis yvelaze naRd winapars oqros xanis miTSi hpovebs, xanisa, romelic, sxvadasxva tradiciis mixedviT, istoriis dasawyissa da dasasruls axasiaebs~ (eliade 2009:160).

totalitaruli (faSizmi, sabWoeTi) politikuri reJime-bis garda, esqatologiuri miTosis paradigmaSi zis arade-

mokratiuli qveynebis arasamoqalaqo sazogadoebis miTosur-

esqatologiuri gancdebi, gamowveuli avtokrati liderisa

da arsebuli reJimis damxobis surviliT, brZoliT.

amdenad, namdvili politikuri miTebi, efuZnebian ra

arqetipebs, pretendireben maqsimalur siaxloves arqaul

sakralur miTTan, romelTa msgavsad aRadgenen ara mxolod darRveuli samyaros kosmogoniur, socialur da sulier landSaps, aramed, samyaros ucvlian ontologiur statuss _ modelireben sruliad axal politikur da socialur miTo-realobas.

2.fsevdo(teqnologiuri) politikuri miTifsevdomiTebis konstruireba imiT gaxda SesaZlebeli,

rom arsebobs namdvili, bunebiTi politikuri miTologia,

dafuZnebuli arqauli miTis `politikur substanciaze~.

fsevdomiTebs ar gaaCniaT sakuTari arqetipi, romelzec

dafuZndebodnen, rac SeuZlebels xdis maT suverenul da

srulfasovan funqcionirebas. amitom fsevdomiTis nara-

tiuli qsovili daSenebulia sxva, totalur, arqetipis mqone

namdvil miTze. Sesabamisad, fsevdomiTebi warmoadgenen nam-

dvili miTebis danamats, an `narCenebs~, `nasxletebs~, miuxe-

davad imisa, rom maTi saerTo genetikuri xazi xSir SemTxveva-Si zedapirze ar Cans.

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fsevdo politikur miTs axasiaTebs sami mTavari gansa-kuTrebuloba:

1. erTjeradoba. xanmokleoba.2. teqnologiuroba. xelovnuroba. instrumentaluroba.3. Tematikis araglobaluroba, simwire. fsevdo politikuri miTi ar efuZneba arqetips da Sesa-

bamisad ar gaaCnia myari tradiciuli safuZveli, rac mis si-cocxlisunarianobas uzrunvelyofda, amitom igi xanmokle da erTjeradia. igi iqmneba imwamieri politikuri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad da maradiuli miTisagan gansxvavebiT, ar Seexeba totalur politikur/socialur movlenas, aramed mi-marTulia mcire, susti, an meoradi politikuri Temebisaken. universaluri arqetipis nacvlad fsevdomiTi eqvemdebareba sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi mimdinare koniuqturul cvale-badobas, emocionalur vnebaTaRelvebs. igi ar uRrmavdeba da ar exeba adamianis aracnobieris Rrma Sreebs da kardinalur cvlilebebs ar iwvevs sazogadoebriv da politikur cxovrebaSi.

fsevdomiTi ar warmoiqmneba bunebiTad, spontanurad, aramed iqmneba gacnobierebulad da mizanmimarTulad, konk-retuli politikuri miznebis gansaxorcieleblad. mas qmnian xelovnurad, instrumentalurad, Tanamedrove teqnologieb-is _ masobrivi sainformacio saSualebebis, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis, piaris xelovnebis gamoyenebiT. politikuri miTi politikosebis xelSi iqceva sazogadoebis, masis manipu-lirebis mZlavr iaraRad, instrumentad. politikuri miTis teqnologiur xasiaTze pirvelad miuTiTa e.kasirerma. misi azriT, politikuri miTi iseve iqmneba, rogorc Tanamedrove materialuri teqnika(mag. tyviamfrqvevebi, TviTmfrinavebi): `Tanamedrove politikuri miTebi ar warmoiqmneba sponta-nurad, isini ar gvevlinebian aulagmavi warmodgenebis velur nayofad. piriqiT,isini warmoadgenen xelovnur qmnilebebs, Seqmnils marjve, moxerxebuli ostatebis mier. Cveni, XX sau-kunis didi teqnologiuri civilizaciis epoqaSi, unda Seqm-niliyo miTis axali teqnikac, ramdenadac miTebi SeiZleba Se-

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qmnan zustad iseve da imave wesebis Sesabamisad, rogorc nebi-smieri sxva Tanamedrove iaraRi, es iyos gind tyviamfrqvevi, gind TviTmfrinavi. am axalma principuli mniSvnelobis mqone momentma, mTlianad Secvala Cveni socialuri cxovreba~ (ka-sireri 1946: 283). kasireri Tanmimdevrulad ganixilavs im sam ZiriTad xerxs, romliTac politikuri miTis teqnologiuri warmoeba aris SesaZlebeli:

pirveli: miToSemoqmedi politikuri subieqtis mier enis funqciis mizanmimarTuli Secvla. `aRweriTi da logikuri sityvis gadaqceva magiur sityvad~.

meore: politikuri ritualis konstruireba, romelic masSi monawileebs aiZulebs individualurobis SegrZnebis dakargvas da TiToeuli monawile mihyavs koleqtivTan Serw-ymis eqstazur mdgomareobamde.

mesame: winaswarmetyveleba. rogorc kasireri wers: `Cveni drois politikosebma kargad gaiTavises is, rom adamianebis didi masebi gacilebiT iolad modian moqmedebSi fantaziis ZaliT, vidre iZulebiT... winaswarmetyveleba axali politi-kuri teqnologiis arsebiTi elementi gaxda~ (kasireri 1946: 285-288).

politikuri fsevdomiTebiT gajerebulia Cveni yovel-dRiuroba, igi Cveni yoveldRiuri yofis ganuyofeli nawil-ia, maTTan urTierTqmedebaSi yalibdeba sazoadoebrivi azri (cru da marTali), masebis damokidebuleba yoveldRiur so-cialur da politikur TemebTan, Sesabamisad, ZiriTadad swored erTjeradi miTebiT xorcieldeba masebis manipuli-reba calkeul mimdinare socialur da politikur sakiTxe-bze. erTjeradi politikuri fsevdomiTebis gansakuTrebuli aqtualizacia dakavSirebulia totalitaruli reJimebisa da maTi miTologiebis miwuruls da postperiodebSi _ didi totalitaruli miTis msxvrevisas. magaliTad, XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa kavSiris Zlierebis milevadobisa da masSi Semavali suverenizaciis gzaze damdgari respublikebis kvaldakval, SeimCneva axali ideologiuri, manipulirebadi

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miTebis moWarbeba. erT-erTi axali ideologiuri miTi Seiqm-na respublikebis suverenizaciis momxre demokratebis wreSi da gavrcelda rogorc miTi `ruseTis damoukideblobaze~. es politikuri miTi atarebda ruseTis, rogorc respublike-bis `marCenali~ qveynis am mZime tvirTisagan gaTavisufleb-is aucileblobisa da amis Sedegad rusi xalxis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamosworebis ideologias.

fsevdomiTi mTlianad Tanamedrove miTis teqnologiuri potencialis amuSavebaze aperirebs. fsevdomiTis teqnolo-giuri aspeqti warmoadgens politikuri miTologiis mTavar `energetikul mkvebavs~. swored es faqtori ganapirobebs, sa-zogadod, politikuri miTologiis dinamikurobas, politi-kur realobasTan swraf da adekvatur urTierTmimarTebas.

3.simulaciur-precesiuli politikuri miTisimulaciur-precesiuli politikuri miTi ontologiuri

fenomenia. igi warmoadgens maradiuli da fsevdomiTis Serw-ymis gziT miRebul politikuri miTis Tvisobrivad axal, on-tologiur saxeobas. simulaciur-precesiuli miTi arsebuli politikuri mocemulobis ontologiuri gardaqmniT axlo-momavlis medilirebazea orientirebuli, rasac teqnologi-uri, instrumentaluri SesaZleblobebis sruli amuSavebiT aRwevs. misi moqmedeba-funqcionireba simulaciuria, xolo Sedegi – precesiuli(winmswrebi).

`simulacia~ momdinareobs sityvidan simulacrum (mravl.r. _ simulacra). igi aris simulakras funqcionirebis Sedegi da asaxavs im process, roca asli-simulakra, anu `aslis asli~ imdenad daSorda originals, rom srulebiT gawyvita raime-nairi kavSiri Tavis originalTan, pirvelwyarosTan. simu-lakras funqcionirebis Sedegia yvela is fantasmagoriuli miTiuri gamovlineba, romelsac Cveni drois socialuri da politikuri manqana amuSavebs, upirvelesad _ realobis axa-li mdgomareoba da axali `xarisxi~. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas Zveli miTi TanamedroveobaSi iqca simulakrad. Jan bodriari

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termin _ `simulakraTi~ Caanacvlebs termin `miTis~ rolan bartiseul gagebas (bodriri 2000:8), riTac xazi gaesmeva mi-Tis simulaciur mniSvelobas. miTi da misi Txroba qmnis Tvi-sobrivad axal realobas. miTiuri Txroba aris miTiuri xil-va, fantazmi, romelic obieqtur `namdvilobas~ upirispird-eba metafizikuri `namdvilobis~ niSniT. igi aRWurvilia sa-kuTari realobis `kanonmdeblis~ _ zerealobis Seqmnisa da gabatonebis unariT. es aris bodriariseuli `hiperrealoba~ da gulisxmobs precesiis metafizikur aqts. `teritoria ukve aRar uswrebs win rukas, aRarc masze didxans cocxlobs. piriqiT, ruka uswrebs teritorias _ simulaciis winswreba (precesia) _ ruka qmnis teritorias~ (bodriri 1997: 50). miTi warmoadgens swored `winmswreb rukas~, igi atarebs imgvari rukis funqcias, romelsac unari Seswevs TavisTavze aRbeW-dos da amiT Tavad Seqmnas realoba.

Tanamedrove politikur procesebSi CarTuli simulaci-ur-precesiuli miTis funqcias warmoadens obieqturi poli-tikuri mocemulobis gardaqmnis gziT axali simulirebuli mocemulobis modelireba da misi precesiis ganxorcieleba. simulaciur-precesiul anu winmswreb politikur miTs aqvs simbolur-ontologiuri xasiaTi, ar aris aucilebeli igi `axdes~, `gacocxldes~. precesiis mizania simulirebuli axa-li mocemulobis realurad gancda, rac gulisxmobs namdvil-sa da modelirebul mocemulobas Soris zRvris moSlas da sa-zogadoebis myisier reaqcias, rogorc namdvilad arsebulze. simulaciur-precesiuli politikuri miTebis TvalsaCino magaliTebia saxelisuflebo telearxebiT gadacemuli, an in-ternetsaSualebebiT gavrcelebuli `moderilebuli qroni-kebi~ postsabWoTa uaxlesi politikuri cxovrebidan, rac miznad isaxavs winasaarCevnod sazogadoebis ideologiur `damuSavebas~. modelirebuli qronikebi atareben arsebuli xelisuflebis Seucvlelobis, RvTaebrivi maradiulobisa da mesianizmis ideologias, Zalauflebis usasrulod gaxangr-Zlivebis mizniT. `Seucvlelobis~ idea rusuli modelire-

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buli `momavlis~ saTaurSivea deklarirebuli _ «Россия без Путина? Welcome to hell!» (`ruseTi putinis gareSe? keTili iyos Seni mobrZaneba jojoxeTSi~). aRniSnuli video-klipi video portalze youtube.com-ze gavrcelda da msoflio mosaxleo-bis udidesma nawilma naxa. gansakurebiT Sokismomgvreli iyo qarTuli simulaciur-precesiuli politikuri miTi ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis Temaze, 2010 wlis 13 marts, 20:00 saaTze telekompania `imedis~ eTerSi gasuli specialuri re-portaJi _ `modelirebuli qronika~. miuxedavad imisa, rom ekranizacias mudmivad gasdevda simulirebuli specialuri gamoSvebis mauwyebeli logo _ ~modelirebuli qronika~, sa-zogadoebis udidesma nawilma igi realurad mimdinare mov-lenad aRiqva, rasac bunebrivad moyva myisieri vnebaTaRelva, masobrivi panika, janmrTelobis mdgomareobis garTuleba, gaxizvna da sxva omiswina prevenciuli qmedebebi.

simulaciur-precesiuli politikuri miTebi vrcelde-boda masobrivi komunikaciuri saSualebebis ararsebobis pirobebSic. SegviZlia gavixsenoT 1814 wels inglisSi kolin de borgis mier gavrcelebuli cnoba napoleon bonapartes sikvdilis Sesaxeb, rasac inglisSi didi zeimi mohyva, radgan imperatoris gardacvaleba omis dasrulebas niSnavda. simu-laciur-precesiuli miTi gavrcelda agreTve 1938 wels niu-iorkis erT-erTi radiosadguridan(orson uelsis radioada-paciisas), romelmac moulodnelad musikaluri radiomauw-yebloba Sewyvita da gamoacxada, rom dedamiwas Tavs daesxnen ucxoplanetelebi, romlebic xalxs xocavdnen. am cnobas niu-iorkSi panika, masobrivi TavSeyris adgilebSi Wyleta da 20-mde amerikelis daRupva mohyva.

amdenad, Tanamedrove miTologiebze dakvirvebam gvaCve-na miTis sicocxlisunarianoba da cocxal procesebTan misi swrafi adaptirebisa da lavirebis erTi mxriv, ontologiuri da meore mxriv, teqnologiuri unari. gamoCnda Tanamedrove politikur-socialuri miTis dominantoba da misi tota-luri warmmarTveli Zala sxvadasxva politikuri reJimisa da

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sistemis CamoyalibebaSi. gamoikveTa politikuri miTis sami saxeoba _ namdvili, fsevdo da simulaciur-precesiuli, romlebsac aerTianebT saerTo msoflmxedveloba, saerTo arqetipi da saerTo specifiuri niSnebi, ris gamoc isini funq-cionireben erTmaneTTan garkvel damokidebulebasa da urT-ierTmimarTebaSi da erTad qmnian erTian, ganuyofel, struq-turulad da Sinaarsobrivad myar, universalur arqaul ar-qetipze dafuZnebul, paradigmul, Tanamedrove politikur miTologiur sistemas.

damowmebani:

barti 2011: barti r. miTologiebi. Tb.: `agora~, 2011.

bodriari 1997: bodriari J. simulirebulebi da simulaciebi. parale-

luri teqstebi. filosofia da sazogadoeba. №1. Tb.:1997.

bodriari 2000: Бодрийяр Ж. Символический обмен и смерть. M.: 2000.

botiCi 2010: Bottici, Chiara . A Philosophy of Political Myth, New School for Social Research, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

eliade 2009: eliade m. miTis aspeqtebi. Tb.: ilias saxelmwifo unver-

sitetis gamomcemloba, 2009.

kasireri 1946: Cassirer, Ernst. The Myth of the State,Yale University press, New

Haven and London, 1946.

kolevi 2003: Kolev, A. Political Myth , M. 2003.(Колев, А.Н. Политическая мифология. М.2003.

linkolni 1989: Lincoln, Bruce. Discourse and the Construction of Society: Compar-

ative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification.Oxford: Oxford University Press,1989.

meletinski 1976: Мелетинский Е. Поэтика мифа. М.: 1976.

soreli 1961: Sorel,Georges, Reflections on Violence, Collier Books, Hew York,

1961.

tudori 1972: Tudor, Henry. Political Myth, Key Concepts in Political Science, Pall

Mall Press, New York,1972.

fladi 2002: Flood, Christopher G. Political Myth (Theorists of Myth), Routlege

New York and London, 2002.

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Khatuna Tavdgiridze

New Mythological Paradigm – Political Myth

Summary

An old sacral myth went through a long not homogeneous period until it became a modern mytho-political narrative. During this process it kept, lost and gained something. It kept its external form and structure, lost sacred sacral beginning. It gained wide narrative cloth and absolutely new techno-logical-instrumental ability. The first works in Western political philosophy in which the conception of a modern political myth was worked out were the books by the French philosopher, the theorist of revolutionary syndicalism Georges Sorel. His publications appeared in 1900s and they were united in his most famous book “Reflections on Violence”(Sorel 1961).According to Sorel myth was ideological-propaganda tool for conscious manipulation of society’s mind.Another book which aimed fundamental research of a modern political myth appeared in 1946.It was German philosopher Ernst Cassirer’s posthumous ‘’ The myth of the State’’. Cassirer and Sorel became precisely the first theorists of political myth.

The dates of appearance of their books are the beginning of research and interpretation of modern political myth. According to the modern theorisrs of political myth it is a narrative, which comes out from concrete social\political group and expresses its ideoligy.It is the instrument and means for legitimacy and propaganda of the authority, which it realizes by means of technological and instrumental aids.

Political myth has specific-ontological and empiric relation with reality and is connected with historic, social and ideological context of the epoch by which it influences and manipulates very hard. Besides, the point of political myth is that, it exists in nature ‘’mythologically’’, that is naturally, which is actualized by itself or artificially,technologically. Such dualistic - natural and technological character of political myth results in three types of political myth: real, or ‘’eternal’’ myth, pseudo or technological myth, and simulated-preceding myth.

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Real or ‘’Eternal Myth’’ Real political myths are created ‘’mythologi-cally’’. They are created as naturally and fulfil their function as pure archaic myths. Real political myths are connected tight with traditions and are based on a universal archaic archetype. That is why they are ‘’eternal.

Pseudo-myth or Technological Myth Pseudo-myths don’t have their own archetype they could base on. Therefore their narrative is built on the “eternal” myth. Accordingly the pseudo-myths are the of ‘’eternal’’ myths. Pseudo-political myth has got three fundamental speciality. 1.Pseudo-myth is not based on archetype. 2. The subjects of pseudo-myth are little, unimport-ant political-social topics. 3. Pseudo-myth is technological.

Simulated-Preceding MythSimulated- Preceding Myth is an ontological phenomenon. It is abso-

lutely new kind of ontological political myth, which is made from joining ‘’eternal’’ and pseudo myths. Its function and actin are simulated, but the result is preceding. Preceding has got symbolic-ontological character. There is no necessity it to come true, but to feel it really is essential, which means that the border between reality and modeled reality is abolished.

These kinds of political myth function with one another in a certain re-lation. They are united with a common outlook and a common archetype and the specific characteristics: aspiration to paradigm, reality structur-ing, ideology, providing legitimacy, magic, rites, incompletion and so on. Political myth in all three categories, their specific features, represent a whole. Together they form an inseparable structurally and conceptually strong arche-type based on universal archaic, mythological,paradigmal modern political system.

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xvTiso mamisimediSvili

amindis marTvis qarTuli da osuri ritualuri

teqstebi

vaxuSti ovsTa rwmena-warmodgenebis Sesaxeb wers: `garna yovelTave uwyian mzgavsi kerpisa, romelsa uwodeben vaCi-las, rameTu Seswirven elias Txasa da Ãorcsa SesWamen TÂTve, xolo tyavsa gasWimaven maRalsa Zelsa zeda da Tayvani-scemen tyavsa mas dResa Sina eliasasa, raTa ara moulinosT eliam setyuani da mosces nayofni queyanisani~ (vaxuSti 1973: 638).

rogorc Cans, mkvlevarma icoda, rom vacilas kulti da-kavSirebuli iyo wminda elia winaswarmetyvelis saxelTan da mas, osTa religiur yofaSi ar hqonda kerpis statusi. Tumca, radgan vacilasadmi miZRvnil ritualebs osebi aRavlendnen ara qristianul taZarSi, aramed xalxuri tradiciis mixedviT aRmarTul ZuarSi, vaxuStim ̀ vaCilas~ salocavs uwoda ̀ mzgav-si kerpisa~. zust cnobas gvawvdis vaxuSti msxverplSewirvis Sesaxeb. elias, romelsac osebi zogierT kiloze `vaCilasac~ uwodeben, rogorc saqarTveloSi, aseve CrdiloeT oseTis oTxive xeobaSi, religiur dResaswaulze Txas swiravdnen da imarTeboda sadResaswaulo trapezi. vaxuSti mkafiod gan-matavs agreTve msxverplSewirvis mizans. misi azriT, osebi vacila-elias Tayvans scemdnen, `raTa ara moulinosT eliam setyuani da mosces nayofni queyanisani~.

vacila, romelsac digorul dialeqtze hqvia elia, osuri xalxuri teqstebis mixedviT, aris dar-avdris gamgebeli. rad-gan aminds ukavSirdeba mosavlis siuxve, xalxi pativs miagebs vacilas da misi saxelobis Zuarebi osebis mraval sofel-Si gvxvdeba. amindis gamgebloba miewereba elias qarTuli tradiciiTac. saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi yovelwliurad 20 ivliss (Zv. stiliT) imarTeba eliaoba, wmindanisadmi miZRv-nili dResaswauli.

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iseve rogorc vasTirji da sxva Zuarebi, vacilebic, mi-Tologiuri leqs-simRerebis garda, gvxvdebian osuri xalx-uri epikuri teqstebis, maT Soris narTebis eposis person-aJebad. vacila zogjer mravlobiT ricxvSi xsendeba. narTul TqmulebebSi vacilaTebisa da baTraZis brZola epikur Wril-Sia gadawyvetili.

vacilasadmi miZRvnili simRerebi gamoirCeva verbaluri nawilis siZunwiT, mTeli yuradReba gadatanilia ritorikul SeZaxilze, teqstis ritmul aRnagobasa da melodiaze. simRe-raSi, romelsac aqvs mimarTvis forma da locviTi Sinaarsi, mTqmeli-momRerali cnobili qristianuli epiTetebiT (`mwya-lobeli~, `keTili~) amkobs vacilas da cdilobs wmindanis yuradRebis mipyrobas:

`ager maRlobze brZandebi, vai,

vai-vai, Cveno mwyalobelo, vai,

vai-vai, keTilo vacila, vai!~

(osuri zepirsityviereba 2005: 28)

osur sakulto teqstebSi vacila kidev ramdenime ep-iTetiT xsendeba: tbau vacila, urs vacila da xor vacila. `tbau~ aris toponimi Tagauris xeobaSi, sofel lamardonis maxloblad, maRali mTis mwvervalis saxelwodeba. topon-imuri epiTeti ̀ tbau~ wmindanis miwier sabrZanisze mianiSnebs. vacilas meore epiTeti `urs~ osur enaze aRniSnavs TeTrs da zecieri arsebis siwmindes, mis sakralurobas gamoxatavs. Te-Tri gvxvdeba wminda giorgis epiTetad qarTul tradiciaSic. rac Seexeba vacilas mesame epiTets `xor~, osur enaze hqvia pureuls, marcvleuls, xorbleuls da wmindanis funqcias, mis mier pureuli mosavlis mfarvelobas gamoxatavs. osebi epiTetiT ̀ xor~, vacilas mimarTaven pirveli xnulis gavlebis dros, kerZod, xorxorobis dResaswaulze da pureuli mosav-lis aRebis dros. osuri tradiciiT, marcvleuli kulturis moyvana zeciuri warmomavlobiisaa. narTebis eposis mixed-viT, vacilam gadasca xorblis pirveli saTesle marcvlebi

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keriis mfarvel safasTan stumrad myof soslans da uTxra: `_mivcem me am xorblis marcvlebs narTebs. gazafxulze, rogorc ki miwa gaiRviZebs, daTeson da wlidan wlamde saWiro sarCos moiweven~ (narTebi 1988: 105).

`xor vacilas~ (pureulis vacilas) osebi pureuli mosav-lis siuxvesa da baraqianobas SesTxoven. Txovna-mudara da uxvi pureuli mosavlis wyalobis imedi sWvivis vacilas mi-marT aRvlenil osur leqs-simRerebSi:

`xor-vacila Cveni mwyalobelia, vai, vai!

marcvleuls gviwyalobebs vacila, vai!

saqonels ki _ falvara, vai!

(osuri zepirsityviereba 2005: 28).

vacilas kulti osur miToreligiur tradiciaSi dakav-Sirebulia bibliur elia winaswarmetyvelis saxelTan da, rogorc Cans, vacilas Tayvaniscema adgilobriv niadagze qristianobis gavrcelebis Semdeg, qarTuli kulturis gav-leniT damkvidrda.

vacila-elias zebunebrivi Tvisebebi: dar-avdris gamge-bloba, amindze zemoqmedeba, Weqa-quxilis gamowveva da mexis Camogdeba _ wminda elia winaswarmetyvelis saswaulebs ukav-Sirdeba. biblis mixedviT, Tavis miwier cxovrebaSi elia TiS-bels SeeZlo israelSi wvimisa da gvalvis gamowveva (3. mef. 17: 1). aseve, biblia mogviTxrobs, rom mTis mwvervalze myofi elia winaswarmetyvelis brZanebiT `CamoiWra cecxli cidan da STanTqa~ dasneulebuli axazia mefis wargzavnili ori or-mocdaaTeuli (4. mef. 1: 9-14). bolos ki, ufalma cecxlovan etlSi Sebmuli cecxlovani raSebiT elia TiSbeli cad aiyvana (4. mef. 2: 11).

wminda ilias Tayvaniscema farTod gavrcelda aRmosav-leT da samxreT slavebSi. yvelgan mas, bibliuri tradiciis mixedviT, amindze zemoqmedebas SesTxovdnen (makaSina 1982: 83-101).

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osebs swamdaT, rom RmerTis miTiTebiT vacila gavarvare-bul isars uSens dedamiwas. am isriT daRupulebi ki wmindane-bad iTvlebodnen. radgan mexdacemulis sikvdils osebi vac-ilas miawerdnen, amitom gardacvlils isini ar dastirodnen, aramed mis garSemo ikribebodnen, wres Sekravdnen da mar-Tavdnen ritualur cekva-simReras `cofais~:

`cofai qomgaroni,

cofai Tqveni mfarveli,

cofai aldari.~

erTi mReris, sxvebi bans aZleven:

èi, ei, gvwyalobdes Cveni mfarveli!~

oi, tabu avadmyofTa mfarvels!

ei, ei, dideba Cvens mfarvels!

(sokaeva 2010: 115).

cofais etimologia da mniSvneloba dRemde gaurkveve-lia. zogierTi mkvlevari uaryofs mis iranul warmomavlobas da adgilobriv kavkasiur samyarosTan akavSirebs.

mkvlevarTa (v. abaevi, l. Cibirovi) azriT, cofai aris sari-tualo cekva-simRera. `cofai~ XV�� saukunis meore naxevarSi aRwera germanelma mogzaurma a. Stioderma. a. Stioderis cnobiT, saritualo simRera Semoifargleboda erTaderTi misamReriT: ò, elia, elia! aldari cofai~ (Stioderi 1967: 54-56). orsityvian mimarTvaSi _ àlardi cofai~ _ pirveli nawili warmoadgens epiTets, xolo meore nawili ki mfarveli wmindanis saxels an fsevdonims unda aRniSnavdes. rogorc cnobilia, aldari osur enaze hqvia batons. amgvari formiT ki aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis sakulto teqstebSi jvar-xatebsa da mfarvel wmindanebs mimarTaven: ̀ Tavado mTa-varangelozo~, ̀ batono xTiSobelo~, ̀ mTavaro mTavarangelo-zo~, `xelmwife xTiSobelo~ (sadideblebi 1998).

osuri rituali `cofai~ imarTeba vacilas sadideblad, mexdacemulis gasapatiosneblad, agreTve, mfarveli Zuaris

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axali miwieri sabrZanisis sakralizaciis mizniT. cekva-sim-Rera `cofais~ mniSvnelovani analogiebi daeZebneba wminda maqsimes qarTul folklorul versiebTan.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, leCxumSi, dexviris TemSi, X�X saukunis 80-ian wlebamde, kaloobis dros, dexviri-dan muramde, sadac tradiciis mixedviT mdebareobs wminda maqsime konfesoris saflavi, adgilobrivi glexebi da sasu-liero pirebi gamodarebis mizniT amindis gamoTxovis ritu-als marTavdnen (Ciqovani 1971).

osuri saritualo cekva-simRera `cofai~ da leCxumSi gavrcelebuli wminda maqsimes Tqmuleba msgavs miTokultur-ologiur elementebs efuZneba. maTi tipologia da struqtu-ruli analizi arqetipuli invariantis rekonstruqciisa da saerTo kulturuli substratis, ZiriTadi siuJeturi xazis gamokveTis saSualebas iZleva.

leCxumSi, dexviris Temis soflebSi maqsimes Sesaxeb Cawe-rili folkloruli teqstebis mixedviT, qareiSvil-Wabuki-ani kaloobis dros Tavis xarebs, maZRrebi rom yofiliyvnen, RamiT mezoblis yanebSi aZovebda. maqsime icavda yanebs qare-iSvilis xarebisgan da SeumCnevlad iqidan erekeboda. maqsimem amxila qareiSvili uRirs saqcielSi, magram ver Seasmina da amitom mas sasjeli mouvlina: kaloobis dros, roca yvelas kaloze mze acxunebda da Znebs lewavdnen, qareiSvilis kalos Tavze Rrubeli iyo da awvimda. wvima qareiSvils pureulis galewvisa da mosavlis dabinavebis saSualebas ar aZlevda. ase gameorda ramdenjerme. Sewuxebulma qareiSvilma erTxelac gadmoiRo Tofi da Rrubels esrola. Rrublidan mokluli maqsime Camovarda. Sewuxda mkvleli da maqsime saidumlod damarxa, Tumca meore dRes wmindani saflavidan amosuli dax-vda. qareiSvilma maqsime axla sxva adgilze damarxa, magram kv-lav igive gameorda. mesame damarxvis Semdeg qareiSvil-Wabuki-ans sizmarSi maqsime gamoecxada da ubrZana: uxmar marxilze daedo moklulis cxedari, uRelSi Seeba uxedari xarebi da gaeSva. sadac xarebi gaCerdebodnen, wmindani iq daemarxa. qa-

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reiSvili asec moiqca. xarebma gaiares gvirgviniSis wveri, or-belis wveri da bolos murSi gaCerebulan, sadac qareiSvils maqsime daumarxavs, xolo Semdeg iq wminda maqsimes saxelobis eklesia augiaT. kaloobis dros, xangrZlivi wvimebiT Sewux-ebuli dexviris Temis mamakacebi gawmendili da namarxulevi ikribebodnen soflis SuagulSi, morCilebis niSnad kiserze RvleWebs idebdnen, litaniiTa da galobiT isini imave gzas gadiodnen, romelic wminda maqsimes dakrZalvis dRes xarebma gaiares da wmindans gamodarebas SesTxovdnen.

osuri ritualisa da maqsimes Tqmulebis ZiriTad qsovils msgavsi motivebiTa da sakraluri inventariT gamdidrebuli elementebi qmnian, rogoricaa: pureuli mosavlis mfarvel-oba, bunebis stiqiuri Zalebis monawileoba, mexdacemulis sikvdili, daRupulis ramdenjerme dakrZalva, xarebis mier micvalebulis saflavis aRmoCena, salocavis daarseba, hi-erofaniis adgilis sakralizeba ritualiT, sakraluri cen-tris yovelwliuri ganaxleba, amindis gamoTxova. maT Soris zogierTi elementi da miTologema universalur kategorias ganekuTneba, zogic _ kerZo gamovlinebas.

leCxumur zepir teqstebSi maqsime, iseve rogorc elia-vacila, pureuli mosavlis, Wirnaxulis mfarvelad gvevline-ba. is icavs yanebs qareiSvil-Wabukianis xarebisgan.

maqsime, elia-vacilas msgavsad, ganagebs aminds. urC qa-reiSvil-Wabukians man wvima mouvlina. xalxuri teqstebis mixedviT, ca _ rac unda mowmendili yofiliyo, Tu maqsime daRma izamda xels _ wvimas dauSvebda, Tu aRma izamda _ isev dari iyo; maqsime nislSi gamoexveva da sawvimar Rrublad mo-evlineba sofels; maqsime codvilis kalos cvaravs da puris galewvas ar anebebs; maqsime saSinel wvimas dauSvebs qareiSvi-lis kaloze da wlis mosavali Rvars miaqvs (Ciqovani 1971: 75).

osuri `cofai~ eZRvneba mexisagan gardacvlils, romlis daRupvac, xalxuri tradiciiT, dar-avdris gamgebel vacilas miewereba. leCxumur TqmulebaSi, marTalia, maqsime qareiS-vilis nasroli tyviiT iRupeba, magram, gadmocemis mixed-

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viT, qareiSvilma Tavis kaloze Camowolil Rrubels esrola Tofi, moulodnelad ki Rrublidan qareiSvilis TofiT mok-luli maqsime Camovarda. RrublisTvis Tofis srola maqsimes Tqmulebis am epizodSi SeiZleba amindis daSinebis ritualis gamoZaxilic iyos. cnobilia, rom xunZebi Rrubels Tofs es-rodnen, rom misTvis mimarTuleba SeecvlevinebinaT da sety-va Tavidan aeridebinaT.

maqsimes daRupvis epizodSi Cndeba bunebis stiqiuri Za-lebi: Rrubeli da wvima. Tofis gasrola leCxumur teqstSi mexis gavardnasTan asocirdeba. TviT mkvlelis gvari, qare-iSvili, bunebis stiqias, qars ukavSirdeba.

leCxumuri teqstis mixedviT, gardacvlili maqsime da, osuri tradiciiT, mexisgan daRupuli, orive, wmindanad aris miCneuli.

osebi mexisgan gardacvlils mexis Camovardnis adgilas marxavdnen, saflavze sam dRe-Rames morigeobdnen da cekva-simReriT vacilas adidebdnen. Tu wvimebi gagrZeldeboda, Wirisuflebi micvalebuls saflavidan iRebdnen, cxedars marxilze an uremze udebdnen, masSi xarebs Seabamdnen, gauS-vebdnen da sadac xarebi gaCerdebodnen, iq gardacvlils, ritualuri cekva-simRera `cofais~ TanxlebiT, xelmeo-red marxavdnen. Semdeg im adgilas xes rgavdnen, salocavs aarsebdnen da vacilas pativsacemad yovelwliurad msxver-pls swiravdnen.

qarTuli teqstis mixedviT, qareiSvilma maqsime miwas samjer miabara. Tumca, gamodarebis nacvlad, wvimebi gagr-Zelebula. rogorc osuri ritualis, ise maqsimes teqstis mixedviT, aseT SemTxvevaSi gardacvlils xarebSebmul ure-mze (marxilze) aTavseben, xarebs Tavis nebaze uSveben da sadac isini gaCerdebodnen, micvalebulsac iq marxavdnen. orive SemTxvevaSi saflavs wminda adgilad miiCnevdnen, dakrZalvis adgili sakralur mniSvnelobas iZenda da iq mfarveli wmind-anis saxelze salocavs agebdnen. xaris mier siwmindis aRmoCe-na gavrcelebuli siuJetia rogorc osur, ise qarTul xalx-

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ur teqstebSi. osuri tradicia reqomi Zuaris sabrZanisis aRmoCenas vasTirjis xarebs miawers. svaneTSi gavrcelebuli gadmocemis Tanaxmad, or buRas uReli daadges da gauSves. im adgilas, sadac xarebi gaCerdnen, Targlezeris eklesia aages. xarebma aRmoaCines lomisisa da Zarwemis wminda giorgis miwi-eri sabrZanisic.

osuri cekva-simRera `cofai~ Rrma kosmogoniuri sim-bolizmis Semcvelia: misteriis monawileni mexdacemulis an misi saflavis garSemo did wres Semoxazavdnen da xelCak-idebulebi marTavdnen saritualo cekva `cofais~. rogorc wesi, mocekvaveebs wris gadabijeba ekrZalebodaT. erT-erTi monawile warmoTqvamda sasimRero teqsts, xolo sxvebi imeo-rebdnen: «Ой, алай, ой, алай! Алай цоппай бестен хуарзей!» (oi, alai, cofai, yvelas wyaloba!).

wriuli moZraoba da brunva-triali miznad isaxavda sa-gnis sakralizebas an sakraluris ganaxlebas. wris SigniT, SuaSi moTavsebuli sagani warmoadgenda sakralur centrs, romelic, amasTanave, ganasaxierebda samyaros Suaguls. is SeiZleba yofiliyo keria, sakulto droSa, eklesia, wminda xe, kultmsaxuri an TviTon wmindani. wre TavisTavSi gulisxmobs centrsac. cofais ritualis dros wris SuaSi aris mexdacemu-lis saflavi an misi cxedari. im adgilas, romelic unda iqces sakralur centrad da zeciur ZalebTan komunikaciis saSu-alebad, rgaven xes an ageben samlocvelos, rogorc samyaros RerZis gansaxierebas. xe, samlocvelo da keria urTierTmo-nacvle sakraluri obieqtebia. sakralur sivrceSi Sesabamis materialur inventarze ritualuri qmedebebi ganaaxlebs sazogadoebis codnasa da aZlierebs mfarveli wmindanis mi-marT koleqtivis religiur rwmenas. ritualis gziT xillu-li sagnebisa da materialuri obieqtis zebunebriv ZalebTan dakavSireba ganapirobebs maT sakralur imijs da maTze mud-mivganaxlebad koleqtiur codnas.

mfarveli wmindanis miwieri sabrZanisis irgvliv ritu-alur cekva-simRerebs mTel kavkasiaSi icnoben. ritualuri ferxisebis ZiriTadi kompoziciac erTnairia.

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wriuli ritualuri cekva mexdacemulis saflavze, sa-locavis daarseba da xis dargva ganasaxierebs cisa da miwis kavSirs, dedamiwis Wipisken, samyaros centrisken mimarTul kosmiur RerZs. `cofais~ rituali da maqsimes misteria (z.kiknaZis terminiT) aris erTgvari meqanizmi, romlis sa-SualebiTac xdeba adgilis sakralizeba. orive ritualuri sistema, romelic aisaxa maqsimes Tqmulebasa da osur `co-faiSi~, erT mizans emsaxureba: moxazos wminda adgili, moniS-nos sakraluri centri, sadac mfarveli wmindanis salocavi aRimarTeba.

`cofai~, rogorc ritualuri cekva, imarTeboda, agreTve, Zlieri gvalvebis dros. ritualis monawileni vacilas eve-drebodnen wvimis moyvanas, kardakar dadiodnen, asrulebd-nen `cofais~ da vacilas sadidebel simRerebs. a n a l o g i -ur miToritualur models efuZneba maqsimes misteriac:

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, maqsimes murSi dakrZalvis Semdeg saSineli wvimebi gagrZelda. mosaxleoba kalos veRar le-wavda. wminda maqsimes mkvleli sinanulSi Cavarda. maSin man Cveneba naxa. qareiSvils wminda maqsime gamoecxada da aswavla, Tu rogor unda elocaT wvimis SesaCereblad. im dRidan, yov-el kaloobas imarTeboda religiuri dResaswauli muroba, romelic karnavalur elementebsac Seicavda. dexviris cix-esTan ikribeboda gawmendili da namarxulevi mosaxleoba, ZiriTadad mamakacebi, romlebic morCilebis niSnad kiserze `RvleWebs~ ibamdnen. isini, sasuliero pirebis TanxlebiT, fexSiSveli, imave gziT midiodnen wminda maqsimes saflavze, ra gzac maqsimes dakrZalvis dRes gaiares `usxma~ mozvrebma. misteriis monawileni ritualuri msvlelobiT mfarvel wmin-dans gamodarebas SesTxovdnen:

`wmi-da maq-si-me, o-i-o-ho, ho,

da-ri- gvi-bo-Ze, a-a-a-a

Se-gvi-xve-wi-e!~

(Ciqovani 1971: 79)

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yovelwliuri ritualuri msvleloba dexviris cixidan maqsimes saflavamde kosmogoniuri simbolikis Semcvelia. msvleloba sakraluri centris ganaxlebis mizniT ewyoboda. kaloobis dros misteriis monawileni TavianTi qmedebiT ri-tualurad imeorebdnen imas, rac odesRac moxda. salocavis daarsebas hierofania udevs safuZvlad. rituali ki ganamt-kicebda siwmindis gansakuTrebul xarisxs da mfarveli wmin-danis miwieri sabrZanisis sakralur avtoritets. m. eliades azriT, samyaros yovelwliuri ganaxleba yvelaze mniSvnelo-van religiur ceremonias warmoadgenda: `samyaros ganaxleba ki SesaZlebelia mxolod imis gameorebiT, rac ukvdavebma gaakeTes mas Jamsa Sina, Sesaqmes rom imeorebdnen~ (eliade 2009: 42-43).

Wirnaxulis mfarveloba, amindis marTva, micvalebulis ramdenjerme dakrZalva, micvalebulis xarebSebmuli urmiT gadatana da wminda adgilis aRmoCena osuri rituali `co-faisa~ da maqsimes Tqmulebis saerTo siuJets qmnis. marTa-lia, wminda maqsimes amindis gamoTxovis ritualSi sakraluri centris irgvliv wriuli moZraobis nacvlad vxvdebiT ritu-alur msvlelobs, magram orive ceremonias miznad hqon-da sivrcis sakralizeba da amindis gamoTxova. ritualis monawileebs murobis dResaswaulze win mRvdeli miuZRvodaT. aseve adgilobrivi xuces-xevisbrebi xelmZRvanelobdnen did dResaswaulebze jvris droSiT wminda adgilebis molocvas aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. ritualis mizani iyo sakraluris ganaxleba, sivrcis sakralizeba.

amindis gamoTxovis osuri cekva-simRera `cofaisa~ da wminda maqsimesadmi miZRvnili leCxumuri ritualis struq-tura gviCvenebs, rom maT orives, rogorc scenari, msgavsi agebulebis miTi udevT safuZvlad. orives hqonda erTi da igive funqcia da mizani. wminda maqsimes Tqmuleba-ritualSi gamoyenebulia wminda elias kultTan dakavSirebuli elemen-tebi. orive maTgani gamoirCeva sinkretuli xelovnebis mZa-fri dramatuli formiT. isini atareben saidumlo ritualis

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simbolur niSnebs da aqvT mkveTrad gamokveTili religiur-mistikuri Sinaarsi. mas asruleben erTi religiuri sazoga-doebis wevrebi, erTi Temis an sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi. wriuli cekva-moZraoba sakraluri obieqtis irgvliv, iseve rogorc taZris garSemo litania didi dResaswaulebisa da saerTo gansacdelis Jams, adasturebs sazogadoebis reli-giur konsolidacias mfarveli wmindanis winaSe.

maqsimes misteriasa da osuri `cofais~ ritualur kom-poziciaSi vxvdebiT arqetipuli movlenebisa da simboloebis Tavisebur modelirebas. maqsimes leCxumur Tqmuleba-cere-moniaSi saqme gvaqvs folkloruli Semoqmedebis specifikur-stilur TaviseburebasTan, e. w. kontaminaciasTan, kerZod, elia winaswarmetyvelTan dakavSirebuli xalxuri warmod-genebis, motivebisa da ritualuri elementebis mibma-Serev-asTan.

saritualo cekva-simRera `cofai~ (Cofai), osebis garda, dasturdeba yaraCaelebSi, balyarelebsa da afxazebSi. ro-gorc irkveva, kavkasiis xalxebSi Camoyalibda msgavsi struq-turis mqone amindis gamoTxovis miToritualuri sistema. mas icnobdnen qarTvelebic da es modeli, rogorc scenari, safuZvlad edo wminda maqsimesadmi miZRvnil misterias.

damowmebani:

eliade 2009: eliade m. miTis aspeqtebi. Tb.: ilias universitetis gamomcemloba, 2009.

vaxuSti 1973: batoniSvili vaxuSti. aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa. // qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixed-viT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. �V. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1973.

makaSina 1982: Макашина Т. С. Ильин день и Илья-пророк в народных представлениях и фольклоре восточных славян. // Обряды и Обрядовый фольклор. М.: «Наука», 1982.

narTebi 1988: narTebi. osuridan Targmna m. cxovrebovam. cxinvali: `irisToni~, 1988.

osuri sityviereba 2005: osuri zepirsityviereba. wigni Seadgines da osuridan Targmnes n. bepievam da m. cxovrebovam. Tb.: ̀ kavkasiuri saxli~, 2005.

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sadideblebi 1998: jvar-xatTa sadideblebi. teqstebi Sekribes, Ses-avali, leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTes z. kiknaZem, x. mamisimediSvilma da t. maxaurma. Tb.: 1998.

sokaeva 2010: Сокаева Д. А. Обозначение сакрального центра в осетинском обряде и несказочной прозе (устные рассказы). Вестник Челябинского государственного университета, № 17 (198). Филология. Искусствоведение. Вып. 44. 2010.

Stioderi 1967: Штедер, А. О. Дневник путешествия из по граничной крепости Моздок во внутренние местности Кавказа, предпринятого в 1781 году // Осетины глазами русских и иностран ных путешественников. Орджоникидзе : Северо-Осетин. книж. изд-во, 1967.

Ciqovani 1971: Ciqovani m. berZnuli da qarTuli miTologiis sakiTxebi. Tb.: 1971.

Khvtiso Mamisimedishvili

Georgian and Osetian ritual texts to beg for weather

Summary

The structures of Osetian weather-begging dancing song “Zophai” and Lekhum ritual dedicated to Saint Maxim evidence that both of them are based on the myth, as on the scenario of the same structure. Both of them had the same function and goal. The legend ritual of St. Maxim uses the elements as-sociated with the cult of St. Elijah. Both of them have a sharp dramatic form of syncretic art. They have symbolic signs of a secret ritual and have a clearly religious-mystic essence. They are performed by the members of the same religious society or representatives of the same community or family.

The mystery of St. Maxim and ritual composition of Osetian “Zophai” model the archetypical events and symbols in some special way. The Lech-khum legend-ceremony of Maxim is characterized by a specific-stylistic pe-culiarity of folkloristic art, so called contamination, the associations between and mixture of the folk imaginations, motifs and ritual elements associated with St. Elijah in particular.

The ritual dancing song “Zophai” (Chophai”), in addition to the Osetians, was found to exist among the Karachais and Balkars and Abkhazians. As it becomes clear, there was a weather-begging mythic-ritual system of the same structure established among the Caucasian peoples. This systemwas known to the Georgians, too, and this model, as a scenario served as the basis for the mystery dedicated to St. Maxim.

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zRaparTmcodneoba

rusudan ColoyaSvili

jadosnuri zRapris dafaruli arsi

da mniSvneloba

zRapris moyola Znelia, radgan is Cveulebrivi ambavi ar aris. is dafaruli azris matarebeli sakraluri, mra-valplaniani nawarmoebia da masSi kacobriobis mier samyaros, bunebis Semec nebis etapebia asaxuli miTosuri warmosaxviT. amitomac aris is mravalferovani da saintereso. yovelive diadi xe lovnebaSi, literaturaSi xom am uZvelesi miTosuri az rov nebis formebiTa da saxeebiT sazrdoobs, asea zRapar-ic. kerZod, jadosnuri zRapari im miTosidan iRebs saTaves, romlidanac Cans, rogor esmoda da swamda uZveles adamians cvalebadi bunebis Taviseburebani. zRapari samyaros mudmi-vi ganaxlebis SesaZleblo baze mogvi Txrobs da misi gmirebi Cveulebrivi mokvdavni, Cveni winap rebi, ar arian da miTosuri warmomavlobis de sakrali ze buli RvTaebebi gaxlavT ada-mianis saxiT warmod genilni. swo red amitom aris, rom isini moivlian ra samyaros sam sknel sa Tu oTx mxares _ cocxalTa da micvalebulTa qveynebs, SeswevT Zala ukan TavianT pirvan-del samyofelSi, dabrune bisa. miTosuri, zRapruli gmiris sikvdili mxolod dabadebaa misi axal statusSi. amde nad, aq miTosuri warmomavlobis RvTaebebze, maT urTier To bebzea saubari da ara Cveulebriv yofiT reali eb ze. e.i. jadosnuri zRapris RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis gmiri periodu lad moiv-lis Cveni samyaros urTierTdapirispirebul orive naxevars, cocxalTa da micvalebulTa samyaroebs, `iq~ ipo vis Tavis dakargul meuRles, dabrundeba masTan erTad da xelmeored iqorwinebs. es ki ukve mTeli samyaros ganaxlebis sawinda-

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ria, swored im samyarosi, romelic Tavis droze RvTaebaTa ganSorebam miaZina. e.i.zRapari samyaros mudmivi ganaxlebis SesaZleblobaze mogviTxrobs, misi mTavari gmiris dabrkole-bebiT aRsavse gza emTxveva nayofierebis RvTaebebis _ Ta-muzisa da osirisis mier ganvlil gzas. yovelive es ki imeds, simSvidis grZnobas da momavlis rwmenas unergavs msmenels.

es ganaxleba, aRdgoma gmirisa, risi Zalac RvTaebrivi warmomvalobis gmirs Seswevs, mxolod misi sikvdilis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli: iseve rogorc mze ver amova, Tu ar Cavida; dRe ver gaTendeba, Tu ar daRamda da gazafxuli ver mova, Tu zamTari ar dadga. periodulad ase rom ar xdebodes, sam-yaro gaCerdeboda, es ki misi aRsasrulis tolfasi iqneboda. amitom daqris mudam mzis RvTaeba heliosi cxenebSebmuli etliT, amitomve moZ raobs mudmivad zRapris gmiric. am moZ-raobiT, mimosvliT _ samyaros sami sknelis movliT, is wres kravs, amyarebs kosmiur wesrigs da samyaros ciklur bunebas ar aZlevs darRvevis saSualebas.

e.i. zRaparSi is ki ar aris mTavari, misi gmiri rom midis, ikargeba, kvdeba (Cadis WaSi, adis caSi, gaivlis iniciaciis rituals, Tu ganicdis metamorfozas), aramed _ is, rom im-arjvebs, brundeba, cocxldeba, aRsdgeba RvTaebrivi Zal-mosilebiT ganaxlebuli.

zRapris gmiris, desakraluri miTosuri RvTaebis, aR-dgoma, ki uZvelesi warmodgeniT, mxolod erT SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu is sxvisi xeliT, Zaladobis gziT aris mok-luli, iseve rogorc mxolod moTibul balaxs aqvs SesaZle-bloba xelaxla amosvlisa, gansxvavebiT dampali da damWknari balaxisagan. cocxali arsebac Tu is RvTaebasTan gaTanabre-bulad iTvleboda (mefe, qurumi), dauZlurebamde unda moe-klaT uZveles droSi, qveynisaTvis rom miecaT saSualeba mo-mavali ganaxlebisa (frezeri 1980). mogvianebiT ukve zRaparSi gmiris cema, lan ZRva, Seuracxyofa, gamasxaraveba, motyueba Caenacvla am motivs da novelistur zRaprebSi igive funqcia SeiZina, rac jadosnurSi mokvlas hqonda. amdenad, zRapari

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misi gmirebis urTierTdapirispirebis gareSe ar arsebobs, iseve rogorc TviT samyaros maradiulobis saidumlo da-pirispirebul ZalTa WidilSia.

e.i. RvTaebis perioduli cikluri mimosvla am qveyanasa da `im~ qveyanas Soris, misi mokvdineba da aRdgoma, es wriuli triali da mudmivi moZraoba ganapirobebs, uZvelesi rwmeniT, samyaros maradiulobas. am or samyaros Soris RvTaebis mud-mivi mimosvlis gareSe, rac misi mokvdinebiTa da aRdgomiT gadmoicema miTosSi da Sesabamisad _ zRaparSic, samyaros aRsasruli gardauvali iqneboda. es rom ar moxdes, amitom kvdebian da cocxldebian periodulad zRapris gmirebi. e.i. zRapris gmiris sikvdili mxolod feriscvalebaa misi, es aris sikvdili Zvel statusSi, raTa axalSi, ufro mniSvnelo-vanSi daibados. yvela sikeTesTan erTad zRapars xom magi-uri Zalac hqonda. mas micvalebulis sulebsac uyvebodnen garkveul ritualebSi, xeli rom SeewyoT maTi aRdgomisaT-vis. magaliTad, svanuri lifanalis dros (bardaveliZe 1953), agreTve sulTaobis dros imereTsa da qarTlSi. aseve yve-bodnen zRapars micvalebulTan Ramis Tevis, korkotis xarS-vis dros da qorwilSi. misi funqciisa da fenomenis sworad gasaazreblad gasaTvaliswinebelia cnobili folkloristis qsenia sixaruliZis mier velze muSaobisas mopovebuli masa-la zRapris Txrobis tradiciasTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad, CvenSi akrZaluli yofila misi moyola dRisiT, aseve zafxul-Si da unda moeyolaT zamTarSi, isic Rame, msgavsad sxvadasxva xalxis tradiciisa (sixaruliZe 1958:250-251). Turm,e `namd-vili miTebic~ mxolod sakraluri drois monakveTSi unda gadmoices (umTavresad Semodgomaze an zamTarSi da isic Rame (eliade 2009: 13). mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom qalba-ton qsenias daufiqsirebia zRapris moyolis tradicia Zilis win, risTvisac yovel SeZlebul ojaxs profesionali mez-Rapre hyolia. ase yofila ruseTSic da sxvaganac.zRapris sa-Zilispiro funqcias mkvlevari Zvel literaturul Zeglebsa da TviT zRaprebSic xedavda.

