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$: Study on elements and mechanisms of participation in WNW ... · ihe elements and mechanisms ot participation in the \Vesi North \\esi li-tisanal Fisheries and Community Development$
Mauritania

Senegal

Cape Verde

The Gambia

Guinea Bissau

GuineaSierra Leone

Liberia

Côte dlvoireGhana

Togo

BeninNigeria

Cameroon

Equatorial Guinea

Gabon

Sao Tome and Principe

Congo

Zaire

Angola

Q

DANIDA

PROGRAMME FOR INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT OFARTISANAL FISHERIES IN WEST AFRICA

lOAF PROGRAMME

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION OF DENMARK

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF ThE UNITED NATIONS

Technical Report N° 99 mai 1997

Study on Elements and Mechanisms of Participationin WNW-AFCOD and

Tombo Projects in Sierra Leone

FAO LIBRARY AN: 376543

Technical Report N° 99 mai 1 997

Study on Elements and Mechanisms of Participationin WNW-AFCOD and

Tombo Projects in Sierra Leone

by

Alhaji M. JallowSocio-economist

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSCotonou, mai 1997

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publicatíon do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization orthe financing agency concerning the legal status of any country or territory, city or area, or ofits authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

For hibliocraphic purposes this documentshould he cited as follows.

Jallo\\ A M, Study on Elements and Mechanisms of Participation in \VNW-A.FCOD and Tombo1997 Projects in Sierra Leone. Proeramme for the Interated Development of Artisanal

Fisheries in \Vest Africa. Cotonon. 23 p.. IDAF/WP.'99.

IDAF ProjectFAO

P 0 Box 1309Cotonou. Republic of Benin

relex 529! FOODAGRI Fax. (229) 33.05 C) Tel (229) 33.09 25

THE VISION FOR IDAF PHASE Hl

INTRODUCTION

Development strategy during the 1960 and 1970s was based on the philosophy thatdeveloping countries lacked improved technology and capital for speeding up their development.Industrialization was promoted in order to capitalize on the abundant fish resources. However,the anticipated expansion of the economy did not happen and the development approach shiftedtowards an integrated rural strategy where emphasis is put on the community as a whole to up-.grade incomes and the quality of life through technical assistance and the active participation offisherfolk and the community.

In this context, emphasis was initially placed on the Community Fishery Centre (CFC)concept as a means of promoting artisanal fishery development. But it became apparent that thepresence of a complex of facilities and seivices tailored to meet local needs was no guarantee thatthe structures/facilities would be used or that development would occur. The active participationof fisherfolk and the mobilisation of local and community resources was imperative in order toassure sustainability of initiatives undertaken by development projects and/or the community.

So far and in general terms, the IDAF Programme has worked under the context ofabundant or seemingly adequate fishery resources with moderate population pressure. Thescenario is however changing (and very fast for that matter) and wewould soon face the tripleconstraints of reduced or depleting fish stocks, degrading environment and increasing populationpressure. Like in other sectors, it must be anticipated that just to survive, parts of the populationsurplus in the fishing communities will enter the artisanal fisheries, which will increase thecompetition for the resources among the small scale fisherfolk in addition to the prevailingcompetition between the artisanal and industrial fisheries, with their attendant effect on theenvironment.

This scenario calls for a côntinuation of the integrated participatory strategy which remainsrelevant to the development of artisanal fisheries in West Africa. However, the emphasis needsto be placed on the elements and mechanisms that favour the sustainability of initiatives:responsible fishing, the empowerment processes that ensure the devolution of major resourcemanagement and development decisions to the local community, the strengthening of nationalhuman and institutional capacities at all levels for a sustainable and equitable fisheries resourcesmanagement and development, as well as in the follow-up and consolidation of past achievements.

DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE

Thus the development objective of the Programme in the present phase Ill which started on 1 July1994 is to ensure twenty coastal West African countries a sustainable development andmanagement of their artisanal fisheries for maximum social and economic benefit of their fishingcommunities in terms of employment, proteins and earnings. This will be done through anintegrated and participatory approach in which emphasis will be laid on equity. gender issues, thetransfer of technology for development, environment protection, as well as the strengthening ofhuman and institutional capacities.