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Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom zRaparSi Rame, miTosuri gaaz-rebiT, is periodia, rodesac mze ̀ iq~ _ im qveyanas _ micvale-bulTa samyaroSi gadadis, Zilic gardacvalebis eqvivalen-tia da TviT qorwilic meqorwileTa Zvel statusSi sikvdils niSnavs. zRapris moyolis tradicia swored am periodSi aucileblad sakralur daniSnulebas atarebs da unda amt-kicebdes mosazrebas, rom jadosnuri zRapris gmirTa meore ganaxlebuli qorwineba Tavisi magiuri ZaliT xels uwyobda Ramis gaTenebas, gazafxulis dadgomas da, saerTos, samyaros ganaxlebasa da ayvavebas.

Zilis win zRapris moyolis tradicia aseve saintereso iqneba Cveni sazogadoebis erTi nawilisaTvis, romelic kate-goriulad moiTxos bavSvebisaTvis, saerTodac da miTumetes Zilis win zRapris moyolis akrZalvas. zRaparSi ki gmiris sikvdili mxolod feriscvalebaa misi. e.i. zRaparSi sakaco-brio mniSvnelobis movlenebzea saubari da ara yofiT re-aliebze. arada, mavanni swored am motivSi xedaven zRaparSi agresiasa da Zaladobas, rasac mxolod qarTul zRaprebs miaweren da moiTxoven, isini ar gavacnoT bavSvebs. Tumca am struqturazea agebuli msoflios yvela xalxTa zraprebi, romelTa ganviTarebis donec saerToa, TviT grimebis german-uli zRaprebis CaTvliT. msgavsia da tipobrivi maTi zRapre-bis ZiriTadi siuJetebi, motivebi, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom es aris kacobriobisaTvis saerTo istoriuli maxsovroba. magaliTisaTvis movitan ramdenime fragments Zmebi grimebis araagresiulad miCneuli zRaprebidan, romelTa Targmanic d. weredians ekuTvnis:

„is uRmerTo xrovac Semocvivda, Tan erTi qaliSvili Se-moaTries, nasvamebi iyvnen da misi wivil-kivili arc esmodaT. daalevines sami Wiqa Rvino, erTi-TeTri, erTi-wiTeli da er-Tic _ yviTeli. dalia Tu ara im wamsve guli gauskda. Semoax-ies tansacmeli, aso-aso aqnes da marili moayares... erT-erT-ma yaCaRma mokluls TiTze beWedi daunaxa, ewvala, magram ver waaZro, moitana najaxi da TiTi moaCexa“ (Zmebi grimebi 1992: 206-207).

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sxvagan: waaqcia (gogo-r.C.), TmebiT SeaTria,Tavi kunZze daadebina da najaxiT waacala, daCexa nawil-nawil, mTeli iataki morwyo. mere daCexili gvami abazanaSi Caagdo,sadac sxva gvamebi eyara“ (Zmebi grimebi 1992: 226). igive bedi ewia meore dasac. `Rviis zRaparSi~ dedinacvals azrad mouvida biWi skivrTan mietyuebina... `skivrs saxuravi axada, _ midi da SeniT amoarCie erTi vaSli. daixara biWi vaSlis asaRebad, Cayo Tavi skivrSi da swored am dros isev SeuCnda boroti suli dedinacvals, _ brax! _ dauSva skivrs saxuravi da bi-Wis moWrili Tavi wiTel vaSlebSi Cagorda... movxarSoT Seni Zamiko da kerZi davamzadoT. Seitana biWis cxedari, aso-asod aqna, qvabSi Cayara da moxarSa~ (Zmebi grimebi 1992: 7). am av de-dinacvals ki zRapris dasasruls Tavze dolabi daeca (Zmebi grimebi 1992a: 14). kidev araerTi msgavsi magaliTis motana SeiZleba.

erTic: `boroti dedinacvali ki gaasamarTles, mduRare zeTiTa da aspitebiT savse kasrSi Casves da wamebiT amoxades suli“ (Zmebi grimebi 1992: 57). evropeli mkvlevarni Zaladobis am tipis magaliTebSi zRapris stresebTan SeCvevis funqcias xedaven. am germanul zRaprebSi moTxrobili ambebi yofiT realobasTan gacilebiT axlos dgas da amdenad saSinelebis asociacias metad iwvevs. msgavsia da tipobrivi msoflios xalxTa zRaprebis ZiriTadi motivebi, siuJetebi,rac imaze metyvelebs,rom es aris kacobriobis saerTo istoriuli max-sovroba.

msgavsi motivebi rom ar warmovidginoT realur saSinele-bad, bevri damcavi meqanizmia Cadebuli zRaparSi: dawyebuli RvTis xsenebiT: `RmerTs _ dideba, Cven _ mSidoba! RmerTi _ maRali, kaci _ dabali~ (kotetiSvili 1961: 312). Semderg moy-olebuli: „iyo da ara iyo raTi“ _ moqmedebis ganusazRvreli droiTa da sivrciT, rac mis maradiulobasa da sayovelTao xasiaTze mianiSnebs da damTavrebuli misi Sinagani ritmiT. n. berdiaevi aRniSnavda, rom yovel epoqas Tavisi ritmi aqvs. sic. rac mTavaria, finaliT _ zRapars (miTisgan gansxvavebiT)

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aqvs idea, rac swored mis finalSi Cans _ amqveyniuri sikeTis damagvirgvinebeli gamarjvebiT: `Wiri _ iqa, lxini _ aqa, qato _ iqa, fqvili _ aqa~.

zRaparSi is ki ar aris mTavari, rom arsebobs boroti Zala, aramed is, rom zRapris gmiri aRwevs masze gamarjvebas, rasac mosdevs am gmiris ganaxleba, misi axal statusSi gadasvla. am gamarjvebas gmiri tradiciuli rwmenis erTgulebiT aRw-evs, damarcxebuli ki rwmenis orgulia. rac mTavaria zRapris gmiris gamarjvebas didi magiuri Zala aqvs da uZvelesi rw-menis xels uwyobs samyaros ganaxlebas, rac sayovelTao six-arulis sababi xdeba da dResac ki, sazeimo elferi dahkravs. e.i. aq Cveulebriv mokvdavebze ar aris saubari. rac misi Rv-Taebrivi warmoSobis gmiris gamarjvebaSi mJRavndeba da misi Semqmenli xalxis rwmenis ganmtkicebas emsaxureba (ColoyaS-vili 2004: 182).

saerTod cocxali adamiani rom gaxdes literaturuli personaJi, amisaTvis didi cvlilebebi unda moxdes Semoq-medebiT azrovnebaSi. es ki ar momxdara uceb (freidenbergi 1978: 296).

dRes am Janris nawarmoebi mxolod bavSvs esmis sworad da iseve exmareba mas mravalferovani samyaros SecnobaSi, rogorc Tavis droze exmareboda uZveles adamians, radgan bavSvi mokle periodSi gadis samyaros Secnobis im etapebs, rac kacobriobis azrovnebam ganvlo (g. barbaqaZe). e.i. bavSvi umt-kivneulod iRebs gmirTa aq arsebul urTierTdapirispire-bas. amdenad yovlad gaumarTlebelia tendencia, rom zRapari sagangebo gamartiveba-adaptaciis gareSe ar unda mivawodoT bavSvebs. es axali xedva, romelic aitaces gamomcemlobebma da klasikosTa qmnilebebsa Seexo, modis zRapris arsis ar cod-nidan. am Janris nawarmoebma imitom ar gamoiara 21 saukune qristes dabadebidan da albaT erTi imdenic _ minam, rom xe-lvyoT.zRapari im donis nawarmoebia, rom Tavad aqvs ufleba, SearCios damfasebeli. e.i. zRapari, gamorCeuli ritmis mqone nawarmoebi, iseTive mosafrTxilebelia da iseve ar SeiZleba

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masze Zaladoba, rogorc ferwerul, musikalur, literatu-rul Tu xelovnebis sxva sferos nawarmoebze. zRapris ritms qmnis aliteraciuli sityvebis xmareba, motivebis gameore-bebi, saerTod masSi sammagobis principis ganuxreli dacva. es ferxulis, RvTaebis mimosvlis ritmia, rac eTnografiul yo-faSi borjRaliT gadmoicemoda da rac dadebiT zemoqmede-bas axdens bavSvis fsiqikaze. misi damaxinjeba Cveulebriv am-

bad aqcevs nawarmoebs, es ki, marTlac, saSinelebis grZnobas

gauCens bavSvs. ritmi umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria nawarmoe-

bisaTvis, rameTu is, rogorc misteriul sibrZneTa adeptebi

Tvlidnen, samyaroSi arsebuli yvelaze Zlieri moqmedi Zalaa,

romelic gavlenas axdens adamianis Sinagan grZnobebze (sur-

gulaZe 2000). bavSvi yvelafers mSvenivrad grZnobs, ufrose-

bze ukeTac da is ar unda movatyuoT. es marTlac cud Sedegs

moitans. zRapris gmiris mier urTulesi dapirispirebisas

mopovebuli gamarjveba momavlis, sakuTari SesaZleblobebis

rwmenas unergavs mas,SiSis momgvrel damTrgunvel grZnobas

daaZlevinebs da sulier simSvides hgvris. bavSvi zRapris

gmirSi araTu sasurvel arsebas xedavs,aramed am saxeSi sa-

kuTar Tavs iazrebs da ioli gasagebia, raoden amaRlebul

grZnobas hgvris sakuTari mSvenierebisa da Zalmosilebis

SegrZneba. adamianma bavSvobidanve unda SeiTvisos zRapari,

kavSiri rom ar gawydes Cvens winaprebTan da agreTve, eziar-

os yvela im sikeTes, risi micemac SeuZlia zRapars: ganivi-Taros fantazia, eTikuri, esTetikuri grZnoba, kacTmoyva-reoba, Sromis, swavlis siyvaruli, gamarjvebisken swrafvis survili, ufrosis pativiscema, samarTlianobis ,iumoris grZnoba, rwmenis erTguleba, mxatvruli azrovneba, xatovani metyveleba; gaxdes zneobrivi, mizandasaxuli; gaimdidros leqsika, daeuflos azris lakonurad gadmocemis unars, gan-imtkicos momavlis rwmena, moipovos sulieri simSvide da sxv. zRapars arasodes hqonia didaqtikuri daniSnuleba, Semec-nebiTi _ ki.

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faqtia, rom Zmebi grimebi, i. gogebaSvili da sxva gamomcem-lebi ssaredaqcio xasiaTis Casworebebis miuxedavad araadap-tirebul zRaprebs aqveynebdnen swored bavSvebisaTvis gan-kuTvnil krebulebSi. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom sazogadoeba swored tradiciul zRaprebs iTxovs, zRapari xom didi rw-menis matarebelia, sikeTis gamarjvebis rwmenisa.

zRapari mravalplaniani nawarmoebia da is sxva kuTxiTac maqvs ganxiluli farTo sazogadoebisaTvis Jurnal „omegaSi“ _ „zRapari iyo da iqneba“, 2001 w. #8, romelic Sesulia agreTve Cems wignSi: ̀ zRapari da sinamdvile“, 2009 w. Temis aqtualobi-dan gamomdinare, aq oriode sakiTxis gameorebac momixda.

damowmebani:

eliade 2009: eliade m. miTis aspeqtebi. Tb.: ilia WavWavaZis univer-

sitetis gamomceml;oba, 2009.

kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili v. (Semdgeneli). xalxuri poezia. Tb.:

1961.

sixaruliZe 1958: sixaruliZe qs.narkvevebi, 1,Tb.:Tbilisis sax. univer-

sitetis gamomcemloba,1958.

surgulaZe 2000: surgulaZe mz. SelocvaTa ritmuli modelebi. J.

`amirani~, kavkasilogiis saerTaSoriso samecniero-kvleviTi sazoga-

doebrivi institutis moambe. Tbilisi-monreali: 2000.

freidenbergi 1978: Фрейденберг О. М. Миф и литература древности. М.: Изд.

«Наука», 1978.

ColoyaSvili 2004: ColoyaSvili r. uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebis

kvali xalxur zRaprul eposSi. Tb.: `nekeri~, 2004.

Zmebi grimebi 1992: Zmebi grimebi, zRaprebi, 1, Targmani d. weredianisa,

Tb.: `marixi“, 1992.

Zmebi grimebi 1992a: Zmebi grimebi, zRaprebi, 2, Targmani d. werediani-

sa, Tb.: `marixi“, 1992.

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Cholokashvili Rusudan

The implicit essence and significance (meaning) of magic tale

Summary

Fairy tale is sacral, multi-piece work carrying the implicit idea depicting the stages of gaining knowledge about world and nature by mankind with mythological imagination. That is the reason of its nature being interesting and varied.

Fairy tale retells about the possibilities of permanent renewal of the world and its heroes are not ordinal mortals, they are desacralized deity rep-resented and featured by human appearance.

Thus we talk about the deity of mythological origin, about their relation-ship and aerials of their existence.

The heroes of fairy tales periodically visit both controversial parts of our world – part of alive and dead , “there” finds the lost spouse, returns with her, remarries her and renews the whole world.

Such renewal of the divine hero is only possible after his death, as the sun doesn’t rise if it doesn’t set.

Sun rise is impossible without sun set, spring will never come without winter. Without this circle the world would stop and it would be equal to the end of the universe. In spite of the different archaic the main motives and plots of different peoples’ fairy tales are of the same character, the fact proves that whole mankind has mutual historical memory.

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dalila bedianiZe

magiuri saxelebi jadosnur zRaprebSi

zRaparTmcodneobaSi cnobilia, rom xalxur jadosnur zRaprebSi araerTi jadosnuri sagani gvxvdeba, romelTa sa-SualebiTac zRapris gmiri imarjvebs borot Zalebze. es sa-gnebi imqveyniurni arian (propi 1946: 179). zRapris gmirma maT mosapoveblad sami skneli unda moiaros da daamarcxebs im-qveyniur Zalebs (ColoyaSvili 2009: 20).

jadosnuri sagnebi aris cxoveluri da aracxoveluri warmoSobisa. aracxovelur jadosnur sagnebs miekuTvneba: joxi, oqros Tasi, yuTi da sxva. isini gansakuTrebuli magi-uri sityvis warmoTqmisTanave damoukideblad asruleben TavianT funqcias.

aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa oTxi qarTuli jadosnuri zRapari: `xelmwife-monadire~, àrvicia~, ùzun-daras zRapari~ da ̀ hates zRapari~, romlebic tipologiurad msgavsia.

`xelmwife-monadireSi~ gamoyenebulia aracxoveluri warmoSobis jadosnuri sagani yuTi, romlis gadatrialebi-sasac iqidan jari gadmoiSleboda xolme, magram umTavresi aris suli _ saxelad kimoTe, romelic uCinaria da Zala Sesw-evs, Tavisi patronis brZanebiT sufra gaSalos da nebismieri raodenobis xalxi daapuros, oRond sagani, romelsac es suli dasdevs, ar ixsenieba. asea es zRapar ̀ arviciaSic~, sadac aseve ixsenieba jaris gamomZaxebeli yuTi da sulis saxeli ki aq ukve piltonia. `xelmwife-monadireSic~ da àrviciaSic~ avi xelmwife mzeTunaxavi colis warTmeviT da mokvliT emuqre-ba zRapris gmirs, Tu igi mis davalebebs ar Seasrulebs. me-same da yvelaze rTuli davalebaa _ `wadi iq, ar vici _ sad. moiyvane is, ar vici _ ra~ (`xelmwife-monadire~ da àrvicia~). `xelmwife-monadireSi~ qomagi arseba aris ku, xolo àrvi-ciaSi~ biWs mzeTunaxavi coli exmareba _ jadosnur vaSls

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aZlevs, romelic gzas uCvenebs mSvelelebisken. `xelmwife-monadireSi~ suli-kimoTe aris cxra Zma devis sakuTreba da Sua mindorSi erT usaZirkvlo saxlSi binadrobs, xolo su-li-piltoni erT udabur tyeSi qoxSia da dedabers ekuTvnis. rogorc vxedavT, aq saqme gvaqvs imqveyniur ZalebTan. zemox-senebuli saxeebi ubralo saxeebi ar unda iyos, isini xelT-dasxmis Cveulebas unda ukavSirdebodes da zRapris gmiri iq inicacias unda gadiodes, ris Semdegac imqveyanamovlili da dajildoebuli brundeba Sin. `gavixsenoT, rom saxlidan wa-suli zRapris gmiri tyeSi dainaxavs xolme saxls. am saxlis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb xsovna Cvens xelT arsebuli qarTuli zRapris Canawerebis didi nawilis mixedviT bundovania _ mTqmels tradiciis ZaliT axsovs saxlis arseboba, aRwers mas, magram zogan daviwyebulia arsebiTi detali, an Secvlilia igi gviandeliT. amis miuxedavad, zogierTi SemorCenili ni-uansi amJRavnebs saxlis uZvelesi organizaciis niSnebs.

tyeSi Sexvedrili saxlis Taobaze qarTul zRaparSi yov-elTvis ar aris miTiTebuli~ (qurdovaniZe 2002: 25).

asea es `xelmwife-monadireSic~, xolo `arviciaSi~ qoxia dasaxelebuli. iseve, rogorc kimoTes, piltonsac moewona biWi, damorCildnen da Tan gayvnen mas, im mizeziT, rom biWi maT kargad moeqca da Wama-smisas daiwvia. uwindeli patrone-bi _ devebi da dedaberi kimoTes da piltons ar epatiJebod-nen Tavis gaSlil sufraze. sagulisxmo momentia, rom suli mSieria, Wams da svams. aq uTuod miniSneba gvxvdeba zRapris gmiris sikeTeze, romelic man iniciaciis gavlis, imqveynis movlis Sedegad SeiZina. kimoTe da piltoni ara mxolod icv-lian patrons, aramed erTguloben kidevac TavianT rCeuls _ rodesac jariT savse yuTis mflobeli Sexvdeba biWs, mas ur-Ceven, rom gacvalos isini yuTSi, radgan isev biWs daubrunde-bian. amiT aRiarebulia biWis zebunebrivi sikeTe da uxorco sulebis mfarvelobis qveS yofna _ anu zebunebriv ZalebTan kavSiri. am faqts mowmobs isic, rom biWma kimoTesa da pil-tonTan Sexvedramde, anu `arviciamde~ xelmwifis ori sxva

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uZnelesi davaleba Seasrula, am mesame davalebis Sesruleba ki misi sagmiro saqmeebis gvirgvinia.

saqme sxvagvarad aris ùzundaras zRaparSi~, sadac àrc Sen ici da arc me vici~ aris suli, saxelad uzundara. zRapris gmirs aqac xelmwife gadaekideba da colis warTmeviT emuqre-ba. biWi Seasrulebs or davalebas da mesame ki aris àrc Sen ici da arc me vici~-s mitana. mis mopovebaSi biWs coli da misi axloblebi exmarebian, colis ufrosi da pirsaxociT icnobs biWs, mixvdeba, rom misi siZea da aZlevs uzundaras. ai, ras wers cnobili folkloristi bela mosia uzundaras Sesaxeb: `cnobilia, rom zRaprebSi saswaulebs konkretuli sagnebi axdenen an maTi mflobelebi am sagnebis daxmarebiT, esenia: salamuri, xaliCa, pirsaxoci, jadosnuri joxi, Tevzis fxa, xis nafoti da sxva. yvela eseni konkretuli saxis mqone nivTebia, romelTac floben sxvadasxva arsebebi da mxsnel Tu keTil gmirebs gadascemen. am TvalsazrisiT moviyvanT erT saintereso zRapars ùzurnadas zRapari~. es uzundara aris sityva, romlis ZaliT saswauli iqmneba, sufris gaSla da survilebis axdena. movixmobT teqstidan amonawers: `qalma daiZaxa, uzundar, pasuxad miiRo `batono~. uzudara ar Canda, sufra ise gaiSala. biWma hkiTxa qals, Tu vin Slida am sufras. qalma uTxra: swored eg aris Tqveni saZebari, xelmwifem rom dagavalao: àrc Sen ici da arc me vicio~. es uzundara das-devda oqros Tass, romelic am qals hqonda. sadac oqros Tasi iqneboda, uzundarac iq gaCndeboda. ufrosma dam misca siZ-es oqros Tasi da gaafrTxila, aravisTvis mieca Tasi, Torem daekargeboda uzundara. e.i. sakuTriv Tasi araferia, magram uimisod uzundarac ar iqneba, uzundara ki ar Cans, ra aris. Tasi am sityvis WurWelia, misi erTgvari samosia mxolod. uZveles zRaprebSi naTlad Cans sityvis udidesi mniSvnelo-ba~ (mosia 2006: 223-224).

uzundara am tipis zRaprebSi gamorCeulia, radgan mx-olod mas ekuTvnis Tanamdevi sagani _ oqros Tasi. kimoTe da piltoni jadosnur sagans ar ukavSirdebian, isini mxolod

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gamoZaxebisas iCenen Tavs sufris gaSla-alagebiT. sams _ kimoTes, piltons, uzundaras mxolod sufris gaSla-alageba SeuZliaT, meti araferi. savaraudoa, rom isini ukavSirdebian jadosnur sufrasac, oRond sufras meti Zala Seswevs, mas rig qarTul xalxur jadosnur zRaprebSi TiTqmis nebismieri sur-vilis Sesruleba SeuZlia. niuansurad gansxvavebulia hate _ igi zRapris gmirs _ glaxas aswavlis: `moWeri joxi, is Tavis-iT wava, sanam is Sens gverdiT ivlis, me Sens gverdiT viqnebio. moWra glaxam joxi da gauSva. modis TviTon da mohyveba joxi, Tan saubroben~ (canava 1994: 137). hate imitom irCevs glaxas patronad, rom uwindeli patroni kaci eSmakos da mamaZaRlos eZaxis, glaxa ki kargad eqceva da tkbilad elaparakeba. hate misi erTgulia da rogorc am tipis sxva zRaprebSi, rodesac mebrZoli jariT savse kolofis patroni kolofs masSi gacv-lis, kacs igi Sors ar gayveba da maleve ubrundeba glaxas. amasTan _ hates garda sufris gaSla-alagebisa, patronis dacvac SeuZlia gasaWirSi. glaxas ̀ xelmwifis gamogzavnileb-ma ZaliT wayvana moundomes, maSin glaxam Tqva: _ hate, gau-maspinZldi amaTo. daeria hate da sikvdilis piramde miiyvana mosulebi. xelmwifes ambavi miutanes, ar modiso. maSin kidev gamogzavna xalxi, ZaliT wamoiyvaneTo. isev hatem umaspinZla mosulebs da esenic sikvdilis piramde miiyvana~ (canava 1994: 139). patronis dacva uzundaras, kimoTes da piltons ar Seu-ZliaT, maT kolofidan amosuli jari exmareba.

niSandoblivia, rom hates zRapris gmiri glaxa erT jargvalSi naxulobs (e.i. aqac saxezea imqveyniuri saCuqari) da ara xelmwifis davalebiT, aramed xelmwifis davalebebis Sesrulebis Semdeg, roca nebayoflobiT gaudgeba gzas da gzaSi moSiva. am zRaparSi saxezea araerTi motivi sxva ja-dosnuri zRaprebisa – esaa motivi umcrosi Zmisa, romelic malavs Tavis Zalas da xelmwifis davalebebs inkognitod as-rulebs, sjobnis ufros siZeebs. esaa xelmwifis mtrebTan br-Zolis motivi, rodesac hatem da glaxam mteri daamarcxes da xelgaWril gmirs xelmwifem Tavisi abreSumis cxvirsaxociT

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Seuxvia Wriloba, misi vinaoba ki ver Seityo. am zRapars aSka-rad atyvia kontaminaciis kvali da igi motivebiT ufro mdi-daria, vidre am tipis sxva zRaprebi.

hate, kimoTe, piltoni da uzundara Cveni varaudiT erTg-vari paroli, magiuri sityva unda iyos, romlis warmoTqmasac moyveba magiuri Zalis mqone sulis gamoCena da es suli oTxive zemoxsenebul zRaparSi keTili Zalaa. maTTan dakavSirebis Semdeg zRapris gmiri jadosnur damxmares iZens da xelmwife xdeba `hates zRaparSi~, `xelmwife-monadireSi~, àrviciaSi~, xolo ùzundaras zaRarSi~ xelmwifes pirSi Calagamovle-buls datovebs da mzeTunaxav cols SeinarCunebs.

jerjerobiT amouxsnelia, Tu ras niSnavs saxelebi anu parolebi hate, kimoTe, piltoni da uzundara. mezRapre maT aseT ganmartebas aZlevs, rom es aris àrvicia~, anu àrc Sen ici, arc me vici~. kiTome qarTuli samyarosTvis kargad nacno-bi sakuTari saxelia mamakacisa, aqedan vakeTebT daskvnas, rom hate, piltoni da uzundarac mamakacis sakuTari saxelebi unda iyos da zRaprebSi moxseniebuli sulebi savaraudod mamrobiT sawyiss unda ukavSirdebodnen. rac Seexeba ùzun-daras~, igi cekvis saxelwodebadac gvxvdeba ana kalandaZis erT leqsSi: `da uzunaras icekvebs gveli~. savaraudoa, rom vinme uzundara cekvavda am cekvas, romelsac misi saxelis mixedviT mieca saxelwodeba.

hates, kimoTes, piltonis, uzundaras da jadosnuri yu-Tis ambavi sxvadasxva zRaparSi sxvadasxva konteqstSi gvx-vdeba, magram isini yvelgan organulad erwymis zRapris siu-Jets: kimoTe xelmwife-monadirem Suriani xelmwifis meore davalebis Semdeg moipova kus daxmarebiT. am kimoTem kargad cema avi xelmwife, romelmac taxti biWs gadasca. arada me-zobelma xelmwifem moundoma biWs lamazi colis warTmeva, magram biWma kimoTes rCeviT jariani kolofi gamoiyena da es xelmwifec daamarcxa. biWi Tavis erTgul kimoTesTan er-Tad bednierad cxovrobda amis Semdeg. piltoni, romelic àrviciaSi~ gvxvdeba, monadire biWma moipova xelmwifis me-

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same davalebiT. aqac colis warTmeviT daemuqra xelmwife biWs. pirveli davaleba iyo mTis awmenda, meore _ zRvisgaRma qalaqis gamotana, xolo mesame _ arvicias motana. biWi aq ukve sxvebis dauxmareblad waawyda erT qoxSi piltons, daumego-brda piltons da wamoiyvana. am zRaparSic gvxvdeba jariT savse yuTi, romlis gamoyenebiTac biWma xelmwife daamarcxa da taxtze dajda Tavis mzuTunaxav colTan erTad, xolo piltoni _ arvicia ufros vezirad daiyena. es ori zRapari, rogorc vxedavT, motivebiTac Tanxvedrilia. maT ukavSird-eba ùzundaras zRapari~ da `hates zRapari~, sadac àrc Sen ici, arc me vici~ mzeTunaxavi colis warTmevis SiSiT moipova zRapris gmirma, magram es bolo ori zRapari motivebiT gan-sxvavebulia wina ori zRaprisagan. aq Semodis umcrosi Zmis motivi, am ori zRapris gmiri umcrosi Zmaa, romelic dasaRu-pavad gagzavnes Zmebma da rZlebma erT tbaze, magram man daR-upvis nacvlad mzeTunaxavi coli moipova. es qali iyo devebis xelmwife, misi ufrosi da _ frinvelebis, xolo SuaTana da _ qvewarmavalTa xelmwife. am qals hyavda erTguli devi oya-jado, romelic mis davalebebs asrulebda. ufrosma Zmebma da rZlebma ar moisvenes, biWs xelmwife gadakides da xelmwifem colis warTmeva daupira, Tu mis davalebebs ver Seasrulebda. pirveli davaleba iyo jiriTSi Sejibri _ biWma oyajado de-vis daxmarebiT sZlia xelmwifis mojiriTes. meore davaleba iyo sasaxlis win tyiani adgilis erT RameSi gaCexva, moxvna da simindis daTesva. oyajadosa da colis daxmarebiT biWma esec Seasrula. mesame davaleba ki iyo veziris rCeviT mietana àrc Sen ici da arc me vici~. am saqmeSi biWs colis debi daexmarnen, romelTac pirsaxociT icnes siZe. ufros das hqonda oqros Tasi, romelsac dasdevda sufris gamSlel-amlagebeli uzun-dara. aq mkrTalad, magram mainc gaiJRerebs motivi Tanamgza-vrisa, romelsac wina zRaprebSi jariT savse kolofi hqonda. am SemTxvevaSi biWis Tanamgzavrs ara es kolofi, aramed ar-Rani aqvs, romlis dakvriTac maT gzaSi dro gaatares. am zRapris finali naklebad agresiulia, biWi ar gaxelmwifde-

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ba, ar ebrZvis xelmwifes, aramed miarTmevs mas uzundaras da pirSi Calagamovlebuls datovebs _ xelmwife mas cols veRar waarTmevs. rac Seexeba `hates zRapars~, aqac umcrosi Zmis motivia gamoyenebuli, oRond es motivi sruliad gansx-vavebulad aisaxeba wina sami zRapris motivebisgan. aq umcro-si Zma glaxaa, magram es mxolod moCvenebiT. igi mamis saflavs darajobs mamis anderZis mixedviT (am anderZs ufrosi Zmebi ar asruleben) sami Rame, am saflavze Savi raSi modis, mere Te-Tri, gamTeniisas ki _ wiTeli. biWi samive raSs _ daiWers da saWiroebisamebr gamoiyenebs xelmwifis asulis xelis mosa-poveblad. Tavisi wiTeli raSiT mesame cdaze xelidan beWeds waaZrobs xelmwifis asuls da mas colad miiRebs. xelmwifis coli avad gaxdeba, irmis rZea misi wamali da ufros siZeebs gadacmuli umcrosi ajobebs, irmis rZes miscems, neka TiTebs moaWris. meorejer Roris rZisTvis wavlen xelmwifis siZeebi da umcrosi aqac imarjvebs, Roris rZis miRebis Semdeg ufros siZeebs ukanalebze raSis naliT niSans daasvams. Sin mibruneb-uli cols arafers eubneba, yvelafers umalavs. Semdeg iwye-ba hates ambavi _ biWi tovebs cols da sxvagan midis Tavisi surviliT. erT jargvalSi naxavs hates, romelsac erTi kaci flobs da ubrZanebs _ hate, eSmako, hate mamaZaRlo, sufra gaSaleo (an aalageo). roca kaci Sin wava, biWi Sedis jargval-Si da tkbili eniT gamoiZaxebs hates _ hate, Seni Wirime, hate, batono, sufra gaSaleo (an aalageo). hates biWi moewoneba da misdevs mas. tovebs uwindel patrons, mis arsebobas ki joxi mowmobs, romelic TavisiT midis, biWi ki misdevs. mividnen erT saxelmwifoSi, sadac xelmwifes da mis stumrebs kargad gaumaspinZldnen. erTma stumarma jariani kolofi amoiRo da biWs hateSi gaucvala, magram hate maleve dabrunda biWTan. mividnen am biWis saxelmwifoSi, romelsac mteri Semoseoda _ hatec ibrZoda Tavisi joxiT, kolofidan amosuli jaric, wiTel raSze amxedrebuli glaxac, romelmac xeli gaiWra br-Zolisas da xelmwifem Tavisi abreSumis cxvirsaxociT Seux-via. am cxvirsaxocis naxvisas mixvda biWis coli, rom misi

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qmari gmiri iyo da es mamamiss uTxra. xelmwifem igi TavisTan daibara, magram glaxa ar eaxla. maSin ZaliT wamoiyvaneTo, br-Zana xelmwifem. orjer gagzavna xalxi, magram hatem orivejer sikvdilis pirze miiyvana misulebi. maSin xelmwife TviTon mivida glaxasTan jargvalSi, yvelafers farda aexada, xelm-wifem gaigo, rom misi siZe glaxa ar iyo, aramed _ gmiri iyo da Tavisi saxelmwifo mas dauloca.

rogorc vxedavT, jariani kolofi aqac figurirebs da aqac gvxvdeba motivi sulis masze gacvlisa. unda iTqvas, rom es bolo zRapari kontaminirebulia, igi Sedgenilia sxvadasx-va jadosnuri zRaprebis motivebze, arqauli da ucvleli ki masSi hates _ sulis ambavi unda iyos. Tumca am zRaparSi codna-arcodnaze ukve aRar aris laparaki, rogorc wina sam zRaparSi.

sakvlevad sainteresoa sakuTari saxelebis _ hates, pil-tonis, kimoTes da uzundaras etimologia. garda imisa, rom kimoTe mamakacis sakuTari saxelia, am oTxive saxelis matare-beli suli uTuod mamrobTii sawyisisa unda iyos, radgan ma-makacuri RoniT da brZolis unariT arian daxasiaTebulni, amasTan isini moipovebian e.w. `mamakacTa saxlSi~, sadac ini-ciacias gadis zRapris gmiri (qurdovaniZe 2002: 24). saxeli kimoTe unda iyos igive timoTe, romelic saeklesio kalen-dris mixedviT `RvTismoSiSs~ niSnavs. amave dros, timoTe iyo pavle mociqulis sayvareli moswavlis saxeli. antikuri sam-yarodan cnobilia timoTevsic: 1. aTeneli mxedarTmTavari, sparselTa dammarcxebeli Zv.w. �V s. 2. mileTeli musikosi, Zv. w. V-�V ss. ra gziT moxvda es saxeli qarTul zRaparSi jer kidev saZiebelia.

rac Seexeba saxels hate _ antikur samyaroSi gvxvdeba bedisweris da SurisZiebis _ qalRmerTis saxeli `ate~; Tum-ca igi mdedrobiTi sqesisaa, magram Cven viciT bevri sakuTari saxeli, romelic qalsac hqvia da kacsac. uzundaras Sesaxeb Cven zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, aq ki davZendiT, rom igi SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes sparsul sityvas `uzum~, rac qiSmiSs, CamiCs

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niSnavs, aqedan `uzundari~ _ qiSmiSis, anu CamiCis mqonebeli (Sdr. alami _ alamdari).

da bolos _ piltoni _ sulxan-sabas leqsikonSi moxse-niebulia termini `Sepiltva~ (sisavsiT Tavs gadadena), fuZe pilt SesaZloa iseve iyos gaformebuli, rogorc mag.: Semurva (fuZe mur) (orbeliani 1993: 291). SesaZloa, es sityva modiodes Zveli berZnuli mamrobiTi sqesis sityvidanac `pilon-pilo-nos~, rac niSnavs WiSkars, darbazis Sesasvlels. am sakiTxs Cven sxva dros SevexebiT, axla ki aRvniSnavT, rom hate, kim-oTe, piltoni da uzundara aris magiuri sityvebi, erTgvari paroli, romliTac keTil suls iZaxebs zRapris gmiri, aris keTili Zalis matarebeli da zRaparsac keTili bolo moaqvs.

damowmebani:

canava 1994: canava a. (Semdgeneli). megruli zRaprebi da miTebi. Tb.:

1994.

mosia 2006: mosia b. qarTuli folkloris saxismetiyveleba. Tb.: `mer-

ani~, 2006.

orbeliani 1993: orbeliani s.-s. leqsikoni qarTuli. t. ��. Tb.: `merani~,

1993.

propi 1946: Пропп В.Я. Исторические корни, волшебнoй сказки. Л.: изд. ЛГУ,

1946.

qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi 1976: qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi, `iyo da

ara iyo ra~. Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1976.

qurdovaniZe 2002: qurdovaniZe T. qarTuli zRapari. Tb.: `merani~,

2002.

ColoyaSvili 2009: ColoyaSvili r. zRapari da sinamdvile. Tb.: `nek-

eri~, 2009.

xalxuri... 1964: xalxuri sibrZne. �, ��. Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1964.

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Dalila Bedianidze

Magical Names in Fairy-Tales

Summary

The work entitled Magical Names in Fairy-Tales by Dalila Bedianidze studies the usage of modern magical words of bewitching items in Georgian fairy-tales. These words are: “Kimote”, “Uzundara”, “Piltoni” and “Hatte”.

AAccording to fairy-tale studies there are quite a few mystical items in every tale with which a hero of a tale gains victory over evil powers. These items are of the other world. A hero has to go through three “spaces” to con-nect with the powers from the other worls.

Magical items are animals and the other creatures. The minute a magical word is uttered, they perform their functions on their own. From this view point Dalila Bedianidze studies four Georgian fairy-tales entitled “A King-Hunter”, “A Don’t Know Man”, “Uzandara’s Tale” and “Hatte’s Tale” that are typologically similar.

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marine turaSvili

qarTuli xalxuri cxovelTa zRaprebis tipologiuri

analizi zRapris saerTaSoriso katalogis ATU 15 tipis

konteqstSi

qarTuli xalxuri cxovelTa zRaprebi sazRapro epo-sis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani qveJanria. maTi fiqsacia, iseve rogorc zepirsityvierebis sxva nimuSebis, aqtiurad XX saukunis meore naxevridan iwyeba, Tumca sakmaod Rirebuli teqstebia Cawerili jer kidev X�X saukuneSi.

Tu qarTuli cxovelTa zRapris kvlevis istorias Tvals gadavavlebT am mxriv mravalferovani suraTi warmogvidgeba. folkloris am JanriT jer kidev X�X saukunis miwuruls dain-teresda al. xaxanaSvili. mkvlevari sakuTar monografiaSi gvTavazobs zogadad zRapris Semdegnair klasifikacias: 1. miTologiuri zRaprebi, 2. sayofacxovrebo zRaprebi da 3. cxovelTa zRaprebi (xaxanaSvili 1895).

m. Ciqovani, romelic samecniero literaturaturaSi cx-ovelTa zRapris mxatvruli analizis inovatorad iTvleba, miiCnevs, rom qarTuli zRapruli eposis kvlevas safuZveli adreul xanaSi Caeyara. mkvlevari aRniSnul drod am Janris literaturulad gadamuSavebis dawyebas miiCnevs (Ciqovani 1946).

cxovelTa eposis satirul-iumoristuli xasiaTi ganix-ila ap. canavam. mkvlevari gansakuTrebulad gamoyofs igav-araks, romlis safuZvlad mowinaaRmdegis, gabatonebuli klasis warmomadgenelTa gakicxvis, dacinvis SeniRbul for-mas miiCnevs (canava 1960).

e. virsalaZe specialur naSroms uZRvnis qarTul xalx-ur zRapars, sadac mniSvnelovani adgili swored cxovelTa zRaprebs uWiravs. mkvlevari aRniSnul zRaprebs eposis erT-erT arqaul saxeobad miiCnevs (virsalaZe 1960).

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sabavSvo folkloris kvlevisas cxovelTa zRaparze gan-sakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs f. zandukeli. mkvlevari vrclad ganixilavs `cxovelTa eposis struqturul sakiTx-ebs~ (zandukeli 1977) da `cxovelTa eposis stilur Tavisebu-rebebs~ (zandukeli 1980).

qarTuli zRapris kvlevisas T. qurdovaniZe Seexo iseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs, rogorebicaa: cxovelTa Sesaxeb zRaprebis warmoSobis drois, miTsa da igav-arakTan kavSiris, siuJetis, personaJebis, kompoziciisa da stilis (qurdo-vaniZe 2002).

mkvlevarma r. ColoyaSvilma sagangebod Seiswavla cxov-elTa zRapris mimarTeba uZveles rwmena-warmodgenebTan, ris safuZvelzec axleburad moxda gaazreba zRapris calkeuli motivebisa da zogjer mTeli siJetebisac. mkvlevarma siR-rmiseulad gamoikvlia zRapris ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi, personaJis genezisis, calkeul saxe-simboloTa, metamorfozisa da zRaparTmcodneobis sxva mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi (ColoyaSvili 2004). mogvianebiT mkvlevarma kidev ufro gaaRrmava cxovelTa eposis kvleva da mas spacialuri monografia miuZRvna, sadac Seswavlilia zogadad cxovelTa eposis calkeuli qvejgufebis sazRvrebi da Taviseburebani, cxovelTa zRaprebis funqcia da a. S. (ColoyaSvili 2005).

zemoT ganxiluli kvlevebi cxadyofs, rom cxovelTa zRaprebs mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs xalxur Semoqmede-baSi da Sesabamisad kvlevis Tematikis mravalferovneba am Janrisadmi mecnierTa did interesze metyvelebs.

rac Seexeba qarTuli cxovelTa zRapris katalogizacias, arc am mxrivaa sawuwuno. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos el. virsalaZis damsaxureba qarTuli cxovelTa zRapris am Tval-sazrisiT Seswavlis saqmeSi. 1961 wels man gamoaqveyna aarne-andreevis cxovelTa zRapris katalogis mixedviT qarTuli cxovelTa zRapris tipTa katalogi. qarTuli, rusuli da ukrainuli repertuaris mixedviT mkvlevari gvTavazobs 407 tipis mokle aRwerilobas, sadac saarqivo Tu gamoqveynebu-

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li zRaprebis analizis safuZvelze 30 origanalur qarTul tips gamoyofs (virsalaZe 1961).

1970 wlidan qarTuli zRapris siuJetTa saZiebelze muSaobda T. qurdovaniZe. 2000 wels ki es saZiebeli sruli saxiT gamovida inglisur da rusul enebze. aRniSnul saZieb-elSi mkvlevars 121 cxovelTa zRapris tipi aqvs gamoyofili, sadac 51 motivs sakuTriv qarTul originalur motivad mi-iCnevs.

cxovelTa eposis klasifikaciasa da siuJetur saZiebelze imuSava aseve r. ColoyaSvilma. mkvlevari gvTavazobs eti-ologiuri gadmocemebis oTxi, kumulaciuri da cxovelTa Sesaxeb zRaprebis Tormeti qvejgufis farglebSi gakeTebul saZiebels (ColoyaSvili 2004).

2004 wlis noemberSi helsinkis mecnierebaTa akademiis folkloristTa kavSirma gamosca zRapris tipTa axali saer-TaSoriso katalogi sam tomad saxelwodebiT “The Types of International Folktales. A Classification and Bibliography”. katalogis baziss Seadgenda anti aarnes daarsebuli da Semdgom stid Tompsonis mier gavrcobili “zRapris tipebis saZiebeli”, romelic gadaamuSava da srulyo germanelma folkloristma da zRaparTmcodnem, profesorma hans-iorg uTerma.

dRes ukve xelT gvaqvs hans-iorg uTeris mier safuZv-lianad gadamuSavebuli zRaprebis tipTa katalogi, romel-Sic Semdgenelma amoavso is lafsusebi, rac wina saZieblebs axlda da amave dros ar daarRvia siuJetTa tipebis aRweris tradiciuli principebi. man ganaaxla da warmoadgina Txro-biTi Janrebis sruli aRwera 2003 wlamde arsebuli kvleve-bis SedegebiTurT. wignSi dasaxelebulia umniSvnelovanesi samecniero literatura. masSi Sedis rogorc saerTaSoriso variantebis didi raodenoba, aseve calkeuli monografiebi TxrobiT JanrTa tipebze. SeniSvnebi katalogsa da varian-tebze saguldagulod Sevsebulia da gaTvaliswinebulia dRemde arsebuli yvela motivisa tipis saZieblebis monaceme-bi. winamorbed katalogebSi gabneuli sxvadasxva tipebi, rom-

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lebic erTmaneTTan Sinaarsobliv da struqturul kavSirSi iyo, erTad dalagda. zogierTi tipi amoRebul iqna, Tu isini araviTar eTnikur da geografiul gavrcelebas ar eqvemde-barebodnen amoRebul iqna da maTi moZieba regionaluri ti-pebis katalogebis kompetenciaSi darCa.

aarne-Tompson-uTeris saerTaSoriso katalogis saxiT samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semovida samagido wigni istoriul-komparativistuli folkloristuli da, saerTod, yovelg-vari xalxuri gadmocemebis farTo masStabiT kvlevisaTvis.

zRapris tipTa saerTaSoriso katalogTan SedarebiTi an-alizis safuZvelze SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis xelSewyobiT 2010-2012 wlebSi ganxorcielda proeq-ti `qarTuli xalxuri prozis komparativistuli analizis eleqronuli platforma~*, romlis farglebSi damuSavda SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis institutis folk-loris arqivSi daculi gamouqveynebeli cxovelTa zRaprebi.

saarqivo teqstebis analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom qarTul folklorul repertuarSi didi raodenobiTaa war-modgenili gareul cxovelTa jgufis SigniT ganTavsebuli zRaprebi. tipTa relevanturobis safuZvelze gairkva, rom qarTul xalxur zRaprul repertuarSi gansakuTrebiT popu-larulia tipi ATU 15 _ `naTliis~ mier saWmlis qurdoba~.

aRniSnuli motivis _ ATU 15 „naTliis“ mier saWmlis qur-doba _ birTvi zRapris tipTa axal saerTaSoriso katalogSi aseTi saxisaa:

`melia (kata, tura) da mgeli (daTvi, Tagvi) cxovroben er-Tad. melia Tavs moaCvenebs, rom naTlobaze naTliadaa dap-atiJebuli (miwveulia dakrZalvaze an qorwilze), magram amis nacvlad malulad Wams karaqs (Tafls), romelic man da mgelma Seinaxes. es meordeba samjer. roca mgeli ekiTxeba mas mosa-

* aRniSnuli proeqti (№ B-23-10) ganxorcielda SoTa rusTavelis erovnu-li samecniero fondis finansuri mxardaWeriT. winamdebare publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli nebismieri mosazreba ekuTvnis avtors da SesaZloa, ar asax-avdes fondis Sexedulebebs. proeqtis samecniero xelmZRvaneli prof. e. dadunaSvili

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naTli bavSvis saxels, melia igonebs saxels, romelic asaxavs Senaxuli saWmlis odenobis kninobiT formas.

roca mgeli aRmoaCens, rom karaqi aRaraa, adanaSaulebs melias, Tumca, melia uaryofs. imis gasarkvevad, vin aiRo karaqi, melia mgels gamocdas sTavazobs: orivem mzeSi tyuili Tqvan, ramdenime xnis Semdeg karaqi unda dadnes da mtyueani gamoCndes. rodesac mgels sZinavs, melia mas karaqiT gasvris da amgvarad mis danaSauls „amtkicebs~.

igi gansxvavebuli da amave dros mravalferovani saxiTaa warmodgenili qarTul xalxur zRaparSi, rasac misi varian-tulobac ganapirobebs. aRniSnuli tipis birTvi qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebis mixedviT aseT suraTs gviCvenebs:

`daTvi (kata) da melia (Tagvi) Zmobildebian da iwyeben er-Tad cxovrebas.

yvels (qons) Savi dRisvis (yvelierisTvis) inaxaven (ekle-siaSi, sakurTxevlis ukan malaven).

melias (katas, daTvs) moundeba gadanaxuli saWmlis Wama da daTvs (Tagvs, melas) Tavs moaCvenebs, TiTqos naTlobaSi eZaxian naTliad da Cumad iwyebs gadanaxuli saWmlis Wamas.

naTlobidan dabrunebul melas (katas, daTvs) daTvi (Tag-vi, mela) yovel jerze naTlobis ambavs da naTlulebis saxe-lebs ekiTxeba.

mela (kata, daTvi) daTvs (Tagvs, melas) naTlulebis gamog-onil saxelebs eubneba, romlebic qilaSi darCenili saWmlis raodenobas asaxavs.

mesame (bevrjer) wasvlisas (melia midis viTom Tagvis dasaWerad), aTavebs saWmels da qilas (qvevrs, dergs, xlams, qoTans) nacriT (miwiT, qvebiT) avsebs.

melia (kata) da daTvi (Tagvi) midian gadanaxuli saWmlis mosatanad.

amoiReben qilas da naxaven masSi Cayril nacars (miwas). me-lia atyuebs daTvs, rom saWmels TiTqos brke aqvs mokidebuli.

brkis mosacileblad melia daTvs sulis Sebervas urCevs.daTvs nacari (miwa) TvalebSi Seeyreba da brmavdeba.