The immediate objectives are:

To identify, assess and disseminate strategies and mechanisms for sustainable managementand development of the artisanal fisheries in fishing communities;

To improve the competence of national Fisheries Departments staff in development andmanagement planning of artisanal fisheries;

3 To enhance regional technical competence in the fisheries disciplines, particularly infishing and fish technology;

To improve information and experience exchange related to artisanal fisheries within theregion;

To promote regional and sub-regional collaboration for the development and managementof artisanal fisheries

In this context, IDAF will among other things tackle the following major aspects init's work

assisting in the elaboration and implementation of a clear and coherent nationaldevelopment policy for the artisanal fishery sector;

providing advice on management and allocation of resources between artisanal andindustrial fishing fleets, both national and foreign;

involving users in the design and management of on shore infrastructures;

monitoring the sector's evolution by the setting up of an economic indicator system forthe sector adapted to the financial and human availabilities;

improving fishing technologies in accordance with the available resources;

increasing the final product's value by improvement in processing and marketing;

promoting community development in accordance with the lessons learned from Phase Iand II and oriented towards the sustainability of actions undertaken;

reinforce the Programme's informationlconimunication system.

It is anticipated that by the end of the third phase of the Project, the region will have anucleus of field oriented experts capable to respond to the challenges of the artisanal fisheriessector and to spur development in their individual countries in keeping with the aspirations andneeds of fisherfolk.

IDAF Technical Report N° 9

EXECU11VE StiMAl

ihe elements and mechanisms ot participation in the \Vesi North \\esi li-tisanal Fisheriesand Community Development (WNW-AFCOD) Project villages orcioderich and Konakridee, andthe Fisheries Pilot Project village of Tombo were studied in June I QC)4 Some tools of theParticipatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) and its principles 'acre applied in the collection ofinfurmation on sorne parameters involved in the development acti\ e es carried out at therespective villages The purpose of the studies is to determine whether the protects contributedin fisherfolk empowerment, to determine the nature of the empowerntent and to identihv thefavourable and militating factors against achievement

Sierra Leone has one of the richest marine fishing zones in West Africa But thedevelopment of the resource, especially the artisanal fishery resource, 'a as hindered by very highinflation and a virtually continuous drop in real GDP \ hieb tremendously reduced the financialcapacity of the covemment to execute development proerammes This I QSOs economic conditionencouraged the fisheries administrators to seeL assistance from donor agencies whichconsequently initiated several development projects io improve coastal artisanal fisheries TheGTZ funded Fisheries Pilot Project at Tombo and the EEC financed WNW-XFCOD project arepart of these interventions

Participation of the Tombo fìsherfòlk through the Village Development Board, the TomboVillage Development Association and the few cooperative societies was very remote andineffective That of the Goderich and Konakrídee fishing communities through their villagedevelopment committee, community development team. and cooperative societies is weak Bothprojects failed to involve the fisherfolk in the planning phase, and only im olved them as receiversand coordinators of programmes presented to them in the implementation phase The weakinvolvement resulted in the projects putting more resources into general community developmentthan into direct technological and infrastructural needs of the fishert'olk

Therefore, there is a need to encourage participatory development through theniobilizatioii of tisherfolk beneficiaries into effective production, processing, marketing, anddistribution groups that can fully participate in the diagnosis of their problems, the formulationof actions, and in the implementation of the agreed action plan These groups can then be a sourceoían active representation in committees that can continue sustainable proerammes initiated bythe project(s) Once these groups are repreSentative active, and seriously involved by projectplanners and implementing staff, the fisherfolk will be empowered to dictate their needs and seinesolutions to their problems in artisanal fisheries development

O introduction 1

li Participationi 2 Stateuiciit of tile Probleni I

1 3 Purpose and Obiective

2 0 Bacicuround information2 1 Sierra Leone in Brief

2 i Geouraphical Information2 2 DeniorapLiic and Socio-economic Infòrrnation

Fisheries w Sierra Leone 4

22 L Main Features of the Artisanal Fishery 4

2 2.2 NationaL Fishei Statistics 6

Government Initiatives to Improve Coastal AisanaL Fisheries 8

ViLiaes involved in the Studyo

24 L Tombo f)

L L UO(iCi IC i U

24.3 KonakrideeUser Groups or Associations in the WW-CODand Tombo P rol ect Area251 Tombo Il

252 GodericLi 12

253 Konafridee 12

3 0 \letbodoLogy of the Study 13

3 L Approacb 13

3 Limitations of the study 13

4 0 Fishing and Major related activfV\\V-AFCOD Prolect Study S

AI3LF OF CONTENI'S

s in Tombo andes 14

4 1 Fishing 14

4 I i Tombo 14

41.2 Goderich 14

4 13 Konakridee 14

4 .4 Labour and Remuneration in the Study Sites L S

4 2 Other Major Fishing Related Activities 15

421 Processing iS

422 N1arketing IS

Concept of Paicipation in \VNW-AFCOD and Tumbo Project Sites Lo

S ICharacteristics of Pamcipation 16

5 1 1 Tombo 16

512 Goderich 16

513 Konakridee 16


f lie elements and mechanisms of' participation in the West North West Arisanal Fisheriesand Community Development (WN\V-AFCOD) Project villages of Goderich and Konakridee, andthe Fisheries Pilot Project village of Tombo were studied in June l994 Some tools of theParticipatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) and its principles were applied in the collection of'information on sonic paran eters involved in the development activities carried out at therespective villages The purpose of' the studies is to determine whether the projects contributedin fislierfolk empowerment. to determine the nature of' the empowerment. and to idennt thefavourable and militating factors against achievement