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daTvs (Tagvs) eWvi aqvs, rom melam (katam) SeWama gadanaxu-li saWmeli.

simarTlis gasarkvevad mela orives ganavlis Semowmebas iTxovs (ZilSi vinc gaisvreba, imiT damtkicebas iTxovs).

mela cvlis ganavlebs, mere TvalebdaTxril daTvs Tavs ganavalSi Caayofinebs (mZinare daTvs asxavs Tavis ganavals).

daTvi Sewuxebulia, tyulad rom daswama cili melas.qarTul xalxur zRaprebSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania

ATU 15 tipis erTi varianti, romelSic gadmocemulia katisa da Tagvis megobroba, sadac motyuebuli, ra Tqma unda, Tagvi rCeba.

qarTul xalxur cxovelTa zRaprebis aRniSnuli tipis ZiriTadi da farTod gavrcelebuli dasawyisis garda, kidev orgvari dasawyisi fiqsirdeba:

`daTvi da mela Tesaven ziar yanas~.`melas da daTvs hyavT Zroxa. gadawyveten yvelis keTebas.

vidre mela yvels akeTebs, daTvi aqeT-iqiT dadis da samuSaos eZebs~.

aseve sayuradReboa erTi varianti, romelSic zRapari martivad viTardeba. masSi mokled gadmocemulia, rom:

`melia poulobs Taflis qilas, Cumad Wams, daTvs motyue-biT Tvalebs sakuTari xeliT aTxrevinebs~.

saerTaSoriso katalogis mixedviT aRniSnuli tipikom-binirebulia 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 34, 41, 47A da 210 tipebTan. gansxvave-biT ucxourisgan, qarTul folklorul repertuarSi ufro metad gvxvdeba martivi, erTtipiani _ ATU 15 _ zRaprebi, vidre kombinirebuli, Tumca, teqstebze muSaobisas gansa-kuTrebuli yuradReba miiqcia aRniSnuli tipis sxvadasxva tipebTan kombinaciebis Taviseburebebma, kerZod, ATU 15 xSirad kombinirebulia qarTuli cxovelTa zRapris Semdeg tipebTan: ATU 1 (`Tevzis qurdoba~), 2 (`kudiT meTevze~), 20C (“cxovelebi msoflios aRsasrulis SiSiT Tavis saSvelad garbian~), 20D* (`momlocveli cxovelebi`), 30 (`meliis eSmako-biT mgeli ormoSi vardeba~), 36 (`melia aupatiurebs daTvs~),

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41 (`gamZRari mgeli sardafSi~). saerTaSoriso katalogTan Se-darebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom qarTuli zRaprebSi kom-binacia ara gvaqvs _ 3, 4, 5, 34, 41, 47A da 210 tipebTan, aramed _ 20C, 20D*, 30, 36 da 41. kombinaciis SemTxvevaSi qarTul da ucxour masalas Soris Tanxvedra mxolod da mxolod or tipSia, maSasadame, am mxrivac qarTuli xalxuri cxovelTa zRaprebi siuJetis ganviTarebis saintereso da gansxvavebul suraTs iZleva.

zRapris tipTa axali saerTaSoriso katalogis mixedviT aRniSnuli tipi (ATU 15 _ `naTliis~ mier saWmlis qurdoba~) mxolod da mxolod cxovelTa zRapris tipebTanaa kombinire-buli, iseve rogorc qarTul masalaSi. rac Seexeba zRaprebZi saanalizo tipis adgils, orgvaria, erTi mxriv igi iwyebs zRa-pars (mag., 15+1+36, 15+1+2+41+30 da a. S), meore mxriv _ asru-lebs (mag., 20D*+15, 36+68A+15* da a. S.). samwuraxod, zRapris tipTa saerTaSoriso katalogi amgvari dakvirvebis saSuale-bas ar iZleva.

aseve mniSvnelovania ATU 15* tipis _ `melia mgels nadav-lidan Sors Seacdens~ _ qarTul zRaprul repertuaSi ar-seboba. zRapris tipTa saerTaSoriso katalogSi aRniSnuli tipis zRapris birTvi aRwerili araa. miTiTebulia, rom is Sereuli tipia da Sedgeba meliis irgvliv arsebuli zRapris sxvadasxvagvari tipebisgan, romlebSic melia mgels nadavli-dan moSorebiT acdunebs. amgvarad melias SeuZlia, TviTon Wamos is. aRniSnuli tipi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia finur-Sveduri, estonuri, franguli, kataloniuri, flamandiuri, berZnuli, siriuli, samxreT amerikuli, samxreT afrikuli literaturuli variantebis saxiT.

ATU 15* tipis _ `melia mgels nadavlidan Sors Seacdens~ _ zRapris birTvi qarTuli masalis mixedviT aseTia:

`melia da mgeli (da aqlemi ID 19353) Zmobildebian da er-Tad iwyeben cxovrebas.

zamTarSi, roca saWmeli ar aqvT, gadawyveten Tavebi moi-Wran da aRar moSivdebaT.

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melias gadawyvetilebiT pirvelad aqlemi iWris Tavs.

melias da mgels aqlemis tani garkveuli xnis ganmavloba-

Si hyofniT sakvebad.

mglis rCeviT melia aqlemis tvins inaxavs.

gazafxulze mgeli melas Senaxuli aqlemis tvinis mot-

anas sTxovs.

melia eubneba, rom tvini ar aris, razec mgeli saSinlad

brazdeba.

moxerxebuli mela mgels dasamSvideblad eubneba, rom

aqlems tvini rom hqonoda kunZze Tavs ar dadebdao~.

saanalizo tipis _ ATU 15* _ birTvi meore variantis

mixedviT aseTia:

`melia abriyvebs mgels, rodesac mgeli sxva mglebs eZaxis

misTvis vnebis mimyenebeli glexis SesaWmelad, melia mona-

direebs saimedo adgilze malavs. isini glexs mglebisgan gad-

aarCenen, xocaven da bolos maTi qaTmebis SemWmel meliasac

klaven~.

aRniSnuli tipi qarTul repertuarSi arsebobs rogorc

martivi, erTtipiani zRaprebis saxiT, aseve _ kombinirebuli

(mag., unbekannt+0036+0068A+0015*).amrigad, zRapris saerTaSoriso katalogis tipi ATU 15 _

`naTliis~ mier saWmlis qurdoba~ sakmaod mravalferovnadaa

warmodgenili qarTul xalxur zRaprul repertuarSi.

aRniSnul tips erovnuli repertuarisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

Taviseburebebic mravlad aqvs SeZenili. erT-erT zRaparSi,

magaliTad, napovn yvels personaJebi yvelierisTvis inaxaven,

ramdenime zRaparSi qons qvevrSi an xlamSi (Tixis WurWelSi)

inaxaven da a. S. es ki iZleva imis Tqmis safuZvels, rom qarTul

xalxur repertuarSi saanalizo tipSi erovnuli Tavisebure-

bebi mravladaa asaxuli.

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damowmebani:

gogiaSvili 2006: gogiaSvili e. qarTuli zRaprebi axal saerTaSoriso

katalogSi. // qarTuli folklori, 3(X�X). Tb.: `mecniereba~, 2006.

gogolaZe 2006: gogolaZe T., cxovelTa zRaprebis mxatvruli gaazre-

ba. // qarTuli folklori, 3(X�X). Tb.: `mecniereba~, 2006.

virsalaZe 1960: virsalaZe e. zRapari. qarTuli xalxuri poeturi Semo-

qmedeba. �. Tb.: rusTavelis sax. qarT. literaturis institutis gamom-

cemloba, 1960.

virsalaZe 1959: virsalaZe e. zRapris siuJetTa saZiebeli, zRaprebi

cxovelebis Sesaxeb. // literaturuli Ziebani, X��. Tb.: saqarTvelos ssr

mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, 1959.

zandukeli 1980: zandukeli f. cxovelTa eposis stiluri Tavisebure-

bani. // werilebi sabavSvo folklorze. Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1980.

zandukeli 1977: zandukeli f. qarTuli sabavSvo folkloris sakiTx-

ebi. Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1977.

sixaruliZe 1958: sixaruliZe qs. narkvevebi. Tb.: stalinis saxelobis


sixaruliZe 1938: sixaruliZe qs. qarTuli sabavSvo folklori. Tb.:

stalinis sax. Tbil. un-tis gam-ba da st., 1938.

qurdovaniZe 2002: qurdovaniZe T. qarTuli zRapari. Tb.: `merani~,

2002.

uTeri 2004: Uther, H.-J. The Types of International Folktales. A Classification and Bibliography. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2004.

Ciqovani 1946: Ciqovani m. qarTuli folklori. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1946.

Ciqovani 1979: Ciqovani m. zRapris struqturuli analizi. // folk-

loris Teoria da istoria. V��. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1946.

ColoyaSvili 2009: ColoyaSvili r. zRapari da sinamdvile. Tb.: `nek-

eri~, 2009.

ColoyaSvili 2004: ColoyaSvili r. uZveles rwmena-warmodgenaTa kva-

li xalxur zRaprul eposSi. Tb.: `nekeri~, 2004.

ColoyaSvili 2006: ColoyaSvili r. cxovelTa Sesaxeb zRaprebis mTa-

vari gmiri _ melia. // qarTuli folklori, 3(X�X). Tb.: `mecniereba~, 2006.

119

ColoyaSvili 2005: ColoyaSvili r. cxovelTa eposi. Tb.: `nekeri~,

2005.

ColoyaSvili 2004: ColoyaSvili r. cxovelTa eposis klasifikacia da

siuJeturi saZiebeli (kumulaciuri zRaprebi da zRaprebi cxovelTa

Sesaxeb). // qarTuli folklori, 2(XV��). Tb.: mecniereba~, 2004.

Marine TuraSvili

Typological Analysis of the Georgian Animal Tales in the Context of ATU 15 of the International Folktales Catalogue

Summary

Archive materials revelaed that the within the repertoire of the Georgian animal tales their exists variety of the animal type groups. The most popular is type ATU 15 – The Theft of Food by Playng Godfather (The Theft of Butter [Honey] by playng Godfather. Mostly they are not contaminated with other motifs but those being contaminated have combinations with the following types: ATU 1, ATU 2, ATU 20C, ATU 20D*, ATU 30, ATU 36 and ATU 36.

The combination is made with animal tales and not with tales of magic or anecdotes as it is in the case of the animal tales of the other types.

The order of the combination is of two-type (e. g. 15+1+36, 15+1+2+41+30 etc., or 20D*+15, 36+68°+15+).

Thus ATU 15 of the Georgian animal tales is represented in the Georgian repertoire widely acquiring the national features. For example, the heroes of the tales hide ancountered cheese for Butter Week (week before Lent) in the wine – jar set into ground or in the rubbish.

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Ffolkloristikis istoria

Teimuraz jagodniSvili

aleqsandre xaxanaSvili qarTuli folkloristikis

saTaveebTan

150 weli gvaSorebs qarTveli mecnieris, filologis, is-torikosis, wyaroTmcodnisa da folkloristis, qarTuli akademiuri mecnieruli folkloristikis fuZemdeblis da sistemuri kursis Semqmnelis aleqsandre xaxanaSvilis (1864-1912) dabadebasTan. saukuneze odnav meti gavida misi gar-dacvalebidan da droiTma manZilma ufro mkafiod warmoaCina misi nawererbis mniSvneloba qarTuli folkloristikisaTvis.

al. xaxanaSvili rusuli filologiuri skolis aRzrdi-li iyo, moskovis universitetis istoriul-filologiur fakultetze swavlobda. Tavisi profesiuli praqtikiT da mecnieruli moRvaweobiT moskovis samecniero-pedagogiur centrebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. iqidan, rusuli da evropuli mecnieruli tradiciebis simaRlidan, icnobierebda, aanali-zebda da warmoaCenda qarTuli poeturi cnobierebis, lit-eraturis, folkloris arssa da sakacobrio faseulobas.

al. xaxanaSvilma gasaocrad bevris gakeTeba moaswro arc-Tu xangrZlivi sicocxlis miuxedavad: gamoikvlia araerTi wyaro, fexiT Semoiara saqarTvelos araerTi kuTxe, moismi-na da Caiwera xalxuri sityvierebis teqstebi, Seqmna Tavisi drois pirvelxarisxovani mecnieruli gamokvlevebi, erT-er-Ti adreuli sistemuri kursi qarTuli literaturis isto-riisa da folkloristika da, faqtobrivad, X�X saukunis miwu-ruls daafuZna qarTuli mecnierebis axali dargi _ qarTuli folkloristika. man gamokveTa X�X saukunis miwurulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli folkloristuli azrovnebis

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Sinaarsi, rusul-evropuli folkloristuli kvlevebis si-maRleze azida qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis es mniSvnelovani dargi da garkveulwilad warmoaCina da gansazRvra qarTuli mecnieruli folkloristikis gezi da samermiso perspeq-tivebic. amasTan araerTi saerTaSoriso samecniero forumze wakiTxuli moxsenebebiT didad Seuwyo xeli qarTuli kul-turis Sinaarsisa da misi sakacobrio mniSvnelobis warmoCenas.

al. xaxanaSvili moskovis universitetSi 1884-1888 wlebSi swavlobda. studentobis wlebSive gamoamJRavna midrekileba mecnieruli kvlevebisadmi da patar-patara werilebis gamo-qveynebasac mihyo xeli. studentobis wlebSi igi dauaxlovda akademikos vs. milers, romelic cnobili iyo axali mecnieru-li ideebiT da amis gamo _ didad popularulic. erTi misi ga-taceba iyo T. benfeis nasesxobis Teoriis rusul folklor-Tan mimarTebis rkveva. am dros rusul folkloristikaSi didi polemika jerac ar Camcxraliyo rusuli eposis aRmosav-luri warmomavlobis azris wamoyenebis gamo. am ideis avtori vladimer stasovi, samSoblos RalatSi daadanaSaules imis gamo, rom man 1868 w. JurnalSi ̀ evropis macne~ (ianvar-aprili-sa da ivnis-ivlisis nomrebSi) gamoaqveyna naSromi `rusuli bilinebis warmomavloba~. gaocebas is iwvevda, rom cota xniT adre aseTsave azrs gamoTqvamdnen a. Sifneri, v. radlovi, sx-vebic, magram gamokveTilad naTqvamma mainc gamaRizianeblad imoqmeda rus mecnierTa erovnul Tavmoyvareobaze da erT-maneTis mibaZviT Tavs daesxnen v. stasovs. maT Soris aRmoCnd-nen iseTi mkvlevrebic, romlebic an stasovamde (a. Sifneri, a. veselovski), an mis Semdeg amtkicebdnen imaves. maT Soris, T. buslaevTan, o. milerTan, p. besonovTan, a. pipinTan erTad, iyo vs. mileric (ufro vrclad: T. jagodniSvili 1986: 39-70). mecnieruli kvlevebis Sedegebisa da patriotul ganwyobile-baTa Tu ltolva-miswrafebaTa `SeuTavsebloba~ X�X saukunis �� naxevarSi saerTo tendencias warmoadgens.

erovnuli interesebis, miswrafebebis gaSlili frontiT dacvis uzenaesi principidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSic

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iwvevda dava-kamaTs akademiuri mecnieruli kvlevebis pub-licistikis doneze gatanili erovnuli moZraobis interese-bisadmi daqvemdebarebis, akademiuri kvlevebisa da publi-cistikis gaerTmniSvnelianeba. v. stasovis bedi, samwuxarod, al. xaxanaSvilmac gaiziara.

vs. milerma rusuli bilinebis kvlevebis procesSi aR-moaCina, rom zogierTi siuJeti, magaliTad, bilinisa `ilia muromecis orTabrZola SvilTan~ Zalian waagavda iranSi moaruli `rostomianis~ rostomisa da zurabis orTabrZolis folklorul ambavs. amasTan, v. milerma yuradReba miaqcia m. broses SromebSi dacul cnobas qarTul enaze arsebuli spar-suli literaturuli teqstebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, kerZod, rostomianis xsenebam da TbilisSi 1875 wels gamoqveynebuli `beJanianis~ gacnobam.

iranul-rusuli epikuri siuJetebis msgavseba erTeu-lebrivi faqti ar aRmoCnda, bilinuri eposis sxva siuJeteb-sac Seexo. vs. milerma gaafarTova kvlevebi da im daskvnamde mivida, rom folkloruli nasesxobis marSruti iranidan ga-dioda da maspinZeli qveyana ruseTi iyo, xolo ruseTidan e. w. `moxetiale siuJetebi~ evropaSi vrceldeboda. ase uZebnida vs. mileri rols (CarTulobas) ruseTs aRmosavlur-dasav-lur kulturaTa urTierTmimarTebaTa pocesSi.

vs. mileri, bunebrivia, qarTuli folkloriTac dain-teresda. igi sakmaod kargad icnobda kavkasiis regionis xalxTa enebs, eTnokulturebs, folklors, dawerili hqonda solidueri gamokvlevebi, monografiebi. mas esmoda iranu-lidan dasesxebaTa procesSi saqarTvelos, rogorc Suama-vali regionis mniSvneloba. qarTuli masalis CarTvis mizniT man daiaxlova moskovis universitetis kavkasieli student-ebi da maT Soris al. xaxanaSvilic. vs. milerma student al. xaxanaSvils daavala qarTul cocxal tradiciul yofaSi iranuli moaruli siuJetebis kvalis dadgena. al. xaxanaS-vilma davaleba Seasrula. man maswavlebels moaruli iran-uli siuJetebis vrceli nusxa warudgina mokle-mokle an-

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otaciebiT, kerZod: `baba-amiriani~, `qamiliani~, `baramiani~, `sirinoziani~, `saridaniani~, ùTruTiani~, `margalitiani~, `Tangiriani~, `nebroTiani~, `varSakiani~, `yvavilTa kona~, `gulaspiani~, ùsef-yasimiani~, `rostomiani~, `saamiani~, `ba-ramguriani~, `vardbulbuliani~, `mSvenieri iosebi~, `leilma-jnuniani~, `Car-davriTiani~, `mirianiani~, `qilila da damana~, `visramiani~.

es monacemebi Sevida vs. mileris naSromSi ìranul Tqmu-lebaTa gamoZaxili kavkasiaSi~ (mileri 1889: 6-7). am naSromis damatebad iqve daibeWda al. xaxanaSvilis werili `SeniSvnebi sparsuli epikuri nawarmoebebis qarTuli Targmanebis Ses-axeb”. es iyo al. xaxanaSvilis pirveli seriozuli nabiji mec-nierebaSi.

al. xaxanaSvili 1888 wels, universitetis damTavrebisTa-nave, ilia oqromWedliSvilis wardginebiT, vs. milerma mii-wvia lazarevebis institutSi qarTuli enis kaTedraze. man pedagogiurTan erTad aqtiuri samecniero muSaobac gaSala, gansakuTrebiT intensiurad TanamSromlobda èTnografi-is moyvarulTa sazogadoebasTan”. Tumca misi mecnieruli interesebi imTaviTve qarTvelologiis sxvadasxva sferos moicavda.

al. xaxanaSvili studentobis wlebSive aqveynebda folk-lorul, eTnografiul, literaturul werilebs, zepir-sityvier teqstebs. magaliTad, 1884 wels `daSkovis eT-nografiul krebulSi~ daibeWda misi werili `moxeveebi da fSavlebi~, 1887 wels ìveriaSi~ (№ № 224; 1888 - №45) gamo-qveynda mis mier Cawerili `tarielis ambavi~, 1888 w. isev ìv-eriaSi~ (№ № 135, 156, 214, 218, 242) daibeWda misi problemuri werili `kvali saero poeziisa `qarTlis cxovrebaSi”, imave wels ìveriaSi~ (№ 165) gamoqveynda misi narkvevi `mgzavris dRiuridan. TuSeTi~, `baxtrionis aReba (TuSeTSi gagonili)~ (#220), `werili baton n. urbnelis mimarT~ (№ 243). imave wels ìveriasa~ (№147, 181, 185, 220) da `TeatrSi” (№20, 31, 32) gamo-qveynda mis mier moZiebuli zepirsityvieri teqstebi da a. S.

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zogadi folkloristikisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc aRmoCnda misi ̀ SeniSvnebi sparsuli epikuri nawarmoebe-bis qarTuli Targmanebis Sesaxeb~, romelmac vs. milers daus-abuTa kavkasiaSi da kerZod, saqarTveloSi iranuli moaruli siuJetebis, teqstebis gavrcelebis masStaburoba. vs. mil-erma `rostomianis~ da `beJanianis~ msgavsad `vefxistyaosnis~ ambis iranuli warmomavlobac ivarauda (mileri 1889: 34).

miuxedavad maswavleblis mecnieruli avtortitetis aRiarebisa, al. xaxanaSvilma, faqtobrivad, ar gaiziara misi azri `vefxistyaosnis~ ambis sparsuli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb da Seecada misi kvali qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi moeZebna. amis mtkiceba warmoadgina man naSromSi `xalxSi darCenili `tarielis ambavi~ da SoTas `vefxistyaosani~ (ìveria~, 1890, №25). pirvelive Tezisi, romelic al. xaxanaSvilma aq wamo-ayena, iuwyeboda: `tarielis ambavi~ pirveladia. `SoTas gad-aumuSavebia xalxuri poema~. amis miuxedavad, `vefxistyaos-nis~ zepirsityvieri ambavi misTvis qarTuli ki ar iyo, aramed moaruli, iseTive, rogorebic iyo `sibrZne balavarisa” da `Tqmulebebi solomon brZenze~. am mosazrebis gamo al. xaxa-naSvilma Tavs daitexa vaJa-fSavelas risxva. vaJam ìveriaSi” (1890, № 39) gamoaqveyna werili `vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb, sa-dac `vefxistyaosnis~ originalurobis Tezisi wamoayena da yvelaze Zlier argumentad miiCnia `tarielis ambis~ person-aJebis _ edem da omares gaCena SoTas poemis strofis folk-loruli kontaminaciis Sedegad (ùbrZana: `xelTa aiReT abjari, Tqven saomare, midiT da aqa momgvareT, vin aris iqa mjdomare~).

marTalia, vaJas argumentebmac da misma pirovneba-mac gvarianad Seafiqriana al. xaxanaSvili, aiZula eTqva `vefxistyaosanmac” moaxdinao gavlena xalxis mxatvrul cno-biswadilze, magram rusTvelis poemis ambis zepirsityvieri warmomavlobis mtkicebaze xeli mainc ar auRia. magali-Tad, 1897 wels gamocemul `qarTuli sityvierebis istoriis narkvevebis~ �� tomSi kvlav gaimeora azri `vefxistyaosnis~

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ambis folkloruli warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. aq axali argu-mentebi iyo poemis ambis fesvmagroba, iq, sadac wignieri literaturuli tradicia didi gavleniT ar gamoirCeoda (fSavi, xevsureTi) da folkloruli teqstis siuJetis didi msgavseba poemasTan. cxadia, rom al. xaxanaSvili am SemTx-vevaSi mTlianad Tavisi maswavleblis koncefciis gavlenis qveS darCa. maswavleblis mecnieruli ideis gavlenis kvali aSkarad atyvia amave periodis kidev erT mniSvnelovan naS-roms `kvali saero poeziisa qarTlis cxovrebaSi” (`iveria~, 1888, № № 135, 156, 218, 214), sadac zepirsityviereba ganixileba qarTul istoriasTan kavSirSi da folklorul masalas isto-riuli wyaros statusi aqvs miniWebuli.

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ zepirsityvierebis kvalis Ziebas ori mizani aqvs:

mematianes mier istoriul sabuTad CaTvlili masalis 1. gamovlena, misi Sinaarsis dadgena;

istoriul faqtebsa da movlenebSi istoriulisa da 2. folklorulis gancalkeveba da savaraudo folkloruli teqstis dadgena.

erTi mizania `qarTlis cxovrebis~ qronikebis siZvelis dadgena patkanovisa da misnairebis axirebaTa gasaqarwyleblad.

kvlevis meTodologia mTlianad vs. mileris koncefcias emyareba. vs. mileris istoriuli skolis koncefcia, rogorc cnobilia, teqstSi istoriuli plastebis gamovleniT zepir-sityvieri qmnilebis `gasufTavebas~ isaxavda miznad. al. xaxanaSvili ki am amocanasTan erTad, istoriuli faqtis nam-dvilobis dadgenasac cdilobda. igi miuTiTebda: `pirveli istorikosebi~ werilobiTi wyaroebis uqonlobis gamo, an mezobeli xalxebis werilobiT wyaroebs mimarTaven, an sa-kuTar zepirsityvierebas (zepir istorias). `ers bundovnad axsovs Tavisi Camomavloba~. zepirad `gardmocemuli ambebi, anu tradiciebi warsulis cxovrebisa, winaparT gmirulis mo-qmedebisa cotad Tu bevrad gamSvenierebuli da Camatebuli gadadis erTis Taobidam meoremdis saSviliSvilod~.

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`pirvelni istorikosni erisa werdnen TavianTs matianes ise, rogorc auwyebs eris warsulzed gardmocemuli tradi-cia; imaT xSirad sjeraT, rom pirad gardmocemuli ambavi ueWveli simarTlea da amitomac mowiwebiT ekidebian amisTana pirad gardmocemebs: an Seucvlelad, anu literaturulad Se-muSavebulni SeaqvT TavianT istoriaSi~ (`iveria~, 1888, №135).

amgvari faqtebi al. xaxanaSvilisaTvis sayovelTao mov-lenaa da mas warmodgenili aqvs miTiTebebi herodotes, titus liviusis nawerebze, saSualo saukuneebis saistorio wyaroe-bze da a. S. am naSromSi mowafeobis gamoxatulebaa msjelo-bis gaumarTaoba, azris bundovaneba, gameorebebi, zepirsi-tyvierebis masalis arsebobis mtkicebis forma da manera.

`qarTlis cxovrebis~ siZvele mtkicdeba vs. mileris kvle-vis Sedegebis moSveliebiT. magaliTad, ̀ qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da firdousis ̀ Sahnames~ SedarebiTi analiziT gamotanil Sem-deg daskvnas: `qarTlis cxovreba~ uadresia `Sahnameze~, rad-gan `poulobs Tavis cnobebs firdousis dauxmareblad~. al. xaxanaSvilisTvis sarwmunoa vs. mileris azri imis Taobaze, rom `qarTlis cxovrebac~da firdousic erT wyaros emyare-bian. es wyaroa xalxis mexsierebaSi daculi Zveli drois am-bebi, `romelnic erTnairad gavrcelebuli iqneboda rogorc sparseTSi, ise saqarTveloSic, al. xaxanaSvili aq faqtebsac maswavlebels esesxeba. esaa: `qarTlis cxovrebaSi naxsenebi pirebis Sedareba ̀ rostomianis~ pesonaJebTan (`Sahnames~ fer-idunis, qaikaposis Sedareba fSauri folkloruli teqstebis qivqavelTan, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ afridonTan, qekaposTan da a. S. (`iveria~, 1888, №156).

v. mileris folklorizmTan siaxlove am adreul naS-romSi folklorSi Semonaxuli istoriuli faqtebis gamoT-avisuflebaSic mJRavndeba. magaliTad, armazi droJamma gaamiTiura. igi qarTvelTa mefea, istoriuli pirovnebaa, radgan uJamo maradisobaSi ki araa, miznisaken svla aqvs da am svliT imsxvreva miTosi da gardaiqceva istoriul gadmoce-mad. aseT gadmocemas al. xaxanaSvili sagas anu iseT gadmoce-

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mas uwodebs, `romlis fesvi istoriuli faqtia, magram gad-mocemiT gandidebuli, galamazebuli, gazviadebuli. sagas warmoadgens Cvens matianeSi farnavaz da mirian mefis ambebi~ (`iveria~, 1888, № 218).

`qarTlis cxovrebis” aRniSnuli kuTxiT Seswavalas unda mohyoloda kvlevebis am mimarTulebiT gaSla, magram im droisaTvis aucilebeli iyo Tavad folkloruli masalis gamovlenac. amitom al. xaxanaSvilma praqtikuli folklor-istuli muSaobac gaSala. magaliTad, 1888 wlis 15 ivliss TuSeTSi, pankisis xeobaSi imogzaura da saintereso folk-lorul-eTnografiuli masala Caiwera. am eqspediciis ma-salebi daedo safuZvlad mis eTnografiul narkvevs `TuSebi~ (xaxanaSvili 1889: 40-69), sadac warmodgenilia TuSuri poezi-is klasifikaciis cda: gamoyofilia ganviTarebis uZvelesi, anu gmiruli, saSualo anu istoriuli da axali, anu lirikuli periodebi. gmiruli periodi moicavs amiranis, TorRva Til-isZis, vataZis, gigas, zezvas da sxvaTa Tqmuleba-gadmocemebs; istoriuli periodisaTvis mikuTvnebulia Tamar mefisa da er-ekle meoris leqs-simRerebi. am klasifikaciis safuZveli al. xaxanaSvilisaTvis aris rusi miTologebis, upiratesad or-est mileris principebi, romelTa mixedviT uadresia miTiuri xana, mas mosdevs epikuri dro _ miTosur arsebaTa gankacebis procesiT (jer RmerT-kacebad, anu bumberazTa ufros Tao-bad, Semdeg kac-RmerTebad, anu bumberazTa umcros Taobad), bolos fiqsirdeba istoriuli periodi. `TuSebSi~ am prin-cipiT folkloruli teqstebis klasifikaciis xarvezianobaa TvalSisacemi da igi upiratesad masalis simwiriT aris gan-pirobebuli.

al. xaxanaSvilma uamravi folkloristuli, eTnografi-uli, istoriografiuli, filologiuri naSromi Seqmna. maTi garkveuli nawili folkoristikis kerZo sakiTxebs Seexeba, nawili qarTuli folkloris klasifikacia-sistematizeb-is mcdelobebs Seicavs da am azriT avtoris `qarTuli si-tyvierebis istoriis~ Seqmnisaken mizanmimarTuli svlis

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etapebs. aseT naSromebs ganekuTvneba `saero poezia~ (xaxanaS-vili 1894). am naSromSi qarTuli folklori ganxilulia im drois gavrcelebuli folkloristuli Teoriebis princi-pebiT. igi warmoadgens Cveni zepirsityvierebis sistematize-bis, sistemuri kvlevis, problemur-Tematuri da Janrobrivi sistemis agebisa evropuli folkloristuli azrovnebisa da kvlevaZiebiTi tradiciebis doneze. am naSromSi gaRrmavebu-lia is dakvirvebebic, romlebic warmodgenili iyo gamokvl-evaSi `kvali saero poeziisa qarTlis cxovrebaSi~.

qarTuli folkoris klasifikacia `saero poeziaSi~ em-yareba miTologiuri skolis koncefcias, gamoyofilia gan-viTarebis 3 periodi: miTiuri, gmiruli da istoriuli.

miTiuri periodis Sinaarsi gansazRvrulia miTologiuri skolis umcrosi Taobis (kuno, Svarci, miuleri) mosazrebaTa safuZvelze. am periodisaTvis mikuTvnebulia `is qarTuli arakebi, romelnic mogviTxroben cis mnaTobebis, qveyniere-bis gaqvavebis da gveleSapebis Sesaxeb~ (saero poezia, gv. 57). gmiruli periodi asaxavs tomebad dayofili xalxis gaer-Tianebisa da erTiani saxelmwifos teritoriis gafarToeba-Semomtkicebis mcdelobebs, xolo istoriuli periodi xalx-is erad Camoyalibebas da saxelmwifos Seqmnas ukavSirdeba.

`saero poeziis~ meore nawilSi mimoxilulia ZiriTadi folkloristuli Teoriebi, folkloristuli azris ganvi-Tarebis gza da zepirmetyvelebis Janrobrivi struqtura, romelic moicavs: 1. zRaprebs, sagebs, legendebs; 2. gamo-canebs; 3. igav-arakebs; 4. Selocvebs; 5. gadmocemebs; 6. leqsebs. sainteresoa al. xaxanaSvilis komentarebi. misi daxasiaTebiT, `pirveli jgufi gvixsnis eris fantazias, meore _ mis maxvil gonierebas, mesame _ cxovrebis dakvirvebas, meoTxe _ rwme-nas, mexuTe _ mexsierebas, meeqvse _ umTavresad grZnobas~ (xaxanaSvili 1894: 59).

`saero poeziaSi” al. xaxanaSvilma mxatvruli teqstis struqturis gaazrebac warmoadgina. Seamzada niadagi im Tez-isisaTvis, romlis mixedviTac, zepirsityvier teqstSi asaxu-

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lia is, `rac mematianes ar CaurTavs istoriaSi sxvadasxva mizeziT~. ̀ saero poeziaSi~ yuradRebas iqcevs avtoris folk-lorizmis erTi mniSvnelovani elementi _ folklorze qris-tianobis zegavlenis sakiTxi. al. xaxanaSvili Rrmad iyo dar-wmunebuli, rom CvenSi `warmarTuli Sexedulebani TiTqmis Seucvlelni darCnen, mxolod miiRes axali forma, Seimoses qristianebrivi elferi~. am msjelobaSi yuradRebas iqcevs erTi saintereso detali _ al. xaxanaSvili varaudobda, rom `rodesac cxovrebam wamoayena warmarTuli da qristiane-brivi idealebis Serigebis saWiroeba, maSin Sedga sasuliero poezia~. `saero poeziaSi~ mxolod daisva sakiTxi sasuliero poeziis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, xolo faqtobrivi dasabuTeba al. xaxanaSvilma warmoadgina Tavis `qarTuli sityvierebis istoriis narkvevebis~ pirvel tomSi.

`saero poeziaSi~ al. xaxanaSvilma Tavi mouyara folk-loristikis winaSe mdgar problemebs. am mizniT aris gansz-Rvruli misi struqtura. amiT aris ganpirobebuli Teoriul msjelobaTa siuxve, xSiri citirebebi rus da evropul mec-nierTa naSromebidan. `saero poeziaSi~ Tavmoyril sakiTxTa wre, maTi kvlevebis siRrme cxadyofs, rom al. xaxanaSvilma moamzada niadagi zepirsityvierebis calkeuli sakiTxebis kvlevebidan sistemur Ziebebze gadasvlisaTvis da qarTuli folkloristikis sistemuri kursis SeqmnisaTvis, rac mTe-li sisruliT gacxadda 1895 wels moskovSi `qarTuli sity-vierebis istoriis narkvevebis~ pirveli tomis gamocemiT (xaxanaSvili 1895).

`narkvevebs~ mokle xanSi specialistebisaTvis saSualeba unda mieca mecnieruli kvlevebis sivrceSi `qarTuli zepiri da werilobiTi Zeglebic Seetana~ (xaxanaSvili 1895: ��). am miznidan gamomdinare, aq Teoriuli msjelobebi ukana plan-zea gadatanili da aqcentirebulia masalis TavisTavadoba. masalis siuxve lamis faravs kvlevebs. amgvari struqtura, cxadia, gamarTlebuli iyo, radgan mniSvnelovani iyo swored qarTuli folkoruli masala, Tumca arc imis Tqma SeiZleba,

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rom al. xaxanaSvilma saerTod auara gverdi im drois folk-loristuli Teoriebis ganxilva-komentarebs. masTan es Teoriebi folkloristuli mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis erTiani procesis safexurebs warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom win wamoweulia zepirsityvieri masala, al. xaxanaSvili mainc masalis simwires uCioda.

`narkvevebSi~ mniSvnelovania qarTuli folkloris saxeo-briv-Janrobrivi klasifikacia. aq pirveli adgili mikuTvneb-uli aqvs sawesCveulebo poezias. aq avtori mkafiod xedavs qristianobis gavlenas. zepirsityvierebis uZveles nimuSad miCneulia warmarTuli RvTaebebisadmi aRvlenili simRera-locvebi (vedrebebi).

sawesCveulebo poezias `narkvevebSi~ daZebnili aqvs paralelebi da Catarebulia SedarebiTi kvlevebi. es poezia or nawilad aris dayofili: sazamTro da sagazafxulo mze-buniobis periodebad. avtori pirvels miakuTvnebs saaxal-wlo poezias, meores _ `boslobas~ (imereTi), `goWis xuTSaf-aTobas~ (raWa), `berikaobas~, `yeenobas~, `Wonaobas~. calkea gamoyofili saqorwino poezia.

`narkvevebSi~ yvelaze vrclad warmodgenilia sagmiro po-ezia, misi analizic ufro Rrmaa. sagmiro poeziis klasifika-cia miTolog orest mileris principebs emyareba, Tumca Tav-iseburad modificirebulia. sagmiro sityvierebis adreuli periodi miTosuria, ganiyofeba bumberaz epikur gmirebad da adamianebad, qarTul da ucxo (sparsul) siuJetebad. qarTu-lia amiranTan dakavSirebuli teqstebi, ucxoa rostomis ir-gvliv `Tavmoyrili~ siuJetebi. aq SedarebiT safuZvliania folkloruli teqstebis analizi. yuradRebas iqcevs amiranis orbunebovnobis axsnis cda: CvenSi Tavis droze gavrcele-buli iyo keTili RvTaeba _ armazi, ar Cans boroti arimani. amirani swored mas Seerwya da amitom aris zogjer borotio (xaxanaSvil 185: 42).

al. xaxanaSvili, vs. mileris gavleniT, sagmiro sityviere-bas miakuTvnebs folklorul teqstebs TorRva TilisZeze,

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zezva gafrindaulze, solaRasa da arsenaze, maT ambebis gmi-roba-cdaze damyarebis gamo. saistorio sityvierebisadmi mi-kuTvnebulia Tamar mefisa da erekle meoris folkloruli leqsebi.

`narkvevebis~ folklorul klasifikaciaSi saistorio si-tyvierebis Semdgomi adgili eTmoba xalxur lirikas. aq ori saxeobaa gamoyofili: sakuTriv qarTuli (Sinaarsze orien-tirebuli) da TaTrul-sparsul-somxuri, gancdaze orien-tirebuli.

lirikas mosdevs sazRapro eposi, romelSic gamovle-nilia miTosuri, sayofiero zRaprebi da cxovelTa eposi. zRaprebs mosdevs andazebi, gamocanebi, Selocvebi. am JanrTa aRwera-daxasiaTebebi, romelsac al. xaxanaSvili gvTavazobs, sainteresoa Tavisi drois qarTuli folkloristuli cod-nis asaxvis TvalsazrisiT.

`narkvevebis” meore nawilSi warmodgenilia sasuliero poezia da qristianuli Tematikis sxva folkloruli teqste-bi, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba apokrifebs. Zveli aRTqmidan warmodgenilia ̀ kaenis mier abelis mokvla~, ̀ seTis Cuqeba angelozebis mier~, `noes mier kidobnis gakeTeba~ da sxva, aqvea sasuliero leqsebi. `narkvevebis~ amave nawilSi Setanilia legendebi, qristianulic da araqristianulic, magaliTad: samoelis, samyaros Seqmnis, adamianis gaCenis, solomon brZenis, paliastomis, axtalis talaxis, yvavis say-dris, SoTa rusTavelis, Tamar mefis, Tamarisa da kaspiis zRvis, aleqsandre makedonelis, erekle meoris da a. S.

zepirsityvierebisadmia mikuTvnebuli samkiTxaoebi, sam-kurnalo karabadinebi da a. S. mogvianebiT, 1904 wels qarTul enaze gamocemul `qarTuli sityvierebis istoriaSi” apokri-fuli teqstebi, bibliuri warmomavlobis folkloruli si-tyviereba meore nawilidan pirvelSi, anu folkloris ganyo-filebaSi gadaitana.

`narkvevebis~ safuZvelze qarTuli sityvierebis istori-is Seqmna, misi araerTxel gamocema rogorc avtoris sicocx-

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leSi, ise Semdeg, cxadyofs, rom am naSromma Seasrula sruli mecnieruli akademiuri kursis roli qarTul folkloris-tikaSi. xarvezebi, romlebic dReis gadasaxedidan aris Sesam-Cnevi, cxadia, Tanamedrove xedvis Sedegia. Tavisi droisaTvis ki igi warmoadgenda fundamentur naSroms, qarTuli folk-loristikis sistemur kurss, romelsac emyarebodnen qarTu-li mwerlobisa da folkloris mkvlevrebi.

Tavis drois evropuli folkloristikis mecnieruli tradiciebis simaRleze dgoma aSkarad gamosWvivis al. xaxa-naSvilis naSromSi ̀ qarTuli kulturis narkvevebi~, romelic 1908 wels TbilisSi rusul enaze gamoqveynda, gazeT `kavka-zis~ ufaso damatebad (xaxanaSvili 1908). aq avtorma scada kulturis istoriis poziciebidan daexasiaTebina qarTuli eTnokultura. al. xaxanaSvili aSkarad moeqca X�X saukunis mi-wuruls aRmocenebuli da XX saukunis 20-30-ian wlebSi gavr-celebul folkloris aristokratuli warmomavlobis ideis gavlenis qveS. man pirdapir gaimeora uaxlesi mecnieruli folkloristuli azri: glexobas ar gaaCnia `garemomcveli samyaros codna da movlenaTa kavSiris SegrZneba~ (xaxanaSvi-li 1908: 22). zepirsityvieri teqstebi eris inteleqtualur fenebSi iqmneboda, xalxis mdabiur fenebSi Semdeg vrcelde-boda, Tanac gamartivebuli da garkveulwilad gatrafarete-buli. amgvari azrisaTvis al. xaxanaSvili kritikis qarcecx-lSi gaatares. recenziebi uaryofiTi SefasebebiT daibeWda, magaliTad gazeT `isarSi~ (1980, #41).

ara da im dros, folkloris feodalur-boiaruli gare-modan momdinareobas TavgamodebiT icavda rusuli litera-turis istorikosi v. keltuiala (keltuiala 1913) iziarebda al. xaxanaSvilis maswavlebeli vs. mileri da, rac mTavaria, aqeTken miemarTeboda evropuli mecnieruli folkloris-tuli azri. amas Tundac recefciis Teoriis gaCena da misi mimdevrebis jon meieris, hans naumanis Ziebebi cxadyofs. am TvalsazrisiT vrceli msjelobebia warmodgenili jon mei-eris naSromSi `germanuli xalxuri simRera~ (1935-1936) da

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hans naumanTan (naumani 1921). ase rom, al. xaxanaSvili am mxri-

vac Tavisi drois uaxlesi mecnieruli azris simaRleze idga.

amdenad, dReis gadasaxedidan kidev ufro Rrma azrs

iZens mis TanamedroveTa Semdegi Sefaseba: al. xaxanaSvilis

`cxovrebis gza, upretenzio da sargebelze dauxarbebeli,

aRsavse iyo im seriozulobis Rrma SegnebiT, romelsac misi

samSoblos Tanamedrove mdgomareoba iTxovda~ (javaxiSvili

1912: 18).

zemoTganxiluli cxadyofs, rom al. xaxanaSvilma koncep-

tualurad da sistemurad gaacnobiera X�X saukunis qarTuli

folklorizmis arsi, gamokveTa folkloristul interesTa

wre, Cveni folkloris saxeobrioba, Janruli struqtura, aR-

wera da daaxasiaTa am Janrebis Taviseburebebi, Seqmna qarTu-

li folkloristikis mecnieruli akademiuri kursi, safuZ-

veli Cauyara qarTul mecnierul folkloristikas da amiT

qarTuli folkloristikis, rogorc mecnieruli dargis, me-

saZirkvled mogvevlina.

damowmebani:

keltuiala 1913: Келтуяла В. А. Курс истории русской литературы. изд. 2.

часть 1, книга 1. СПб., 1913.

mileri 1889: Миллер Вс. Отголоски иранских сказаний на Кавказе. `Этнографическое обозрение”, №2, 1889.

naumani 1921: Neumann H. Primitive Gemeinschlafkultur. H.: 1921.

xaxanaSvili 1889: Хаханашвили А. Тушины (этнографическый очерк). ж.

“Этнографическое обозрение”, № 2,1889.

xaxanaSvili 1894: xaxanaSvili a. saero poezia. moambe, №12, 1894.

xaxanaSvili 1895: Хаханов А. С. Очерки по истории грузинской словесности, выпуск первый. Народный эпос и апокрифы. М.: 1895.

xaxanaSvili 1904: xaxanaSvili a. qarTuli sityvierebis istoria. tfi-

lisi: 1904.

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xaxanaSvili 1908: Хаханов А. С. Очерки по грузинской културе. Тифлис: 1908.

jagodniSvili 1986: jagodniSvili T. istoriuli skola folkloris-

tikaSi // qarTuli folklori. XV�. Tb.: 1986.

jagodniSvili 1986: jagodniSvili T. qarTuli folkloristikis saT-

aveebTan. Tb.: 1986.

javaxiSvili 1912: Джавахов А. Н. А. С. Хаханашвили и его деятельность в облости Кавказоведения. `Этнографическое обозрение”.№3-4,1912.

Teimuraz Jagodnishvili

Aleksandre Khukhunashvili at the origins of Georgian Folkloristics

Summary

Aleksandre Khukhunashvili was the excellent scientist and pedagogue of the second half of the nineteenth century. He has wide education of Philologi-cal and Historical sources.He laid the foundation for Georgian Narratives and among them – the systemic course of Georgian Folkloristics. He, factually, founded a new branch of Georgian Science- Folkloristics and outlined its content.

135

Ppoezia

eka CxeiZe

leqsebi wuTisofelze

qarTuli xalxuri sayofacxovrebo poeziis mravalfero-vani Tematikidan pirvel rigSi gamoiyofa filosofiuri xa-siaTis leqsebi da aforizmebi, romlebSic umetesad eTikur problemebzea msjeloba. gadmocemulia qarTveli xalxis Sexedulebani adamianis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb, warmodgenebi sawuTros codva-madlze, sikeTesa da borotebaze, siyvar-ulsa da siZulvilze, sicocxlisa da sikvdilis raobaze, ada-mianis damokidebulebaze sikvdilsa da bediswerasTan.

yvela es Sexeduleba mxatvrul saxeebSi xSirad STambeW-davi poeturi formebiT gadmoicema. CvenTvis sainteresoa, rasTan aris dakavSirebuli da rogoria es mxatvrul-gamom-saxvelobiTi saSualebebi. aRsaniSnavia tropis saxeebi (`cremlis logini~, `sevdis cixe~, `idumlis koSko~, `brolis wvima~, `sofeli Wreli gvelia~, `TeTri fTe Savis yornisa~, `vardis kona~, `Savi miwisa naJuri~, `ra vqnisa cixe~, `bindis-feria sofeli~ da sxv.). amas emateba patiosani Tvlebisa da vard-yvavilTa simbolika. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipy-robs ferTa da ricxvTa simbolizmi, romelic gamoyenebulia garkveuli poeturi mizniT da TiToeul maTgans gansazRvru-li mxatvruli funqcia aqvs.

wuTisofelze Seqmnil poetur nimuSebSi xSirad Ziri-Tadi Temaa adamianis bediswera. mokvdavis bedi winaswaraa gadawyvetili, _ ase swams xalxs. amgvari tipis leqsebSi um-Tavresad soflis samduravia gamoxatuli, mwuxareba av var-skvlavze dabadebis gamo. gansakuTrebulia im davlaTiani anu nawiliani gmirebis cxovreba, romlebsac bedis mwerlebma

136

gansxvavebuli bedi daaweres Sublze. imaT, visac `Tan maxyves Suqni mzisani~, faravda `pirze mze, beWeb faria~. mzis Casve-neba, wiTeli mze da mTvaris gaSaveba sikvdilis mauwyebelia. mzis ukuRma Caxdomad ganixileba kacis sikvdili. `ukenobis mze~ igive mkvdarTa mzea.

`sofeli sam saxed iTqmis: saukuno igi sofeli da wuTi-sofeli (kacrieli). sofeli ewodebis sruliad sawuTrosa~ (orbeliani 1993: 107). ̀ sawuTro~ aris umoklesi dro, amqveyni-uri mcire Jami da qristianuli SexedulebiT, es qveyana, es saaqao, mxolod wuTis xanisaa. sagulisxmoa soflis, qveynis epiTeti `kacrieli~ (Sdr. ukacrieli). Sesabamisad adamianis epiTeti _ `qveynieri~. qveynieri _ qveyanaze myofi (sityvis kona). qarTuli ena antonimuri wyvilebiT gamosaxavs yofis sazRvrebs: es qveyana _ is qveyana, saaqao _ saiqao, samzeo _ SaveTi/suleTi, es sofeli/wuTisofeli _ is sofeli/grZeli sofeli (`im grZelsa sofels gahyeviT...~).… `samzeos gamoe-salma~ _ iTqmeba gardacvlilze _ SaveTSi/suleTSi mima-valze (`samzeos daklebulebi suleTSi grovdebiano~). sai-qio _ sofeli sikvdilis ukan. (`netav Se, saiqiosa Sig Sexval mtredis ferado~). SaveTi, igive suleTi, saiqio samyofelia. xalxis rwmeniT, iseve, rogorc kari eReboda zesknels, arse-bobda SaveTis/suleTis Sesasvlelic. `suleT Sevida nikoi(/wiqai), xeliT SaaRo karia...~ im qveyanas _ saiqios _ mermis sofels uwodebs `sityvis kona~.

sulxan-sabas es ganmarteba qristianuli Tvalsazrisia. soflis mniSvnelobas analogiurad xsnis saRvTo werilic: `rameTu sawuTro ese... xilul ese... sawuTro ars, xolo ara xi-lul igi saukuno...~ (�� kor. 4,17-18); `rameTu uwyiT, viTarmed, ukueTu qveynieri ese saxeli Cueni xorcisa dairRues, aRSene-buli RvTisa mier maqus Cuen, saxli xeliT uqmneli saukuno caTa Sina~ (�� kor. 5,1); `rameTu stumar da warmaval arian igini queyanasa zeda~ (ebr. 11,13); amqveyniuri cxovreba warmavlo-biT mindvris yvavilebs Camohgavs, zeciuri sasufeveli ki marad cocxalTa samyofelia. am Sexedulebas `yuranic~ iz-

137

iarebs: adamianisaTvis mniSvnelovania siyvaruli qalTa, bavS-vTa mimarT, ltolva qonebis dagrovebisaken, oqro-vercxlis mopoveba, pirutyvis gamravleba. kargia cxovreba aq, mzisqve-SeTSi, magram ara aris ra alahis samyofelze mSvenieri, ara aris ra ufro sanetaro, vidre mudmivad dgoma mis naTelSi. `qveyniT sargebloba mcirea da saiqio ukeTesia RvTis moSiS-TaTvis~ (sura 4,79). indur religiur TxzulebaSi `hurana~ (�V-V ss.) vkiTxulobT: ver movTvli yvela mefis saxels, es mefeni da sxvani kidev, romelTac aqvT gaxrwnadi gvami, am-yarebdnen flobelobas am gauxrwnel miwis wreze; es mefeni, romelnic gagiJebulni iyvnen im azriT, rom `es miwa Cemia~ an kidev `es miwa Cemi Svilisaa~, `Cemi gvarisaa~, _ warvidnen, romelnic maT winad iyvnen, sxvanic maT win da sxvani, romelni movlen da warvlen da isinic, romelni maT Semdgom movlen~ (nozaZe 2005: 309-310).

amqveyniuri arseboba wuTis xangrZlivobiT xasiaTdeba, amitomac saxeldeben wuTisoflad.

`wuTisofeli ra ari?

agorebuli qva ari,

ra wams ki davibadebiT,

iqve saflavi mza ari.

saca sofelSi mixvide,

suyvelgan ori gza ari~...

(kotetiSvili 1961: 25)

vaxtang kotetiSvilis azriT, es mSvenieri leqsi mimzid-velia umTavrsad im miamiti kosmopolitizmiT, romelic ase martivad da Rrmad gviCvenebs Cveni xalxis ganwyobilebas sxva modgmaTa mimarT (kotetiSvili 1961: 321).

wuTisofelze Seqmnili leqsebidan gansakuTrebuli filosofiuri ganzogadebiTa da mxatvruli saxeebiT gam-oirCeva leqsi `bindisferia sofeli~. misi mravali varianti moipoveba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi:

138

`bindisferia sofeli,

ufro da ufro binddeba,

ra aris Cveni sicocxle,

CitiviT gagvifrindeba.

wamogveweva sibere,

mgeliviT wamogvardeba,

sikvdili gzaSi gviyelvebs,

TvalebSi gaavdardeba,

momigoneben Svilebi,

mzes Sexedaven maRliTa:

`sofelSi SemoaRamda,

bindma ZaRliviT dafliTa~...

(poezia 1979: 31)

vaxtang kotetiSvilis TqmiT, sicocxlis ̀ CitTan~ Sedare-bas uZvelesi Ziri aqvs. Cvens zRaprebSi xSiria sulis, janis da gonebis Citebad warmodgenao, _ wers mkvlevari. am leqsis erT variantSi ikiTxeba: `Rvinis feria sofeli~ da es trans-formacia motivirebulia momdevno taepebiT:

Rvinis feria sofeli,

ufro da ufro dindeba,

rasac kokaSi Caasxam,

igive warmosdindeba.

(poezia 1979: 232)

ra Tqma unda, am variantSic filosofiuri gaazreba Sein-iSneba, magram TavisTavad azris saburvelma pirveli sityvis logikuroba ganapiroba. kaxur variantSi ̀ bindisferia~ Secv-lilia `TalxisferiT~:

`Talxisferia sawuTro, erT wamSi gagifrindeba,

mzis cqeriT rodi dagatkbobs, oxvraSi SegiSindeba~.

(poezia 1979: 232)

am variantSic, ra Tqma unda, pirveli sityvis cvalebadoba gamowveulia Sinaarsis variaciiT. mzis cqera, soflis dapy-

139

roba garkveulwilad ukavSirdeba Talx fers (zandukeli 2001: 448).

es leqsi garda Tavisi mxatvruli mTlianobisa da azris monumenturi nakveTobisa, saintereso aris saxeobrivi az-rovnebis saocari eqspresiiT. udavoa, rom saxeobrivi azrov-neba ufro pirvandelia, vidre ganyenebuli. adamiani bunebis cnobas metwilad ise awarmoebda, rom bunebaze gadahqonda sakuTari gancdebi, moZraoba, neba da sxv. am gziT Seiqmna is msoflmxedveloba, romelsac animisturi ewoda. es animizmi, poeturi stilis samyaroSi, paralelizmebis saxiT iSleba, es paralelizmi, veselovskis azriT, ar unda gavigoT arc rogorc gaigiveba, arc rogorc Sedareba, aramed rogorc Se-toleba. es ukanaskneli ki xdeba moZraobisa Tu moqmedebis sa-fuZvelze. `bindis feria sofeli~, `sibere mgeliviT wamogv-vardeba~, `sikvdili gzaSi giyelebs~, `Tvalebi gaavdardeba~ da sxv. aseTive xasiaTisa aris: `wuTisofeli ra aris, agore-buli qva aris~ (kotetiSvili 1961: 321-322).

saqarTvelos mTeli Tavgadasavali bedTan brZolas gvix-atavs mTeli Tavisi simZafriTa da TavdadebiT. aq yovelTvis bedis sazRvris gadalaxvas cdilobdnen da sasoebas Rmer-Tis SemweobiT ar hkargavdnen. miuxedavad aTasgvari ube-durebisa da gaWirvebisa, Cveni xalxi gabedulad RiRinebda: `wuTisofeli asea, Rame dRes uTenebia, rac mtrobas daungre-via, siyvaruls uSenebia~. es simRera qarTveli xalxis mora-lis filosofiac iyo. is aZlevda `WirTa Sigan gamagrebis~ nebisyofas da aRvivebda masSi gmiris idealisadmi inter-ess. es didebulad gamoisaxa qarTul xalxur poeziaSi. didi gamocdileba erisa, romlis cxovreba da istoriuli sve-bedi moiTxovda gakaJebas, did sibrZnesa da cxovrebisadmi filo-sofiur midgomas, gamoixateba SesaniSnav leqsSi: `ra vqnisa cixe avage, javri Savabi karada~... `javris kari~, didi gancda, glova, ZaliT ver ganikurneba, verc STagoneba, verc Zalda-taneba mwuxarebas ver uSvelis. yvelafris mkurnali mxolod dro aris. `dro movalis~ da `javris kari~ Tavad gaiReba. es

140

leqsi Cawerilia fSavSi 1956 wels folkloruli eqspediciis mier, 76 wlis ivane gorzamaulisagan. leqsSi maRalmxatvru-li ostatobiT aris gamoTqmuli is xalxuri sibrZne, azri, rom dro yvelafris mkurnalia. mTqmelma aRniSna, rom es leqsi man imRera Svilis dakrZalvis dros. sagulisxmoa, rom TiTqmis am leqsis yvela poeturi saxe da fraza odnavi varia-ciebiT gafantulia xalxur poeziaSi. `sevdisa cixe avage, `ra vqna~ movage qavada~. (poezia 1979: 46).

filosofiuri xasiaTis leqsebSi yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba Savi feri, mwuxarebis, sikvdilis, glovis gamomxatveli:

`am ubedurma sikvdilma

ra udrood migdo maxe,

momaSora wuTisofels

Sav miwaSi davimarxe~.


Savi feri mTqmelis mwuxarebis maCvenebelia... `Savi miwisa naJuri gulzeda Camogdiodes~ an

`Savo yorano, Sav kldesa

Savi bulbuli bolomdis

geWamos wuTisofeli,

gagTavebodes bolomdis~.

(poezia 1979: 35)

filosofiuri leqsebi xasiaTdeba mxatvruli siZlieriT, gansakuTrebiT uxvadaa poeturi Sedareba, rac zustad gamox-atavs mTqmelis Canafiqrs da, rac mTavaria, ama Tu im poeturi saxis gamoyenebisas cxadad igrZnoba erovnuli, socialuri Tu regionaluri momentebi:

`...es Cemi guli rasa hgavs?

casa hgavs SemoRrublulsa,

pirSekruls, gamzadebulsa,

qalsa hgavs, qmar-yof-moSlilsa

141

mamisas dabrunebulsa;

xmalsa hgavs, patronmomkvdarsa,

pirJangiansa, oxersa,

cxensa hgavs patronmomkvdarsa,

sadave CamoSvebulsa~...

(poezia 1979: 42)

kaxur variantSi `dardiani guli~ maJarTan, loginSi Tav-miqceul sneulTan, `RrubelTan~, `ianvris mTasTan~ aris Se-darebuli. sxva variantSi `dardiani gulis~ dasaxasiaTeblad gamoyenebulia `TmamoSlili qali~, `daRupuli kacis xmali~, `cxeni~ da sxva.

xalxuri filosofiuri lirikis nimuSebi mdidaria ag-reTve sxva poeturi saxeebiT. magaliTad, aliteraciis Tval-sazrisiT gamoirCeva leqsebi: `wuTia wuTis qveyana~, `caze dabndelda nislebi~ da sxva.

`wuTia wuTis qveyana

wuTis weobiT iwveba~.

(poezia 1979: 35)

xalxuri filisofiuri lirikis ZeglebSi sawuTro aR-qmulia Tavisi mravalferovnebiT. am leqsebisaTvis niSan-doblivia kontrastuloba, Sepirispirebis meTodi, rac saer-Tod damaxasiaTebelia xalxuri poeziisaTvis.

`cudia cudi qveyana

cudi akvanic irweva

zogsa aqvs lxinis qorwili

zogi simwariT iwveba~.

(poeza 1979: 241)

wuTisoflis arsis gaazrebisas bevri saintereso Tval-sazrisi iCens Tavs mTel rig leqsebSi. mTqmeli wminda subieq-turi TvalsazrisiT afasebs mas. amitomac arc Tu iSviaTad wuTisoflisadmi samduravi gamoixateba.

142

tialo wuTisofelo, dagcade aTasferada,

xorci gasuqe, galaRe, sulo, gagixe mterada.

(poezia 1979: 31)

leqsis bevr variantSi wuTisofeli epiTetis gareSe gvxvdeba:

vai, Sen wuTisofelo,

ra tyuilad giamage,

sibere da sivaJkace

yvela Senze gadavage.

(poezia 1979: 32)

rogorc vxedavT, droTa ganmavlobaSi teqstebi cvli-lebas ganicdis. axali viTareba, axali yofiTi momentebi garkveul niuansebs gvTavazobs. es yovelive metnaklebi sis-ruliT irekleba zepirsityvierebaSi, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom es teqstebi saTanadod transformirdeba.

damowmebani:

arabuli 1999: arabuli a. bedis gageba qarTul folklorSi. // lit.

Ziebani, XX, Tb.: `merani~. 1999.

zandukeli 2001: zandukeli f. qarTuli xalxuri filosofiuri liri-

ka da misi variantuli Taviseburebani. // lit. Ziebani. XX��, Tb.: `merani~,

2001.

kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili v. xalxuri poezia. Tb.: `sabWoTa

saqarTvelo~, 1961.

nozaZe 2005: nozaZe v. vefxistyaosnis varskvlavTmetyveleba. Tb.:

`mecniereba~, 2005.

orbeliani 1993: orbeliani s.s. leqsikoni qarTuli. t. ��. Tb.: `merani~.

1993.

poezia 1979: qarTuli xalxuri poezia. t, V��. Tb.: `mecniereba~. 1979.

143

Eka Chkheidze

Lyrics of the World

Summary

The VII, VIII and IX volumes of the 12 volume Georgian Folk is about the poems on existence , the poems are characterized by the various thematic, philosophical character of the poems and aphorism should be highlighted, they mainly cover the ethical problems of existence. The points of view of the Georgians about the significance of humans is manifested in the poems, it also depicts the impression of the people about the sin and grace, kindness and evil , love and disgust , life and death in the world, peoples attitude to death and destiny as well.All the above mentioned is depicted masterfully by poetic means and forms. Often the main theme of poetic samples is destiny of human. The fate of mortals is predetermined – people believe in it , poems mainly cover the complaints about the world, sorrow about the unlucky fate.

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Ffolklori da literatura

levan bregaZe

konstantine gamsaxurdias novela `mSveniereba~

da misi mimarTeba folklorul wyaroebTan

mamis xsovnas vuZRvni

konstantine gamsaxurdias novelas, romlis saTauria `mSveniereba~, igive fabula udevs safuZvlad, rac qarTul xalxur filosofiur zRapars `miwa Tavisas moiTxovs~. es mravalmxriv sayuradRebo zRapari, romlis kavSiri gilgame-Sis uZveles eposTan aSkaraa (Ciqovani 1971: 223-232), imiTic erTob mniSvnelovania, rom masSi intuiciurad aris nagrZnobi drois fardobiToba, ris Taobazec samecniero literatur-aSi yuradReba jondo bardaveliZem gaamaxvila (bardaveliZe 1997: 25-38). `miwa Tavisas moiTxovs~ Tavdapirvelad rusulad gamoqveynda saTauriT `Земля своё возьмёт~ (masalaTa krebuli 1890: ��, 51-54. Tedo razikaSvilis Canaweri, mTqmeli solomon guliaSvili). qarTulad ki pirvelad 1909 wels daibeWda kre-bulSi `xalxuri zRaprebi qarTlSi Sekrebili Tedo razikaS-vilis mier~ (zRaprebi 1909: 128-130).

zRapris sxva versia saTauriT `Tavisi miwa-wyali moiTx-ovs~ Sesulia petre umikaSvilis `xalxuri sityvierebis~ me-3 tomSi (umikaSvili 1964: 236-239). is mniSvnelovnad gansxvavde-ba Tedo razikaSvilis Cawerili variantisgan. razikaSvilTan ukvdavebis maZiebeli Wabuki ubralo qvrivi dedakacis vaJia, umikaSvilTan – xelmwifis Svili (eqspoziciaSi vrclad aris moTxrobili saswaulis Sesaxeb, romlis wyalobiTac didi xnis uSvilo mefesa da dedofals nanatri vaJi gauCndaT. zRapris

145

am variantis eqspozicias sasuliero romanis `balavarianis~ Zlieri gavlenis kvali atyvia); ukvdavebis maZiebeli Wabuki razikaSvilTan jer irems xvdeba, mere – yorans, umikaSvilTan _ orivejer mtreds da sxv.

umniSvnelovanesi Canaweri, me-17 saukunis 70-ian wlebSi italieli misioneris bernarde neapolelis mier qarTulad Sesrulebuli, romelic neapolis nacionalur biblioTeka-Si aRmoCnda, yvela sxva variantTan erTad mixeil Ciqovanma gamosca 1964 wels (mravalTavi 1964: 173-205).

garda amisa arsebobs am zRapris kidev erTi versia, rusulad gamoqveynebuli gazeT `kavkazSi~ 1897 wels saTau-riT `miwisa – miwas~ (`Земное – земле~. saTauris qveS minaweri: `qarTuli zRapari~), romelsac v. gatcuki* awers xels (kavka-zi 1897: 4-5). safiqrebelia, rom v. gatcuks literaturulad gadaumuSavebia `masalaTa krebulSi~ 1890 wels gamoqveyneb-uli rusuli Targmani am zRapris Tedo razikaSviliseuli Canawerisa. detalebiT v. gatcukis versia Zalian gansxvavde-ba T. razikaSvilis Canawerisagan. literaturulad damuSave-bul versiaSi deda-Svili saxelebiT ixseniebian – ukvdavebis maZiebel Wabuks rostomi/rostomela hqvia, xolo dedamiss, qvriv dedofals, magdana, maSin, roca T. razikaSvilTan mx-olod erT personaJs, uberebel da ukvdav mzeTunaxavs hqvia saxeli _ `Красота~ (qarTulSi `turfa~, `me `turfa~ mqvian~ [razikaSvili 1909: 129]); qalaqi, sadac deda-Svili cxovrobs, v. gatcukis mixedviT, adamisa da evasTvis dauarsebia mqem Taringzels, rac svanurad miqael mTavarangelozia (es sqo-lioSia ganmartebuli). amgvari ram arc T. razikaSvilTan da arc sxva cnobil versiaSi ar weria**. v. gatcukTan yorani mana-mde ar mokvdeba, vidre Tavisi niskartiT amomtvreuli kldis

* internetSi vkiTxulobT: Гатцук Влад. Алексеев. моск. изд., сост. сборн. сказок, р. ок. 1863, с. Алексея Ал. Гатцука (см.), б. мировой судья на Кавк., пригов. к ар. отд. за кражу и поджог (1903). (interneti 1)** CvenTvis gamocanaa saidan unda gaCeniliyo vladimir gatcukis mier gadamuSavebul rusul versiaSi miqael mTavarangelozis saxelisa da wodebis svanuri forma.

146

natexebiT ar amoavsebs ufskruls (T. razikaSvilis Caweril

versiaSi yoranma skintliT (помёт) unda amoavsos ufskruli,

p. umikaSvilTan _ pirvelma mtredma _ Tavisi bumbuliT,

meorem _ cremliT); T. razikaSvilis versiaSi uberebeli da

ukvdavi `turfa~ samSoblos mosanaxuleblad wasul Wabuks

sam vaSls gaatans (asevea p. umikaSvilTanac), v. gatcukTan _

or yvavils _ TeTrsa da wiTels, da sxv.

is adgilebic ki, romlebic azrobrivad T. razikaSvi-lis

Canaweris identuria, gansxvavebuli leqsikiT aris v. gat-

cukTan warmodgenili:

T. razikaSvili: `Меня Красотою зовут~ (masalaTa krebuli

1890: 53);

v. gatcuki: `Имя моё – Красота~ (kavkazi 1897: 5).

T. razikaSvili: `...я в первый день творенья создана и до сих пор

так и остаюсь. (...) я вечно буду такою и никогда не умру!~ (masalaTa

krebuli 1890: 53);

v. gatcuki: `В первый день мирозданья я создана такой, какой

меня видишь, и мира с последней минутой исчезну~ (kavkazi 1897: 5).

amrigad, Tu v. gatcukis wyaro `masalaTa krebulSi~ dabe-

Wdili teqsti iyo (arada sxva wyaro ar Cans), mas mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi Seutania Tedo razikaSvilis Caweril variantSi.

v. gatcukis versia frangulad uTargmnia frang arqe-

ologsa da eTnografs, saqarTvelosa da qarTuli kulturis

did damfasebelsa da popularizators baron de bais. mas

jer Tavisi Targmanis Semoklebuli varianti gamouqveynebia

wignSi `kavkasiis qedis samxreTiT~ (de bai 1899: 54-57) da

Tbilisur Jurnal ̀ le kokaz iliustres~ 1899-1900 ww. pirvel

nomerSi (lki 1899-1900: 10-11), mere ki, 1900 wels, sruli Targ-

manic gamoucia parizSi calke wignad (franguli 1900). de bais

v. gatcukis teqsti zustad uTargmnia, saTauri ki Seucvlia:

`miwisa _ miwas~ nacvlad de bais Targmans `mSveniereba~ (`La Beauté~) hqvia. sqolioSi de bai SeniSnavs, es Tqmuleba rusul

147

enaze gazeT `kavkazSi~ gamoaqveyna batonma v. veliCkomo [gaz. `kavkazis~ redaqtorma] (franguli 1900: 3)*.

de bais franguli Targmanidan zRapari inglisurad uTargmnia bel kolbi karingtons da 1932 wels wignad gamou-cia parizSi** (karingtoni 1932). frangul da inglisur Targ-manebze pirvelad yuradReba gaamaxvila irakli kenWoSvilma (kenWoSvili 1959: 181-183).

* * *1941 wels Jurnal `mnaTobis~ me-3 nomerSi gamoqveynda

konstantine gamsaxurdias novela `mSveniereba~. sqolioSi vkiTxulobT: `novelebis ciklidan `qarTuli miTosi~. am seriidan pirvelia `xogais mindia~ (mnaTobi 1941: 10). igi Sesu-lia mwerlis TxzulebaTa rvatomeulis me-2 tomSi (gamsaxur-dia 1959: 124-137).

akaki baqraZis werilSi `bunebis kanonzomiereba da ukv-davebis maZiebeli kaci~ vkiTxulobT: `balahvaris sibrZnisa~ da qarTuli zRapris [`miwa Tavisas moiTxovs~] safuZvelzea dawerili konstantine gamsaxurdias novela `mSveniereba~ (baqraZe 2004: 571).

am zRapris im droisaTvis (1941 wlisTvis) gamoqveynebuli versiebidan konstantine gamsaxurdias SeeZlo esargebla: a) T. razikaSvilis Cawerili qarTuli teqstiT an misi rusu-li TargmaniT, b) v. gatcukis mier gadamuSavebuli rusuli teqstiT, g) v. gatcukis rusuli versiidan momdinare baron de bais mier Targmnil-gamoqveynebuli Semoklebuli an sruli franguli teqstebiT, d) karingtonis inglisuri TargmaniT, romelic de bais franguli Targmanidan aris Sesrulebuli.

* de bais franguli Targmani qarTulad daviT fanCuliZem Targmna da jer gazeT ̀ literaturul saqarTveloSi~ gamoaqveyna (ls 1964: 4) mere ki (parale-luri franguli teqstiTurT) wignSi: `qarTul-franguli literaturuli urTierTobis istoriisaTvis~ (fanCuliZe 1969: 309-323).** mixeil Ciqovani gaz. `komunistSi~ gamoqveynebul werilSi `qarTuli siu-Jeti – franguli poemis wyaro~ londonur gamocemas uwodebs mas, rac uzus-– franguli poemis wyaro~ londonur gamocemas uwodebs mas, rac uzus-tobaa (komunisti 1982: 4).

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Sedarebam gviCvena, rom gamsaxurdias novelis uSualo wyaro am zRapris baron de bais mier rusulidan Sesrulebu-li da 1900 wels parizSi wignad gamocemuli teqstia.

v. gatcukis rusuli TargmaniT sargebloba gamoiricxeba imis gamo, rom misi saTauria `miwisa – miwas~, gamsaxurdias novelas ki `mSveniereba~ hqvia, iseve rogorc frangul da in-glisur Targmanebs.

da kidev:v. gatcukTan aris erTi aseTi maRalfardovani, aSkarad

mwignobruli stiliT Sesrulebuli fraza (romelic, cxadia, xalxur versiebSi ar moipoveba):

`О, тайна вечная времени!~ (kavkazi 1897: 5).gamsaxurdiasTan am frazas Seesatyviseba: àha, vaÁ misteriav JamTuxanobis!~ (gamsaxurdia 1959: 136).arcerTi qarTveli rusul `тайна~-s qarTulad `miste-

riad~ ar gadmoiRebs, aucileblad `saidumloebad~ Targmnis mas, vinaidan `misterias~ qarTulSi sxva mniSvneloba aqvs*, gansxvavebiT franguli da inglisuri enebisagan, romlebSic rusul `тайна~-s sworedac mystère/mystery Seesatyviseba.

kerZod, baron de baisTan es fraza asea: Ò éternel mystère du temps!~ (franguli 1900: 14; fanCuliZe 1969: 321). aseTive vi-Tarebaa inglisur TargmanSic: Ò eternal mystery of time~ (kar-ingtoni 1932: 15).

aqedan aris gadasuli `misteria~ am frazis gamsaxurdia-seul versiaSi. magram frangulidan Tu inglisuridan? anu konstantine gamsaxurdias novelis wyaro qarTuli zRapris franguli Targmania Tu inglisuri?

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad SevadaroT erTmaneTs rusuli, franguli da inglisuri teqstebis pirveli frazebi da k. gamsaxurdias novelis dasawyisi.

* misteria asea ganmartebuli m. WabaSvilis ùcxo sityvaTa leqsikonSi~: `1.antikur qveynebSi (...): saidumlo religiuri wesebis Sesruleba. 2. Sua sau-kuneebSi dasavleT evropaSi: drama, romelsac hqonda bibliuri siuJeti~ (Wa-baSvili 1989: 318).

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v. gatcuki: `Был город когда-то, столица могущаго царства. Город богатый, старинный. Предание гласило, что будто Мкем Тарингзел* (sqolio: *Михаил-архангел) его основал для Адама и Евы, изгнавший их из Эдема~ (kavkazi 1897: 4-5);

de bai: Ìl était une ville, capitale d’un puissant empire. Cette ville était antique et riche. On dit que Mkème Tarimgzèle, l’archange Michel, l’avait fondée pour Adam et Ève, après qu’il les eut chassés du paradis~ (fran-guli 1900: 3);

karingtoni: Ònce upon a time there was a city, the capital of a mighty empire, and this city was beautiful and wealthy and very ancient. Tradition claimed that it had been founded for Adam and Eve by the Arch-angel Michael (arkeinjel maikl) after they had been driven from Paradise~ (karingtoni 1932: 7);

k. gamsaxurdia: ìyo erTi didi da sviani cixe-qalaqi ay-

vavebuli zRvispira qveynisa. miqel Taringzels dauarsebia

igi uxsovar dros~ (gamsaxurdia 1959: 124). (aq mxolod sva-

nuri formaa. ufro zustad, saxeli saerTo qarTuli formi-

Taa warmodgenili, wodeba ki _ svanuri formiT).

rogorc vxedavT, v. gatcukis teqstSic da mis frangul

da inglisur TargmanebSic qalaqis daarseba miqael mTa-

varangelozs miewereba. magram rusuli teqsti mas ratom-

Rac svanuri formiT moixseniebs (mqem Taringzeli svanurad

miqael mTavarangelozia) da sqolioSia mocemuli misi rusu-

li Targmani.

de baisTan teqstSive gverdigverd sxedan svanuri mqem

Taringzeli da franguli l’arSanJ miSel.

inglisurSi svanuri forma aRar aris da mxolod inglisu-

ria: arqeinjel maikl.ase rom, k. gamsaxurdias miqel Taringzelis da mTeli nov-

elis wyaroc de bais franguli Targmani gamodis.vnaxoT kidev ramdenime magaliTi, saidanac gamoCndeba

k. gamsaxurdias novelis damokidebuleba de bais frangul Targmanze:

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1. gamsaxurdia: àm qalaqs da mis mimdgom sanaxebs ganageb-da dedofali magdana odesRac. adre daqvrivebuls mcirew-lovani Svili hyavda erTi, mzeWabuki~ (gamsaxurdia 1959: 124);

de bais Targmani: àm qalaqs da mTel qveyanas qvrivi de-dofali marTavda da samemkvidreod ufliswuls unaxavda, dedofals erqva magdana, mis vaJs _ rostomela~ (fanCuliZe 1969: 309).

xalxur versiebSi, romlebic mixeil Ciqovanma gamoaqvey-na 1964 wels (mravalTavi 1964: 91-95, 173-199) arc qalaqis damaarsebelzea rame naTqvami da arc ukvdavebis maZiebeli Wabukisa da dedamisis saxelebia naxsenebi (eqvTime TayaiSvi-lis koleqciaSi arsebul variants Tu ar CavTvliT, romelic de bais Targmanidan unda momdinareobdes).

2. gamsaxurdia: ìfara kari manve, vinc TavaT gauRo da mi-aZaxa uxeSad stumars: `xma ar gaiRo, berikaco, araferi Tqva, radgan kacTa sityvas ar gaaCnia bgera imis aRsawerad, ris laplapic mzis elvas Crdilavs~ (gamsaxurdia 1959: 131);

de bais Targmani: `darbazis SuagulSi vardisfer Rrubelze, romelic nazad qanaobs, wamowolila... iyuCe, tlan-qo da uxeSo adamianuro xmav! Sen ver monaxav verc bgerebs, verc sityvebs, rom aRwero is, ris winaSec mzis Zlieri sxive-bic ki mkrTaldeba~ (fanCuliZe 1969: 315).

am aSkarad arafolkloruli, maRalfardovani tiradis Sesatyvisi arcerT xalxur versiaSi ar moipoveba. T. razikaS-vilTan ubralod aris naTqvami: òTaxSi iseTi lamazi qali iwva, rom mzes SehSurdeboda imisi silamaze~ (zRaprebi 1909: 129). Sdr. rusuli Targmani: ̀ В комнате лежала такая красавица, что ея красате позавидовало бы и красное солнышко: когда она выходила из дома, то солнцу свет прибавлялся~ (masalaTa krebuli 1890: 52. Cven mier xazgasmuli adgili qarTulSi ar aris).

p. umikaSvilTan asea: `naxa, erTi mSvenieri qali gamovida~ (p. umikaSvilTan sasaxleze ar aris laparaki, iq qal-vaJi erT-maneTs xis Ziras xvdeba. _ umikaSvili 1964: 238).

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3. gamsaxurdia: `RimiliT uTxra mzeWabuks mSvenierebam: `me xom mcodnia, ra Zala aqvs miwas~ (gamsaxurdia 1959: 133);

de bais Targmani: `mSvenierebam odnavi RimiliT upasuxa: `me vici miwis Zala~ (fanCuliZe 1969: 317).

`Rimili~ xalxur versiebSi ar gvxvdeba. T. razikaSvilis versiaSi vkiTxulobT: `qalma uTxra: `aki giTxar, miwa Tavi-sas moiTxovso~ (zRaprebi 1909: 129). Sdr. rusuli Targmani: `Я же говорила тебе, что ты безсмертья не достоин~, укорила Красота~ (masalaTa krebuli 1890: 53).

4. gamsaxurdia: `[irmis] Tavis qalac munve egdo Suagapo-bili, zecas miswvdenodnen qorbudiani rqebi~ (gamsaxurdia 1959:134).

de bais Targmani: `misi rqebi cas mibjenoda da Tavis qala gapoboda~ (fanCuliZe 1969: 319).

arc gapobili Tavis qalaa naxsenebi xalxur variantebSi.

5. gamsaxurdia: `roca kvlav miwaze Camovida mzeWabuki, aiyarnen meToliebi zRvidan, gadaefofrnen miwas, ukan mis-devdnen da mihyiodnen: `mSvidobiT, mSvidobiT~ (gamsaxurdia 1959: 133);

de bais Targmani: ̀ talRebis zeviT Toliis (la mouette) TeT-ri frTebi gamokrTian, da mis sacodav yvirilSi rostomelas TiTqos moesmis, rogorc qviTinSi, es ukanaskneli sityva: mS-vidobiT! mSvidobiT! mSvidobiT!~ (fanCuliZe 1969: 318).

xalxur versiebSi Tolia/meTo(v)lia ar aris.

6. gamsaxurdia: `guTnis dedebi simReriT ukan mihyvebod-nen guTneulebs. mxiarulad RiRinebdnen mexreebi~ (gamsaxur-dia 1959: 135);

de bais Targmani: `miwis mxvnel-mTesveli (le laboureur) mR-eris da Tan Tesavs uxv miwaSi~ (fanCuliZe 1969: 319).

mxvnel-mTesvel(n)i xalxur versiebSi ar aris.

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7. gamsaxurdia: `me ZlivsRa vgebulob Sens naTqvams da am qalaqis mkvidrni rogor migixvdebian. Seni ena aw am Zvel xel-nawerSia darCenili. Sens sityvebs Cveni winaprebi xmarobdnen Turme aTasi wlis winad da me maocebs, rom Tundac erTi kaci darCenila egre metyveli~ (gamsaxurdia 1959: 136);

de bais Targmani: `miWirs Seni gageba, Sen uZvelesi xel-nawerebis eniT da ufro gaugebradac laparakob~ (fanCuliZe 1969: 321).

Zvel xelnawer(eb)ze xalxurSi araferia Tqmuli.

8. xalxur versiebSi samSoblos mosanaxuleblad wasul Wabuks mzeTunaxavi sam vaSls gaatans, k. gamsaxurdiasTan _ or yvavils, wiTelsa da TeTrs, iseve rogorc de baisTan da, bunebrivia, v. gatcukTanac.

amrigad, k. gamsaxurdias novelis warmomavloba de bais franguli Targmanidan aSkaraa.

* * *mixeil Ciqovanis sityviT, ùkvdavebis maZiebeli Wabu-

kis xalxuri moTxroba metad iSviaT zRaprul siuJets war-mogvidgens, romlis msgavsi arc ise xSirad gvxvdeba folk-lorSi da Tavisi problematikiT scildeba saqarTvelos farglebs. (...) [es] zRapari Tavisi filosofiuri probleme-biT, maradiuli mSvenierisa da xelovnebis aRmoCeniT, adami-anis bedisa da miwieri Zalis sazRvarTa ZiebiT, warmavlobisa da maradiulobis mudmivi brZoliT, maTi Tanaarsebobis Cven-ebiT, – msoflio eposis klasikur ZeglTa Soris iWers Tavis adgils~* (mravalTavi 1964: 144-145).

* mixeil Ciqovani asaxelebs ukvdavebis maZiebeli personaJis motivis Semcv-el zRaprebs sxva xalxTa folkloridan (iaponuri ùrasima taro~ [qarTuli Targmani: iaponuri... 1970: 9-14], ungruli ùkvdavebis maZiebeli~, italiuri èrTi Rame samoTxeSi~, rusuli `samoTxis Citi~ da stumrad micvalebul-Tan~. – Ciqovani 1971: 224) da SeniSnavs: `dasaxelebul araqarTul versiebsa da nawarmoebebSi maradiuli mSvenierebis amgvar gagebas (anu im azrs, rom ukvdavi mxolod mSvenierebaa. – l. b.) versad vpoulobT~ (Ciqovani 1971: 226). am motivis aqcentireba imiT, rom zRapars saTaurad `mSveniereba~ SeurCia, baron de bais damsaxurebaa.

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aqedan cxadia, raoden mravalferovani da Rrma problem-atikis damtevi SeiZleba iyos es araCveulebrivi teqsti.

akaki baqraZis marTebuli SeniSvniT, `oskar uaildi (ro-manSi `dorian greis portreti~. _ l. b.) da konstantine gamsaxurdia (novelaSi `mSveniereba~. _ l. b.) erTnairad mi-iCneven, rom uberebeli da ukvdavi mxolod mSvenierebaa~ (baqraZe 2004: 572). garda amisa, misive sityviT, ̀ oskar uaildis romans, qarTul zRapars da konstantine gamsaxurdias nove-las erTi saerTo laitmotivi aqvs – ubereblobis survili, maradiuli axalgazrdobis SenarCunebis wyurvili. samives daskvnac erTnairi aqvs: amgvari survili bunebis kanonzo-mierebis sawinaaRmdegoa da marcxisaTvis aris ganwiruli~ (baqraZe 2004: 572).

magram oskar uaildis romanisgan gansxvavebiT, gamsaxur-diasTan umTavres motivad is azri gvevlineba, rom sicocx-lis arabunebrivad gaxangrZliveba, rac, rogorc dRevandeli biologia da medicina irwmuneba, aseulobiT wliT, xolo Teo-riulad usasrulod aris SesaZlebeli (interneti 2), sikeTes ver moitans.

es araordinaruli motivi (arabunebrivad gaxangrZlive-buli sicocxle rom tanjva yofila) xalxur variantebSi ar SeiniSneba (T. razikaSvilis versiaSi iremic da yoranic RvTis mociqulebi arian da RvTis danawesebs, arabunebrivad xangr-Zlivi cxovrebiT icxovron da gvian daixocnon, udrtvinve-lad asruleben). am motivis amokiTxva SesaZlebelia vladi-mir gatcukis versiasa da mis frangul TargmanSi. iq iremi eubneba Wabuks: `Как давно уж смерти я жду, но судьбой обречен я в этой пустине томится и жить, пока неба вершиной рог моих не коснусь~ (kavkazi 1897: 5); Sdr.: `...le sort m’a condamné à souffrir et à vivre dans ce désert jusqu’à ce que la pointe de mes cornes ait atteinte le ciel~; qarTu-lad: `...bedma marguna tanjva da sicocxle am udabnoSi, sanam cas ar mivwvdebi Cemi rqebis boloebiT~ (fanCuliZe 1969: 312). k. gamsaxurdias novelaSi ki es motivi (arabunebrivad gaxangr-Zlivebuli sicocxle rom tanjvaa) wamyvan, gabatonebul, mo-

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tivad qceula, rasac naTlad mowmobs am Tvalsazrisis xSiri da mkafio gameoreba qarTveli mwerlis mier Camatebul pasa-JebSi (erTi magaliTi: iremi, romelsac gangebisagan arabune-brivad xangrZlivi sicocxle aqvs dawesebuli, mzeWabuks eu-bneba: `eg calieri kaparWebi rom dagikidnia, rad ar Semoinaxe ukanaskneli isari CemTvis!~. gaocda mzeWabuki: Tundac erTi sulieri rom natrobda am qveynad sikvdils~ (gamsaxurdia 1959: 129). SekiTxvas _ `ram mogabezra sicocxle, Zmobilo?~ _ iremi upasuxod tovebs, ase vTqvaT, sityvas banze ugdebs SemkiTxvels, pasuxad sxva Temaze iwyebs saubars [iqve]).

marTlac, gana gasaocari ar aris (da es, vimeorebT, sa-gangebod xazgasmulia k. gamsaxurdiasTan mraval pasaJSi), rom arabunebrivad xangrZlivi sicocxle mobezrebia irem-sac, yoransac? (yorani am sityvebiT gamoxatavs amas: `bedma damwyevla ase: vidre niskartiT ar amovkortni am mTas da im ufskrulebs ar amovavseb, ver veRirsebi sanatrel sikvdils~. amis gagonebaze mzeWabukma gaifiqra, `briyvi yofilao~. _ gamsaxurdia 1959: 131).

es garemoeba, zemoaRniSnuli araordinaruli motivis wamyvan motivad qceva, konstantine gamsaxurdias versias mkafiod gamoarCevs am zRapris sxva versiaTagan, rac nov-elis mxatvrul STambeWdaobasac ganapirobebs da mis aqtua-lobasac.*

rac Seexeba aqtualobas...

citata vikipediis vebgverdidan, romlis saTauria `ukvdaveba~:

`zogierTi swavluli darwmunebulia, rom mecnierebas SeuZlia gadaWras adamianis mokvdavobis problema. amerike-

* jondo bardaveliZis zemoT dasaxelebul werilSi vkiTxulobT: `Tu mxed-velobaSi ar miviRebT Txrobis gamsaxurdiaseul maneras, mwerals TiTqmis araferi Seucvlia zRaparSi, raime arsebiTi arc dauklia da arc Caumatebia~ (bardaveliZe 1997: 28). ar aris ase _ rogorc vnaxeT, cvlilebebi, romlebic konstantine gamsaxurdiam Seitana zRapris teqstSi, arsebiTi xasiaTisaa

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li fizikosis, nobelis premiis laureatis r. feinmanis azriT: `Tu adamiani mudmivi Zravis agebas daapirebda, is waawydeboda akrZalvas fizikuri kanonis saxiT. amisgan gansxvavebiT bio-logiaSi ar arsebobs kanoni, romelic amtkicebdes, aucile-belia yoveli calkeuli individis sicocxle dasruldeso~.

Tanamedrove mecniereba adamianis fizikuri sxeulis ukv-davebis problemis gadasaWrelad ramdenime gzas adgas. am sferoSi Tanamedrove gamokvlevebis mniSvnelovani nawili daberebis problemis gadaWrisaken aris mimarTuli. am mizniT aqtiurad muSaoben Rerovani ujredebisa da genuri inJineri-is biomedicinuri teqnologiebis, hormonaluri Terapiis, transplantologiisa da sxva dargTa ganviTarebisTvis~ (in-terneti 3).

diax, yvela intensiurad muSaobs adamianis sicocxlis usasrulod gaxangrZlivebis sakiTxebze, garda humanitareb-isa. am problemis humanitaruli kuTxiT ganxilva ki aucile-blad migviyvans im daskvnamde, rom rogorc yoveli seriozu-li Careva bunebis saqmeSi, esec katastroful Sedegs moitans. erTi, rac winaswar dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, is aris, rom metismetad gaizrdeba adamianTa Soris agresia, romelic ise-dac erTob didia dResdReobiT mTel msoflioSi.

* * *zRaparSi `miwa Tavisas moiTxovs~ intuiciurad aris

nagrZnobi drois fardobiToba, rac (sivrcis fardobiTo-basTan erTad) mxolod meoce saukunis damdegs dadasturda mecnierulad. jondo bardaveliZis zemoT damowmebul wer-ilSi vkiTxulobT:

`roca vaJs moenatreba Tavisi samSoblo da dabrunebas moindomebs, qali ekiTxeba: rogor fiqrob, CemTan ramdeni xani xaro? albaT, aTiode wuTio, upasuxa vaJma. _ aq aTi wuTi Tu gadis, iq, miwaze, aTasi saukune ariso~. Tanamedrove mkiTx-velma ar SeiZleba gulgrilad waikiTxos es adgili zRapridan, romelic saukuneebis winaT aris Seqmnili. es ar aris rigiTi

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fantastikuri detali _ mfrinavi xaliCis an jadosnuri sar-kis msgavsi. vfiqrobT, aq ufro Rrma filosofiur azrovne-basTan da intuiciasTan gvaqvs saqme, vidre Cveulebriv fan-tastikur aRtkinebasTan. erTia jadosnuri xaliCiT qveynis erTi kididan meore kideze Tvalis daxamxamebaSi moxvedra da meore _ sxvadasxva sistemebSi drois fardobiTobis gaTval-iswineba, rac me-20 saukunis Teoriuli fizikis erT udides miRwevad iTvleba~ (bardaveliZe 1997: 36-37).

Teoriulad (jerjerobiT mxolod Teoriulad) Turme SesaZlebelia adamianma, Tuki kosmosSi sinaTlis siCqaresTan miaxloebuli siCqariT imoZravebs, wlebi gamotovos, anu na-klebad daberdes, vidre misi dedamiweli Tanamedroveni*. ra moxdeba, Tuki amgvarad axalgazrdobaSenarCunebuli astro-navtebi isev dedamiwaze dabrundebian? amazec dafiqrdnen drois fardobiTobis aRmoCenis Semdeg. ai erTi varaudi, rac am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aris gamoTqmuli daniel da-ninis wignSi `ucnauri samyaros garduvaloba~. avtoris war-mosaxviT konstruirebul viTarebaSi astronavtebi 20 wliT toveben dedamiwas da Cvengan aTi sinaTlis wliT daSorebuli planetisaken mifrinaven. dedamiwelebi amasobaSi ori aTeuli wliT berdebian, astronomebi ki _ mxolod ori wliT. da ai fotonuri raketa astronavtebiTurT dedamiwaze brundeba:

`dilas raketa dedamiwaze daeSveba. bednieri da odnav dabneuli astronavtebi, iseTive axalgazrdebi, rogoric oci wlis winaT iyvnen, miwaze gadmovlen, uxerxulad gadaxedaven damxvdurT da im wuTidanve maTi Tanamesivrceni gaxdebian.

* jondo bardaveliZes mohyavs saTanado adgilebi am zRapris sxvadasxva ver-siidan da dasZens: `aqedan Cans, rom ukvdavebis qveyana zogi variantis mixed-viT `zeviT~ aris, caSia~ (bardaveliZe 1997: 36). oRond mis mier moxmobili erTi citataTagani _ ̀ iara, imdeni iara, rom mivida erTs cis ZirSi, naxa, erTi mSvenieri qali gamovida~ _ saamisod ver gamodgeba im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom Cven mier xazgasmuli sityva SecdomiT aris dabeWdili mixeil Ciqovanis publikaciaSi (mravalTavi 1964: 174), saidanac gadmouweria is j. bardaveliZ-es: unda iyos ara `cis Ziras~, aramed `xis Ziras~. es fraza petre umikaSvilis koleqciis versiidan aris da sworadaa dabeWdili misi oTxtomeulis mesame tomSi (umikaSvili 1964: 238).

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`magram Cven da isini verasodes ver viqnebiT Tanamedro-veni! _ ai, ra gaxdeba yvelasaTvis naTeli, _ Cven da isini sxvadasxva droSi vcxovrobdiT da es Seuqcevadia. sivrceSi SeiZleba ìqiT-aqeT~ moZraoba, sivrce SeiZleba bolomde da-amarcxo. droSi ki mxolod ìqiT~ SeiZleba moZraoba, ùkan~ dabruneba ki _ ara. drois damarcxeba mxolod sanaxevrod SeiZleba. maT didi gamarjveba moipoves _ momavalSi gada-vidnen, magram es maTi momavali ki ar aris, Cveni momavalia. Cven SevqmeniT igi, Cven veswrafodiT mas. astronavtebs de-damiwis drois damarcxeba mis dakargvad daujdaT. ai, esaa swored maTi da Cveni kosmosuri sevda~ (danini 1969: 128. xaz-gasma Cvenia. _ l. b.).

es `kosmosuri sevda~ didi simZafriT aris gadmocemuli am araCveulebriv zRaparSic da mis literaturul versieb-Sic. aTasi wlis Semdeg samSobloSi dabrunebuli axalgazr-dobaSenarCunebuli ukvdavebis maZiebeli Wabuki ver ewereba im konteqstSi, romelSic aRmoCnda, da gamotovebuli warsu-liT cxovrebas sikvdils amjobinebs. konstantine gamsaxur-diasTan es ase xdeba:

`...raRa var me aw, Tu ara mtknari moCveneba, mxolodRa landi gadmoxvewili im qveyanaSi, sadac yovelive Secvlila, yovelive, garda mTebisa~. esa sTqva Wabukma amoiRo gulidan yvavili TeTri da vnebianad uynosa~ (gamsaxurdia 1959: 136).

TeTri yvavilis daynosva sikvdils iwvevs. aki mSveniere-bam ase daariga igi, rodesac samSobloSi gamoistumra: `...vin-Zlo Sens sabrZanisSi misuls kvlav mogindes icocxlo aTas wels, uynose wiTels [yvavils], xolo ukeTu sikvdilis fasi Seigno, maSin TeTri moiSvelie~ (gamsaxurdia 1959: 133).

Cven mier xazgasmuli ùkeTu sikvdilis fasi Seigno~ mka-fiod warmoaCens novelis wamyvani motivis araordinarulobas.

* * *jondo bardaveliZis zemoT dasaxelebuli statia ase

mTavrdeba: `...Cven ver mivakvlieT verc erT wyaros, sadac

158

laparaki iyos drois fardobiTobaze. gamonakliss warmo-adgens es qarTuli zRapari~ (bardaveliZe 1997: 38). am Tval-sazrisiT qarTuli zRapari `miwa Tavisas moiTxovs~ unika-luri ar aris. drois fardobiTobaze laparakia, magaliTad, mixeil Ciqovanis mier damowmebul da Cvens am naSromSi ukve dasaxelebul iaponur (`urasima taro~), ungrul, italiur, rusul zRaprebSic. m. d. axundovs wignSi `sivrcisa da drois koncefciebi~ gadmocemuli aqvs Cukotkur-eskimosuri miTis (TviTon ase uwodebs) Sinaarsi: `mogzauri gaemarTeba Soreu-li ucxo doneebis mqone qveynebisaken (в далекие иноуровневые страны) da ori-sami wlis Semdeg Sin brundeba. is xedavs gan-sacvifrebel cvlilebebs: saxli siZvelis gamo dangreula, xolo Svilebi WaRara moxucebad qceulan _ adgilobrivi droiT mravali aTeuli weli gasula. dainaxa ra Tavisi mox-ucebuli vaJi, axalgazrda mogzauri usulod daenarcxa mi-was da erTbaSad daberebuli mtvrad iqca _ mas miwieri dro daeufla~ (axundovi 1982: 55).

erTob sagulisxmoa m. d. axundovis es msjelobac: `Cveni azriT, am miTSi ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba ara im-

denad sxvadasxva samyaroebis droTa metrul daxasiaTebebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebze (Tumca es aspeqtic erTob mniSvnelovania), ramdenadac imaze, rom sxvadasxva droSi ada-mianis arseboba damRupveli da SeuZlebelia. ufro zustad: Tu adamiani gamovida Tavisi droidan, ukanve dabrunebas daR-upva mosdevs. Tavisi droidan gamosvla sikvdilis tolfasia. (...) es miTologiuri warmodgenebia safuZveli im Tezisisa, romlis mkafiod formulireba mxolod antikur naturfilo-sofiaSi moxda: `SeuZlebelia orjer Sexvide (drois) erTsa da imave mdinareSi~. (...) mravalferovan miTologiur warmod-genebSi ganmacvifrebelia erTi ram: maTi Tanxmiereba fardo-biTobis Teoriis sivrcul-droiT warmodgenebTan. v. g. bo-gorazi (tani) amgvari Tanxmierebis safuZvels imaSi xedavs, rom `Tanamedrove maTematikuri fizika Tavisi maTematikuri figurebis mTeli genialuri sirTuliTurT bolos da bolos

159

gamartivebamde midis da TiTqosda ubrundeba pirvelyofili cnobierebis naxevradinstinqtur msoflSegrZnebas, romelic jer kidev ar aris nominaluri filosofiis formaluri sqo-lastikis mier cdunebuli da Tavgzaabneuli~. amasTan dakav-SirebiT igi cdilobs pirvelyofili religiuri warmodgen-ebis kvlevisaTvis gamoiyenos fardobiTobis Teoriis ideebi da Sesabamisi sivrcul-droiTi koncefcia, rac Cven erTob saintereso da mravlisaRmTqmeli gveCveneba~ (axundovi 1982: 55-56).

P. S. 8-9 wlisa viqnebodi. yvela sakiTxavs zRaprebi merCiv-na. elene virsalaZis gamocemuli `rCeuli qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi~ TiTqmis zepirad vicodi. yvela maTgani mravaljer mqonda gadakiTxuli, garda erTisa _ saTauri ar mizidavda misi _ `miwa Tavisas moiTxovs~, zRapris saTaurs ar hgavda da imitom. igi yvelaze bolos wavikiTxe, im dros, rodesac sxve-bis wakiTxvas azri aRar hqonda, imdenad kargad vicodi ukve isini. wavikiTxe es `miwa Tavisas moiTxovs~ da... gamaognebeli STabeWdileba moaxdina. gamiCnda dauZleveli survili vin-mesTvis gameziarebina Cemi gancdebi. Sin marto viyavi. gareT gavedi. sami bavSvi TamaSobda, romlebTanac axlo urTier-Toba arasodes mqonia. cota xans Cumad vadevnebdi Tvals maT TamaSs. mere axlos mivedi da SevTavaze, zRapars giambobT-meTqi. kargio, da movyevi cota xnis win wakiTxuli `miwa Tavi-sas moiTxovs~. momismines, magram didi daintereseba veravis Sevatyve. movrCi Txrobas da maT usityvod ganagrZes TamaSi. mewyina aseTi gulgriloba im ambis mimarT, romelmac mTeli Cemi arseba SeZra. cota xans kidev davrCi maT siaxloves, maTgan savsebiT ignorirebuli, da mere guldawyvetili gav-emarTe Sinisaken.

Semdgom periodulad maxsendeboda es ambavi da Cemi maSin-deli gancdebi, romelTaTvisac saxeli ver damerqmia. ra iyo es, ra movlenasTan mqonda saqme, ras niSnavda ucxo bavSvebTan misvla da maTTvis zRapris moyola, rac sxva dros arasodes Camidenia?

160

amis pasuxs zaza firaliSvlis wignSi mivageni. `megzuri da moxetiale~ hqvia am wigns, romelic 2013 wels gamovida. iq vkiTxulobT:

`gaRviZebisas xandisxan sruliad naTlad grZnob xol-me, Tu cnobierebaSi rogor iwriteba da ikargeba sizmari. amave dros, Cven iZulebuli, TiTqos valdebulnic varT, es sakraluri monapovari profanul sivrceSi gavitanoT da amiT im realuri safrTxis winaSe vdgebiT, rom igi qilikisa Tu SezRudulobis msxverplad gadaiqceva. da mainc, vimeorebT, amgvari gatana garduvalia, radgan Cven xom imTaviTve varT socialuri arsebebi da Tanaarseboba CvenTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania, vidre arseboba~ (firaliSvili 2013: 108).

swored es moxda maSin! zRapris `miwa Tavisas moiTxovs~ wakiTxviT sakralur codnas veziare, romelic mere pro-fanul sivrceSi gavitane (ar SemeZlo ar gametana), rasac sa-Tanado reaqcia mohyva.

damowmebani:

axundovi 1982: Ахундов М. Д. Концепции пространства и времени. Истоки,

эволюция, перспективы. Москва: `Наука~, 1982.

bardaveliZe 1997: erTi qarTuli zRapris kvaldakval // saqarTvelos

literaturaTmcodneobis akademiis Sromebi, �. Tbilisi: 1997.

baqraZe 2004: baqraZe a. Txzulebani. t. 2. Tb.: `nekeri~, `lomisi~, 2004.

gamsaxurdia 1959: gamsaxurdia k. rCeuli Txzulebani. rvatomeuli. t.

��. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1959.

danini 1969: danini d. ucnauri samyaros garduvaloba (Tanamedrove

fizikis sakiTxebi). Targmnes z. uruSaZem, g. uruSaZem da v. xadurelma.

Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1969.

de bai 1899: Le Baron de Baye. Au Sud de la chaîne du Caucase. Paris: 1899.

zRaprebi 1909: xalxuri zRaprebi qarTlSi Sekrebili Tedo razikaS-

vilis mier. tfilisi: eleqtronuli stamba wign. gamomc. qarTv. amxana-

gobisa, 1909.

161

iaponuri... 1970: iaponuri zRaprebi. Tb.: `nakaduli~, 1970.

interneti 1: http://forum.vgd.ru/1175/25901/

interneti 2: http://alligater.narod.ru/dop/dev_star.html

interneti 3: http://www.vitaura.com/bessmertie_na_vibor.shtml

kavkazi 1897: gaz. `Кавказ~, 13.04.1897, № 98.

karingtoni 1932: Beauty. A Legend of Georgia. Done into English for the first time

by Belle Colby Carrington. Paris: Stendhal & Co., 1932.

kenWoSvili 1959: kenWoSvili i. `qarTuli zRapari `miwa Tavisas moiTx-

ovs~. mnaTobi, № # 12, 1958.

komunisti 1982: gaz. `komunisti~, № 73, 28.03.1982.

lki 1899-1900: J. `Le Caucase Illustré~, № 1, 1899-1900. #

ls 1964: gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, № # 29, 17.07.1964.

masalaTa krebuli 1890: Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племен Кавказа. вып. X, 1890.

mnaTobi 1941: J. `mnaTobi~, № 3, 1941.#

mravalTavi 1964: mravalTavi. saqarTvelos istoriis, arqeologiis,

eTnografiisa da folkloris samecniero sazogadoebis krebuli, 1. Tb.:

`mecniereba~, 1964.

umikaSvili 1964: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba oTx tomad. t. ��.

Tb.: `literatura da xelovneba~, 1964.

fanCuliZe 1969: fanCuliZe d. qarTul-franguli literaturuli

urTierTobis istoriisaTvis. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1969.

firaliSvili 2013: firaliSvili z. megzuri da moxetiale (meditacie-

bi prozad). Tb.: `kssi~, 2013.

franguli 1900: La Beauté. Légende géorgienne. Traduite et publiée puor la première

fois en français par Le Baron de Baye. Paris: Librairie Nilsson, 1900.

Ciqovani 1971: Ciqovani m. berZnuli da qarTuli miTologiis sakiTxebi.

Tb.: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1971.

WabaSvili 1989: ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni. Seadgina mixeil WabaSvilma.

mesame Sesworebuli da Sevsebuli gamocema. Tb.: `ganaTleba~, 1989.

162

Levan Bregadze

Konstantine Gamsakhurdia’s Short Story ”Beauty” and its Relation with Folklore Sources

Summary

The paper deals with Konstantine Gamsakhurdia’s short story ”Beauty” and its relation with a Georgian folk tale ”Land requires its own” (which tells an adventure of a youth seeker of immortality and in which the time relativity is intuitively percieved) and the Russian, French and English versions created after this tale. It has been established that K. Gamsakhurdia’s short is based on the French version, but it differs from all other versions by the fact that in it the author has introduced an extraordinary motive: Unnatural prolongation of life (which, as today’s biology and medicine tell us, is possible for hunderd years, and theoreticaly, endlessly) will result in nothing but suffering.

163

irma yvelaSvili

mxatvrul–gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi da

saxe–simboloebi Tqmuleba–gadmocemebSi

xalxuri zepirsityvierebis Janrebs Soris yvelaze real-isturi Sinaarsis matarebelni Tqmuleba–gadmocemebi aris. maTSi moTxrobili ambavi dafuZnebulia warsulSi namdvilad momxdar gamorCeul istoriul movlenaze, gmiris cxovreba-ze, wes–Cveulebasa Tu toponimiuri erTeulis saxeldebaze, romlebic Semdgom aris Sezavebuli gamonagoniT mTqmelis mier.

mTqmeli cdilobs mxatvrul formaSi moaqcios cxovrebi-seuli sinamdvile ise, rom misi realuroba saeWvo ar gaxdes. „Tqmulebis gadmocemis manera damajerebelia. mTqmeli iS-veliebs xolme formulebs: „Zvelebis TqmiT“, „didi papisgan gamigonia“ da sxv. am kompoziciuri elementiT marto Txroba ar iwyeba. isini mTqmelebs exmarebian monaTxrobis sarwmu-noobis STabeWdilebis SeqmnaSi“. (qurdovaniZe 2011: 136–137).

monaTxrobis realobaSi dasarwmuneblad TqmulebaSi gvxvdeba iseTi frazebi, romlebic folkloris sxva Janris nawarmoebebisTvis ucxoa. mTqmeli cdilobs faqtobrivi masalis moxmobiT daadasturos moTxrobili ambis realoba da gvarwmunebs, rom gelaTis taZris kedelze naWdevi, romel-ic dResac arsebobs, daviTis mier lagamamodebul jor–eS-maks ekuTvnis. varZiis kedelze cxenis naterfali, Tamaris zRapruli raSisaa. TuSeTSi arsebuli zezvas cxenis safla-vi, romelTanac Turme dResac Cerdebian da pativs miageben, zezvaze Seqmnili Tqmulebebis realobas gvidasturebs. ms-menelis darwmunebas, rom ereklem namdvilad gadasca ximi-kaurs samefo xmali, Tqmuleba cdilobs fraziT: „ximikauris Camomavlobas – exla liqokelebs – jerac ar daviwyebiaT maTi winapris saamayo xmali. swyeniaT rom igi TuSTan aris da ara

164

maTTan. am aTiode wlis win erT–erTi liqokeli zemo alvanSi _ diloiZiaanT STamomavlobaSi am xmals daeZebda“.

uSgulis xvTismSoblis eklesiaSi dRemde dacul fuTas tansacmelze aqcentirebisas fuTas realur cxovrebaze miniSneba xdeba. suramis cixis kedeli, romelic dRemde svel-deba, mTqmelma dedis cremls daukavSira, xolo siRnaRis cixis kedelze arsebuli wiTeli kvali ki bavSvis sisxls, raTa „samSeneblo msxverplis“ realoba msmenelisTvis eWvgareSed eqcia. aseTi formulirebebi mxolod Tqmuleba gadmocemebis poetikisTvisaa niSandoblivi da mis realistur Sinaarsze miuTiTebs. swored Janris es realistur–yofiTi mxare gan-sazRvravs Tqmuleba gadmocemebSi mxatvrul–gamomsaxvelo-biTi saSualebebisa da saxe–simboloebis formirebasa da maT transformacias. mxatvrul–gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis

funqcionirebas Tqmuleba–gadmocemebi mniSvnelovnad gan-

sazRvravs Janris specifika da ideur–Tematuri tendenciebi;

xalxur gadmocemebSi mxatvrul–gamomsaxvelobiTi saSuale-

bebis mxriv simwires ganicdis, igi istoriul Tu sayofiero

sinamdviles mogviTxrobs Seulamazeblad, umartivesi kom-

poziciur–stilisturi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, radganac

gadmocemas „TmulebasTan SedarebiT naklebi poeturi evo-

luciis gza aqvs gavlili, Tanac miTologiur danaSrevebs ar

Seicavs, religiuri rwmenebisa da warmodgenebis kvalsac ar

atarebs“ (SamanaZe 1997: 61).

Tqmulebas gacilebiT meti mxatvruli forma gaaCnia,

Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Janris specifika gansaz-

Rvravs mxatvruli saSualebebis formasac da Sianarsac. yve-

laze mravalferovani am mxriv aris istoriuli Sinaarsis

Tqmulebebi. mTqmeli gulgrili ar aris istoriuli faqtis

Tu istoriuli gmiris mimarT da igi cdilobs Tavisi ganw-

yoba da damokidebuleba gadmosces swored mxatvrul–gamom-

saxvelobiTi saSualebebiT, romlebic istoriuli sagmiro faqtisa Tu Tavad gmiris idealizaciisTvis aris saWiro.

165

vaJa–fSavela wers: „xalxi mudam Tval–yurs adevnebda gmirs, akvirdeboda, swavlobda imis gansxvavebul zne–xas-iaTs, fantaziiTac umatebda gmirs Tavisi gemovnebisamebr zneobrivsa da fizikur Tvisebas, raTa ufro mosawoni gaexada igi yovelmxriv“. (vaJa–fSavela 1961: 72). istoriuli gmire-bis mimarT am damokidebulebas kargad avlens TqmulebebSi arsebuli mxatvruli saSualebebi, romelTa mizanic sworad gmiris Tu istoriuli faqtis mimarT xalxis keTilganwyobis mopovebaa.

Sedareba:pirvel rigSi SevexebiT Sedarebas. Tqmuleba–gadmoce-

mebSi arsebul SedarebebSi sWarbobs yofiTi momenti, igi Zalze sada da lakonuria. mTqmeli cdilobs gamoiyenos ise-Ti Sedarebebi, romlebic STambeWdavTan erTad ufro real-isturi iqneba. amitomac Sedarebis dros paralelis gavleba xdeba cxovrebiseul movlenebTan. TqmulebaSi „ximikauri da diloiZe“ qarTveli xalxis vaJkacobis dasadastureblad sada da msmenelisTvis nacnobi yofiT cxovrebaSi arsebu-li Sedarebebia moxmobili: „gamxnevebuli mefis gamarjve-biT Cveni jari daeria dawiokebul lek–osmalTa da dauwyo Tibva, rogorc balaxs“. damarcxebuli mtris uunaroba da dabneulobis gadmocemisas mTqmeli kvlav mimarTavs Se-darebas, romelic realistur yofasTan axlo kavSirSia da STabeWdilebis moxdenac SeuZlia: „lek–osmalTa jari, naxa ra ubedurebaSi Tavisi sardali, airia weros gundiviT“. cx-adia: „weros gundiviT areva“, „balaxiviT Tibva“ Sedarebebis gamoyenebis dros yofiTi momenti iwevs wina planze.

Sedarebebis, romelTa Sinaarsi ara mxolod mimzidveli da emociuria, aramed cxovrebasTan mWidro kavSiriTac gan-isazRvreba, gamoyeneba niSandoblivia TqmulebebisTvis:

„qarbuqiviT daeca Tavs am arsebas Saliki“.„mojamagireebs arigebs, rogorc rom mama Svilsao“. „urjulos xanjali dasca, SaSviT aRebs pirsao“.

166

„gela manglisSi wavida, rogorc borbali wylisao,ise akafa lekebi, rogorc totebi xisao“.„qaixosro omSi ise gaZvreb–gamoZvreboda xolme, ro-

gorc tura“. „brZolis veli gadaiqca sayasbod, sadac kaci kacs saqo-

nelsaviT yels uRadravda“. „yarauls aludaursa, vefxviT meomarsao“. rogorc moxmobili magaliTebidan Cans, mTqmeli Sedare-

bisTvis cdilobs paralelizmis iseTi mxareebi daZebnos, romlebic realur, yofiT cxovrebasTan axlo kavSirSia, ms-menelisTis nacnobi detalia da mxatvrul formasac ar ukar-gavs emociurobasa da mimzidvelobas.

epiTeti:epiTeti Tqmuleba–gadmocemebSi martivia da erT Temiani.

am JanrisTvis niSandoblivi epiTetebi dakavSirebulia per-sonaJTa xasiaTTan, istoriul garemosTan, toponimur saxel-wodebasTan. Tqmuleba–gadmocema epiTets ar iyenebs gmiris fizikuri mxaris dasaxasiaTeblad. mTqmels ar ainteresebs personaJis garegnuli mxare, amaze aqcentebs igi ar akeTebs.

rogorc Sedareba, aseve epiTeti Tqmuleba–gadmocemebSi konkretulia da personaJs Tu movlenis zust, gamorCeul xasiaTs gamoxatavs. am JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia, ufro logikuri gansazRrebebi, vidre epiTeti, rac realur yo-fasTan misi siaxloviT ganisazRvreba: „xalxuri sityviere-bis esa Tu is Janri, rogorc cnobilia, Tavis daRs asvams ara marto mxatvruli nawarmoebis kompozicias, aramed calkeul xerxTa gamoyenebas“ (zandukeli 1985: 112), radganac misTvis mniSvnelovania qmedeba da gmiri swored qmedebiT xasiaTdeba, _ gmiris moxdeniloba TqmulebebSi misi garegnobiT ki ara qmedeba _ vaJkacobiT ganisazRvreba.

radganac Tqmuleba gadmocemebi realur gmirebze mogvi-Txroben, maT namdvili ambavi Tu istoriuli faqti udevT sa-fuZlad, epiTetis gamoyenebis specifikac amiT ganisazRvre-

167

ba. realuri personaJebis damaxasiaTebeli epiTetebi metad esadageba sinamdviles; TqmulebaSi „Tamro vaSlovneli“, romelSic gmir da uSiSar qalzea saubari, erTxel gayidu-li, batonisgan Tavdaxsnili, daTvismomrevi Tamros xasiaTi, konkretuli da zusti epiTetiT aris gadmocemuli: „Tamro yofila sastiki da gautexeli, mexi dedakaci, ris gamoc misi saxeli ganTqmulia saqarTveloSi, sofelSi uimisod ara keT-deboda ra.“

vaxtang gorgasalis Zlevamosilebas, samarTlianobas da RmerTis siyvaruls Tqmuleba Sesaferisi epiTetiT „RvTisn-ieriT“ da „ZalumiT“ amkobs: „vaxtang gorgasali Zalumi mefec yofila da iseTi RvTisnieric, rom cidan zaris rekvac esmoda“.

SoTa rusTavelis sibrZne da goniereba misi cxenis daxa-siaTebisas gadmosca Tqmulebam epiTetiT: „Sevida, uSguls SoTa brZeni cxeniT“.

epiTeti „mecnieri“ _ erekles erTguli ymis giorgi max-aTaZis gonierebasa da moxerxebulobaze migvaniSnebs: “es kaci iseTi mecnieri yofila, rom misi saxeli gana marto saqarT-veloSi, mTel arabeTsa da sparseTSic yofila gavardnili“.

samSoblos erTgulebisTvis da liqokis dacvisTvis ZaRlika ximikauri Tqmulebam epiTetiT „liqokis zRude“ Seamko: „ Zalikav ximikauro, liqokis zRurblo, zRudeo“.

xevsurTa Tavdadebuli erTguleba Semdegnairad gad-mosca mTqmelma: „miSveleT Cemo xevsurno unjni ymani xarT Cemnia“.

ara mxolod dadebiTi, aramed uaryofiTi epiTetebis mox-mobisas mTqmeli yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara gmiris garegnu-li mxaris detalizaciaze, aramed kvlav mis Tvisebebze, xasi-aTze. cxra Zma xevsuris dampyrob da amomxoc zurab erisTavs mTqmeli „ZaRls“ uwodebs: „nalebiT naxa yvelayam, rom wasu-la ZaRli zurabi“. zurabis erTguli ymis mimarT siZulvilic analogiuradaa gamoxatuli: „memre Tqva im ZaRlma beberma: – exla daawyves guliT.“ mefis moRalate Sinaur mters Tqmule-

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ba „pirSavebs“ eZaxis, romlebsac maia wyneTeli ebrZoda: „maia Turme Tavzarsa scemda gareSe Tu Sinaur mters. misi drois pirSav kacebs Tormeti gogo–biWi miuyidiaT sparselebisaT-vis“. mefe, romelic ar iyo xalxisTvis mosawoni xasiaTdeba „gulzviadad“, „ampartavnad“, „mrisxaned“.

gmiris da antigmiris epiTetebis garda, Tqmuleba am mx-atvruli saSualebiT sagmiro da savaJkaco saqmeebsac amkobs: xresilis omSi „gamarjvebiT gaamayebuli imereTis laSqari didi rixiT mivida dakavSirebul mtrebze ieriSiT“, „mTebis laRi Svilebi mamacurad ibrZodnen“, „afxazebis laSqari ki uryevel burjad idga“, „zavTiani iyo misi vaJkacuri gabed-uleba“, „roca gela scxovrobda verc sparseTidgan da verc daRestnidgan mteri ver modioda saqarTveloSi, radganac ge-las raindoba mefis, mamulis mtkice samsaxuri da qarTveleb-is siyvaruli mTel spars–lekebSi mofenili yofila.“

analogiuri magaliTebi mravlad gvxvdeba teqstebSi. maTi analizi cxadyofs, rom epiTeti Tqmuleba–gadmocemaSi, gansxvavebiT zRaprisagan, romelSic es mxatvrul–gamomsax-velobiTi forma zogadobiT gamoirCeva, ufro konkretulia da sinamdvilesTan, realur yofasTanaa miaxloebuli. konk-retika da zusti Sinaarsis Semcveloba epiTetisa ganpirobeb-ulia im realuri gmirebis cxovrebis aRweriT, Tu istoriuli faqtebiT, romlebis asaxvac xdeba TviT Tqmuleba–gadmoce-mebis mier.

saxe–simboloebiSinaarsis mixedviT ganasxvaveben istoriul, sawesCveule-

bo, toponimur, hidronomiur, etimologiur, eTnonimikur Tqmulebebs. saxe–simboloebis transformaciis mxriv yve-laze met yuradRebas ipyrobs istoriuli Sinaarsis mqone Tqmulebebi, romlebSic romelime istoriuli gmiri an mov-lena gansxvavebuli, mravalmxrivi kuTxiTaa warmodgenili. yvelaze mravalferovani am kuTxiT Tamar mefea. Tamaris ciklis saistorio sityvierebis ZiriTadi Temebia: brZola

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gareSe mtrebis winaaRmdeg, taZrebis da cixeebis, soflebis mSenebloba, Tamaris pirovneba, gardacvaleba da dasafla-veba. am Temebze Seqmnil TqmulebebSi Tamaris saxe tranfor-macias ganicdis; misi poeturi saxe RvTaebrivicaa, fantas-tikuric, miTur–zRaprulic da istoriulic. sicocxleSive eklesiis mier wmindanad Seracxuli Tamari RvTaebis tolad aRiqva qarTvelma xalxma da Tqmuleba gadmocemebSi asaxa Tav-isi damokidebuleba. Tamari wmindania: „Tamari Tavisi siwmin-dis gamo haer–haer dadioda“, Tamari oboli iyo da Svilic ar hyavda. RvTisTvis qalwulobis aRTqma hqonda micemuli. rad-gan qveyanas samefo STamomavali sWirdeboda Tamars sizmarSi brwyinvale frTosani varskvlavi ecxadeba da atyobinebs: „midgomilxar cas Senis sulis moberviT, hSob Zesa, romelsac aRzrdis nukris deda: xma erisa xma RvTisa ars da amitom Svi-lis gaCeniT qalwuloba ar mogeRebao. qalwuli Tamari vaJs Sobs, romelic tyeSi daekargeba da iremi gauzrdis. misi Rv-Taebrioba Cans baRdadis aRebis drosac: „Tamar mefes omi asi kaciT dauwyia. ramdeni win wasula, imdeni momatebia da mo-matebia da auRia baRdadi“.

Tamaris miTiur zRapruli saxea warmodgenili Tqmule-bebSi, romlebic mefe qals miaweren zamTar–zafxulis gaCe-nas; Turme zamTar– zafxulis gamCeni Suqurvarskvlavi Tamars hyolia datyvevebuli, amitom saqarTveloSi zamTar–zafxuli ar iyo. Suqurvarskvlavi cxenad iqceoda, amitom lagami hqonda amodebuli. daudevarma msaxurma wylis da-levinebis dros wamohyara lagami, Suqur varskvlavi gafrin-da da ialbuzze dajda. mas Semdeg aris saqarTveloSi zamTari da zafxuli.

mecxre yuTSi hyavda aseve Camwyvdeuli Tamars Tovlis Citi. am yuTis gasaRebi gulze ekida. mosamsaxurem gaaRo yuTi da Citi gafrinda. Tamarma veRaraferi gaawyo, mas Semdeg modis didi Tovli kaxeTSi. qaris qrolac Tamaris miTiur–zRaprul saxes ukavSirdeba. roca mefe qalze Seyvarebul-ma devma mas akoca, Tamari gardaicvala, devma „tiriliT

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aiklo qveyana, roca qari zuis es niSnavs, rom Tamars devi dastiris“.

TqmulebaSi „Tamar dedofali“ Tamari zRapruli gmiria, zRapris personaJis gzas gadis; mas Wiri gauCnda, mefem brZana, rom gadaegdoT. msaxurebma ferdobze daagores, balaxebTan Sexebam igi moarCina. erT dedakacTan cxovrobda. frTamo-texil weros umkurnala. werom mas ori yviTeli da TeTri, Cxiri miutana. yviTliT yvelafers oqros aqcevda, TeTriT vercxlad. gamdidrda, mefed dajda da saydrebis mSenebloba daiwyo.

mravali taZris da cixe–simagris mSeneblobas miawers Tamars Tqmuleba „minda cixe“, „goriscixe“, „qoSigora“, „var-Zia“, „uSgulis cixe–koSki“, wyromis eklesia da kidev mravali sxva mefe qalis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli . masve ukavSird-eba toponimuri saxelwodebebi: „vardisubani“, „glola“...

Tamari didebuli da samarTliani mmarTvelia. yovelT-vis asrulebs danapirebs; Tavisi erTguli ymis dajildoeba gadawyvita da uTxra: „radganac amdenxans da ase kargad mem-saxurebi, axla Seni dasaCuqreba mnebavs, mTxove rac ginda mogcemo“. cbierma msaxurma sTxova erTi xaris tyavi ramden miwasac Semoswvdeba is momecio. Tamari daTanxmda. msaxurma xaris tyavi wvril Tasmebad daaWrevina da ase miitana dedo-falTan da sTxova amiT momizomeo. Tamari Zlier Sewuxda, rogor momatyuao, „magram raRas izamda, fici hqonda mice-muli da fics arasgziT ra uRalatebda“. gagzavna kacebi da miwa moazomina.

sruliad sapirispiro xasiaTs amJRavnebs Tamar mefe TqmulebaSi: „daiRupos Tu cudi ganzraxviT modiso“ , romel-Sic igi sakuTar sityvas, micemul pirobas Ralatobs. Wabuks, romelic Tamaris survilisamebr misi mimino gadmohyavda morevSi da romelsac Sehpirda dedofali yvela survils Segisrulebo, morevi daaxrCobs, radgan TviT Tamari ina-trebs daixrCos Tu colobis saTxovnelad modiso, Tumca amas Semdeg nanobs. „inana Tamarma da codvis mosaxdelad es

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keTili saqme hqmna: tba–morevi, romelic yovel wliv ram-denime kacs axrCobda, CauSva mtkvris kalapotSi, dawrita,

borcvze ki aago magari goris cixe“.

mTeli cikli aqvs daTmobili Tamar mefisa da SoTa

rusTavelis urTierTobas. zog SemTxvevaSi mxolod SoTa

rusTavelia Tamarze Seyvarebuli da igi „vefxistyaosans“

Cuqnis, TviTon ki saqarTvelodan gadaikargeba. aseve arse-

bobs Tqmuleba, romlis mixedviTac maT erTmaneTi uyvardaT,

radgan ver daqorwindnen SoTa saqarTvelodan gadaikarga,

Tamarma ki Sqmeris kldeSi gamoqvabuli gaakeTebina, „roca si-

yvarulis dardi Semoawveboda Sqmeris kldes miaSurebda, iqi-

dan gascqeroda SoTas mTas, romelic SoTas saxes agonebda“.

taZrebis mSenebeli da RvTismoSiSi Tamaris paralelu-

rad Tqmuleba–gadmocemebSi igi uaryofiT saxesac iZens da

taZris mawyevrad gvevlineba. TqmulebaSi „Tamar mefe da misi

Zma“ erTmaneTs Tamari da misi Zma ejibrebian, Tamari ekle-

sias sakuTari xeliT aSenebs, „Tavisi bavSvi akvnianad Tana

hyavda. erTi xeliT kedeli amohyavda, meoreTi akvans arw-

evda“. mis Zmas ki TrialeTis mTidan wyali unda gadmoegdo,

rom vel–mindvrebi moerwya. Zmam xerxs mimarTa, lurji tilo

gadmofina TrialeTis mTaze, Tamarma es rom dainaxa, ifiqra

wyali gadmosula, Cemma Zmam majobao, xeli aukankalda, akvani

gadmouvarda da bavSvi daeRupa, „maSin daswyevla Tamarma es

eklesia, Senamc mogewevis wyromao, imis Semdeg im eklesias

wyromis eklesia daerqva“.

es Tqmuleba Tamaris sruliad gansxvavebul saxes gviCve-

nebs, umetes SemTxvevebSi mas xalxi wmindanad moiazrebs da

RvTaebriv unars miawers. asea misi gardacvalebis Semdegac,

„is rom momkvdara Turme im wels saqarTveloSi sami Tve gad-

auReblad wvimda, xalxTan erTad amindic tiroda“. xalxis az-

riT, igi ki ar mokvda RmerTTan wavida da roca saqarTvelos

gauWirdeba daexmareba.

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erekle �� Tamar mefis msgavsad saxismetyvelebiTi transformaciis

mravalferovnebis TvalsazrisiT gamoirCeva erekle mefe. misi saxe RvTaebrivicaa, fantastikuric da istoriulic.

erekles SeeZlo mzis Suqze xmlis dakideba, sikvdilis Sem-deg ki mis Zvlebs mironi sdis: „xalxs swams, rom nefe erekle da Tamar nefe cocxlebi arian da roca gauWirdeba saqarT-velos, moeSvelebiano, mironi nefe erekles Zvlebs Camoh-diso; ereklem xmali win daidvis da isev TavisTavad Semoir-tyiso, erekle roca locvaze dadgeboda, xmals mzis Suqze dahkidebda xolmeo da locvas roca gaaTavebda, i sxividgan isev aiRebda xmalsao“.

erekle uebro mebrZolia, misi mters Zalian eSinia. samoc-daTeqvsmeti omis gadamxdelia, samasi kaciT cxra aTasi Turqi dauqcevia, mteri xidze Sityua da im xids Ziri gamouTxara, ramdenime aTasi osmalo aTasi kaciT daamarcxa, osmaloebs misi Zalian eSinodaT, radgan moxerxebuli da fizikurad Zlieri da gambedavi iyo. brZolis dros rigiTi jariskacebis gverdiT idga, maTsaviT ibrZoda da maTsaviT ecva, amitomac mters uWirda misi garCeva.

erekle mxolod jariT ar ebrZvis mters. zRapruli gmiris msgavsad yeens omis magier saWidaod iwvevs da pirobas debs: „Cven viWidnebT da romelic moerios, iman amdeni da am-deni gamoarTos meores“. ereklem Widaobis dros gaimarjva: „ereklem ugdo qamandi da dasca... zurnac gaCumda... yenma im wamsve Tavisi qamar–xanjali Semoartya erekles, amasTanave sparseTSi Sikriki gaagzavna da SeuTvala: rac mand qarTveli tyveebi aris saCqaroT gamomigzavneT, agreTve asi aqlemi da sparseTis saqoneli“.

zRaprul personaJs emsgavseba erekle aseve, rodesac igi urC mRvdels eubneba: „sams rames getyvi Tu mipasuxeb gagaTa-visuflebo. gamoxval Ramis Tormet saaTze damiTvli varskv-lavebso, meore gkiTxav Sen me ras vfiqrob Senze da mipasux-ebo, sami dRis vada momiciao“.

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uebro mebrZoli da gonieri sardalia erekle. mas nadir–Sahi endoba. „is Sahis sayvareli gmiri da moxerxebuli meoma-ria“, sindeTis dapyrobis dros gzaze qvis didi sveti SexvdaT, romelsac ewera: „ukuniTi ukunisamde SvilebiTa da saxleliT wyeul iyos is, vinc am svets gadaabijebso“. laSqarma uari

Tqva win wasvlaze. sagonebelSi Cavardnil nadirSahs erekles

gamWriaxobam uSvela: „aviRoT is sveti, davSaloT, spiloebs

zurgze davadgaT da win gavirekoT, amgvarad zed warwerili

wyevla mudam win iqneba da gadaulaxvelio“ _ uTxra ereklem

Sahs. aRfrTovanebuli Sahi asec moiqca da daipyro sindeTi.

brZeni da samarTliani mmarTvelia qveynisa mefe erekle.

mis saxels ukavSirdeba araerTi istoriuli gmiri: lekebTan

mebrZoli ivane kariauli, samasi fSav–xevsuri, romlebic sa-

masi aragvelis saxeliTaa cnobili, giorgi maxaTaZe, gela na-

TelaSvili lekebis risxva da mefis jaris damxmare, ZaRlika

ximikauri, aluda gaburi, mtrisa da „pirSavi“ batonebis wi-

naaRmdeg mebrZoli maia wyneTeli, Tina wavkiseli. mefe maTTan

erTad ebrZoda Sinaur da gareul mters. erekle mefe uxvia

gmirebis da gamorCeuli adamianebis mimarT, igi xmals Cuqnis (Semdeg Tofs) ZaRlika ximikaurs, TaTris jaris winaaRmdeg mebrZol xevsurebs zogs fuliT asaCuqrebs, zogs – iaraRiT, ivane kariauls lekebis daxocvisTvis erTi qori rom Semou-frenda imdeni miwa misca. TuSi, romelmac TaTris falavani daamarcxa, mariliT gaistumra TuSeTSi, gonier glexs ton-ikaSvils bani dautkepna.

mas Senatrian dedebi da mis msgavs natruloben mamuliSvilebi.

daviT aRmaSenebelidaviTis saxe Tqmuleba-gadmocemebSi istoriulia, miTo-

suri, zRaprulic da RvTaebrivic. daviT mefis saxels ukav-Sirdeba gelaTis mSenebloba, darubandis dapyroba, eSmakis moTviniereba.

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erT–erT omSi gamarjvebis aRsaniSnavad daviTma ge-laTis ageba gadawyvita. didi Sromac gauwevia: „wyalwiTe-ladan Tavisi xeliT amoutania ori uzarmazari qva da mo-nastris samxreT–dasavleT yureSi dautanebia. erT–erT maTganze dRemde aris viTom daviTis mier gakeTebuli mzis saaTi. darubandidan Camoutania uSvelebeli kari da monas-tris galavnisTvis Seubams: „daviTma darubandis kari Camox-sna da gelaTSi Camoitana, romlis Semdegac lekTa ufrosma sTxova, rasac erTi xaris tyavi datevs is miwa mainc momecio.

daviTi daeTanxma. lekma tyavi Tasmebad daWra da es Tasmebi

darubands Semoartya. samarTlianma daviTma darubandi isev

lekebs dautova.

darubandis aRebis dros daviT aRmaSenebeli strategiiT

homerosis gmirebs emsgavseba, romlebic xis cxenis daxmare-

biT Sevidnen troaSi. daviT mefec ase moiqca darubandis

dapyrobisas; aTasi cxeniT, romelTac ori aTasi kidobani eki-

daT da TiToeulSi TiTo meomari ijda, vaWariviT Sedis dar-

ubandSi da ise ipyrobs mas. aseve xdeba xalxur „rostomianSi“,

_ rostomma tomrebSi damala Wabukebi, jorebs gadahkida da

beJanis dasamxobad ase Sevida narTebis qalaqSi.

daviT aRmaSenebeli RvTaebrivi Zalmosilobis matare-

belia. mas SeeZlo eSmakis moTviniereba. eSmaks, romelic mas

xels uSlida gelaTis mSeneblobaSi, lagami amosdo. jorad

qceul eSmakze amxedrebuli dadioda mefe. man xelSi Caigdo

jadosnuri damxmare, romliTac saqmes iadvilebda. (daude-

vari msaxuris wyalobiT, romelmac jors lagami ahyara, eS-

maki gauCinarda).

samarTliani, aRmaSenebeli, gonieri, RvTaebrivi Zal-

mosilebis mqone mefis gverdiT gvxvdeba daviT mefis

uaryofiTi saxec. Tqmuleba „daviT mefeze“ mogviTxrobs, rom

igi ar aris samarTliani. sargeblobs pirveli Ramis uflebiT.

Tumca am codvis gamo miwa skdeba da Sig Caitans. igi moiTxovs

sawer–kalams, iwyebs sinanulis fsalmunebis weras, „ramden

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kanonsac daswerda, imdeni zeviT–zeviT amodioda, rodesac daasrula kanonebis wera, sul dedamiwis pirze amovida da mi-wamac piri Sehkra“.

vaxtang gorgasalivaxtang gorgasali Tqmuleba–gadmocemebiT samarTliani,

mebrZoli, RvTisnieri, „qalaqis“ damaarsebeli da saydrebis mSenebelia. igi atarebs, rogorc istoriuli gmiris saxes, aseve zRapruli–miTiuri personaJisac. Tqmuleba–gadmo-cemebis mixedviT, ToTxmeti wlisa gamefda vaxtangi, magram mters Tavidanve eSinoda misi: „Zalumi mefec yofila da iseTi RvTisnieric, rom cidan zaris rekva esmoda. amaze Cven ex-lac vmReriT xolme: „vaxtang mefe RmerTs uyvarda, / cidan Camoesma rekao. saydrebi bevri uSenebia. „qalaqic“ imas gauke-Tebia“. igi indoeTSic ki dadioda salaSqrod.

vaxtang gorgaslis zRapruli saxe Cans TqmulebaSi „vax-tang gorgasali“, romelSic vaxtangs sxva qveynis mefe ki ar ebrZoleba, aramed safalavnod iwvevs. vaxtangi Tanxmdeba, ma-gram bolos xedavs ra mowinaaRmdegis fizikur upiratesobas, xerxs mimarTavs da safalavnod gamosul mefes eZaxis: „_eg ra vaJkacobaa, rom magdeni maSveli ukan mogdevso, beCavsac ukan miuxedia Turme da am dros gorgasals Sig mobrunebul kiserSi ekra isari“. es Tqmuleba Zalian hgavs zRapars „mZle-TamZle“.

miTiur–zRapruli gmiris darad kvdeba vaxtang gorgasa-li. colma mters gaumxila misi saidumlo Tu rogor unda moeklaT: „rodesac cxens wyals daalevinebs, lagams zeviT mozidavs, gaRmidan Casafrebulebma iRliaSi styorcneT isa-ri da mokvdebao“. colis mier gacemuli saidumlos msxverpli xdeba mefe, romelsac „cidan zarebis rekva“ esmoda, rogorc araerTi jadosnuri zRapris personaJi Tu miTologiuri gmiri (aqilevsi apolonis rCeviT mokles quslSi daWriT, „amiranSi“ yamarma gasca Zmis saidumlo, ramac misi sikvdili gamoiwvia).

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solomon mefeimereTis mefe solomonis Sesaxeb ramdenime Tqmule-

ba mogviTxrobs, romlebSic ar xdeba personaJis saxisme-tyvelebiTi transformacia, igi yvelgan istoriuli gmiris saxels atarebs, romelic aznaurma mesxma gazarda farulad, rom mterTagan daecva, colad moiyvana qajaias naqvrivali. yvelaze mniSvnelovani, razec Tqmuleba yuradRebas amaxvi-lebs, aris ruxis omi, romelSic mefem STambeWdavi gamarjve-ba moipova.

qarTuli xalxuri Tqmulebebi mniSvnelovan yuradRebas apyroben aleqsandre makedonels. igi yvelgan Zlevamosil mefed aris warmodgenili, „romelmac mTeli qveyana daipyro: aRar darCa arc qalaqi da arc saxelmwifo, rom aleqsandres xmals ar SeenZria imisi kedlebi“. istoriuli gmiris gverdiT aleqsandre makedoneli zRapruli personaJicaa, mas SeuZlia spilenZis gaqvavebuli qalaqis dapyroba, iqidan oqro–ver-cxlis wamoReba, zRvisTvis xarkis moTxovna, ris gamoc igi zRvas cecxls ukidebs, zRvis kacisgan iRebs sam marcvals _ gaaxalgazrdavebis, sibrZnis, balaxis da mcenaris enis Ses-wavlis. „aleqsandre makedoneli iyo swored is, caze kibis ayudeba rom moindoma, magram ver moaxerxa, erTjer SeuCnda raRac eSmaki da daiCema, miwa unda amovTxaro da qvesknelis qveynebic davipyroo“. mas daukmayofilebeli survilebi da gaumaZRari guli aqvs. erT–erTi Tqmulebis mixedviT, brZen moxucs masTan kacis gamxmari guli miaqvs, romelsac araferi aZRobs erT muWa miwis garda. amiT igi aleqsandres gaumaZ-Rrobaze mianiSnebs. msgavsi siuJeti cnobilia jadosnuri zRaprisTvis.

garda istoriuli gmirebisa Tqmuleba–gadmocemebSi sax-ismetyvelebiTi trasformaciis TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyroben sxva personaJebic, romlebic ZiriTadad arare-alurni arian. am personaJebis roli nawarmoebebSi istoriu-li gmirisTvis miTosuri an zRapruli saxis miniWebaa.

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coli1. erTgulia meuRlis, magram mas Ralats swameben 2. coli moRalatea3. tabus damrRvevia, saidumlos gammJRavnebeliaerTgul cols Ralats swameben TqmulebaSi „gurgen mefe“.

gurgen mefe moRalate vezirs ujerebs da fexmZime cols sax-lidan agdebs. coli gamoqvabulSi ganagrZobs cxovrebas, sa-dac vaJsac Sobs, romelis gazrdaSic iremi exmareba. bolos gurgen mefe simarTles igebs da cols saxlSi abrunebs. es siuJeti jadosnuri zRapars emsgavseba da colis aseTi saxec

zRapridan momdinareobs.

coli moRalatea SoTa rusTavelis Sesaxeb arsebul

TqmulebebSi. igi Ralatobs rusTavels. poeti klavs mas, vinc

Ralats Seatyobinebs da TviTon ierusalimSi midis.

coli moRalatea tabus damrRvevi da saidumlos gam-

mJRavnebeli vaxtang gorgasalze Seqmnil TqmulebebSi: coli

jer guTnisdedasTan Ralatobs omSi wasul mefes da dausjeli

rCeba, Semdeg urjul mefesTan, romelTanac „piroba Sekra:

oRond SemirTe colad da Cems qmars mogakvlevinebo. Rame

imis raSs bevr marils vaWmevo da diliT iorSi rom Semova, wyals dauwyebs smasa, mefe lagams zeviT mozidavs, gaRmidan Casafrebulebma iRliaSi styorcneT isari da mokvdebao, sx-vagvarad ver mohklavTo, radgan TaviT fexebamde abjarSi ziso“.

colis meSveobiT gamJRavnda saidumlo, sad hqonda sus-ti adgili vaxtangs da ase mokla mterma. Tumca am faqts Ta-vad colic ewireba; urjul mefem isic mokla, qmris Ralatis gamo.

iremizRapruli personaJia Tqmulebis, romelic zrdis Tamar

mefis tyeSi dakargul Svils, igi aseve exmareba gurgen mefis gamoqvabulSi mcxovreb meuRles vaJis gamokvebaSi.

178

mosamsaxureTqmulebis zRapruli personaJia, romelsac saxeli ar

aqvs. igi iparavs gasaRebs da xsnis cxra yuTs, romelSic Tov-

lis Citia damaluli, ris Sedegadac Tovli modis kaxeTSi.

aseve mosamsaxures ukavSirdeba zamTar–zafxulis gaCena:

Tamars zamTar–zafxulis gamCeni Suqur varskvlavi hyavda

datyvevebuli, igi cxenad iqceoda xolme. mosamsaxurem wy-

lis dalevinebis dros lagami wamohyara da Suqur varskvlavi

gaufrinda. aseve mosamsaxuris saxels ukavSirdeba daviTis

mier datyvevebuli eSmakis, romelic gelaTis SenebaSi uSli-

da xels da romelic jorad iqca, gaqceva.

rogorc dakvirvebam aCvena, saxe–simboloebis saxisme-

tyvelebiT transformacias umTavresad gansazRvravs Jan-

ris specifika. radganac Tqmuleba–gadmocemebi ZiriTadad

realur sinamdviles eyrdnobian, maTi personaJebic, up-

irvelesad, istoriuli saxis matarebelni arian. magram unda

aRiniSnos, rom aqve xdeba zogadfolkloruli JanrebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva motivis Tu personaJis damkvi-

dreba. realuri faqtis Tu gmiris paralelurad gvxvdeba mi-

Tosuri, zRapruli, RvTaebrivi siuJetebi Tu personaJebi.

damowmebani:

vaJa-fSavela 1961: vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT

tomad. t. V. Tb.: ,1961.

zandukeli 1985: zandukeli f. mxatvruli ostatobis sakiTxebi

qaraTul folklorSi. Tb.: „nakaduli“, 1985.

qurdovaniZe 2011: qurdovaniZe T. qarTuli folkloris poetika. Tb.:

„mwignobari“, 2011.

SamanaZe 1997: SamanaZe n. qarTuli xalxuri legenda. disertacia. 1997.

179

Irma Kvelashvili

The Means of Imagery and Face Symbols in Legends- Narratives

Summary

Among the folklore genres legends and narratives mostly express and carry the realistic content. The narratives cover the historical events and de-pict the life stories of heroes, habits and customs.

Narrator tries to frame life reality in real form . The manifestation of legend is vivid and convincing. Narrator uses some phrases (formulas): “as it was said by old people”, “I heard about it from my grandfather ”etc. These elements help narrator to create convincing impression. These elements are not used in other folklore genres. Narrator tries to make real and convincing story while using the facts.

Epithets are simple and mainly based on one theme. The epithets of the very genre are connected to the character of personage, historical environ-ment, toponimic names. Legends never use ephitets for describing the physi-cal features of the heroes. Narrator is not interested in physical appearance of the personage. Thus narrator never highlights the features.

Epithet, like comparison is very particular, it depicts the sharp and clear features of the phenomena personage, this genre , unlike the epithet , deals with the logical determinations, the genre is very connected with the real life and exist.

As it is observed, the transformation of imagery and face symbols is mainly determined by the specificity of the genre. The legend and narrative are mainly based on the real evidence, their personages first of all carry the historical character as well, but at the same time some general folklore motifs and personages also manifest in the legend- narrative genre. Along with the real facts and heroes mythological, fairy tale and divine plots are evident as well.

180

qeTevan elaSvili

erTi folkloruli arqetipis

`literaturuli veli~

simbolos sakraluroba yvelaze cxadad mis àracnobier aspeqtSi~ aisaxeba da ezoTerikuli xedvis mistikur inter-pretacias iZleva. TumcaRa aTvlis ra sistemidanac ar unda ganvixiloT simbolo, misi winare xati ucvlelia da swored am arqetipuli sawyisidan ikveTeba `RvTaebrivi muxti~, rome-lic irealuris qrestomaTiuli gansxeulebaa.

arqetipuli simboloebi zedmiwevniT kargad Semogvi-naxa folklorma. folklori warmoadgens eTnokulturis im `dacul~ anu uZveles plasts, romelic ganapirobebs nebis-mieri eTnosis SemoqmedebiT evolucias.

amitom, simbolologiuri kvlevebi sruliad warmoud-genelia folklorul arqetipTa moZiebis gareSe, romelTa Semdgomi transformaciac simbolodqmnadobis erT-erTi um-Tavresi procesia. folkloruli arqetipebi eTnokulturis uZvelesi Sris momcvelicaa, Tumca imavdroulad, am arqeti-pebSive ikveTeba miTosuri azrovnebisa Tu warmarTuli cno-bierebis èvoluciuri speqtric~.

swored amitomac, _ winare saxeTa retrospeqtiva mx-atvruli azrovnebis WrilSi imgvar `literaturul naRms~ warmoadgens, rom SemoqmedebiT cnobierebas ukidegano Ses-aZleblobas aniAWebs. miT ufro, roca es Semoqmedi goderZi Coxelia; is qvecnobierSi Cagmanul miTosur qveteqstebs ezoTerikuli wiaRsvlebiT amZafrebs da uCveulobis ganc-das gvaniWebs. masTan Tundac, erTi SexedviT, saTuTi mSve-nierebiT gamorCeuli yvavilTmetyvelebac ki imgvari filo-sofiuri ganzogadebis WrilSia moqceuli (sailustraciod, `wiTeli mgeli~), rom Senda uneburad, wuTisoflis wvdomis emociac iseTive `xelSeuxebeli~ xdeba, rogorc àyvavile-

181

bul Tandilas~ maradisobad qceva... rac sruliad cxadia sim-bolologiuri Tvalsawieridanac; radgan `yvavili bunebis lakonuri simboloa _ misi srulqmnilebis, misi maradiuli wrebrunvis _ dabadebis, sicocxlis, sikvdilisa da kvlav aRorZinebis ganmasaxierebeli. SemTxveviTi rodi iyo, rom yvavils, rogorc bunebisa da esTetikis fenomens sagangebo wigni uZRvna moris meterlinkma (`yvavilTa goniereba~, 1907 w.). TiToeul yvavils, rogorc wesi, Tavisi simboluri dat-virTva aqvs, ganpirobebuli am yvavilis arsiT, misi formiTa da feriT. magram cxadia, rom aris yvavilTa simbolikaSi ra-Rac saerToc, risi ganzogadebac oriode sityviT SeiZleba; yvavili ganasaxierebs silamazes, srulyofilebas, sikeTes _ is, visac xelSi yvavili uWiravs, borotebas ar Caidens; amave dros, silamazisa da gazafxulis es simbolo wuTisoflis warmavlobazec metyvelebs~ (abzianiZe, elaSvili 2012: 107).

bunebrivia, goderZi Coxelis yvavilTmetyvelebis mis-tika `folkloruli yvavilebidan~ momdinareobs, TumcaRa aq garkveuli orazrovnebac SeimCneva. ris Sesaxebac jer kidev vaxtang kotetiSvili werda Tavis èqskursebSi~ (kerZod ìavnanas~ Sesaxeb): `ras niSnavs TviT ìavnana, vardo nana~, _ gadawyvetiT Tqma ar SeiZleba. `nagulisxmevia ìa~ da `vardi~ yvavilebis mniSvnelobiT: Tu sul sxva saxelebia...~ da erT qarTul zRaparze dayrdnobiT (ìam ra uTxra vardsa, vardma ra uTxra iasa~) Semdeg mosazrebas gamoTqvams: àq araviTar mcenareulze ar aris saubari. iac da vardic qvesknelTan arian dakavSirebuli...~ (kotetiSvili 1961: 324). araTu ia da vardi, aramed imqveyniuri samyaros saxismetyveleba `dasa-kuTrebuli~ aqvT konkretul xe-mcenareebs (eseni arian _ kviparosi, Zewna, nargizi, yayaCo, asfodelo, suros gvir-gvini...), romlebic ukve qrestomaTiul qtonur simboloTa mwkrivSi arian `fesvgadgmulni~.

godrZi CoxelTan ki erTi usaxelo yvavilia _ yvavilTa keTilzneobis `mtvirTveli~, romlis àyvavilebis fenom-enic~ damoukidebel `literaturul vels~ qmnis; sadac arqe-

182

tipul doneze ikveTeba samyaros Secnobis erTgvari mistika; rac ubralod uCveulobis gancdas ki ar badebs martooden, aramed warmoSobs `ezoTerikul labirinTs~, _ sakraluro-bis iluziiT gajerebuls. es qrestomaTiuli kanonzomiereba Tavdapirvelad swored folklorul ZeglebSia dagmanuli, xolo mogvianebiT sruliad damoukidebel `mxatvrul sunTq-vas~ iZens ukve mwerlobaSi.

miTosur, folklorul Tu mxatvrul xedvaTa diapazoni evoluciur doneze axdens imgvar Tavisufal interpreta-cias, rom ayalibebs damoukidebel saxismetyvelebiT speqtrs. `saxeTa mwerlobis~ es sistema ki yvelaze metyvel da gamomsax-velobiT adgils imkvidrebs mxolod konkretul avtorebTan mimarTebaSi. aq ki ukve, raRa Tqma unda, erTveba arqetipTa mizanmimarTuli integrireba _ anu simbolodqmnadobisa da TanaCarTulobis `mxatvruli dinamika~, romelsac gankargavs mxolod mwerlis `SemoqmedebiTi neba~. aqve isic unda iTq-vas, rom is warmoadgens `Tavisufali nebis~ imgvar abstraq-cias, romlis gansxeulebac, mxolod da mxolod, mxatvrul sivrceSi xdeba. realurad ki iseTive Seucnobeli, uCinari Tu mouxelTebelia, rogorc sulis moZraoba. folklorul Tu miTosur arqetipTa mxatvruli metyvelebis sruliad Tavise-bur `kanonikas~ gvTavazobs goderZi Coxeli, romlis Semoq-medebis amgvari gaSinaarseba araerT Tavsatexs gviCens, _ Ta-vad avtoris bunebrivi uCveulobidan gamomdrnare.

goderZi Coxeli xom gudamayris xeobis Seuryvneli idu-malebisa Tu `miTosuri mistikis~ erTgvari mediumi iyo, romelic `damoukidebeli folkloruli `rekvizitebiT~ amZafrebda nawarmoebis mxatvrul JReradobas. aq, upirve-les yovlisa, ezoTerikul TviTCaRrmavebasTan gvaqvs saqme (mxolod miTosur-folkloruli aluziebiT), rac erTgvar Seucnobel siRrmes matebs TiTqmis mis yvela nawarmoebs.

Coxelis samyaro miTiur sawyisze aRmocenebuli mistikuri elementebiT imdenadaa gajerebuli, rom sruliad uCveulo SegrZnebebSi Ziravs mkiTxvels. amqveynad ki yvelaze Seucno-

183

beli da idumali xom sikvdilis fenomenia, romelic vera da ver gaiTavisa mokvdavma adamianma. amitomac ̀ rac ufro primi-tiuli iyo adamiani, miT ufro xilul da masStabur saxes qmni-da sikvdilisas da Sesabamisad, gulubryvilo warmodgenebiT asabuTebda. yvelaze damabneveli mainc sikvdilis uxilavi as-peqti iyo... (abzianiZe, elaSvili 2012: 52), romelsac goderZi Coxeli roman `wiTel mgelSi~ xiluli saxe-simboloebiTa Tu saxeldebaTa mravalSrianobiT met-naklebad `materialurs~ xdis. amitomacaa, rom aq, _ konkretuli literaturuli sim-bolos mxatvrul diapazonSi xdeba martooden ezoTerikuli sawyisis gamZafreba, riTac adamianisaTvis `Semzaravi labir-inTi~ _ sikvdili gacilebiT masStabur idumalebas iZens.

`raa sikvdili? _ zogisTvis wami, zogisTvis mTeli cxovreba.

zogi dabadebidan grZnobs Tandayolil sikvdils da ma-namde awvalebs amis SiSi, manam sul-xorci ar gaeyreba erTi meores.

sul-xorcis gayra sikvdilia?maSin sicocxle raRaa?albaT sul-xorcis erTianoba.magram, viRac Tu raRac xoa, vinc sul-xorci Seqmna da

dauwera sikvdil-sicocxle.sicocxle CvenTan aris da sikvdilic aqvea, is ki ara Cans,

cocxlebi versad vxedavT da vin icis mkvdarni sul veRa-rafers xedaven...

sikvdils SiSi axlavs~ (Coxeli 2007: 421).am `metyveli SiSis~ daZleva avtorma sikvdilis erTi sao-

cari ilustraciiT SeZlo, rodesac `am~ da `im~ qveyniur sam-yaroSi gadasvla adamianis yvavilad gardasaxviT warmogvid-gina. tradiciulad yvavili xom yvelaze cxadad migvaniSnebs wuTisoflis warmaval arsze...

saerTod, poeturi TvalisaTvis samyaros Secnoba qres-tomaTiuli simboloebiT, is Tandayolili `SemoqmedebiTi intuiciaa~, riTac is sxvaTagan gamorCeulia. asea CoxelT-

184

anac; isic savsebiT bunebrivia, rom (igulisxmeba _ `wiTeli mgeli~) mglur Tanacxovrebaze awyobili adamianTa modgma, swored uCveulo sikvdiliT unda `ganwmendiliyo~, rac Tan-dilas ayvavilebis misteriiTaa gacxadebuli.

yvavilmetyvelebis arsidan gamomdinare, kacobriobis istoria xSirad `yvavilTa enisa Tu Rirsebis erTi Sexed-viT, martivi ilustraciebiTaa mowodebuli _ Sesatyvisad eTnokulturuli arqetipebiTacaa `Seferadebuli~. goder-Zi CoxelTan ki ukve gudamayris xeobis istoriaa amgvarad `wakiTxuli~. amitomaa, rom Tavisi saTnoebiTa da RirsebiT gamorCeuli Tandilas suls ufali `xiluli saswauliT~ mi-ibarebs...

`yvaoda mamaCemi.ai, aseTi yvavilebi amosdioda yvelgan: Tavze, xelebze,

zurgze, yvelgan...yvaoda da Tan surneleba idga eniT auwereli~ (Coxeli

2007: 308).amgvarad ̀ Taiguladqceuli~ gavida Tandila wuTisofli-

dan, _ zena qarisgan sivrceSi erTianad gafantuli da zecad aRvlenili... amqveynad ki, _ mxolod Tevdores (sxvaTa ms-gavsad mglad `monaTluli~ Svilis) mkerdze dabneuli, erTa-derTi `saswaulebrivi yvavilis~ saxiT darCenili, cdilobda gudamayris xeobaSi Savi nisliviT Camowolili `mware goneba~ saTnoebiT kvlav uwyinari gaexada.... Tavad goderZi Coxelic xom amgvarad iyo SeWidebuli `aboboqrebul wuTisofelTan~, _ uCveulo mxatvruli interpretaciebiT, sadac swored follklorul arqetipTa zneobrivi diapazoni warmoadgens `literaturuli velis~ erT-erT umTavres fenomens.

damowmebani:

abzianiZe, elaSvili 2012: abzianiZe z., elaSvili q. simboloTa ilus-trirebuli enciklopedia. ��. Tb.: `bakmi~, 2012.

kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili v. eqskursebi. // xalxuri poezia. Tb.: `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1961.

Coxeli 2007: Coxeli g. `wiTeli mgeli~. // caswavala. Tb.: `bakmi~, 2007.

185

Ketevan Elashvili

The “Literature Valley” of one Folklore Archetype

Summary

The folklore has preserved the archetype symbols quite well. The folk-lore represents the “protected” i.e. the ancient layer, that stipulates the cre-ative evolution of any ethnicity. That is why the retrospective of archetype images in artistic thinking/literature is very interesting. From this point of view Goderdzi Chokheli is very interesting writer, which creates “esoterical illustrations” in almost every his work.

At this time our subject of discussion is his novel “The Red Wolf”, where Chokheli perceives the life through the absolute symbolic visions and rel-evantly, the most unacceptable, mystic and terrifying mystery in humans’ lives – death, is given beautifully and unusually by the imagery of a nameless flower. In mythical thinking and by the biblical symbolism as well a flower generally is a symbol of momentary of lifetime.

Goderdzi Chokheli had shown to us – the death – by “blossoming hu-man”, though is the fate of the people who walk on the road of kindness. The “flower consciousness” is not foreign for Georgian folklore as well. That is why the author presents a very interesting artistic interpretation of the folk-lore archetype in his novel “The Red Wolf”.

186

maia niniZe

ilia WavWavaZis poemebis `gandegilisa~ da

`aCrdilis~ saerTo folkloruli wyaro

ilia WavWavaZis poema `gandegils~ avtoris mierve saTa-uris qveS gakeTebuli aqvs minaweri _ `legenda~, Sesabamisad, yvela mkvlevrisa da zogadad, mkiTxvelisTvisac sainteresoa im legendis Sinaarsi, romlis mixedviTac is daiwera. sxva-dasxva publikaciebSi iyo mcdelobebi, rom poemis fabula daekavSirebinaT beTlemSi moRvawe xan erTi, xan sxva beris cxovrebasTan. ase magaliTad, 1982 wels istorikos vaxtang sidamoniZis mier gamoqveynebul statiaSi `vin iyo ilias `gan-degilis~ gandegili?~ (sidamoniZe: 1982) gamoTqmulia mosaz-reba, rom poemas safuZvlad daedo 1824 wels gardacvlili beris _ besarion favleniSvilis cxovreba. igive azria da-dasturebuli qeTevan (baia) boWoriSvilis broSuraSi (bo-WoriSvili: 1999) `vin aris ilias gandegili?~. gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss vxvdebiT T. jvariZis publikaciaSi `gandegilis xalxuri wyaroebi~, romelic daibeWda Jurnal `jvari vazisa-Si~ (jvariZe: 1987) da romlis mixedviTac ilias poemas ber Rurbela (stefane) ficxelauris cxovreba daedo safuZvlad. orsave versiaSi saubaria wminda berebze, romlebsac poema gandegilis mTavar gmirTan saerTo aqvT is, rom myinvaris be-TlemSi moRvaweobdnen. mRvdelmonazoni besarioni saucxoo mqadagebeli yofila. igi mraval ciliswamebas da devna-Sevi-wroebas itanda da bolos avazakebma mokles. aseTive Rirseu-li da Tavdadebuli sulieri moRvawe yofila Rurbela ficx-elauric, magram am oridan arcerTi beris cxovrebaSi ar aris naxsenebi axalgazrda qalTan Sexvedris, aRTqmis darRvevisa da madlis moklebis faqtebi. Sesabamisad, imis mtkicebac, rom ilia WavWavaZis poemas romelime maTganis cxovreba daedo sa-fuZvlad, SeuZlebeli iyo.

187

rodesac xalxuri gadmocemis Cawera xdeba cnobili mw-erlis imave Temaze Seqmnili popularuli Txzulebis pub-likaciidan naxevar saukuneze metis Semdeg, Zneli gasarkve-via, ra aris am gadmocemaSi wmindad folkloruli da ra Seemata mas literaturuli Txzulebidan, radgan ara mxolod folklori asazrdoebs literaturas, aramed literaturac asazrdoebs folklors. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelo-ba aqvs ilia WavWavaZis Tanamedrovisa da TanamSromlis ilia baxtaZis im publikacias, romelic Jurnal „Новое обозрение“-Si daibeWda (1889, #1968, gv. 1-2) saTauriT „Легенда о «Гандегили~.

ilia baxtaZe dabejiTebiT wers, rom poema gandegi-li am folkloruli wyaros safuZvelze Seiqmna da Semdeg mogviTxrobs Tavad legendas _ myinvarze dayudebuli beris istorias, romelic saZmosTan erTad mivida iq, magram calke senakSi ganmartovda da gansakuTrebul sulier simaRleebs miaRwia. RvTisTvis misi Rvawlis saTnoobis gamomxatveli iyo saswauli _ dilis locvisas senakSi Semosul mzis sxivze beri wminda wignebiT savse abgas hkidebda. am saRvTo niSniT gamxnevebul da RvTisadmi madlierebiT aRsavse bers sur-vili hqonda, rom mis saZmosac mieRwia imave simaRleebisTvis da monasters mkacri Sidaganawesi daudgina. saZmos wevrebi, ver aRmoCndnen saTanado sulier simaRleze. maT amZimebdaT mudmivi locva da marxva da erTxel Seikribnen, rom mZime kanonisgan gasaTavisufleblad raime moefiqrebinaT. berebis azriT, gandegili imitom iyo aseTi momTxovni, rom wmindad cxovrobda, magram Tu is Sescodebda, maT mimarT mkacric ve-Rar iqneboda. Tavyrilobisas erTma berma Tavis Tavze aiRo am saqmis mogvareba gergeTSi mcxovrebi erTi ulamazesi qa-lis daxmarebiT, romlisTvisac, misi TqmiT, codva cxovrebis mowodebas warnmoadgenda da araferi iyo SeuZlebeli.

molaparakeba „meamboxe“ bersa da „dacemul qmnileba“ _ doras Soris RamiT Sedga, qalis saxlSi, saidanac drodadro TavSeukavebeli sicilis xma ismoda. erT Rames, saSinel qar-buqSi dora avida gandegilis senakTan da karis gaReba iTxova.

188

berisTvis es sruliad moulodneli iyo, SekrTa da TiTqos ig-rZno gansacdelis moaxloveba. ikiTxa vin iyo. qalma moatyua, viTom jixvebze monadire iyo, gza aebna, ukan veRar brundebo-da da TavSesafars iTxovda. gandegilma upasuxa, Cems senakSi adamians fexi ar Semoudgams, midi saZmos berebTan da isini migiRebeno. qalma isev moatyua, ukve viyavi, magram berebi adamianebs gadaeCvivnen da maT mimarT TanagrZnoba aRara aqv-To. maSin gandegilma miugo, Cemi saxeliT midi da migiRebeno. qalma icrua, viTom scada gandegilis darigebis Sesruleba, magram araferi gamouvida da isev SesZaxa meudabnoes, saZmos berebs „marTalTa ZiliT“ sZinavT da mgzavris xma ar esmiT. Tu ar ginda, rom aqve gaviyino da Sen dagedos codvad Cemi sikvdili, kari gamiReo.

legendis mixedviTac, gandegilma ise gaaRo kari, ver xvde-boda, rom senakSi SeSvebas qali iTxovda. qalTan saubris da RvTisadmi umadurobis gamomxatveli sityvebis wamocdenis Sesaxeb legendaSi araferia naTqvami, ubralod, weria, rom pa-tara, bnel senakSi qals da bers gverdi-gverd eZinaT. diliT, rodesac gandegils gaeRviZa, ucxo stumari aRarsad iyo, ma-gram mas raRac ucnauri miwieri siamis gancdasTan erTad da-naSaulis da eWvis grZnoba hqonda gaCenili _ xom ar Sescoda ucnobis senakSi SeSvebiT da xom ar ganarisxa RvTismSobeli? amis Sesamowmeblad meudabnoe gaTenebas daeloda, saloca-vad dadga da abga mzis sxivze dahkida, magram wminda wignebiT savse abga xmauriT daeSva Zirs. meorejerac scada, magram ig-ive ganmeorda.

diliT berebma naxes, rom gandegilis senaki carieli iyo. maSinRa mixvda erT-erTi maTgani, rom dilis bindbundSi mis mier SeniSnuli ucnobi, romelic myinvaris mwvervalisken mi-emarTeboda, maTi winamZRvari unda yofiliyo. publikaciis mixedviT, legenda arafers ambobs imis Sesaxeb, rogor daas-rula sicocxle meudabnoem, `romelime qarafidan gadaeSva Zirs~, Tu Rvawli gaagrZela da misma sinanulma keTili nayofi gamoiRo. rac Seexeba saZmos berebs, maT RvTis risxva daaty-

189

daT Tavs saSineli qarbuqis, elvisa da mexis saxiT, romleb-mac monasteri miwasTan gaaswora.

ilia WavWavaZis meore poemasTan _ „aCrdilTan“ legendis mimarTebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovania zemoxsenebuli gandegili beris istoriasTan dakavSirebiT xalxSi gavrcelebuli kidev erTi gadmocema, romlis mixedviTac myinvarisken mimavali monaniebuli meudabnoe ufalma aamaRla da TiTqos unaxavT kidec misi saswaulebrivi xilva _ myinvaris Tavze burusSi xelapyrobiT mdgari. statiaSi moxmobilia citata rusi po-etis _ simon iakobis Ze nadsonis mier 1879 wlis noemberSi dawerili leqsidan „В горах“, romelic mowmobs, rom aseTi gadmocemebi marTlac arsebula ilia WavWavaZis „gandegilis“ daweramde (1883 wlamde) da igi 17 wlis axalgazrda rus poet-sac hqonia mosmenili 1879 wels saqarTveloSi yofnis dros: „А там, где диадемой снежной / Казбек задумчивый сиял,/ С рукой подъятой ангел нежный, / Казалось, в сумраке стоял...“.

ilia baxtaZis TqmiT, ilia WavWavaZis mier „gandegilis“ daweras win uswrebda alpinistis asvla yazbegis mwvervalze. sagulisxmoa, rom 1883 wlamde ori cnobili alpinisturi asvla iyo ganxorcielebuli am mTaze. 1868 wels mwvervali daipyro ingliselma alpinistma duglas freSfildma, 1873 wels ki _ rusma vladimer kozminma. aseT dros xdeba xolme yuradRebis gaaqtiureba movlenaTa epicentrze. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebaSic da beWdur gamocemebSic aucileblad iqne-boda saubari am mTasTan dakavSirebul yovelgvar gadmoce-mebze. amitom, gasakviri ar aris, rom amis Sesaxeb gaego simon nadsons da, miT ufro, qarTvel poets.

ilia WavWavaZis „gandegilTan“ aris dakavSirebuli kidev erTi saintereso publikacia _ aleqsandre xaxanaSvilis sta-tia „Русско-грузинские параллели в поэзии“, romelic daibaWda aseve „Новое обозрение“-Si 1893 wels (#3265). avtori ganixilavs Sileris tragediis _ `orleaneli qalwulis~ mimarTebas is-toriul realobasTan da ilia WavWavaZis poema `gandegilis~ mimarTebas legendasTan. igi gvTavazobs am ori Txzulebis,

190

rogorc ori romantikuli siuJetis paralelur analizs erTi niSniT _ ausrulebeli aRTqma da RvTiuri madlis dakargva. Jana darks uflisgan hqonda dakisrebuli safrangeTis tax-tze kanonieri memkvidris _ karlos meSvidis aRsaydreba, am miznis miRwevaSi mas unda daxmareboda Tavisive aRTqma _ ara-vin Seyvareboda miwieri siyvaruliT, magram Seuyvarda da Tan ara nebismieri vinme, aramed mteri _ ingliseli raindi lion-eli. amitom man dakarga RvTis madli. beris aRTqma iyo mudmiv RvTismWvretelobaSi yofna, magram wuTierad gaeqca Tvali amqveyniurisken, gulSi vneba Seepareba, sasowarkveTilebaSi Caagdo da madli daakargina.

statiis avtori araCveulebrivad aanalizebs imas, Tu ra iyo istoriuli mocemuloba (orleqneli qalwulis SemTx-vevaSi) da zepirsityvierebiTi safuZveli („gandegilis“ SemTxvevaSi), ra daamates avtorebma da ratom. igi ganmartavs, rom tragediis Sesaqmnelad aucilebelia gmiris Sinagani br-Zola. amitom Semoitana Silerma Tavis piesaSi, TiTqos Jana darks aRTqma hqonda dadebuli, rom aravis Seiyvarebda da aman warmoSva Sinagani Widili aRTqmasa da grZnobas Soris. gandegilic erTi gulisTqmis gaelvebis gamo Cavarda jer Sinagan brZolebSi, Semdeg sasowarkveTilebaSi da dakarga RvTis winaSe mopovebuli saTnoeba. sakocnelad daxrilma Tavi Seikava, magram esec ki sakmarisi aRmoCnda, rom mis arse-baSi minavlebuli codva isev aRgznebuliyo. xaxanaSvili ar mogviTxrobs im legendis Sinaarss, romelsac daemyara ilias `gandegili~, magram sakiTxisadmi misi midgomidan da daskvne-bidan Cans, rom, savaraudod, isic icnobda ilia baxtaZis mier imave JurnalSi gamoqveynebul legendas, romelic im dros sakmaod gavrcelebuli yofila.

sagangebo Zieba folklorul krebulebsa da arqivebSi Cven mier moTxrobilis msgavsi fabulis gamosavlenad jer ar Cagvitarebia, magram vfiqrobT, rom ilia baxtaZis publika-cia mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba imis garkvevaSi, beTlemSi moRvawe beris Sesaxeb arsebul gviandel folklorul Canaw-erebs etyoba Tu ara poema `gandegilis~ gavlenis kvali.

191

damowmebani:

boWoriSvili 1999: boWoriSvili q. (baia). vin aris ilias gandegili?

(ilia WavWavaZis `gandegilis~ mixedviT). 1999 w.

nadsoni 1879: Надсон С. «В горах». 1879 http://www.world-art.ru/lyric/lyric.

php?id=14810

sidamoniZe 1982: sidamoniZe v. vin iyo ilias `gandegilis~ gandegili~?

gaz. `soflis cxovreba~, 14 marti, 1982.

xoneli 1889: Хонели (Бахтадзе) И. „Легенда о «Гандегили». „Новое обозрение“,

№ 1968, 1889.

xaxanaSvili 1893: Хаханов А. Русско-грузинские параллели в поэзии. „Новое

обозрение“, №3265, 1893.

jvariZe 1987: jvariZe T. gandegilis xalxuri wyaroebi. `jvari vazisa~,

№ #1,1987.

Maia Ninidze

A Folklore Source of Ilia Chavchavadze’s Poems “The Hermit” and “The Ghost”

Summary

Famous Georgian writer Ilia Chavchavadze identified his poem “The Hermit” as a legend but our contemporary scientists had no idea about the fabula of the legend as all the sources written down by folklorists were of a very late period and we could not be sure that they were not influenced by the literary work which became wery popular as soon as it was published. Recently we found Ilia Bakhtadze’s publication in the newspaper “Novoe Obozrenie” named “A Legend About the Hermit”, published only six years after The first publication of Chavchavadze’s poem. The author of the article, who knew Ilia Chavchavadze personally and worked with him, says that the poem “The Hermit” was based just on this legend. Accordingly the article is very important both for folkloristic and literary studies.

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nino balanCivaZe

`gzamac xSirad mowyena iciso~...

adamianis Sexedulebam cxovrebis Sesaxeb, miwiermac da amaRlebulmac, fericvaleba ganicada, vidre sakuTari `mdgradi~ da ucvleli ieriT damkvidrdeboda Ze xorcielis cnobierebaSi.

datova sofeli goderZi Coxelma, myudro samyofeli da dadioda qalaqSi ara `mokuntuli~, aramed rogorc zneobis, adamianobis, sikeTisa da mSvenierebis gansaxiereba samSob-los, bunebisa da adamianis siyvaruliT aRsavse.

mzis sxiviT naTeli adamiani,RvTiuri madliT cxebuli saocari bunebiT dajildoebuli, egzuperis patara ufliswu-liviT cxovrobda am uzneo samyaroSi, mis garSemo gamefebul WuWysa Tu sibinZures gverds uvlida da zrunavda yvelasa da yvelaferze.

Tavis erT-erT moTxrobaSi `devebis nasoflari~ goderZi Coxeli wers: `maRalo RmerTo! es moTxroba aRsarebad CamiT-vale da ise nu gaafermkTaleb deda-Svilobis madls, ise nu mogvakleb siyvaruls, rom devebs ufro vecodebodeT Cveni Cadenili codvebisaTvis, vidre Cven erTimeore~ (Coxeli 6131)

`gudamayris xeobaze dResac aris devebis nasoflari, sa-dac maTi saflavebicaa. eridebian gudamayrelebi RamiT siar-uls, devebs rom ar gadaeyaron. Tumca, roca gadaeyrebian, xma ar unda gascen, arc Sexedon, arc magaTi mowvdili sas-meli dalion, Tu devi qalis warTmevas moindomebs an maTTan Sebmas,gudamayreli daiyvirebs _ ̀ gviSvele, dido iaRsaro! _ da rogorc cis elva, ise ram gakrTeba im adgilas. damfrTxa-li devebi ki tyeSi mimoifantebian. `_erTi SexedviT,TiTqos, mxolod miTosuri azrovnebiT sunTqavs `devebis nasoflar-is~ avtori, magram moxucis saubriT irkveva misi realuri su-lieri samyaro:

193

`axla gudamayarSi vinmes rom hkiTxo: _ devi Tu gina-xavso? _ siciliT mokvdeba~. _ ixsenebs goderZi Coxeli. Tumca kiTxvaze _ `papav, marTla iyvnen devebi? _ moxucs aTqmevinebs:

`_ iyvnen, maS! magram axla, Svilo, xalxi moeqca dev-eS-makebad da dev-eSmakebs aq raRa gaaCerebda. age, rogor da-icala soflebi... xo gagigonia, upatrono eklesiasao... sam-wuxarod, dResac aqtualuria es problema da qveynis winaSe gadauWreli.

gza ver itevs ukacobas. gza savse aris molodiniT da xalxiT. gzas pirvels stkiva qveynis satkivari. gza pirveli moelis SinmousvlelT. gzas pirvels moaqvs sixaruli: gzaze ki aTasobiT amvleli da Camvleli Cadis. vin icis, ramdeni amisTana gza aris dedamiwaze. roca gzaze adamianebi xSirad aRar dadian, gzamac mowyena iciso. TandaTan beltdeba da vi-wrovdeba. mere ki sulac nagzevi xdeba da emateba im sityvebs, rogorebicaa: nasoflari, nasaydrali, nasaxlari, nafuZari, nacolari, da vin icis, kidev ramdeni sityva Seemateba am si-tyvebs, vin gaigebs, rogor qars wamouberavs zenaari de-damiwaze, Tu adamianebi saerTod daiviwyeben iseT sityvas, rogoricaa _ siyvaruli! (Coxeli 2011:12).

icis es yovelive goderZi Coxelma Zalian karad, amitom Tavis moTxrobaSi „siyvarulis cecxli“ wers: adamianebi imi-tomac berdebian, rom sxva yvelaferTan erTad, TandaTano-biT akldebaT siTbo: mSoblebis siTbo, Svilebis siTbo, Seyva-rebulis siTbo, megobrebisa da axlobeli adamianebis siTbo da, rac mTavaria, imedis siTbo; adamians, dabadebidan, sul Tan dahyveba imedis siTbo, fiqrobs, rom erTxelac iqneba... magram,raki is raRac am qveyanaze Turme ar xdeba, nel _ nela, rac wlebi gadis, TandaTan qreba imedis siTbo da, marTalia, sikvdilamde mainc Rvivis misi naperwklebi adamianis sulSi, magram mainc sazarelia simartovis Jams saidanRac monaqro-lis amaoebis qari da aqve yvelasaTvis cnobili kiTxva: raa sikvdili? _ zogisTvis wami, zogisTvis mTeli cxovreba.

194

zogi dabadebidan grZnobs Tandayolil sikvdils da manamde awvalebs amis SiSi, sanam sul-xorci ar gaeyreba erTimeores.

axla yvela adamiani moTxroba mgoniao, amitomac yovel maTgans saTaurs uZebnida.... da netav vicode, ra memarTeba!- araerTxel uTqvams da moxiblula im didi wigniT, romelsac samyaro hqvia: `dedamiwa aris mziTa da mTvariT ganaTebuli didi wigni, romelic uxilavi Semoqmedis xeliT iwereba da iSleba; romelSic uamravi cocxali moTxroba cxovrobs”- amitomac sTxovs Semoqmeds Seaqmnevinos sakuTari samyaro (Coxeli 2013: 3). aki Seqmna kidec da dRemde arsebobs!

goderZi Coxelis SemoqmedebaSi xTonuri Zalebisa da Zex-orcielTa Sexvedra-dapirispirebis fonze mkafiod ikveTeba maTi Seyris adgilas mdgari adamiani Tavisi pirovnuli Rirse-bebiTa Tu nakliT.

moTxroba `sulebis Sesakrebelis~ gmiri TaiguliT xelSi dadis sofel-sofel, yvelas efereba, yvelas sikeTisaken mou-wodebs da bolos caSi mifrinavs; ufro met interess iwvevs romanis `mgeli~ personaJi Tandila, romelmac aseve sikeTis keTebaSi uborotod ganvlo wuTisofeli. Rrma moxucebulo-bisas ki aRsasrulis Jams yvavilebis Taigulad gadaiqceva. da gana sxvagvarad SeeZlo eTqva goderZi Coxels:

tyvia yvavilad gadviqce,

avyvavde mTawmindazeda

da gavuRimo varskvlavebs,

SemomsxdarT

qarTlis cazeda.

(Coxeli 2007: 94).

goderZi Coxeli jer kidev ymawvilkacobaSi Camovida gudamyridan da mTeli cxovreba TbilisSi gaatara, Tumca mTeli arsebiT mijaWvuli iyo im kuTxesTan, sadac daibada da gaizarda. bevri amas naklad uTvlida: `riT ver moswyda Tavis Coxsa da gudamayarso!~ magram imas ki aRar ambobdnen,

195

rom amas Segnebulad akeTebda. amitom _ ki `ver moswyda~, `ar moswyda~, radgan icoda, rogori sastiki da daundobeli iyo qalaqi Tavisi SeSlili, civi da gadareuli adamianebiT;icoda qalaquri Suq-Crdilebi,radgan, rogorc TviTon ambobda, Tavad iyo gadmoxvewili qalaqSi, amitom rogorme Tavi rom daeRwia qalaqSi gamefebuli uzneobisagan, Seqmna Tavisi sao-cari mikrosamyaro, romelSic bunebis yvela movlenas Soris sruli harmonia da urTierTgageba sufevda.

am samyaroSi ise ostaturad aris gadajaWvuli erTmaneT-Tan namdvili da gamonagoni, realuri da irealuri, cxadi da sizmriseuli,rom rTulia erTmaneTisagan gamijvna.

Coxeliseul saocar samyaroSi mkiTxveli did siamovne-bas iRebs da ar ukvirs, rogor Seiyvara daTvma saRaram qali samZivari, rogor Sestrfis iremi irems,rogor siyvaruliT eleparakeba Tina Tavis Zroxa Tunas,rogor amodis adamianis mxarze naZvis xe da ratom uvlis es adamiani mas ase saTuTad. da bolos am ucnaur samyaroSi ara marto yvelas yvelaferi esmis da yvela erTmaneTze zrunavs, aramed yvelas yvela uy-vars. `siyvaruli da upirvelesad siyvaruli gadaarCens am qveyanaso~ _ es aris goderZi Coxelis rwmena da cxovrebi-seuli kredo.

kacis nasaxlars nu manaxveb da nu gaxdeba saqarTvelo nax-evris _ naxevari. da Sen, kuziano dedamiwav, ramdenic genebos, itriale! da dedamiwac trialebs, trielebs dRemde (Coxeli, 4125), am trialSi ki sicocxle goderZi CoxelisaTvis sevdaa, adamianad yofnis tkbili sevda.

_ sikvdili?_ sikvdilic _ adamianad aryofnis sevda~.goderZi Coxeli Tavis moTxrobaSi `adamianTa sevdaSi~,

erT metad saintereso ambavs mogviTxrobs: ̀ sikvdili rom gam-oigona RmerTma, ifiqra, modi, gamovcdio da jer qvas miargina imis gancda. qvebma ise ganicades, imdeni idardes, dardisagan su ifSvnebodnen, aRar iviwyebdnen TanamoZmis sikvdils da yvelani ifSvnebodnen. RmerTma ifiqra, amaTTvis es gancda ar

196

SeiZleba, amisaTvis sustebiao, aarida qvebs sikvdili da axla xes miargina, imaTac Zalian ganicades, mTelma tyeebma totebi Camailewes da aRar iviwyebdnen. xeebsac aarida da axla wyals miargina. verc wyalma gauZlo, daSroba daiwyo. adga RmerTi da adamianebs miargina sikvdili. adamianma itira, itira... mere damarxa mkvdari da tiriliT gadaimglova kidec. hoo, amis mere RmerTma adamians miakuTvna sikvdilis gancda...“ (Coxeli 2013: 29-30).

samyaros brunvisa da adamianis am qveynad arsebobis mniS-vnelobaze amaxvilebs ra yuradRebas goderZi Coxeli, xazs usvams, rom mxolod adamians aqvs niWi sikvdilis daZleviT gaikafos gza maradiulobisaken, sikvdilis daZlevis erTad-erTi saSualeba ki Rirseulad gatarebuli sicocxlea. dasva kiTxva goderZi Coxelma _ ra aris sicocxle, ra aris sikvdi-li? da Tavadve gasca pasuxi: erTic sevdaa da meorec, maT Soris sul patara gansxvavebaa; pirveli _ adamianad yofniT gamowveuli sevdaa, meore _ adamianad aryofniT gamowveu-li, Tumca es erTi da igive _ sevdaa... mere?...mere sikvdils iqiT raa? sikvdils iqiT xom kidev ufro didi sicocxlea.... gasvleli didi gza... romelic Rirseulad unda gaiaros Ti-Toeulma adamianma.

gudamayarTan erT-erTi gza devebis nasaxlarze gadis. adamianebi am gzas dResac gaurbian, gaurboda goderZi Cox-elic: `mTavaria devi ar Semxvdes da iymuvlon mglebma ram-denic undaT~. mglebis ymuili ar aSinebs, ar eSinia devebisac, ubralod ar surs maTTan Sexvedra, joxsac uRerebs, devi hgonia da mxolod tirilis xmaze amoicnobs sakuTar dedas, patiebasac sTxovs. deda-Svilis metad mgrZnobiare Sexvedra devs aatirebs: `Cemo erTaderTo da sayvarelo Svilo! gageyi-na fexebi? aha, Tbili winda wamogiRe, gamoicvale, _ ubidan Wreli, jvriani windebi amomiRo da TviTon Camacva. mere ux-mod CavexuteT erTmaneTs da uceb Cven iqiT aSkarad momeCvena tirilis xma. erTi ki vifiqre, devi xom ar aris-meTqi, magam mere ra? dedaCemi xom Cem gverdiT aris. risi unda eSinodes

197

adamians, roca deda gverdiTa hyavs da Tanac gaToSil fex-ebze Tbil windebs acmevs,jvrian windebs!~

`visac deda cocxali aRar hyavs, rac ufro meti dro gadis, miT ufro genatreba deda da siyvarulic gicxovel-debao _ werda goderZi Coxeli _ sanam deda cocxalia, ma-namde gulad xar, sikvdilisa ar geSinia, sicocxliT laRob, vera grZnob sikvdilis mzeras, radgan deda Camdgara Sensa da sikvdils Soriso.

rogorc vxedavT, goderZi Coxeli metad ostaturad da bunebrivad akavSirebs gamogonils realurTan, miTosur ele-mentebs qristianulTan da amasTanave, yuradRebas amaxvilebs adamianis amqveynad mosvlis daniSnulebaze. amitomac dResac aRsarebad unda CaiTvalos misi sityvebi: `ise nu gaafermkTa-leb deda-Svilobis madls, ise nu mogvakleb siyvaruls, rom devebs ufro vecodebodeT Cveni Cadenili codvebisaTvis, vi-dre Cven erTimeore~.

damowmebani:

Coxeli: Coxeli g. devebis nasoflari. http://litklubi.ge/biblioteka/view-

nawarmoebi. php?id=6131.

Coxeli: Coxeli g. siyvarulis cecxli. https://geobestbooks. files.wordpress.

com/2011/12/siyvarulis-cecxli.pdf

Coxeli: Coxeli g. adamianTa sevda. http://dspace.nplg.gov. ge/bitstream/

1234/4179/1/Adamianta_Sevda.pdf#page=79&zoom=auto,-107,348;

Coxeli 2007: Coxeli g. „me“ da „me“. leqsebis krebuli. Tb.: `palitra~L,

2007.

Coxeli: Coxeli g. coxeli, natiral http://litklubi.ge/biblioteka/view-nawarmoebi.

php? id = 4125

198

Nino Balanchivadze

The Moral Phenomenon of Word

Summary

The essence of literature is the best mean for expressing human state-hood, relationship and emotions. Prosperity and fall of the different nations and their historical manifestation is much more apprehensible after acquaint-ing with their literature works. The word is said to be difficult to be kept , if the word is lost the life becomes unbearable and sorrowful.

All patriots should serve their countries they must think about the pros-perity and benefit of their nation and fellow citizens, as more they strive for their national development and prosperity.

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Bbalada

tristan maxauri

qarTuli xalxuri sagmiro balada

„laSars movida TilisZe“

fSavis aragvis xeobaSi, laSaris jvris dResaswaulze, XX saukunis 90-ian wlebamde jer kidev „ferxisiT“ sruldeboda sagmiro balada „laSars movida TilisZe“. es balada dRes Sei-Zleba iSviaTad axsovdes vinmes, magram maSin TiTqmis yvela medReobe fSavelma zepirad icoda da mis Sesrulebas ufro myari da tradiciuli xasiaTi hqonda.

baladis uZvelesi Canaweri ekuTvnis daviT xizanaSvils da Sesulia 1887 wels „iveriis“ mier gamocemuli „fSauri leqse-bis“ wignSi:

`laSars movida TilisZe, gul-didad dajda xario;

Semoexvivnen fSavlebi, rogorc batonsa ymanio.

_ Sen aq ar mogevaloda, didi hqen codva-bralio...

Camoxve xoSaraSia, cisak auSvi alio;

Sahyare diac-ymawvili, kalod galewe mkvdario;

nakveTauris Werxosa Sen Sexsen rkinis kario,

salude dasWer qobebi, RmerTs misdioda Cqamio.

_ daicaT, laRno fSavelno, maloceT Tqveni jvario,

samxvewrod mamiyvanavis TeTri qorai xario;

zog gavarigoT maSina, roca gamovlen mTanio;

vin edges mtersa axlosa, vis ufro sWrides xmalio;

ubis Tavs daayenodiT, fSavlebo, Tqveni cxvario.

ubis Tavs danaTdebian TilisZis cxenis nalnio~...

(fSauri leqsebi 1887: 34-35)

baladas dialoguri xasiaTi aqvs, rac mkveTrad apiris-pirebs mowinaaRmdege mxareebs da ufro met simZafres aniWebs momxdari ambis leqsad gadmocemas.

200

Cadenili danaSaulis gamo TilisZe patiebas iTxovs fSav-lebisagan. laSaris jvarSi mas sapatio saklavebic mihyavs: „TeTri qorai xari“ da „pirqumelai“ (pirwiTeli) an „pirT-virTvilai“ (pirTeTri) cxvari. eseni gamorCeuli feris sak-lavebia. vaJa-fSavelas ganmartebiT, „qora xari“ aris rqaTeT-ri xari, xevsurebis gadmocemiT ki qora xari mTlianad TeTri feris unda iyos. erTi Savi wertilic ki ar unda aRmoCndes mis sxeulze, Torem sakulto cxovelad ar CaiTvleba. TeTri xariT xdeba Serigeba mosisxle qistebSi. qora xars gamoumZ-Rvarebs win Siola RuduSauris da mis saxlSi moklul xevsur mTrexels da samTrexlos mTamde mohyveba. afxazuri rwmena-warmodgenebis mixedviT ki TeTri feris gareuli cxovele-bi nadirTpatron aJveifSaas jogis winamZRolebi da mwyem-sebi arian. albinosi gamorCeul cxovelad iTvleba qarTul samonadireo eposSic (gavixsenoT Tundac beTqilis baladaSi moqmedi TeTri arCvi).

Cven mier gansaxilveli baladis mixedviT TilisZis codva Zalian mZimea: „daswvi, dasdage xoSara,/ camde auSvi alia;/ gaswyvite diac-ymawvili,/ kalod galewe mkvdaria;/ nakveTau-ris cixesa/ Sen Saxsen rkinis karia;/ salude dasWer qobebi,/ RmerTs misdioda Cqamia“ (Tsufa № 28447). xevsuruli gamoTq-ma rom moviSvelioT, „codva RmerTs Semwvdari as“.

niko xizanaSvilis mier Cawerili variantis mixedviT fSavSi SemoWrili TilisZe nakveTauris nacvlad kukumaurs klavs:

„Sen mahkal kukumauri,

WiCos rom Saxsen xmalio!..“

(qxp ��: 446).

Camweri ganmartavs: „kukumauri _ fSavlis saxeli, gamo-Cenili gmiri iyo. amis sikvdili Temis xmlis Semoxsnad miaCni-aT“ (qxp ��: 446).

kukumauri ixsenieba meore xizanaSvilis _ daviTis mier Caweril sxva leqsSic:

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`am zamTars, micqis lurjao, joyari xvrime narisa...

gazafxuli ro movalis, lusmari gale nalisa;

agiyvan sayaWis wverzed, Suqi zed gadges mTvarisa;

xoSaras xagirs Cagagdeb, odoSi hkmiWe qerisa;

sanaTaurT kars migagdeb, Wexa iyuro farisa...

daTviav sanaTauro, Ciqilamc gxurav qalisa!..

TuST samuqarod nagebi cixe sada gaqvs Tavisa?

_ ar minda cixe magari, imedi maqvis mklavisa!...

uSvelis kukumauri, mezobelia karisa~.

(fSauri leqsebi 1887: 41)

niko xizanaSvilis Canaweris mixedviT kukumauri WiCos Temidanaa („WiCos Sen Saxsen xmalio“), WiCo ki xoSaris mezo-beli Temia. albaT, amas unda gulisxmobdes daTvia sanaTau-ris iribulad naTqvami: „uSvelis (e. i. miSveliso, �� pirSi am-bobs) kukumauri, mezobelia karisa~.

erTaderT variantSi nakveTauris nacvlad xoSareu-lia naxsenebi: „xoSareulis Werxosa Sen Saxsen rkinis kario“ (mTxrobeli irakli TiliZe, sof. kvavlo). am variantSi „xo-Sareuli“ gviandeli movlenaa. xoSareuli xoSarels, xoSa-ris mkvidrs unda niSnavdes, magram aseTi gvari xoSaraSi ar cxovrobda. iyo xoSuraulebis gvari da isinic sxva sofel betiCdilSi cxovrobdnen. rac Seexeba nakveTaurs, romelic gansaxilveli baladis uamrav variantSi ixsenieba, is xoSare-lTa sardali yofila. amas adasturebs TilisZis ciklis sxva leqsic:

`ivane nakveTauri fSavlebs hyoliyo sardali;

xoSaras qobis WraSia iman mogvikla Sabali~.


cxadia, gamwarebuli TuSebi ar SearCendnen nakveTaurs TanamoZme Sabalis mkvlelobas da am xoSarel vaJkacs mis msx-verpl Sabalze daaklavdnen. kargi vaJkacis (Tanac sardlis!) mokvliT ki xoSaris Temsac Seexsneboda rkinis kari. maSasa-

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dame, WiCoeli kukumauri SecdomiTaa naxsenebi xoSareli nakveTauris nacvlad. kukumauri am brZolaSi ar unda mom-kvdariyo. is maSvelTa razmSi unda yofiliyo sxva WiCoel vaJkacebTan erTad. amas adasturebs isev TilisZis leqsad naTqvami, saidanac vgebulobT, rom gaerTianebul fSavlebs Zalian SeuwuxebiaT Tavdamsxmeli TuSebi:

`TuSni xoSaram dagvlivna, boz TuST diacTa enama, _

gZelma im xoSaris gorma, iq wylis ar gamodenama;

iwroma fSavis xevebma, fSavlebis mokled devnama;

wowkuraulis isaris yiaTad wveris cemama,

WiCoT mosulTa obolTa, imaT saxelis debama,

maTurelebma vaJebma, imaT goris pirs denama~.


vin iyo TilisZe, romelmac aseTi ziani miayena xoSaris Tems an ra iyo am laSqrobis mizezi?

am sakiTxebis gasarkvevad garkveuli Sroma ukve Caatares qarTvelma folkloristebma da publikatorebma, Tumca bevri ram jer kidev dasadgenia. qsenia sixaruliZe wers: „vin iyo gorgi TilisZe, sadauria igi, rodis cxovrobda da ratom SemorCa misi saxeli zepirsityvierebas. am kiTxvebis gasarkve-vad zepirsityvierebis garda araviTari wyaro ara gvaqvs. `xalxur poeziaSi gorgi TilisZis saxe gaorebulia. leqsebis erTi jgufi TilisZes xalxis sayvarel gmirad warmogvidgens. meore jgufis leqsebSi igi augad ixsenieba. pirvel SemTxveva-Si TilisZe mSobliuri kuTxis daraji da saxelovani gmiria, meore SemTxvevaSi igi erTi vinme SfoTiani, mousvenari, Sin-auri SuRlis amtexia“ (sixaruliZe 1970: 83).

xoSaraze Tavdamsxmeli TilisZis sadaurobis Sesaxeb ar-sebuli yvela zepirsityvieri wyaro miuTiTebs, rom igi TuSe-Tis sofel kvavlodan iyo, magram gadmocemaTa variantebSi gansxvavebulia gmiris saxeli. sergi makalaTias mier fSavSi mopovebuli cnobebiT, „TuS mekobarTa meTauri daviT Ti-

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lisZe yofila, TuSuri TqmulebiT ki gorgi TilisZe sofel yvavlodan“ (makalaTia 1934: 23).

fSavSi Sekrebili gadmocemebis umetes nawilSi gmiris saxeli saerTod araa naxsenebi, is mxolod gvariT ixsenieba, xevsurul da TuSur masalebSi ki yvelgan gorgis saxeliTaa cnobili. cxadia, rom TuSebsa da xevsurebs ukeTesad exsome-bodaT misi saxeli, xolo misgan gamwarebuli fSavlebi saer-Tod ar moixseniebdnen TavianTi amwiokeblis saxels. swored am garemoebas unda mivaweroT fSavSi misi saxelis gaurkvevloba.

zepirgadmocemebisa da leqsebis mixedviT TilisZe mamiT obolia, dedamiss ki Tili rqmevia. „TilisZes Tilis obolsa Zaxnilan“, _ gviambobs leCureli fSaveli xumara badriS-vili, lafanyureli luka mTibelaSvili ki amatebs: „TilisZe, rogorc gadmocemiT vici, yofila oboli. deda hyolia mar-to. oblad gazrdila da yofila kai vaJkaci“ (Tsufa № 26264).

TilisZis dediserTobas xazs usvams xalxuri leqsic:

`TilisZem _ dediserTaman

sizmari naxa Znelia~.

(sixaruliZe 1970: 86).

TilisZeze sruliad gansxvavebuli gadmocema Cauweria Tebro gogolaurs. am gadmocemis mixedviT, romelic fSaur dialeqtzea Cawerili, „TuSeb gadmosulan xoSarasa. dedas uTqom Svilisada, ro Svilo, deda genacvlos, imaTak Tof ar gaisroloo, imaT Zriel xati hyaviso (xoSarlebsao). am balR-sac ar gausrolav, oboli yofila. im oblis met aRarvin damr-Cala, imis met aRarvin wasula xoSariTa (xerxian Tu raim iyo, isiRa darCa). Sayrila i beber kacebi, mihxdomian, is balR unda daarCvan (ra vi, i deda-SvilT Seeswvra vinamaa, Tu i laparak gaigua da imaze ieWvaa?). im balRs gza dauswavlav. gamauride-bav deda-SvilT, gamautanav, wamausxam, Tu rai hqonda, hyvan-da. gadmosulan xoSarasa; miZmaveTo, uTqom, suyvelas TiTo dRis mamul miucav. erTs rasam kacs ar uZmavebav. imis mamul

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Zalad mauxneinebav xalxsa. im kacs TavTaveb dauglejav da xatis galavanSi gadauyrav: dalieT magis damlevio _ uTqom (Tavis Tavs ki daswyia). masqi erTze modian e luskni. TilisZis oblis monagarn varT Cvena, TuSebi varT Zirada“.

mTqmeli salome ilias asuli gogolauri (TorRvaT sa-lome), 65 wlis, sabudaraSi gamoTxovilia xorxidan (gogo-lauri 2005: 44).

rogorc vxedavT, aq araferia naTqvami TilisZis mier fSavis aoxrebaze. am gadmocemis mixedviT TilisZe TuSia da, rogorc sxva prozaul da poetur variantebSia aRniSnuli, obolia. misi monagarni fSavSic SemorCenilan Turme.

TilisZis Sesaxeb saintereso cnobas gvawvdis vaxtang razikaSvili: „TilisZis dedas erqva Tili. Tils vaJiSvili oblad gauzrdia da roca davaJkacebula, misTvis kvici uy-idia“ (razikaSvili 1978: 8).

TilisZeTa warmomavlobis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mosazrebaa TviT TuS mTxrobelTa Soris. „abram giorgis Ze TilisZis

TqmiT, TiliZeebi Zirad lekebia. iqidan (lekeTidan) aris

(TiliZeebis winapris) ojaxi wamosuli, iTuanxalis raionidan,

aCaris xeobidan, sofel Satovidan“ (bardaveliZe 1985: 37).

amave gvaris warmomadgenelTa nawili miiCnevs, rom Til-

isZeebi qarTvelebi arian: „Cveni gvari (TilisZeni) Zirad

fSavlebi yofilan. iqidan sisxlis aRebis gamo gamoqceula,

_ mas qoCi xqvivnebia. pirvelad farsmis TavSi, sofel veSarSi

dasaxlebula; imas idianT qali SeurTavs. qoCis Svili yofila

Tili, xolo mis Svils gorgi rqmevia. veSaridan gvianRa gad-

mosaxlebuliyvnes kvavloSi“ (mTxr. Tado giorgis Ze TilisZe,

dab. 1891 w., Cawerilia 1949 w., bardaveliZe 1985: 32-33).

TilisZeTa gvaris veSarSi yofnas adasturebs irakli

TiliZec: „jer pirvelad papaCemi Tili cxovrobda girevis

TavSi, veSarSi... gorgi Tilis Svili, Tilis Ze iyo“ (irakli

TiliZe, dab. 1934 w., sof kvavlo. masala Caiwera tristan max-

aurma 1987 wels kvavloSi).

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vaxtang razikaSvilisa da TiliZeebis monaTxrobi erTma-neTs daemTxva imis Sesaxeb, rom gorgi Tilis Svili iyo, magram vaxtangis CanawerSi Tili gorgis dedas hqvia, TuSebis naambo-bis mixedviT ki _ mamas. am gansxvavebis Sesaxeb Semdeg gavamax-vilebT yuradRebas, manamde ki isev mivyveT TilisZis warmo-mavlobas. TilisZis fSaur warmoSobaze qsenia sixaruliZesac moaqvs cnoba, magram, samwuxarod, igi informators ar asaxe-lebs. ai, es monaTxrobic: „TuSi yofila TilisZe, fSavlis nabiWvari. ro davaJkacebula, maTurasa da sxvagan ulaSqrnia, uRupnia xalxi. bolos piriqiT gadasula. qistebisaTvis cx-vari moutacnia da iq mouklavT. erTxel salocavad misula laSarSi“ (sixaruliZe 1970: 103). cxadia, rom aq saubaria gor-gi TilisZeze da ara sxva vinmeze. am gadmocemaze dayrdno-biT qsenia sixaruliZe gamoTqvams varauds: „iqneb sisxliT naTesaoba aZlevda sababs TilisZes, rogorc „yma“ xleboda karze Tavis batons _ laSaris jvars ZRvniT _ saklaviTa da sawiraviT? iqneb naTesauri warmomavlobiT acxadebda igi pretenzias fSavis dasarbevad? yvelaferi es, ra Tqma unda, jerjerobiT mxolod varaudia“ (sixaruliZe 1970: 103).

niko xizanaSvilis dakvirvebiT TilisZe „mSvild-isrobis drois“ gmiria. amis safuZvels TviTon TilisZis ciklis am-saxveli leqsebi iZleva.

`dagvlivna xoSaris gorma, iq wylis ar gamodenama,

wowkuraulis isrisa udrood amodenama~.

(Tsufa № 28448).

`wowkuraulis isari gveliviT Samowioda,

Sig midioda jarSia, cxenebs mxedrebi scvioda~.

„Sors davrCi, axlos ver mived!“ _ isev imasa Cioda~.

(Tsufa №28450).

`xoSariT kaci gadmoCnda, _ muqus vina xarT xmlianio?

sumelji gadmauCindao, sumelji mSvildisriani.

esrola, gamaagora TuSi fexCiTaiani~. (Tsufa №26344)

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Cven mier gansaxilveli baladis erT variantSi mefe er-eklecaa naxsenebi. es varianti petre umikaSvilis „xalxur sityvierebaSia“ Setanili. igi babale mindodaurisagan Cauw-eriaT:

„an visi sWexdes boZalni, an visi sWrides xmalnio.

baton erekle mobrZandes, visad darCeba mkvdario“.

(umikaSvili 1937: 168).

am variantze dayrdnobiT qsenia sixaruliZe gamoTqvams Semdeg mosazrebas: „Tu am leqsSi moxsenebuli erekle erekle meorea, raSic Cven eWvi ar gvepareba, maSin gorgi TilisZes meTvramete saukuneSi ucxovria“ (sixaruliZe 1970: 85).

am azrs qsenia sixaruliZe qarTuli xalxuri poeziis �� tomis komentarebSic imeorebs: „leqsis dasaTariReblad mniSvneloba aqvs striq. 8-s. igi imaze miuTiTebs, rom gorgi TilisZe erekle meoris Tanamedrove gmiria“ (qxp ��: 467).

ver daveTanxmebiT qsenia sixaruliZes. baladis uamravi variantidan es teqsti erTaderTia, sadac ereklea naxsenebi. misi saxeli aq gviandeli Canamati unda iyos. amis Tqmis safuZ-vels gvaZlevs is faqti, rom teqstebis umravlesobaSi saomar iaraRad mSvild-isari ixsenieba. erekle meoris dros ki (e. i. XV�� saukuneSi) brZola ukve Tofebis gamoyenebiT mimdinare-obda. amave teqstSi, sadac ereklea naxsenebi, vkiTxulobT: „an visi sWexdes boZalni, an visi sWrides xmalnio“ (umikaSvili 1937: 168). mecxramete saukunis CanawerebSi yvelgan mSvild-isaria naxsenebi. Tofi mxolod meoce saukunis CanawerebSi Cndeba, rac cxadia, gviandel realobas asaxavs. yovlad war-moudgenelia, rom TofebiT SeiaraRebuli TilisZis marbieli razmi mSvild-isrebiT SeiaraRebul fSavlebs daemarcxebi-nos. da kidev sayuradReboa is faqti, rom TilisZis ciklis leqsebSi gmiris sanaqebo iaraRad xmalia dasaxelebuli. am iaraRSia garkveulwilad gmiris (TilisZis) iRbalic:

„netar ar gamaxyiddesa TilisZen gorgis xmalsao?

Tu gamaxyiddes, viyiddi, mivscemdi cxvarsa-d, rvalsao.

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Cavdebdi cixis libuSi, gaimagrebda qavsao.

libuSi ro iqneboda, lekebs miscemda zarsao“.

(SaniZe 1931: 32)

xmali gmiris ganuyreli atributia. TilisZisadmi miZ-Rvnil gamokvlevaSi qsenia sixaruliZe am leqssac ganixi-lavs da wers: „xmlis Tu sxva saomari iaraRis Tu saWurvlis grZneuleba damaxasiaTebeli Cans qarTuli xalxuri sagmiro-saistorio da sakuTriv sagmiro poeziisaTvis. Tedo razikaS-vilis mier Cawerili legendis mixedviT xalxs sjeroda, rom „ereklem xmali win daidvis da isev TavisTavad Semoertyiso. erekle roca locvaze dadgeboda, xmals Suqze dahkidebda xolme da locvas roca gaaTavebda, sxividgan isev aiRebda xmalsao“ (sixaruliZe 1970: 87-88).

miTiur iaraRze aq aRar gavagrZelebT saubars. aseTi nawiliani iaraRi sakmaod gvxvdeba qarTul (sakmarisia mar-to mamuka qalundauris xmali) da msoflio folklorSi. es citatic imitom movitaneT, rom gveTqva: gamiTiurebulia TilisZis xmali da ara Tofi, romelic gmiris samuqaro si-tyvis oriode variantSi gvxvdeba da isic gviandeli Canamatia xsenebul baladaSi.

konkretulad romel saukuneSi cxovrobda gorgi Til-isZe, amis Sesaxeb vaJa-fSavelas araferi aqvs naTqvami. igi wers: „xan da xan Cvens istoriul cxovrebaSi gamoereoda imi-sTana Savi da bneli xana, rodesac fSavlebi xevsurebs arbev-dnen, xevsurni fSavlebs da agreTve TuSebi, viszedac ki xeli miuwvdebodaT.fSavlebs Sorisac, romelnic Tormet Temad iyvnen, Temi Tems ar indobda gasaJletad, gasaZeveblad, _ ai, amisTana ubedurs da ukuRmarTs droSi ibadeba TuSeTSi uku-RmarTis fiqrisa da znis gmiri, Tu SeiZleba ase uwodoT imas, vinme TilisZe; igi agrovebs TuSebis laSqars da modis fSav-lebis dasarbev-dasabegravad“ (vaJa 1964: 235).

magram xalxuri leqsebisa da gadmocemebis mixedviT vic-iT, rom TilisZe marto Sinauri SuRlis amtexi araa, is leke-

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bis winaaRmdeg mebrZolicaa. swored es afiqrebinebda qsenia sixaruliZes, rom TilisZis baladis erT variantSi naxsenebi „batoni erekle“ erekle meore iyo da rom TilisZes erekle me-oris epoqaSi unda ecxovra. magram aqve SevniSnavT, rom leki-anoba mxolod erekle meoris dros ar yofila. igi gacilebiT adre daiwyo da TilisZesac erekle meoris xanamde unda ecx-ovra, magram erekle meoris saxelma gadafara wina drois am-bebi da am Cveni baladis xsenebul variantSic Zalauneburad SeiWra.

laSqrobidan karga xnis Semdeg TilisZe salocavad modis laSaris jvarSi. fSavlebis mTavar salocavSi SesawiraviT momdgari TilisZis ganzraxvas sxvadasxva axsnas uZebnian xalxuri mTqmelebi da zepirsityvierebis mkvlevarni. xalxs miaCnia, rom TilisZe danaSaulis gamosyidvis mizniT movida laSaris Zlier xatSi (am Tvalsazrisze dgas vaJa-fSavelac). niko xizanaSvili ki Tvlis, rom TilisZis laSarSi mosvlis mi-zani sul sxva ram aris.igi saubrobs laSaris jvarze, rogorc laSqrobis mfarvel RvTaebaze da dasZens: „gmiri valdebuli iyo yovelTvis elocna da msxverpli Seewira laSqris xati-saTvis; amas TviT vaJkacobisa da laSqrobis viTareba Txou-lobda. zvarakis samxvewrod miyvana Cveuleba iyo. gul-dids TilisZes Tavmosadreki da saxvewari ara hqonda ra fSav-lebTan. es TilisZis sityvebidgan sCans. is fSavlebs eubneba: jer damacadeT, gza gavides, laSqrobis amindi dadges da ma-Sin giCvenebT seirsao.

`zog gavarigoT maSina,

roca gamovlen mTanio,

vin edges mtersa axlosa,

vis ufro sWrides xmalio~.

Tqvenc dameTanxmebiT, rom muxlmosadrekad da Sesarige-blad misuli TuSi am gvarad ar aeZraxeba da ar aeCqameba iseTs „maRlis mTis Sevardnebs“, rogornic fSavlebi arian“ (xiza-naSvili 1940: 105).

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baladis dasasruli striqonebidan TiTqos ase Cans, ma-gram aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi mainc ar aris gasaziarebeli da ai, ratom:

TilisZem mezobeli kuTxis winaSe iseTi danaSauli Caidina, rom „RmerTs misdioda Cqamia“. es codva mas didi xani ar moas-venebda.TuSebi da fSavlebi xom ucxoni ar iyvnen erTmaneTi-saTvis da mudam momxvduri mtris garemocvaSi myofi TuSebi mxolod sakuTari Zalebis imediT didxans ver gaZlebdnen. aucilebeli iyo am ori kuTxis Serigeba, rom saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg ebrZolaT. meorec: SurismaZiebel „fSavlebs TuSebi daumarcxebiaT da didis zaraliT TilisZe gaqceula. xalxuri gadmocemiT xoSaraSi mravali TuSi daxocila da fSavlebs maTi CiTebi (naqsovi Wreli fexsacmeli) godrebiT uzidiaT.

sof. xoSaraSi daxocili TuSebis saflavebs aq dResac uCveneben, romelsac sakmao didi farTobi uWiravs“ (makala-Tia 1934: 24).

meore gadmocemiT fSavlebs „amauwyvetav es TuSebi, rom marto is TilisZe gahqcevia cocxali... maSin im salocavs Sex-vewnia, ro oRond gadamarCine cocxalio da me xariTa da sak-laviT mual Sen karzeo“ (Tsufa №26264).

sxva gadmocemiT sumelji wowkurauls nasroli isrebiT „maTuris wyal su gauwiTlebav, iseT dRe uyrav TuSebisada. es TilisZe ro Sawuxda, Seexvewa laSaris jvars: oRomcao aqe-dan gadavrCe am fSavlebsao da Seni dReoba ro iqneba, xarsac moviyvan, cxvarsacao“ (Tsufa №26344).

vaJa-fSavelas xelT arsebuli zepirsityvieri masalebis mixedviT „TuSebs es gamolaSqreba Zlier Zvirad dasjdomiaT da marto imaTi sardali TilisZe gadarCenila cocxali da am-bavi „TuSebis dalevisa“ imas wauRia“ (vaJa 1964: 57).

rogorc vaJa wers: „TuSebs Tavisi damarcxeba, rogorc fSavlebis gamarjveba, _ miuweriaT laSaris jvrisaTvis (giorgi etliania). TuSebma laSaris jvris Zala mxolod axla Seignes. pirvelad TuSebis sardali, TilisZe, midis fSav-

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lebTan Sesarigeblad da laSaris jvris win Tavis mosadrekad“ (vaJa 1964: 59).

aqve unda moviyvanoT vaJas Svilis _ vaxtang razikaSvi-lis Canaweric. am Canaweris mixedviT TilisZe fSavlebTan xan-grZliv brZolebs awarmoebda, magram am „brZolebSi TviTonve damarcxda. gauwyda laSqari da martoka gamoeqca fSavlebs“ (razikaSvili 1978: 8).

zemoT motanili yvela Canaweri erTxmad ambobs, rom Til-isZe martoka gadarCenila da gaqceula. movuxmoT isev vaxtang razikaSvils: „rogorc frinvelis frTebi, ise aesxa TilisZes jaWvis perangze fSavelTa isrebio, ityodnen ZvelisZveli fSaveli moambeni. bolos cxendacxen laSaris xatSi Sevard-nila TilisZe. Zveli CveulebiT fSavelni xatSi aRar Sehyo-lian mters.

TilisZes ulocia laSaris xati da SeuTqvams ymoba _ `laSaris salocavo, gadamarCine da Seni yma viqnebio. TuSebs dResac ki danadebi aqvT, _ TilisZis STamomavloba TuSeTi-dan, roca ki laSaris dReobaa, salocavad modian fSavSi la-Sarobas“ (razikaSvili 1978: 10).

Zveli tradiciiT, martod darCenili, usasoo mdgomare-obaSi myofi gmiri saSvelad da ukanasknel imedad salocavs mimarTavda xolme. Tu SurismaZiebeli am salocavis yma da Tay-vanismcemeli iyo, is xatis SiSiT ver Sedioda wminda adgilas, xolo Tu sisxlismaZiebeli ucxo rjulisa iyo, is advilad imetebda salocavSi Sefarebul mters. TilisZe amjerad ga-darCenila, radganac morwmune fSavlebs sakuTar salocavSi ver gaubedavT misi sisxlis daRvra. amis gamo TilisZe laSa-ris jvris Zalas ufro metad irwmunebda da, ra Tqma unda, mas ymad da msaxurad daudgeboda. Tanac TilisZem xom swored la-Saris jvris droSis qveS gaerTianebuli fSavlebis erT-erTi Temi _ xoSara sastikad aaoxra da amiT didi zarali miayena xalxsac da xatsac. amis gamo mas sinanulis grZnobac gauCn-deboda da es ormagi gancda _ laSaris jvris uZlevelobisa da mis winaSe monaniebisa _ cxadia, qeds moaxrevinebda TuS

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marbiels laSaris jvris winaSe. am garemoebas vaJa-fSavelac aqcevs yuradRebas: „mTis xalxs Cveulebad aqvs, rom rodesac

erTs meoresTan mZime danaSauli miuZRvis da damnaSave „saxve-

wriT“ _ saklaviT, sasmeliT midis da Seuracxyofils sTxovs

Sewynarebas, patiebas, ueWvelad miiRebs. es Cveuleba dResac

moqmedobs mTis xalxSi. xasiaTi, Sinaarsi am Cveulebisa isaa,

rom damnaSave Seuracxyofils saklavs rom uklavs, patara

xatad hxads. saklavis Sewirva xom RvTisa da RvTis-Svilebis (xatebis) mosamadlierebeli saSualebaa. saklaviT Sexvewna didi Sexvewnaa, romliTac sisxlic ki daiurvebis. TilisZes aramc Tu cxvari, xari mohyavs „samxvewrod“ xatTan da TemTan Sesarigeblad, albaT imitom, rom did damnaSaved hgrZnobs Tavis Tavs“ (vaJa 1964: 58-59).

niko xizanaSvilis mier mcdari azris gamoTqma, TiTqos TilisZe Tavmosadrekad ar mosula fSavlebTano, ganapiroba

TilisZis siamayiT aRsavse sityvebma, romelic Cven mier gan-

saxilveli baladis dasasruls aris gamoTqmuli: „zog ga-

varigoT maSina, / roca gamovlen mTanio, / vin edges mtersa

axlosa, / vis ufro sWrides xmalio“.

ar unda dagvaviwydes is garemoeba, rom TilisZe fSavSi

amjerad salocavad aris mosuli da ara saomrad: „aca, maca-

leT, fSavlebo, maloceT Tqveni jvario“, _ eubneba is gan-

risxebul fSavlebs, romlebsac ganrisxebis sababi namdvilad

hqondaT. TilisZis siTamames orgvari mizezi hqonda: 1. man,

rogorc mTielma, icoda, rom salocavad „xatSi misuls imas

xels ar axlebden“ (Tsufa № 28448). baladasTan dakavSirebu-

li zepirgadmocemis mixedviT, „xevisbrebma waiyvanes es kaci.

ras ambobT, ar mahklaTo! mere samani Cadges. imis Semdeg fSav-

lebsa da TuSebs Soris SuRli moispoboda“ (Tsufa №26344).1. „ra Tqma unda, exla fSavlebi Sars maudebden: „rogor,

risTvi moxvedo? raki iman uTxra xatSi muedo da ai, TqvenTan Zmoba mindao, imaTac darTes neba. da iqidan gaficulan TuSe-bi da fSavlebi, rogorc Zmebi“ (Tsufa №26264).

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2. „moxuci TilisZe mainc ar uTmobs fSavlebs, amayad elaparakeba da asec unda yofiliyo _ ukve SeZmavebuli iyo fSavlebTan da iseTive ufleba hqonda sityvis da siamayisa, rogorc fSavlebs“ (razikaSvili 1978: 11).

3. baladaSi, rogorc sagmiro xasiaTis nawarmoebSi, unda warmoCindes gmiris utexi buneba. TilisZis siamaye aramc da aramc ar usvams xazs mis ampartavnobas, is warmoaCens mxolod da mxolod gmiris Rirsebas. amas TviT fSaveli mTqmelebic aRiareben: „isiv gautexeli Tqva im TilisZema“ (Tsufa №26298). da es gautexloba gmirisa met simZafres aniWebs am sagmiro baladas.

zemoT yuradReba mivaqcieT TilisZis oblobas. xalxuri eposis gmirebi oblebi arian; obolia amirani, mas mama ara hyavs, xolo, rogorc viciT, erTi versiiT dedamisi nadiro-bis qalRmerTi dalia. obolia xalxuri baladis gmiri Tor-Rva Zaganic („oblobiT amaizarda TorRva Zaganis gvario“...). TilisZis Sesaxeb arsebuli gadmocemebis erTi nawili gveu-bneba, rom dedamiss erqva Tili, meore nawilis mixedviT ki _ mamas. folkloruli nawarmoebis specifikidan gamomdinare, ufro sarwmunoa, rom deda yofiliyo Tili. vaxtang razikaS-vili gviambobs, rom „Tils oblad gauzrdia vaJiSvili da roca davaJkacebula, misTvis kvici uyidia“. deda TiTqos wvrTnis Tavis erTaderT vaJiSvils da „laSqar-velobisTvis“ amzadebs. misi cxeni zRapruli raSis msgavsia da gmirs gan-sacdelSi exmareba. sisxliani laSqrobidan fSavlebs TavdaR-weul TilisZes gzaze qali Sexvdeba da eubneba:

„imiT giyida dedama

kvici, iabo cxenia,

ro gagiWirdes, TilisZe,

Sinav mamixval mTelia“

(Tsufa №26298).

TilisZes miTiuri xmali aqvs da is nawiliania, ese igi mzis wilia. erTi gadmocemis mixedviT gmiris gadamrCeneli swored

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mzea. TilisZe rom gaeqca fSavlebs, mas sumelji wowkurauli gamoudga mosaklavad. „TilisZe mTaze Saxda. sumelji eweva. TilisZem xelebi daikrifa da mzes dauwyo yureba. miewia es sumelji da uTxra: „mzisad mipatiebia, Seni mze gamqrali iyo da ai, am mzes vapatie Seni Tavio“ (Tsufa №26298).

am gadmocemebisa da leqsebis fragmentebidan vgebu-lobT, TandaTan rogor xdeboda gmiris gamiTiureba. etyoba, iseTi didi rezonansi hqonda TilisZis laSqrobas fSavSi, rom masze mTeli epopea iqmneboda, magram SemdgomSi erekle meoris sagmiro ambebma mouswro, TilisZis heroikuli ambebi ukana planze gadaswia da gadafara, ris gamoc aRar Seiqmna mis Sesaxeb arsebuli eposis erTiani siuJeturi xazi. Cven am fragmentebiT vcdilobT gmiris saxis gamTlianebas. Til-isZem saTave daudo axal tradiciasac _ man laSaris jvris niSi fSavidan TuSeTSi waiRo da TuSebs salocavad dauwesa. es salocavi piriqiTis alaznis xeobis Suagul sofel CiRoSi mdebareobs, magram, rogorc irakli TilisZe gadmogvcems, is jer xeobis TavSi yofila dabrZanebuli: „iqidan (fSavidan) ro wamaiRo, dadges TursiexSi. Tqves yrilobaze, rom fSav-lebi mogvparaveno da wamoiRes, Camoitanes CiRoSi, rom veRar moeparaT. CiRoSi laSaris jvars yanebi aCuqes“ (masala Cawer-ilia 1987 wels sofel kvavloSi tristan maxauris mier).

TilisZe winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gmiria. TuS-fSav-xev-sureTSi gavrcelebuli leqsebisa da gadmocemebis mixedviT igi Sinauri SuRlis amtexic aris da samSoblos mtrebis _ lekebisa da qistebis winaaRmdeg mebrZolic. TilisZe uebro meomaria. mas, rogorc WeSmarit qristian rainds, sinanulis grZnobac amoZravebs, rac ufro met saxelsa da didebas matebs mis pirovnebas. erT gadmocemaSi is ambobs: „amodena xalxi ro Cavxoce, unda Savrigde fSavlebsa“ (Tsufa №26298). TilisZis Sesaxeb arsebuli zepirsityvieri masalis damagvirgvinebeli nawilia balada „laSars movida TilisZe“, sadac gmiri inanie-bs Tavis danaSauls da Serigebas Txovs misgan dazaralebul fSavlebs. am mxriv aRniSnul baladas aRmosavleT saqarT-velos mTielTa sagmiro poeziaSi analogi ar moeZebneba.

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damowmebani:

bardaveliZe 1985: bardaveliZe v. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis tradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto Zeglebi. t. ��. Tb.: „mecniereba“, 1985.

gogolauri 2005: gogolauri T. saubrebi fSaur kiloze. Tb.: „qarTu-li ena“, 2005.

vaJa 1964: vaJa-fSavela. TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli. t. �X. Tb.: „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, 1964.

Tsufa: ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-sitetis folkloristikis departamentis arqivi.

makalaTia 1934: makalaTia s. fSavi. tf.: saqarTvelos geografiuli sa-zogadoebis gamocema. 1934.

razikaSvili 1978: razikaSvili v. vaJas saojaxo poezia. Tb.: „sabWoTa saqarTvelo“, 1978.

sixaruliZe 1970: sixaruliZe qs. qarTuli xalxuri sagmiro poeziis sakiTxebi. Tb.: „ganaTleba“, 1970.

umikaSvili 1937: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba. wigni �. tf.: „fed-eracia“, 1937.

fSauri leqsebi 1887: fSauri leqsebi. Sekrebili daviT xizanaSvilis mier. gamocema tf.: „iveriisa“. 1887.

qxp 1974: qarTuli xalxuri poeziis Tormettomeuli. t. ��. Tb.: „mec-niereba“, 1974.

SaniZe 1931: SaniZe a. qarTuli xalxuri poezia. �. xevsuruli. tf.: „saxelgami“, 1931.

xizanaSvili 1940: xizanaSvili n. (urbneli). eTnografiuli nawerebi. Tb.:

ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis saqarTvelos filialis gamomcemloba, 1940.

Tristan Makhauri

Georgian folk heroic ballad “Tilisdze came to Lashar”(The son of Tili came to the holly place lashar)

The ballad depicts the one episode of Georgian highlanders’ _ Fshavians and Tushi’s inner contentions. Tushi Tilisdze (son of Tili) who devastated the village Khoshara in Fshavi, goes to Lashari shrine for repentance, sacrifice the victim and reconcillate with Fshavians. There is no analogue of the work in East Georgian folk heroic epos.

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bibliuri motivebi

eTer inwkirveli

solomon brZenis funqciis transformaciis

formebi folklorul narativebSi

bibliuri solomon brZenis saxis folklorizaciis sa-kiTxis dasmisas, upirveles yovlisa, gvainteresebs, Tu ra cvlilebebi ganicada bibliuri solomon mefis saxem qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi, ra aris saerTo bibliasa da folklors Soris, ra inovaciebs gvTavazobs qarTuli folklori bib-liuri mefis saxis gaxalxurebisas, romeli folkloruli Janrebis personaJia solomon brZeni da ra funqciis matare-belia is.

qarTul folklorSi solomon brZenis saxe metad gavr-celebulia. solomoni aris rogorc legendebis, ise zRapre-bis, xalxuri novelebisa da igavebis personaJi. gvxvdeba rogorc prozaul, ise poetur teqstebSi, xSirad adgili aqvs Sereul formebsac.

bibliuri mefis gamorCeuli xasiaTis Sesabamisad, solo-monis saxem folkloruli transformaciisas mravalgvari forma miiRo. xalxSi amgvari popularoba solomon brZenisad-mi gansakuTrebuli damokidebulebiT aixsneba. legendebi solomon brZenze Tanabrad popularulia rogorc qris-tianul, ise iudeur da muslimur samyaroSi. am process Tav-iseburad xeli Seuwyo Sua saukuneebSi bibliis gavrcelebam ara mxolod eklesiuri, aramed xalxis mimosvlisa da migra-ciebis gziT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom folklorSi bibliuri solomonis saxe ucvlelad ar gadasula. mravali motivi bibliisgan damo-ukideblad daukavSirda solomon brZenis saxes. amitom xSi-

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rad folklorSi solomoni meoreuli funqciiT gvxvdeba: misi funqcia folklorul variantebSi sxva personaJebsa da saxeebs miewereba. amis mizezi, savaraudod, bibliamdeli gamocdileba unda iyos, romelic xalxma mogvianebiT solo-mons daukavSira. an piriqiT _ solomonis saxe TviTon iZleo-da ganzogadebis saSualebas.

bibliuri motivebis folklorizacia

bibliaSi gansakuTrebiT aris aRniSnuli solomonis si-brZne. ufali sizmrad gamoecxada mas da SesTavaza: `mTxove, rac ginda, rom mogce~ (3-mef.: 3.5). arCevanis winaSe mdgomi ymawvili mefe uflisagan mxolod `brZeni da gonieri gulis~ moniWebas iTxovs: `da mianiWe Sens msaxurs gonieri guli, raTa ganagos Seni eri, rom sikeTe gaarCios borotebisagan~ (3-mef.: 3.9). ufalma moiwona axalgazrda mefis arCevani da sibrZnesTan erTad yvela amqveyniuri sikeTiT daajildova: `imis gamo, rom mTxove es da ar moiTxove SenTvis xangrZlivi sicocxle, ar moiTxove simdidre, ar moiTxove Seni mtrebis suli, aramed goniereba moiTxove samarTlis gasakiTxavad; aha, mominiWebia SenTvis brZeni da gonieri guli, ise, rom Seni msgavsi arc Senamde yofila sadme da arc Sens Semdeg gamoCn-deba Seni msgavsi~ (3-mef.: 3.11-13).

novelistur zRaprebSi solomonTan mojamagired misuli gmiri gasamrjelos sanacvlod rom sibrZnis swavlebas iTx-ovs, swored solomonTan dakavSirebuli am bibliuri motivis gamoZaxilia. solomoni am tipis zRaprebSi mCuqeblis fun-qciiT gvxvdeba, TviTon gmiri ki solomonis paralelur sax-es, mis tavtologias warmoadgens (inwkirveli 2004: 166-171).

bibliaSi solomonTan dakavSirebul cnobil ori meZavis igavs (3-mef.: 16.16-27) qarTul folklorSi Taviseburi cv-lileba ganucdia da saojaxo Tqmulebebis rkalSi moqceula: ori meZavi Secvlilia ori rZliT. literaturis institu-tis folklorul arqivSi daculi fSauri Canaweris mixed-

217

viT: `yofilan rZlebi. bavSvebi gasCenia erTnairad orives. erT qalsa Svili gauWyletnia, SaSinebia qmari mamklavso da meore rZlisaTvin miugdia, esa Seniao da cocxali wauyvania~ (fa. f 269, gv. 94). ambis gasarkvevad solomon brZenTan mivid-nen, romelmac cocxali bavSvis Suaze gaWra da dedebisTvis

ganawileba brZana. namdvili deda cocxal Svils rZals uT-

mobs. mTqmeli ki SeniSnavs: `mixvda solomon brZeni, romelic

iyo deda~.

am Tqmulebis kaxur variantSi _ `ratom erqva solo-

mons brZeni~ _ moTxrobilia ori rZlis da bavSvebis ambavi,

romelsac bolos axlavs mTqmelis SeniSvna: `xalxma gaigo es

ambavi da brZnad miiCnia. Tu vismes saqme hqonda gasarCevi, yve-

la imasTan midioda gasarCevad~ (fa. k 36. gv. 181). cxadia, aq mniSvnelovan cvlilebasTan ar gvaqvs saqme,

radgan igavis arsi, funqciebis TvalsazrisiT, folklorSi

mTlianad SenarCunebulia.

solomoni bibliaSi taZris agebiT aris cnobili. rusul,

evropul, indur da sxva xalxebis folklorSi solomoni

atyvevebs borot Zalas, romelic yvelanairad xels uSlis

taZris Senebas. qarTul folklorSi am motivs Taviseburi

transformacia ganucdia da daviT aRmaSeneblis mier gela-

Tis Senebis gadmocemaTa rkalSi moqceula (inwkirveli 2011:

446). am mxriv, sainteresoa erTi, sruliad gansxvavebuli

qarTuli Tqmuleba, romelSic mowinaaRmdegis damwyvde-

vis Sebrunebul versiasTan gvaqvs saqme: erTxel eSmakebma,

romlebsac SeSurdaT solomonis sibrZne, gadawyvites, uf-

skrulSi CaemwyvdiaT igi. mZinare solomoni ormoSi Caagdes.

roca gamofxizlda, solomonma qvebis mogroveba daiwyo. eS-

makebi gaocdnen. rodesac hkiTxes, Tu ras akeTebda, solo-

monma upasuxa: `dedamiwaze uamravi taZari amigia. axla isRa

damrCenia, eSmakebs avugoo qvesknelSi taZari~. eSmakebs SeeS-indaT siwmindis da gadawyvites, solomoni maRla amoeyvanaT (СМОМПК, 1892, №13, 332-333).

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ormoSi Cagdeba qvena samyaroSi Casvlis, sikvdilis tol-fasia, rac ganaxlebas, axlad Sobas moaswavebs.

solomonis funqciis meoradobasTan unda gvqondes saqme, rodesac is aRWurvilia ieso qristes funqciebiT.

solomoni da ieso qriste

solomon brZeni qarTul folklorSi araerTgzis aris dakavSirebuli ieso qristes saxesTan. Bbibliis mixedviT, ieso qriste uSualod daviT mefis anu solomonis Stos ganekuT-vneba. unda iTqvas, rom qarTul folklorSi drois momenti darRveulia, solomoni aRiqmeba qristes gamgrZeleblad da ara piriqiT. is, rac logikurad anaqronizmad SeiZleba CaiT-valos, folklorSi absoluturad bunebrivad aris aRqmuli, rac iqneb im rwmeniTaa nasazrdoebi, rom qriste logosis sax-iT, arafizikurad arsebobda solomonamde.

am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa leqsi `soloman brZeni br-Zanebso~, romelic vaxtang kotetiSvils mesxeTSi Cauweria 1930 wels mTqmel papaSvilisgan:

`solomon brZeni brZanebso, raimc ram gamaCine me,

majasa momec did Zali, sicocxliT damarCine me,

vaxare qvrivi, oboli, brmas Tvali avuxile me,

sami wlis xmeli mamali xes Sevsvi, avayivle me,

mwyemsni mindorSi vaZine, mteri ar mivuCine me,

imisTvis kaci ara var, tyveni ar vasyidvine me~.


aSkaraa, rom solomoni mimarTavs ufals, romelmac sic-ocxle da didi Zali mianiWa mas. am did ZalaSi, teqstis mixed-viT, igulisxmeba brmisTvis Tvalis axelis, sami wlis xmeli mamlis gacocxlebis unari... solomon brZeni ieso qristes epiTetebiT aris aRWurvili, xolo ekaterine gabaSvilis mier sof. kodaSi 1887w. Caweril variantSi yvela am funqcias Tvi-Ton solomoni miawers ieso qristes:

219

`solomon brZana: ieso, Sen RmerTo, gamaCineo,

xel-klavSi Zala momeci, macocxle, damarCineo;

qvrivi-oboli acxovre, brmas Tvali auxileo,

sami wlis xmeli mamali xes Sesvi, daayivleo~.

(umikaSvili 1937: 301).

gansxvaveba qarTlur da kaxur variantebs Soris isaa, rom erTi da igive funqcia qristes da solomons miewereba.

xmeli mamlis ayivleba Tavdapirvelad marTlac, ieso qristes rom miewereboda, amas adasturebs literaturis institutis folkloris arqivSi daculi erTi Tqmuleba `ufali RmerTi~, romelic n. SamanaZes mohyavs Tavis statiaSi (SamanaZe 1983: 65): erT qorwilSi guTnisdeda ieso qristes Sexvdeba. guTnisdedam ufals uTxra: Tu marTla ieso qriste xar, win rom mamali gidevs, gaacocxle da aayivleo. `magaze advili ra ariso, Seuloca, da wamofrinda es mamali, gavarda saxlis aivanze da daiyivla~ (faq. 74, gv. 98). n. SamanaZes aseve mohyavs ieso qristes wamebis folkloruli versia: rode-sac ebraelebma awames qriste, dauyenes darajebi, rom ara-vis moepara cxedari. qriste gacocxlda da zecad amaRlda, ebraelebs ki egonaT, cxedari saflavidan amoiRes da gaita-ceso. bolos ki cda Caatares:

`sami wlis mkvdari mamali kide qvabSi Caagdesa,

iseTnairad moxarSes, Zvali rbilad Cavardesa~,

maTi azriT, Tu moxarSuli mamali gacocxldeboda, maSin qristec iqneboda saflavidan wamomdgari. mamali gacocxlda:

`iyo RvTisagan brZaneba, qvabis karbaze Sextesa,

zedized Semoiyivlebs, gareT wveni gadvardesa~.

(SamanaZe 1973: 74).

moxarSuli mamlis gacocxleba galiciuri folklori-danac mohyavs n. SamanaZes: qriste rom aRdga, erTma ebraelma gogom dainaxa da moxuc mamas uTxra. mamam ar daujera. qaliS-

220

vilma daiJina, namdvilad vnaxeo. berikacma damcinavad Caila-paraka: qriste maSin aRdgeba, Tu es Semwvari mamali, TefSze rom gvidevs, wamofrindeba da daiyivlebso. Semwvari mamali imave wuTs SeinZra, afrinda da daiyivla (afanasievi 1859: 14).

e.i. tradiciulad ieso qristesTan dakavSirebuli motivi solomon brZens miewereba. solomonis qristes funqciebiT aRWurva mogvianebiT unda momxdariyo xalxur cnobierebaSi. solomon brZenis popularoba amas mxolod xels Seuwyobda. xalxisTvis miuRebeli ar aRmoCnda solomonis yovlisSemZ-leoba. is flobs zeadamianur sibrZnes da amasTanave Zalas _ aRadginos mkvdari mamali. rogorc Cans, xalxuri TviTSegne-bisTvis es ori faqtori ki ar gamoricxavs, aramed avsebs da ganapirobebs kidec erTmaneTs.

`solomoni da kunZulelis leqsSi~ ki solomonis sityvaze Tevzi cocxldeba. Yyvelanairi aRdgoma _ mkvdari mamlis ay-ivlebac da Tevzis gacocxlebac qristes aRdgomis metafo-ruli saxea, misi aRdgomis gameorebaa, an winare saxe. Qqriste acocxlebs mamals, aseve solomonic _ funqciebi identu-ria. solomoni gaacocxlebs Tevzs simarTlis dasadasture-blad. qriste aRdgeba imis dasturad, rom is aris WeSmariti Ze RvTisa. Ffunqcia aqac identuria. solomons miewereba mama RmerTis funqciac (`Tqva RmerTma iyos da iqmna~). igi si-tyviT aRadgens Tevzs, simbolurad ieso qristes. Tevzi ieso qristes simboloa. adreqristianul mwerlobaSi ieso qriste xSirad iwodeba `Tevzad~, xolo qristianebi `meTevzeebad~. Tevzis berZnuli saxelwodebac _ ’ίχθυς, iSifreboda rogorc berZnuli formulis _ ’Ιησους Χριστος θεου ‛υίος σωτήρ _ ieso qriste, Ze RvTisa mxsneli – abreviatura.

`solomoni da kunZulelis~ araerT variantSi vkiTxulobT:

`dalocvili qriste RmerTi, sityvasa brZanebdis erTsa:_ erT sityvasa mec vityodi, ar aurev tyuils erTsa,

visac sityva marTal iyos, imis Tevzi gacocxldesa~.

(poezia 1973: 319).

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aq solomonis sityvebs ieso qriste ambobs, rac kidev

erTxel amtkicebs, rom xalxur cnobierebaSi solomonisa

da ieso qristes funqciebis gaigivebasTan gvaqvs saqme. xdeba

solomonis, bibliuri personaJis, romelic qristemde aTi

saukuniT adre cxovrobda, qristianizacia. xalxur cno-

bierebaSi solomonis qristianuli alegoriebiT da epiTete-

biT aRWurva mis sibrZnesTan aris dakavSirebuli da misive

sibrZniT aris gamarTlebuli. xalxuri teqstis magaliTze

Cven vxedavT, rom solomoni, rogorc adamianuri sibrZnis um-

aRlesi gamovlineba, aris qristesTan miaxloebuli. ikveTeba

xalxuri mTqmelis ori mizani: 1. daanaxos msmenels sibrZnis

uzenaesoba; 2. solomon brZenis popularul saxes unda See-

naxa qristes aRdgomis saidumlo.

solomonis sityvis ZalasTan dakavSirebiT, saintereso

motivs vawydebiT qarTvel ebraelebTan Caweril novelaSi,

romelsac sityvasityviT imeorebs erTi megruli Tqmuleba,

xolo meore garkveul saxecvlilebas gvTavazobs. saubar-ia Tevzisboloian qaliSvilze: megruli versiiT, uSvilo col-qmars locvisa da msxverplis Sewirvis Semdeg SeeZinaT qali, romelsac Tevzis kudi hqonda. Sewuxebulma mSoblebma Svili zewarSi gaaxvies da solomon brZens mimarTes. solo-

mon brZeni colTan da dedasTan erTad saxlis aivanze ijda.

col-qmarma TavianTi gaWirveba SesCivles mefes. solomoni

dafiqrda da dedas da cols mimarTa: `Tu Cven samiveni mar-Tals vityviT, es bavSvi gamTeldebao~ (fa. s. 232, gv. 280). de-dis, colis da TviT solomonis aRiarebiT, bavSvi rogorc megrul, aseve ebraul TqmulebaSi (dadunaSvili 1994, 12-14), nel-nela adamians daemsgavsa. sxva megrul variantSi bavSvi dabadebiT brma da yru-munjia. mas smena da Tvalis sinaTle aseve TandanTanobiT ubrundeba (megruli 1994: 185; bedianiZe

2002: 321-327).

solomon brZenis funqciis meoreulobasTan unda gvqon-

des saqme im legendebSic, romelSic mas kulturuli gmiris

222

funqcia aqvs. magaliTad, arsebobs megruli Tqmuleba, rom

dedamiwaze yvela xelobis damfuZnebeli wminda solomonia.

misi mTavari saqmianoba iyo samWedlo saqme, magram is Tavi-

dan rkinas Tavis muxlze Wedavda sakuTari xeliT. miuxeda-

vad didi survilisa, ubralo mokvdavT amas ver aswavlida.

Semdeg qristem aziara grdemlis da CaquCis gakeTebis said-

umlos. mxolod amis Semdeg gaxda es saqmianoba adamianebi-

sTvis xelmisawvdomi (СМОМПК 1903, №32, 92). qarTul zepir-

sityvierebaSi sakmaod gavcelebulia grdemlisa da CaquCis

etiologiuri Tqmulebebi, rom isini mama RmerTis muxlisa da

muStis analogiiT warmoiSvnen.

Semoqmedi RmerTis funqcia megrul TqmulebaSi sol-

omons daukavSirda. aseve, raWuli gadmocemiT, `solomo

mfarvelobda xelosnebs. did xuTSabaT rom dakra, amirans

jaWvi gausqelda~ (fa. r. 273, gv. 224).

Cveni azriT, sayuradRebo faqtia, rom solomons ukav-

Sirdeba gvarovnuli sazogadoebis iseTi mniSvnelovani da

centraluri saqmianoba, rogoricaa mWedloba. tradiciulad,Q

qarTul folklorSi mWedlobis saidumlos devebi floben.

isini akeTeben, magram TviTon ver iyeneben sakuTari xeliT

gamoWedil iaraRs. iseve, rogorc msoflios mraval miTo-

logiaSi, qarTulSic, mWedlobas ukavSirdeba grZneuleba.

QqarTul miTosSi mWedlobis xelovnebis gasaidumloeba ra-Rac magiur, zebunebriv, Tavdapirvel codnas unda niSnavdes, amitomac, xalxis cnobierebaSi es codna solomonis sibrZnes daukavSirda, riTac misi zeadamianuri, RvTaebrivi niSniT aRbeWdili sibrZnea xazgasmuli. adamianebisTvis xelmisawv-domi ki is mxolod maSin xdeba, roca qriste ereva saqmeSi. sx-vagvarad, solomoni Zveli aRTqmis sakraluri Tu okulturi sibrZnis gamoxatulebaa, romelic adamianebisTvis gasagebi

mxolod mas Semdeg gaxda, rac qveyanas moevlina Ze RvTisa _

adamianis saxiT. `qristem aziara grdemlis da CaquCis saidum-

los~ (fa. r. 273, gv. 224) _ niSnavs, rom qristianobam ufro

223

misaRebi da gasagebi gaxada Zveli aRTqmis saidumlo adami-

anebisTvis (Sdr. netari avgustines gamoTqma: `Zvel aRTqmaSi

dafarulia axali aRTqma, axalSi gacxadebulia Zveli~).

mWedlobis gaCena zogierT qarTul gadmocemaSi pirdapir

ieso qristes ukavSirdeba:

`pirvel qriste CamobrZanda, xmeleTs gadaswera jvari;

deda-vazebi akurTxa, balaxs dasdo Tavis feri.

samWeduri gaaCina, Sig mWedeli daayena,

xelSi misca rkinis kveri~ (fa. v 2/12, gv.140).

solomon brZenisa da ieso qristes Tanxvedra kidev ram-

denime qarTul TqmulebaSi gvxvdeba. imeruli Tqmuleba,

romelic sof. sxvitorSia Cawerili, _ `solomon brZenis

bavSvoba~ _ mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor amxila aTi wlis solo-

monma mamis usamarTloba: àxla es xalxma, qveyanam geigo. so-

lomani eirCies xelmwifed. xalxs uari uTxra: nu damayenebT,

aq bevri codo-madloba ari da SeiZleba, rac simarTle maq,

bolos esec davkargoo. xalxi ar meeSva. raxamc ar meSvebiT,

maSin Tvalebi damTxareT da davdgebi iseo. daTxares Tvalebi

solomans da dajda mefed. im dros ieso qriste dadis sofel-

Si~ (fa. i 81, gv. 150), romelic gamocdas uwyobs brma mosa-

marTles. solomoni gauZlebs gamocdas: àxla ieso qristem

uTxra: solomanoo, rogorc Sen marTals laparakob magas, ise

Sen marTla agexilos Tvalebio. eexila solomans Tvalebi da

deiwyo mere Tvalxilulma warmaveba saxelmwifosi~ (iqve).

sxva variantiT, yrma, romelic solomonis paraleluri

saxea, aseve iTxovs Tvalebis daTxras: ìmisTvis, rom me ise-

dac sworad gamovitan ganaCens, magram Tvalebi rom ar meqne-

ba, maSin ufro kanonierad ganvsji da ukanonobas da midgomas

adgili ar eqnebao. dasTxares Tvalebi da dasves msajulad.

mas sagangebo ganaCeni gamohqonda~ (fa. v 2/2, 138, gv. 103). aq

ieso qristes nacvlad mRvdeli auxels Tvalebs msajuls.

224

Tqmuleba sainteresoa ramdenime TvalsazrisiT: ieso qriste modis gansacdelis saxiT. solomoni, marTalia, br-maa, magram is gauZlebs am gamocdas, iqneb swored imitom uZlebs, rom brmaa. Tvalebis TviTneburad daTxra Sinagani xedvis gaxsnas niSnavs, gaTavisuflebas miwiuri sazrunav-safiqralisgan. sibrmave aRiqmeba rogorc sikvdili, rogorc sxva samyaroSi yofna. Ees gvagonebs iniciaciis rituals, rom-lis drosac yrmas aTavsebdnen bnel oTaxSi da iq amyofebdnen garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi. sibneleSi yofna sikvdilis metaforaa, rogorc sinaTleSi gasvla sicocxlis niSniT aris aRbeWdili. `sxva~ samyaroSi myofic ki, solomoni gauZlebs gamocdas da is aris Rirseuli naTelSi yofnisa.

solomoni da mwyemsi

Tqmulebis qarTlur variantSi brma msajulis motivs

win uZRvis menaxiris ambavi. qriste RmerTi mivida erT menax-

iresTan, romelic fur-kameCs uyurebs, romelsac muceli

stkiva da zaqi unda moigos. Qqriste RmerTi amtkicebs, rom

nikoras moigebs, menaxiris azriT _ kudvardas: `kudi Sub-

lzed adevs da Sen nikora ggoniao~. MmarTali menaxire aRmoC-

nda. qriste RmerTma gadawyvita: `kidev gavsinjav am menaxires

da, Tu momigo sityva, solomon brZnad unda vaqcio es kacio~.

jorisa da xbos ambavi menaxiresTan kavSirSia moTxrobili

TqmulebaSi. rodesac menaxire kvlav mougebs sityvas qriste

RmerTs, am ukanasknelma `waiyvana es menaxire da dasva solo-

mon brZenad. Aaxlac brZenobs is kaci~ (fa. q. 137, gv. 453).

rogorc vxedavT, TqmulebaSi menaxire da solomon brZeni

erTi da igive personaJia, sxva variantebSi ki solomoni asru-

lebs qriste RmerTis funqcias. Aaqac marTali aRmoCndeba me-

naxire an mwyemsi. Nnovelis mesxur variantSi solomoni ambobs:

`me Cemi Tavi Wkviani megona, magram sxvebi Cemze Wkvianebi yo-

filano~ (Tsufa: №3596). mraval variantSi menaxire Tavis

225

ubedobas uCivis da uflis verZs ukavSirebs: `me da Tqven erT

mTvareze varT dabadebuli, Wkua RmerTma erTi mogvca, mag-

ram rodesac Tqven daibadeT... maSin uflis verZi dumas ifx-

anda, amitom dagyvaT magisTana dovlaTi; me roca davibade,

maSin rqaze wamoikra fexi da imisTvis var Rataki. sul waRma

rom viaro, mainc ukuRma momiva saqme da verc gavmdidrdebio~

(akaki 1899: 25-26). es motivi somxur folklorSi aris cnobili

(СМОМПК: 1898, № 24, 101-102).menaxirisa da solomonis mcxeTur variantSi ukve Cans

bedis varskvlavis cneba: `me am varskulavze var dabadebu-

li, ro Cemi cxovreba mwyemsobaSi unda gavataroo, Sen ki mag

bedze xar dabadebuli, ro mag fufunebiT unda icxovro~

(Tsufa: №11676). menaxirisa da solomonis dialogi xSirad mxolod kud-

varda zaqis ambiT ar Semoifargleba. Mmwyemsi amindsac wi-

naswarmetyvelebs: `saidan icodi, rom magas kudvarda unda

moegovo, anda mowmendil cas ras atyobdi, ro niaRvari unda

mosuliyoo?.. me brZeni var da yvelaferi Cemze meti gcodnia

Seno~ (Tsufa: №11676).igavis mixedviT, yvelaze brZenic ki adamianTa Soris, ar

aris WeSmaritad brZeni. qarTul folklorSi solomonis

saxes, rogorc adamianuri gonebis simbolos, upirispirdeba

adamianis intuiciuri Wvreta _ mwyemsis saxiT. xalxis war-modgeniT, SeuZlebelia adamianuri goneba yvelafers Wvret-des da yvelaferi icodes. solomon brZenic ki, romelic yve-laze aRmatebulia sibrZniT, araraobaa RvTis CanafiqrTan, uflis nebasTan. xalxuri logikiT, amitomac gaxda aucile-beli solomonis brZenis funqciis transformacia. xalxuri Semoqmedeba TiTqos ganasxvavebs racionalur da intuitiur azrovnebas da adamianuri gonisa da sibrZnis umaRles gamov-

linebas _ solomons upirispirebs mwyemss, romelic samyaros

intuitiurad Wvrets da konkretul SemTxvevaSi ufro maRla

dgas, vidre adamianuri goneba. es aris uflis CanafiqrTan

226

SegrZnebiT da ara axsna-ganmartebiTa da logikiT siaxlove

(`bevri ram aris, horacio, qveynad iseTi, rac filosofosT

sizmradac ar moeCvenebaT~). Ees momenti kulturologiuri

TvalsazrisiTac aris saintereso: aq erTmaneTs upirispird-

eba ara mxolod goneba da Wvreta-SegrZneba, aramed mefe da

mwyemsi, rogorc binadari da momTabare kulturis ori sim-

bolo.

Tavis mxriv, mwyemsi TviTon solomonis paraleluri saxea

iseve, rogorc sxva saxis TqmulebebSi xSirad vxvdebiT solo-

monisa da patara biWis urTierTgadakveTas.

solomoni da yrma

axalcixeSi Cawerili novela `pirveli sibrZne solo-

monisa~ (fa: №12.093) mogviTxrobs mdidari qvrivis Sesaxeb,

romelmac Tavisi oqros fuli or kokaSi Cayara, Tafli gad-

aasxa da Sesanaxad mezobels dautova, Tafliao. mezobelma

kokebi gasinja, iqidan oqro gadmoyara, TafliT aavso da qvr-

ivs daubruna. qvrivma oqro rom ver ipova, gaWirveba daviT mefes SesCivla. mefem verafriT anugeSa: `Tafli Cagibarebia, Tafli migiRia, oqros vin gadagixdiso!~ saubarSi norCi sol-omoni Caeria, romelmac qvrivs kokebi moatanina, gaatexina da rodesac mis fskerze mikruli ramdenime oqros moneta naxes, qvrivis simarTle daamtkica: `Seigen, rom simarTle ar dakar-gavs Tavis kvalso~ _ uTxra yrma solomonma mopasuxes.

es sakmaod gavrcelebuli motivia qarTul zepirsi-tyvierebaSi. msgavsi siuJeti qarTvel ebraelebTan Caweril TqmulebebSic gvxvdeba, sadac, axalcixuri variantiT, daviT

mefes israelis pirveli mefe Saul a melexi, xolo solomons

yrma mwyemsi cvlis: `Saul mefe miCerebia gakvirvebuli da uk-

virs: _ am patara bobS amdeni Sor gaWvreta vin miscao... pat-

ara mwyemsi ise moewona, roma Tavis gverdSi moijina da aRarc

iSorebda~ (fa: №17750).

227

aSkaraa, rom patara mwyemsi da solomoni paraleluri saxeebia. aleqsandre Rlontis azriT, aq solomonis ciklis meoradobasTan unda gvqondes saqme. Aanu, mTqmelis SegnebaSi solomonis sibrZnis sinonimad gacnobierebas Sedegad misi yovelgvar sibrZnesTan dakavSireba mohyva (Rlonti 1989: 249).

solomonis da patara biWis urTierTgadakveTis wertili mxolod am siuJetSi ar gvxvdeba.Q qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi aseve gavrcelebulia moxarSuli kvercxis motivi. xalxur novelaSi `solomon brZeni da sovdagari~ moTxrobilia, rom sovdagars erTi moxuci dedakacisgan aTi kvercxi uyidia.Nnoqars fulis micema daviwyebia moxucisTvis. sovdagars Zlier ewyina, magram bebrisTvis misacem aT kapiks asargebla da mTeli mogeba ukan dabrunebisas moxucs Caabara.Ddedakac-ma, mezoblebis SegulianebiT, is ori Sauri met mogebas nax-

avdao, sasamarTloSi uCivla sovdagars, sadac am ukanasknels

uamravi Tanxa waarTves. sovdagarma ufro did sasamarTloSi

uCivla, iqac didi Tanxa waarTves da mTlad gaRatakda. bolos

solomon brZens mimarTa. solomonma gaarkvia, rom sovdagars

dedakacisgan moxarSuli kvercxi eyida, dedakacmac daudas-

tura: `moxarSuli...Tbil-Tbili kvercxebi mivecio~. solo-

monma meore dResve didZali xalxi da mTeli mosamarTleebi

Sekriba da yvelasTvis cxadi gaxada, rom rogorc moxarSul

Tesls ar SeuZlia mosavlis moyvana, ise moxarSul kvercxs

wiwilebis daCekva da gamravleba. sovdagars warTmeuli qone-

ba daubrunes, dedakacs ki ori Sauri da rva abazi sargebeli

misces (naTaZe 1950: 142-145).

solomonis nacvlad patara biWi gvxvdeba TianeTSi Caw-

eril imave motivis xalxur novelaSi _ `erTi abazis kvercxi~

(sabavSvo 1938: 213-215).

solomonis qarTul TqmulebebSi gavrcelebulia igave-biT saubari, rac, aseve gvxvdeba solomonis yrmobis amsaxvel xalxur novelebsa da zRaprebSi, sadac xis joxze amxedrebu-

228

li bavSvi colmosayvan kacs misTvis gaugebar enaze esaubreba

da am ukanasknelisTvis solomonis igavi mxolod mas Semdeg

gaxdeba gasagebi, rac auxsnian.

mravali qarTuli novelisturi gadmocemiT, solomoni

`patara biWi iyo~, roca xalxs sibrZnes aswavlida. xalxur

novelebSi `sacolo biWi da solomon brZeni~ (fa № 444) da

`coli minda SesarTavad~ (fa №12.094) solomoni bavSvi iyo,

joxis cxenze ijda da darboda. masTan rCevis sakiTxavad

modis kaci, romelsac colis SerTva surs. yrma solomoni

qaragmuli pasuxis gacemisTanave tovebs rCevis mTxovnels,

romelsac gadakvriT naTqvams erT SemTxvevaSi sxva, meore

SemTxvevaSi ki TviTon solomoni ganumartavs.

igive Tema meordeba novelistur zRaparSi `arCevani~, sa-

dac solomon brZenTan rCevis saTxovnelad misul kacs sol-

omonis joxze amxedrebuli Svili arigebs Wkuas: `erT kacs

sami erTmaneTze lamazi qali eZleoda. kaci arCevanSi Sevida,

ar icoda, romeli SeerTo~. bevri fiqris Semdeg gadawyvita,

solomon brZenTan misuliyo da misTvis ekiTxa rCeva. `solo-

mon brZenma uTxra: karebze Cemi Svili TamaSobs, is mogcems

pasuxso. ymawvili joxze gadalajuli daxtoda, TamaSobda.

Seayena mgzavrma da uambo Tavisi gaWirveba. bavSvma uTxra:

qaliSvili erTia; qvrivTan sami iqnebiT; qmrianTan cxeni qer-

saA Wamso da gaiqca~. igaviT naTqvam am sityvas TviTon solo-

moni uxsnis rCevis maZiebels: `qaliSvil qals ra axsna unda,

colqmrobis gamoucdelia da erTia. naqvrivals bevrjer

moagondeba mkvdari qmari, metadre maSin, Tu Senze ukeTesi iyo da sami ar iqnebiT? qmargaSvebuli qali, Tu Zalian kargad ar moeqeci, usiamovnebas ver aitans. rogorc pirveli qmari dasTmo, Senc gagSordeba, gageqcevao~ (sibrZne 1964: 308-309).

novelaSi solomonis funqcias misi Svili iTavsebs, romelic sinamdvileSi solomonis paraleluri saxea da mis gameorebas warmoadgens. solomonis funqcia ki mxolod meta-foruli naTqvamis axsna rCeba.

229

rogorc xalxis folklorSi Cans, es motivi sakmaod gavr-celebuli yofila sxvadasxva xalxebSi. a. veselovskis mier Sekrebil masalebSi vxvdebiT serbul zRapars, sadac imave arCevanis winaSe mdgomi kaci, erTi moxucis rCeviT, midis brZenTa-brZenTan. serbuli zRapari mogviTxrobs, rom roca mivida, kacma dainaxa joxze gadamjdari bavSvi _ TiTqos cx-enia. es iyo solomoni, romelic aseve orazrovnad upasuxebs kacs SekiTxvaze. kiTxva-pasuxi qarTul da serbul folklor-Si absoluturad identuria.

simboluria, rom orive zRaparSi yrma solomoni joxzea gadamjdari _ TiTqos cxenia. aq saqme gvaqvs solomonis fun-qciis gansxvavebul tranformaciasTan: is imitom saubrobs igavebiT, rom cxenze jdoma ukve zeda, sxva samyaroSi yofnas miuTiTebs. zeda samyaroSi myofi solomonis igavebi ki gauge-baria Cveulebrivi mokvdavisTvis. amasTanave, yrma solomoni aris mxedari, qristianuli TvalsazrisiT _ suli, romelic marTavs cxens, simbolurad _ sxeuls.

solomoni da berikaci

igavebiT saubari solomonis ciklis sxva TqmulebebSic gvxvdeba. aseTia, magaliTad, xalxuri novela `solomon brZe-ni da berikaci~. brZeni berikaci, romlis igavebi da qaragmu-li naTqvami mxolod solomonisTvisaa gasagebi, xolo Cveu-lebriv mokvdavT amis gasagebad garkveuli safasuris gaReba uwevT:

„solomon brZeni Tavisi ori kaciT sofelze midioda. erT adgilas, saxlis karebze erTi daxavsebuli berikaci ijda Cafiqrebuli. solomon brZeni mivida da miesalma. berikaci fexze wamoudga solomon brZens da madli moaxsena. solo-monma hkiTxa:

_ sxva, berikaco, rasa iq da rogor xar? _ ra miWirs, _ upasuxa berikacma, _ Tormetsa da ocda-

Tormets mainc veraferi gadavarCine.

230

_ orze rogora xar? _ hkiTxa isev solomonma. _ ukve davsamdi, _ upasuxa berikacma. _ Sors rogora xar? _ axlos movel. _ wisqvilebi rogora gaqvs? _ mgelma damiWama, rac mgels gadaurCa, uwylod, uRarod

dganan da aRaraferSi margia. _ maS kargi, _ uTxra solomonma, _ me or Txas gamogig-

zavni da vinZlo kargad gakriWo. _ ise gavkriWo, _ upasuxa berikacma _ rom tyavis meti

araferi SerCeT. gamoemSvidoba solomoni berikacs da gaswia saxlSi. Sin rom mivida, Tavis mxleblebs uTxra: ... Tu axlave

ar waxvalT da ar gaigebT, ras niSnavs imisi sityvebi, axlave

Tavebs dagWriTo“ (Rlonti 1992: 153).

gamocana, rogorc folkloris gansakuTrebuli Janri,

Tavisi warmoSobiT, samyaros Semecnebis kognitur sferos

ganekuTvneba. metaforuli azrovnebis garda, igi efuZneba

dakvirvebisa da samyaros aRqmis empiriul unarebs. TviTon

faqti, rom folklorSi gamocanebs xan solomoni icnobs, xan

ki brZeni moxuci, maTi funqciis identurobaze migvaniSnebs.

brZeni moxuci Tavisi funqciiT TviTon solomonis tavto-

logias warmoadgens. brZeni moxuci TviTon solomonis game-

orebaa, misi paraleluri saxe.

solomonis sibrZne aseve metaforulad aris mocemuli

ramdenime xalxur novelaSi YvelaSvili 2010: 144). xirad ver-

baluri gamocana Secvlilia uCveulo qmedebiT, romelic

gaugebaria adamianebisTvis, Tavisi arsiT ki metaforulad

xsnis sxvadasxva cxovrebiseul sinamdviles:

israelianebi, romelTa mefe iyo brZeni solomoni, ur-

CobiT gamoirCeodnen. Mmefem ver moaqcia isini.M man kavSi Seaba

aTi xari, xuTi erT mxares, xuTi meores da mZime tvirTi daa-

do.AaaSena didi wisqvili, magram safqvile ar dauyena, ase rom, mTeli fqvili wyalSi iyreboda, TviTon ki daiwyo kedlisT-

231

vis cercvis Seyra. xalxi gaocebuli iyo da dascinoda kidec mas.Mmxolod erTi moxuci mivida da hkiTxa, Tu raSi iyo saqme. mefem upasuxa: tvirTi aris saxelmwifo, xarebi _ misi wevre-bi, romlebic ar arian SeTanxmebulebi. wisqvili aris ojaxi, an saxelmwifo, romelic yvelafers dakargavs, Tu wesrigi ar iqneba, xolo kedeli aris adamiani, romelsac araferi esmis (СМОМПК: 1892, № 13, II, 331). Sdr. qarTuli xalxuri andaza: `Seayare kedels cercvi~.

es sakmaod gavrcelebuli motivia qarTul zepirsity-vierebaSi.A al. Rlonts misi guruli variantic mohyavs (Rlonti 1989: 257-258).

novelistur zRaparSi `solomon brZeni da Raribi glexi~ solomon brZenis funqcia _ araordinaluri qceviT ada-mianur sisusteTa mxileba _ gavrcobilia da miewereba mis mewisqviles, romelic rvaTvliani wisqvilis mier dafqul mTel fqvils wyalSi yris: ès wisqvili imas niSnavs, rom Tu

ojaxSi kargi Semnaxveli dedakaci ar aris, iq ginda rva kaci

iyos kargi mommaragebeli, imaTi qonebac sul wyalwaRebu-

li iqneba~. zRaparSi solomonis funqcias imeorebs agreTve

meguTnis ambavi, romelsac eqvsi uReli xar-kameCi hyavs Seb-

muli da sxvadasxva mxares eqaCebian. axsnilia, rom: `roca

Zmebi gaiyrebian da cal-calke wavlen, imaTi saqme win ar wava~

(sibrZne 1964, 305-308). ZmobasTan aris dakavSirebuli aseve

cercvis motivi, romelic Zirs ibneva _ ès Zmebi rom gai-

yrebian da erToba daerRvevaT, rogorc cercvi kedelze ar

gaCerdeba, isedac gayrili Zmebi veRar SeerTdebian~. xolo

kaci, romelsac tyeSi didZali latnebi zurgze wamoukidia,

eweva, ver ereva da mainc kidev sxvas imatebs àseTi kaci ara-

sodes Seimatebs cxovrebas, sixarbeSi gaatarebs sicocxles da gakicxuli Cava saflavSi~ (sibrZne 1964: 310). am SemTxveva-Si solomonis adamianTa gautanlobisa da sixarbis mamxile-beli funqcia metaforulia, xirad misi „metaforuli logika demonstrirebulia moqmedebaSi“ (levi-strosi 1985: 511-512).

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Cven vxedavT, rom solomonis funqciis transformaciebi folklorSi Zalian mravalferovania. igi ukavSirdeba ieso qristes yovlisSemZleobas, mWedlobis saidumlos codnas, mwyemsis intuiciur Wvretas, brma msajulis samarTlianobas, ucodveli yrmis gonebamaxvilobasa da brZeni moxucis em-piriul gamocdilebas. es saxeebi, Tavis mxriv, erTmaneTis paraleluri saxeebia, romelTa funqciebi solomonis folk-loruli saxeSi erTiandeba.

damowmebani:L

akaki 1899: akakis Tviuri Jurnali. №1, 25-26, 1899.

afanasievi 1859: Народные русские легенды. собрания А. Н. Афанасьевым. М.:

1859.

bedianiZe 2002-2003: bedianiZe d. qarTuli da ebrauli xalxuri zRapre-

bi. // klasikuri da Tanamedrove qarTuli mwerloba. № 5-6, 2002-2003.

biblia 1989: Zveli da axali aRTqma. m. sonRulaSvilis da z. kiknaZis

Targmani. Tb.: `saqarTvelos sapatriarqos gamomcemloba~, 1989.

dadunaSvili 1999: dadunaSvili e. qarTvel ebraelTa yofa da folk-

lori. Tb.: `lomisi~, 1999.

Tsufa: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis folkloruli arqivi.

inwkirveli 2004: inwkirveli e. solomonis ciklis zRaprebi. // qarTu-

li folklori, �� (XV��). Tb.: 2004.

inwkirveli 2011: inwkirveli e. boroti sulis datyvevebis motivi

xalxur tradiciaSi. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi. X.

Tb.: 2011.

levi-strosi 1985: Леви-Стросс К. Структурная антропология. Пер. с фран.

М.: 1985.

kotetiSvili 1961: kotetiSvili v. eqskursebi, xalxuri poezia. Tb.:

`sabWoTa mwerali~, 1961.

megruli 1994: megruli zRaprebi da miTebi. Semdg. a. canava. Tb.: `mer-

ani~, 1994.

233

naTaZe 1950: xalxuri leqsebi da zRaprebi. Sekr. g. naTaZis mier. Tb.:

1950.

poezia 1973: qarTuli xalxuri poezia. t. �, nakvT. ��. Semdg. n. SamanaZe.

Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1973.

sibrZne 1964: xalxuri sibrZne. al. Rlontis red. ��.Tb.: `nakaduli~

1964.

sabavSvo 1938: sixaruliZe qs. qarTuli sabavSvo folklori. Tb.: `Tsu

gamomcemloba~, 1938.

umikaSvili 1937: umikaSvili p. xalxuri sityviereba. f. gogiCaiSvilis

red. tf.: `federacia~, 1937.

fa: SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literatures institutis

folkloris arqivi.

Rlonti 1989: Rlonti a. qarTuli xalxuri novelis sakiTxebi. Tb.:

`Tsu gamomcemloba~, 1989.

Rlonti 1992: xalxuri zRaprebi. red. al. Rlonti. ��. Tb.: `ganaTleba~,

1992.

yvelaSvili 2010: yvelaSvili i. metaforuli sibrZnismeytveleba

xalxur prozaSi // qarTUuli folklori, 5(XX�). Tb.: 2010.

SamanaZe 1973: SamanaZe n. qarTuli xalxuri legendebi. Tb.: `mecniere-

ba~, 1973.

SamanaZe 1983: SamanaZe n. qarTuli legenda solomon brZenze // qarTu-

li folklori. X��. Tb.: `mecniereba~, 1983.

СМОМПК – Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племён Кавказа. Тифлис: Издание Управления Кавказского Учебного Округа, 1881-1929.

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Eter Intskirveli

The Forms of Function Transformation of Solomon the Wise in Folklore Narratives

Summary

In the work deals with the poetry, prose, namely, short stories and fables, where the personages are the bearers of Solomon’s function in Georgian folk-lore.

From the analyzed material, several parallel characters of Solomon have been selected, out of which the most important is the character of Jesus Christ, however, in folklore version there is a dissimilarity concerning the time - here Solomon is perceived as the continuer of Christ’s deeds, and not vice versa.

In the folk texts, the same function is attributed to Solomon and Jesus Christ: healing the sick, supporting the have-nots, etc. As to the episode of the withered cock that began to crow, according to the Georgian and Russian folk texts, it formerly was attributed to Jesus Christ, and then to Solomon. Solo-mon’s omnipotence turns out to be quite acceptable for people that is retained by the episode of livening the fried fish up. He has superhuman knowledge that is enough to make the withered cock crow and reanimate the fried ship.

In the folk texts, any kind of resurrection is a metaphor of Christ’s resur-rection, the repetition of his resurrection. Christ livens up the cock. So does Solomon. The functions are identical. Solomon reanimates the fish to prove the truth. Christ resurrects to prove that he is the son of God. The functions are identical again. Fish is the symbol of Jesus Christ. Solomon is the bearer of God’s function – he reanimates the fish by word, symbolically he reani-mates Jesus Christ. Solomon, a biblical personage, who lived ten centuries before Christ, is Christianized. Anachronism is a usual occurrence in folk-lore. Christian allegories and epithets with respect to Solomon in people’s consciousness is caused and justified by his wisdom. The folk text shows that Solomon as the supreme manifestation of human wisdom approaches to Christ. Mention should be made of two purposes of the folk storyteller: 1.

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persuasion of the listeners of the supremacy of wisdom; 2. Solomon’s popular image should have guarded the secret of Christ’s resurrection.

In the Georgian folk fables Solomon often appears as the bearer of the function of the Almighty God – he is the initiator of blacksmith’s work, but he cannot impart the knowledge to the more mortals, hence Solomon in folk text is a superhuman character. Emphasis is placed on his godlike wisdom. He becomes understandable to the people only when Christ interferes, oth-erwise, Solomon is the manifestation of the sacral wisdom that becomes un-derstandable for people after the appearance of the son of God in the likeness of a man.

The coincidence of Solomon and Jesus Christ is traced in some more Georgian tales, where the deprivation of eyesight by Solomon as a judge is perceived as opening of the inner vision, the release from the earthly troubles. The loss of sight is taken as death, while the recovery of eyesight by Jesus Christ is the recognition of Solomon’s justice.

In Georgian folklore, the shepherd who surprises Solomon with his abil-ity to predict is Solomon’s parallel character. According to the fable, the most reasonable person among the men is not verily wise. In Georgian folklore, Solomon as the symbol of human mind is confronted with the intuitive com-prehension in the person of the shepherd. According to people’s understand-ing, it is impossible for the human mind to comprehend everything. Accord-ing to the folk fables, even wise Solomon is nothing as compared to the God’s intention, to the Almighty’s will. Therefore, it became necessary to humanize Solomon, to equip him with a human trait. Folklore as if makes a differ-ence between the rational and intuitive thinking and for confrontation with Solomon introduces a shepherd or a peasant who are able to comprehend the universe intuitively and never are mistaken, or in the given case, they are higher than human mind. This is the closeness to the God’s intention, through sensation, not through logic. (Compare: ”There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy”). This moment is also interesting from the standpoint of culturology: here the confrontation is not only between mind and sensation, but also between the king and shepherd as two symbols of nomadic and pastoral culture.

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An old wise man, whose figurative speech is understandable only to Solomon and the mere mortals cannot understand him, and a little boy, who repeats Solomon’s function by assisting the judge to administer justice are Solomon’s parallel characters. The shepherd, the old man and the little boy are Solomon’s parallel characters, but which of them is more? This problem is also traced in novelistic tales. Solomon often is replaced with another per-sonage – with a hunter or a merchant… Here, to all appearances, the matter concerns the second adaptation of the tales about Solomon. Or, Solomon is perceived as a synonym of wisdom by the narrator’s consciousness that re-sults in association of Solomon with all kinds of wisdom, regardless of the fact whether it comes from the Bible or not. In view of this, folklore presents interesting innovations by associating Solomon’s character with Jesus Christ, and introducing parallel characters in the person of the shepherd and a little boy; Solomon appears as a blind judge whose self-willed blindness is the guarantee of justice; his wisdom and sagacity brings benefit and happiness to the people. Ineluctability of destiny is obvious in the tales about Solo-mon, and many other things that always have stirred up keen interest of the people.

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beladomania da folklori

zoia cxadaia

koniunqtura da qarTuli xalxuri poezia*

qarTul xalxur poeziaze politikurma koniunqturam

iseTive savalalo gavlena iqonia, rogiric, zogadad, qarTul

mwerlobaze (es iyo sayovelTao movlena mTeli kavSiris mas-

StabiT, sabWoTa totalitarizmis sivrceSi). man daaknina da

daamcro (sabednierod, mainc droebiT da ara _ samudamod)

aTaswlovani Rirebulebebi xalxuri leqsebisa da aqcia igi

politikis nawilad, socializmis ubadruk gamoZaxilad. qarTuli xalxuri poeziis mkvlevarTaTvis da, aseve, mkiTx-veli sazogadoebisTvis es kargad cnobilia, magram amis kidev erT dasturad migvaCnia saqarTvelos Sss arqivSi daculi

masalebi (saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSirTan arsebuli par-

tiuli organizaciis sxdomebis oqmebisa), romlebSic Cans,

Tu rogor da ras iTxovda partia da xelisufleba qarTuli

mwerlobisgan, poeziisgan, aseve _ qarTuli xalxuri leq-

sisgan. yvela da yvelaferi unda yofiliyo socialisturi sistemis da misi mmarTveli Zalis, beladis, mexotbe. saqarT-velos mweralTa kavSirTan arsebuli partorganizacia Seiqm-na 1937 wlis ianvarSi. amieridan is unda yofiliyo Tvali da yuri xelisuflebisa.

stalinis saxe qarTul poeziaSi 20-iani wlebidan gamoC-nda. cnobilia, rom stalins Tavisi axloblis, s. TalakvaZis,

mogonebebSi ar moswonebia is, rom mas `sawyal biWad~ moix-

* aRniSnuli Tema ganxorcielda SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis (proeqti 31/52) finansuri mxardaWeriT. am publikaciaSi gamoTqmuli mosazreba ekuTvnis avtors da SesaZloa, ar asaxvdes fondis Sexedulebebs. proeqtis xelmZRvaneli m. elbaqiZe.

statiaSi gamoyenebulia saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa arqivis masalebi.

238

seniebda avtori. amis Sedegi unda iyos ganacxadi: `Cemi san-

qciis gareSe Cemze araferi dawerono~ (kverenCxilaZe 2011:

212). stalinis qeba droebiT Sewyda. sarwmunoa, rom beladis-

Tvis, romelic yvelaferSi TvalTmaqcobas xedavda, saeWvo

iqneboda misdami miZRvnili saxotbo sityvebi. amasTan, um-

Tavresi is unda yofiliyo, rom jer kidev iseTi mdgomare-

oba iyo qveyanaSi, rogoric aranairad ar iZleoda beladis

gandidebis saSualebas, stalins ki Wkua hyofnida, rom ar

eCqara. sainteresoa, amasTan dakavSirebiT, irakli abaSiZis

mogonebebSi CarTuli `beladis saidumlo mrCevlis~ sityve-

bi, romlis gacnoba gvaxsenebs, rom konkretulad 1934 wlamde qveyanaSi umZimesi mdgomareoba iyo: SimSiloba, diskrimina-cia warmomavlobis gamo da sxv. Semdeg viTareba Seicvla. be-ladis saidumlo mrCeveli ixsenebs: `rogorc iqna, Seicvala diskriminaciis yvelaze sazizRari saxeobani _ diskrimina-cia warmomavlobis gamo, romelic 1917 wlis oqtombridan

arsebobda (abaSiZe 2003: 78-79). diskriminacia, `uflebaay-

riloba~ exeboda yofil aristokratias, vaWrebs, kerZo me-

warmeebs, oficrebs, Cinosnebs, kulturis msaxurebs, inteli-

genciis did nawils. beladis saidumlo mrCevlis daskvniT,

es yovelive TiTqmis ori aTeuli weli grZeldeboda... `es

iyo, rogorc maxsovs, 1933 wlis dasawyisSi, _ wers irakli

abaSiZe. mweralTa kavSirSi movida partiis warmomadgeneli

da mweralTa specialur krebaze ganacxada, rom, Tu manamde akrZaluli iyo, dReidan nebadarTulia da ukve aramc Tu sa-surveli, aramed saWiroc, daiweros mxatvruli nawarmoebi xalxTa did beladze, amxanag ioseb besarionis Ze stalinze. am sityvebma ise imoqmeda, rogorc amnistiam. axla me miWirs ase ironiulad Tqma amisa, magram swored amis Semdeg gaixsna namdvili literaturuli maraToni, vin _ vis~ (abaSiZe 2003:

78-79). SiSiT da liqniT inspirirebulma sityvam axali ZaliT

ifeTqa da yovelgvar molodins gadaaWarba amieridan _ be-

ladis gardacvalebamde.

239

1937 wlis 1 aprils, roca qarTvel mweralTa represiebi

ukve dawyebuli iyo, magram jer kidev _ ara piks miRweuli, saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSiris partjgufma Caatara sxdoma. moismines rusTavelis iubiles aRsaniSnad mweralTa kavSiris plenumis dRis wesrigi, rom 26 maisis plenumze emsjelaT gamosacem wignze `beladis saxe qarTul poeziaSi~ (saq Sss arqivi, fondi # 897, aRw. 1. s.1. 1937 w. 14.V) (`beladis saxe~ didi SriftiTaa gamoyofili, stili daculia. es, rogorc wesi, asea sxva oqmebSic da ara mxolod stalinisa, aramed leninisa da berias saxelebic. _ z.c.).

staliniadam zenits 30-iani wlebis bolos, stalinis da-badebidan 60 wlis aRsaniSn TariRTan dakavSirebiT miaRwia. saqarTvelos ck-is davalebiT mweralTa kavSirTan arsebul partorganizacias daevala, `farTo aqtivis surviliT~ Seq-mniliyo mxatvruli nawarmoebebi beladze da amiT monawi-leoba mieRoT sabWoTa xalxebisa da msoflio proletari-atis zeimSi (saq. Sss arqivi, fondi # 897, aRw. 1, saqme 1, 1939 w., 2 V��, gv. 22).

1939 wlis 2 ivliss Catarda saqarTvelos mweralTa kav-SirTan arsebuli partorganizaciis kreba, romelsac eswre-bian arapartiuli mwerlebic, 35 kaci, rac sxva SemTxvevaSi ar gvxvdeba mTeli im wlebis manZilze (1937-1941 w.w.), rogorc irkveva, kreba sagangeboa da riggareSe. daZabulia situacia, igrZnoba SiSi, sifrTxile, sagangebo Tavgamodebac da Sedare-biT gabeduli gamosvlac zogierTi mwerlis mxridan. sandro euli krebas acnobs informacias, rom beladis saiubileod unda gamoices 2 wigni. azri orad gaiyo: k. gamsaxurdiam, g. qiqoZem, l. qiaCelma, S. dadianma, d. Sengelaiam, s. kldiaSvil-ma ufro marTebulad erTi krebulis gamocema miiCnies _ ori krebulis gamocema Zalebs daqsaqsavs da mwerlebs Sez-Rudavso. ori krebulis gamocema moiTxoves s. Ciqovanma, i. mosaSvilma, k. lorTqifaniZem, g. wulukiZem, l. metrevelma, g. quCiSvilma (danarCenebs azri ar gamouTqvamT). xmis umrav-

lesobiT ori wignis gamocema gadawyda.

240

1939 wlis bolos gamoica krebuli `i. stalini (dabade-

bis 60 wlis gamo)~. igi Sedgeba sami nawilisagan. � _ xalxuri

leqsebi da simRerebi stalinze; �� _ mogonebebi did stalin-

ze; �� _ iq, sadac muSaobda didi stalini. wigns uZRvis berias

sityvebi, romelic warmoaCens beladis Zlevamosil saxes.

aqve _ redaqciisgan, rom `xalxuri leqsebi da simRerebi

sxvadasxva dros ibeWdeboda gaz. ̀ komunistis~ furclebze da,

agreTve, redaqciis mier Segrovili axali leqsebi, romelTa-

gan nawili ibeWdeba pirvelad~ (gaz. `komunistis~ redaqcia)...

da isev l. berias sityvebi, epigrafad minaweri amgvari saxiT:

`da xalxis wiaRSi iqmneba Tavisi ZaliTa

da metyvelebiT gansakuTrebuli simRerebi

leninze, simRerebi stalinze, simRerebi

qarTveli xalxis bednier da sasixarulo cx-

ovrebaze~.

l.p. beria.

xalxuri poeziis nawilSi gamoqveynebulia 25 avtoris

(mTqmelis) 27 leqsi. saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxidan,

metwilad _ aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan. es uTuod gamomce-

melTa sagangebo zrunvis Sedegia, rom sayovelTao saxalxo

siyvarulis naTeli daadges beladis saxes da, amasTan, saqmiT

daamtkicon l. berias Sexedulebac, rom xalxis gulis wiaRSi

umTavresi adgili uWiravs ioseb stalins.

TiToeuli leqsi amarTlebs partiis Canafiqrs da mo-

wodebas. stalinia `Cagrulebis mxsnelad movlenili~, `pro-

letarebis mfarveli~, romelic `cecxlad gadaqceula,

mSromelTa mtrebis mwvelado~... romelsac aqvs `qveynis mov-

lis unari~, kapitalistebisTvis (oqros moyvaruli, xarbi,

gaumaZRari kapitalistebis) Tavzardamcemi. kidev bevrs mox-

vdeba gulSi israd proletariatis maxvili, isini kidev `ay-

revineben cremlebs~ maT... ar gamorCeniaT proletariatis

241

kidev erTxel `gamoRviZeba~ stalinis damsaxurebiT, gulisx-

mobdnen e.w. kulakebis represiebs.

tabawyureli (borjomis r.) mTqmeli k. gejuraSvili sta-

lins mTis qor-Sevardens adarebs, romelsac ̀ jer kidev javri

awuxebs / urjulo mdidrebisao... / Zebna swadian Surisa, / aRar

iZinebs Zilsao~. rac gakeTda, imisTvis madlobelia beladisa.

win ki axali brZolebis molodinSia: ìse avkafoT duSmani, /

rogorc totebi xisao~.

andro TevzaZe (samtredia, s. gomi) Tavis vrcel leqsSi

adidebs beladis mSobels, romelmac Soba amisTana Svili.

bednieri cxovrebiT ̀ galaRebuli~ moxuci lamis yvelas aWar-

bebs didi stalinis qebaSi: `Sen mogvipove cxovreba, / Sehqme-

ni oqros xanao, / Tu mterma rame gabeda, / SenTvis movkvdebi

Tanao!~

igi amayia da kmayofili, radgan flidebi da qveynis or-

gulebi ganadgurebulebi arian: `gavacamtvereT, vinc iyo / Cveni orguli, flidia...~

`Sens uerTgules mowafes _ berias venacvalebi~, _ es ar aviwydeba poets, radgan icis, rom beriam beladis `Tqmis Sesasruleblad aRar dazoga Zalebi~... unda aRvniSnoT, rom es avtori ar aris SemdegSi cnobili poeti andro TevzaZe. mTqmeli moxucia, amas sagangebod mianiSnebs teqstSi: `mov-xucdi, magram es guli kvlav gadameqca axalad~...

stalini arc `gablantebul, mdore volgas hgavs~ da arc Cvenebur giJ da aqafebul aragvs... arc TeTrwvera myinvars, civsa da ukarebas, arc ùrgeb kldes~... ufro okeanes hgavs, maRali mTebis arwivs... dilis mzes da sxv.... mtrebis damwveli cecxli, arwivi, àguzguzdeba cecxliviT, / rogorc ToneSi saxmili~ (`stalini, xalxTa genia~. giorgi qadagiZe, zemo al-vani, TuSeTi).

stalini _ `msoflio mnaTobi~, `mzeTa-mze~, `Weqa-quxilSi

anTebuli sanetaro cecxli~... ̀ didi samSoblos didi mze~, ̀ sico-

cxle _ caze ufro maRali~ (samson mTagoreli, tyibulis r.).

242

pankiseli mwyemsis, g. mWedluris, leqsSi Cans, rom im pe-

riodisaTvis sagangebod axali leqsia, miniSnebulia beladis

asaki: `muxav, samocwlovano~... misTvisac mzea igi, `aTasi mzis

elvareba, ca-Rrubleb-gadabanili~.

qiziyeli mTqmeli, stefane maroSvili, leqss uZRvnis len-

insa da stalins: `lenins xseneba, biWebo, sicocxle stalin-

isao~. qebis adresatebi matuloben, leninis, stalinis, berias

Semdeg voroSilovsac gaixseneben:

`didxans icocxle, stalino,voroSilovo, beria.dReni dagvidga salxinoda xeTaguric vmReria~.

(gr. xeTaguri, yazbegi)

leqsebis umravlesobaSi belads madlobas uZRvnian, rogorc mtris gamanadgurebels, qveynis moRalateebis mom-spobs: `mTa da bari baRad Sehqmen / mteri mospe, sadac naxe~ (Salva sulamaniZe, tyibuli); `ulmobel laxvris Camcemo / mSromeli xalxis mtrebisa~ (nikoloz beniZe, zubi, cageris r.)...

wignSi moculobiT da narativis diapazoniT gamoirCe-va Siraqeli mwyemsis, leqso bibiluris, teqsti `mzisebr dagvnaTi Tavzeda~ (sqolioSi miTiTebulia: `gurjad nagu-lisxmevia amx. s. orjonikiZe, red.); es aris Tavgadasavali da suliskveTeba sabWoTa qarTvelisa, romelsac Tavisi wvlili Seutania samSoblos Tavisuflebis damxobaSi da s. orjoni-kiZisTvis mxari daumSvenebia im sisxlian gzaze. wiTlebTan Tavisi nebiT misula, _ gvarwmunebs mTqmeli:

`pirdapir Sevel wiTlebTan,

yvelas vkiTxavdi `gurjasa~

maCvenes imaT vaJkaci,

moaqrolebda lurjasa~...

lamis lurjaze amxedrebul wminda giorgid warmoidgi-nos avtorma, imdenad moxiblulia `gurjas~ gaxsenebiT. erT-

243

maneTi gaicnes, vaJkacobis dasamtkiceblad gaiyola gurjam mTieli da imanac imedi ar gaucrua.

`wavyevi, CaviSaleniT,

mters SevungrieT karia,

imaT mijnaze davasveT

wiTeli droSis taria.

me venacvale wiTlebsa,

Cemi gunebis jaria,

maTTvis gavwirav sicocxles,

maTTan miguleT mkvdaria~...

didi brZolebis Semdeg, gamarjvebuli, `axla davmReri fandurze, / rom leqsada vTqva qebani~. bednieri da damsa-xurebuli, axla moskovisken miemgzavreba. teqsti, TiTqos, mgzavrobisas iwyeba da sabWoTa samSoblos dedaqalaqSi, moskovSi, sruldeba. leqsis dinamikac Txrobis Sesaferisad Zlierdeba:

`sxvagan qris Cemi goneba,

kremlsa evleba Tavzeda,

netavi erTi Semyara

stalins pirdapir gzazeda~.

aq ki poeti-mTqmeli iSveliebs beladisaTvis gankuTvnil,

tipur, sayovelTao metaforul simbolos, `mzes~: `mzisebr

dagvnaTi Tavzeda, / rogorc mzemacocxlebeli~. eRirsa, rac

ewada da kremlSi, mwyemsebTan Sexvedraze, stalinic mobrZan-

da. `gurjam~ icno TanamebrZoli mTieli, gadakocna da amiT

beladis yuradRebac miiqcies. aq ukve sabolood kulminacias

aRwevs mwyemsis saTqmeli, is sabWoTa samSoblos moqalaqed

aRiqva didma beladma da mTieli leqso bibiluric bolomde

bednieria:

244

`qarTulad `gamarjoba~ Tqva,

Tan ambavs mkiTxavs mTisasa _

_ aRar mRerio, mTielo,

samSoblos xevsurisasa?!~

ra Tqma unda, `samSoblo xevsurisa~ (àr gavcvli me Cems

samSoblos sxva qveynis samoTxezeda~...) ewinaaRmdegeboda

didi beladis, totalitaruli sistemis saWeTmpyrobelis,

sabWoTa sistemis ganmamtkiceblis, stalinis msoflxedvas.

leqsi davimowmeT mokled. dasasruli, mTeli teqstis finali

adekvaturia mTxrobelis ganwyobisa:

`me rodi mqonda samSoblo,

Rataks pirs miwa meyara,

exla ki yvelaferi maqvs _

miwa, samSoblo, qveyana~.

axal xelisuflebasTan damokideblebaSi iluzoruli

xana araTu uSualod wiTlebis gverdiT mebrZolma vai-

qarTvelebma iwames, aramed, garkveulwilad _ qarTvelma

SemoqmedebiTma inteligenciamac, magram maTTvis male gaxda

cxadi, rom maT Tavze jojoxeTi mzaddeboda (àxla Cven sxva

dro wamogvewia, Cvenc albaT sadme CagvZaRleben~, t. tabiZe).

mTiel mwyemss ki gauRwevia am jojoxeTidan. ukve 1939 welia.

CamTavrebulia sayovelTao wmenda... Tumca, isic kargad gvax-

sovs, bevri amisTana èrTguli~ da `naamagari~ gauyenes ci-

mbiris gzas 1921-1937 wlebSi, an sulac _ daxvrites.

partiuli gegmis _ staliniadas ganxorcieleba iyo 1940

wlis qarTveli poetebis mier osuridan Targmnili wignis

gamocema, saxelwoebiT _ `did belads stalins~ (xalxuri...

1940), rogorc, zogadad, yvela teqstSi, aqac stalini mzea,

`Zlevamosilad da didebulad~ rom aTbobs xalxebis guls.

xalxis mamas madlobas uZRvnis avtori (mTqmelis gvari ar

saxeldeba, z.c.):

245

ò, stalin, mzeo, aRsavsev sibrZniT,

Cveno sicocxlev da moamagev,

Sen, xalxis mamav, oseTi giZRvnis

Tavis simRerebs, mRelvare hangebs~.

ori xalxuri leqsis saTaurebi erTnairia. `simRera sta-

linze~. pirvelSi yoveli strofis dasasruls meordeba re-

freni: ìcocxle, didxans icocxle!~ aqac epiTetebis da hip-

erbolizebuli metaforebis siuxvea: `mze cxovelmyofeli~,

`kavkasiis arwivi~, `qveynis javari~, `leninis TanamebrZoli~,

`saamuri cxovrebis Semqmneli~, `sicocxlis ganTiadi~ da sxv.

bednieri samxreT-oseTis saxeliT mimarTavs meore poeti be-

lads: `varskvlavebs eTamaSeba Cveni axali qveyana / mas Sem-

deg, rac, sayvarelo, Seni mze gadmogveyara~, mTargmnelebi: g.

kaWaxiZe, gr. cecxlaZe, b. abulaZe da sxv.

1944 wels gamoica `qarTuli xalxuri leqsebi da simRere-

bi stalinze~ (saocaria, Tumca am droisam araferma unda gag-

vakvirvos), rom mTeli krebuli Sedgeba 70 saukeTeso qarTu-

li xalxuri da X�X da XX saukunis poetebis (g. orbeliani, a.

wereTeli, i. abaSiZe) leqsebisgan: `Savlego~, `lile~, `muxam-

bazi~, `patara sayvarelo~, `suliko~, `cicinaTela~, `kapitani

buxaiZe~, `CuxCuxiT Camorboda~, `Savi kakabi~, ìndi-mindi~,

`netavi, gogov me da Sen~ da sxv. es ukve omSi gardatexis we-

lia, gamarjvebisaken mimavali da aRar aris saWiro uniWod da

ugulod dawerili mowodebebi da patriotuli SeZaxebebi. am-

itomac gaalamazes ganwyoba, magram gaugebaria, ra SuaSi iyo

aq stalini? kidev erTxel gavixsenoT: wigns hqvia `qarTuli

xalxuri leqsebi da simRerebi stalinze~. minaweri ydaze:

`sikvdili germanel okupantebs~... albaT mainc is Canafiqria,

rom gamarjvebas sixaruli uxdeba, sixaruls ki is simRerebi,

romelTa teqstebic am krebulSi daibeWda.

aseve saxotbo stiliT gamosarCevia leqsebis krebuli

`stalini qarTul xalxur poeziaSi~ (1949 w., Tb., saqarTve-

246

los ssr sax. gamomceloba); aqac uxvad gvxvdeba sagangebo

epiTetebi da hiperbolizebuli Sedarebebi, metaforebi,

ritorikuli SeZaxebebi beladis mxatvruli saxis gadmosace-

mad: `gazafxulis Semqmneli~, `mze da almasis eniT metyveli~,

`cis Rimili~, `zRvis grigali~, `mTis arwivi, frTagaSlili~,

`mzeTamze~ da sxv. yvelgan `sabWoTa saqarTveloa~ samSoblos

cneba. aqac mtris gamanadgurebelia beladi. es ukve omis-

Semdgomi teqstebia da mterSi germanel faSistebs moiazre-

ben. zogi ukanac ixevs da ityvis: `moTxara nikoloozi, / imis

saxeli, gvaria, / Tavad da aznaurebis / aRarsad aris zaria~

(lenins).

es aris mcire amonaridi im uamravi teqstidan, romlebic

mieZRvna lenins, stalins, berias da sxvebs. qarTuli xalx-

uri poeziis mkvlevrebs Soris arsebobs mosazreba (j. barda-

veliZe, r. ColoyaSvili), rom am periodis qarTuli xalxuri

leqsebi, arc ise iSviaTad, iwereboda profesionali poetebis

mier, rogorc xalxuri. TavisTavad igulisxmeba saredaqcio

Careva, gadakeTeba. saerTo politikuri paTosi am wlebis

qarTuli xalxuri poeziisa da mxatvruli saxeebis TvalSi-

sacemi erTgvarovneba, erTferovneba iZleva am daskvnis saSualebas.

gamomcemlobebSi arsebuli cenzura presaSic grZel-deboda. cnobili peblicistisa da sazogado moRvawis, qristefore raWveliSvilis (romelic jer 20-ian wlebSi iyo represirebuli, xolo 37-Si daxvrites) vaJi, eqimi baadur raW-veliSvili swored cenzurasTan dakavSirebul faqts ixsenebs da gadmogvcems am istorias. qristefore raWveliSvili 30-ian wlebSi, cixidan gamosvlis Semdeg, muSaobda saqarTvelos

depeSaTa saagentoSi stilistad, agreTve _ gamomcemlobaSi

`saunje xalxuri zepirsityvierebisa~. erTxel masTan miuta-

niaT leqsi `vinme xevsurisa~ (xevisberisa), romelic qriste-

fores ise moswonebia, ambobda Turme, amas vaJac xels moawer-

dao. vrcel leqsSi avtori qebiT moixseniebda mefe daviTs,

247

Tamars, erekle ��-s... ase gadadioda axali gmiris, ColoyaS-

vilis da misi razmelebis sanaqebo Tavgadasavalze. qriste-

fores leqsis dabeWdva ganuzraxavs. redaqtorma teqsti

gadaakeTa. baadur raWveliSvils mohyavs ramdenime strofis

pirvandeli da Sesworebuli variantebi. mag.: ̀ mostyuvda ker-

valiSvili (igulisxmeba Cekisti _ z.c.), / Cekas ver gvarobs

kldenio, / cxel rkinas rogor daiWers, / ar ekidebis xelio~,

_ cxeli rkina, romelsac `xeli ar ekidebis~, qaquca Coloy-

aSvilis metaforuli saxea, misi simtkicis da Seupovrobis

gamomxatveli. cenzors ki aseTi finali gaukeTebia leqsisT-

vis: `SemdegSi ColoyaSvili, qarTveli xalxis mterio~. esec

ar moewona da teqstis sxva nawilic gadaukeTebia: ìs sazR-

vargareT gavarda, gaiqca, rogorc gvelio~ da sxv. ra Tqma

unda, es ar yofila erTeuli SemTxveva. cenzoris mkacri xeli

yvelgan da yvelafers swvdeboda da TavisTvis sasurvel yal-ibSi aqcevda ideologiisTvis miuRebels.

damowmebani:

abaSiZe 2003: abaSiZe i. `beladis mrCeveli~. // abaSiZe i. zarebi 30-iani

wlebidan. Tb.: ìnteleqti~, 2003.

kverenCxilaZe 2011: kverenCxilaZe r. sabuTebi RaRadeben. Tb.: ùni-

versali~, 2011.

saq Sss arqivi, fondi # 897, aRw. 1. s.1. 1937 w. 14.V.

saq. Sss arqivi, fondi # 897, aRw. 1, saqme 1, 1939 w., 2.V��, gv. 22.

xalxuri... 1940: `did belads stalins~. // samxreT-oseTis xalxuri

simRerebi da poetebis leqsebi. staliniri: samxreT-oseTis sax. gamom-

cemloba, 1940.

xatiaSvili 1939: xatiaSvili v. (redaqtori). i. stalini (dabadebis 60

wlis gamo). Tb.: gamomcemloba `komunisti~, 1939.

248

Zoia Tskhadaia

Conjuncture and Georgian Folk Poetry

Summary

The conjuncture had the same severe impact on Georgian folk poetry as on Georgian writing in general (it was an overall phenomenon throughout the whole Union, in the Soviet totalitarian space). It suppressed thousand-year-old values of Georgian folk poetry (but temporally and not for ever) and turned it into a part of the policy of social realism.

The archive materials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Georgia show rather well the requirements of the Party and authorities to the folk poetry (Fond #897, description 1, case 1). At a party meeting of the Union of Georgian Writers it was decided in honor of the anniversary of Stalin to release a book (1939). Part I was supposed to be a folk poetry devoted to the great leader. The book came out in time and the influence of censor-ship was felt in it. Among the researchers into Georgian folk poetry there is an opinion (Jondo Bardavelidze, Rusudan Cholokashvili) that Georgian folk poems of this period were quite often written by professional poets as folk. The books published in 1939 and in subsequent period devoted to the great leader are distinguished by the uniformity and monotony of the characters, epithets, metaphors, similes, repetition of hyperbolas. In addition to this, edi-torial intrusions, the cases of remaking the text took place. This is evidenced from B.Rachvelishvili’s memoires (the story of the verse devoted to Kakutsa Cholokashvili).

249

replika

samwuxaro Secdoma

2010 w. gamomcemloba „nekerma“ dastamba sabWoTa repre-

siebis msxverplTa xsovnisadmi miZRvnili krebuli „antisab-

WoTa sityviereba“.

krebulSi gamoqveynebulia zepiri istoriebi da gadmoce-

mebi. Semdgenlebma (r. ColoyaSvili. e. CxeiZe, n. balanCivaZe, n.

ratiani, i. yvelaSvili) moviZieT antisabWouri sityvierebis

nimuSebi, romlebSic moTxrobilia saqarTveloSi totali-

taruli komunisturi reJimisaTvis niSandoblivi ambebi. amave

TvalsazrisiT davamuSaveT qarTli presac, romelSic XX

saukunis 90–iani wlebidan moyolebuli ukve gamoCnda CvenT-

vis saintereso mtkivneul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT araerTi

sayuradRebo mogoneba. amasTanave, visargebleT samecniero

literaturiTac.

sagangebod moviwvieT represirebuli ojaxebis warmomad-

genlebi, firze CaviwereT maTi monaTxrobi, romlis nawilic

qaRaldze gadavitaneT da krebulis saxiT gamoveciT. kre-

buli kargi gamovida, Tumca, rogorc yvela naSromi, arc igia

dazRveuli naklisagan. gaparulia ramdenime samwuxaro Sec-

doma, ZiriTadad orTografiuli da punqtuaciuri xasiaTi-

sa.

am tipis Secdoma gaipara batonebis giorgi xomerikisa da

biZina ColoyaSvilis saubris gadmocemisas.

aq mogvyavs citata batoni xomerikis monaTxrobidan:

`gamovedi Tu ara uSiSroebidan, CitaZis quCaze iyo maSin,

rusTavelze daveSvi da Semxvda biZina ColoyaSvili, Cavukak-

le yvelaferi, biZinas yvelaferi movuyevi. ai, vin CamiSva, vin

250

damasmina, vici, dResac cocxalia da muSaobs“. (gv.178)

Cven mier firze Cawerili saubris qaRaldze gadatanisas

daSvebulia Secdoma, kerZod, gamorCenilia sasveni niSani:

ori wertili ( : ) da tire

( _ ). am, erTi SexedviT, ubralo detalma gaabundovna da

daarRvia naTqvamis azri, riTic aRelvebulma giorgi xomer-

ikma Zvel megobars Tavisi gancdebi gauziara.

vwuxvarT, rom orives guli vatkineT. isic unda aRiniS-

nos, rom 2008 wels, roca es Canaweri Sesrulda, batoni bi-

Zina ColoyaSvili ar muSaobda da ar cxovrobda TbilisSi, is

iZulebiT emigraciaSi imyofeboda.

bodiSs vuxdiT profesor giorgi xomeriksa da pirveli

uzenaesi sabWos wevrs, damoukideblobis aqtze xelmomwer

baton biZina ColoyaSvils.

pativiscemiT

r. ColoyaSvili

e. CxeiZe

n. balanCivaZe

n. ratiani

i. yvelaSvili

g. xomeriki

251

sarCevi

miTi, rituali, simboloMyts. Rituals. Sumbpls

oTar oniani

amiranis struqturuli elementebi

(mijaWva) aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis variantebSi.......................................................................5Otar Oniani

Structural Elements (enchainment) of the Amiraniani in the Versions Recorded in the Highlands of Eastern Georgia

oTar oniani

amiranis struqturuli elementebi _

mijaWvis epizodebi imerul-raWul da

leCxumur versiebSi..........................................................................15Otar Oniani

The Episodes of Chaining Amiran in Imeretian-Rachian and Lechkhumian Versions

meri xuxunaiSvili-wiklauri

astraluri miTosuri azrovnebis

kvali amiranis TqmulebaSi.............................................................26Mary Khukhunaishvili-Tsiklauri

Traces of the Astral Mythology in Amirani

nestan ratiani

zogierTi mxatvruli saxis transformaciis

ramdenime aspeqti akvnis simRerebSi...........................................33

252

Nestan RatianiThe Cock Symbolizations in Folklore and Ethnological Spac

qeTevan dekanoziSvili

mamlis simbolizacia folkloruli

da eTnologiuri masalebis mixedviT.........................................50Ketevan Dekanozisjhvili


xaTuna TavdgiriZe

axali miTologiuri paradigma _ politikuri miTi

(politikuri miTis Teoriis sakiTxebi).....................................61Khatuna Tavdgiridze

New Mythological Paradigm – Political Myth

xvTiso mamisimediSvili

amindis marTvis qarTuli da

osuri ritualuri teqstebi..........................................................79Khvtiso Mamisimedishvili

Georgian and Osetian Ritual Texts to Beg for Weather

zRaparTmcodneobaFolk Tale Study

rusudan ColoyaSvili

jadosnuri zRapris dafaruli

arsi da mniSvneloba..........................................................................91

253

Cholokashvili RusudanThe implicit Essence and Significance(meaning) of Magic Tale

dalila bedianiZe

magiuri saxelebi

jadosnur zRaprebSi......................................................................100Dalila Bedianidze

Magical Names in Fairy-Tales

marine turaSvili

qarTuli xalxuri cxovelTa

zRaprebis tipologiuri analizi

zRapris saerTaSoriso katalogis

ATU 15 tipis konteqstSi................................................................110Marine TuraSvili

Typological Analysis of the Georgian Animal Tales in the Context of ATU 15of the International Folktales Catalogue

Teimuraz jagodniSvili

aleqsandre xaxanaSvili qarTuli

folkloristikis saTaveebTan...................................................120Teimuraz Jagodnishvili

Aleksandre Khukhunashvili at theOrigins of Georgian Folkloristics

eka CxeiZe

leqsebi wuTisofelze....................................................................135Eka Chkheidze

Lyrics of the World

254

folklori da literaturaFolklore and Literature

levan bregaZe

konstantine gamsaxurdias

novela `mSveniereba~ da misi

mimarTeba folklorul wyaroebTan.........................................144Levan Bregadze

Konstantine Gamsakhurdia’s short story ”Beauty” and its relationwith folklore sources

irma yvelaSvili

mxatvrul–gamomsaxvelobiTi

saSualebebi da saxe–simboloebi

Tqmuleba–gadmocemebSi...............................................................163Irma Kvelashvili

The Means of Imagery and Face Symbols in Legends- Narratives

qeTevan elaSvili

erTi folkloruli arqetipis

`literaturuli veli~..................................................................180Ketevan Elashvili

The “Literature Valley” of one Folklore Archetype

maia niniZe

ilia WavWavaZis poemebis

`gandegilisa~ da `aCrdilis~ saerTo

folkloruli wyaro.......................................................................186

255

Maia NinidzeA Folklore Source of Ilia Chavchavadze’s Poems “The Hermit” and “The Ghost”

nino balanCivaZe

`gzamac xSirad mowyena iciso~... ................................................192Nino Balanchivadze

The Moral Phenomenon of Word

BbaladaBallad

tristan maxauri

qarTuli xalxuri sagmiro balada

„laSars movida TilisZe“..............................................................199Tristan Makhauri

Georgian folk heroic ballad “Tilisdze came to Lashar”(The son of Tili came to the holly place lashar)

bibliuri motivebiBiblical Motives

eTer inwkirveli

solomon brZenis funqciis transformaciis

formebi folklorul narativebSi...........................................215Eter Intskirveli

The Forms of Function Transformation of Solomon the Wise in Folklore Narratives

256

beladomania da folkloriThe Cult of the Leader and Folklore

zoia cxadaia

koniunqtura da

qarTuli xalxuri poezia..............................................................237Zoia Tskhadaia

replikaReplica

samwuxaro Secdoma..............................................................................249

sota rustavelis qartuli literaturis...

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