Sierra Leone lias one of' the richest marine fishing zones in West :\f'rica But thedevelopment of the resource, especially the artisanal fisheR' resource, was hindered by \e:inflation and a virtually continuous drop in real GDP, which tremendously reduced the financialcapacity of the government to execute development programmes This 1980s economic conditionencouraged the fisheries administrators to seek assistance from donor agencies whichconsequently initiated several development projects to improve coastal artisanal fisheries TheGTZ ftinded Fisheries Pilot Project at Tombo and the EEC financed WNW-AFCOD project arepart of these nterventions

Participation of the Tombo flsherf'olk through the Village Development Board, the TomboVillage Development Association. and the few cooperative societies was very remote andineffective That of the Goderich and Konakridee fishing communities through their villagedevelopment committee, community development team, and cooperative societies is weak Bothprojects failed to involve the fmsherfòlk ni the planning phase, and only involved them as receiversand coordinators of programmes presented to them in the implementation phase l'he veaLinvolvement resulted in the projects putting more resources into general community developiiientthan into direct technological and infrastructural needs of the fisherfolk

Therefore, there is a need to encourage participatory development through themobilization of fisherfolk beneficiaries into eftective production, processing, marketing. anddistribution groups that can fully participate in the diagnosis of their problems. the formulationof actions, and in the implementation of the agreed action plan These groups can then he a sourceof an active representation in committees that can continue sustainable programmes initiated bythe project(s). Once these groups are representative, active, and seriously involved by projectplanners and implementing staff, the fisherfolk will be empowered to dictate their needs amid somesolutions to their problems in artisanal fisheries development

IDAF Tecimical Report N° 99

ExE(;IJTIVEf' SUNIMAR

TABLE OF CONTENTS

o IntroductionI I Participation

2 Statement ol the ProblemI 3 Purpose and Objective

2 0 Backeround information 3

2 I Sierra Leone in Brief 3

2. 1 1 Geographical Information 3

2 1 2 Demographic and Socio-economic Information 3

2 2 Fisheries in Sierra Leone 4

2 2.1 Main Features of the Artisanal Fishery 4

2.2 2 National Fishery Statistics 6

2 3 Government Initiatives to Improve Coastal Artisanal Fisheries S

2 4 Villages Involved in the Study 9

24.1 Tornho..... 9

24.2 Goderich lO

2 4.3 Konakridee 10

2 5 LTser Groups or Associations in the WNW-AFCOI)and Tombo Project Area li2 5. 1 Tombo 11

2 5 2 Goderich 12

2 5.3 Konakridee 12

3 0 \ lethodologv of the Study 13

I Approach 13

3 2 Limitations of the study 13

4 0 Fishin and Major related activities in Tombo and\V\W-AFCOD Project Study Sites 14

Fishing 14

4 LI Tombo 14

41.2 Goderich. ..... 14

4.13 Konakridee 14

4. 1 4 Lahoui and Remuneration in the Study Sites 15

.1 2 Other Major Fishing Related Activities 15

4.2.1 Processing 15

4.22 Narketing ... 15

5.0 Concept of Participation in \VNW-AFCO[) and Tombo Project Sites IO

S I Characteristics of Participation 16

S I. i Tombo .I

51.2 Goderich . .

IO

513 Konakridee .

. I O

ii IDAF Technical Report N° 06

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Participation

Participation can have different meaning to different people because of its multi-dimensional empowerment process, which can vary from location to location. In small-scalefisheries development, participation can be defined as

People's involvement in decision-making processes, in implementing programmes,sharing in the benefits of development programmes, and their involvement in effortsto evaluate such programmes (IIDAF, 1994).

The process of participation is, therefore, dynamic and pragmatic as a partnership systembetween the fisherfolk and the development facilitators. It creates an atmosphere of negotiation,collaboration and partnership in which silent and weaker groups in the community can becomemore involved in the development process.

The levels of participation in small-scale fisheries development have been identified as

carrying out orders in activity implementation;choosing between pre-determined alternatives;providing minimal or extensive input in the form of information and suggestions;assisting in information collection;interaction in the identification of problems, formulation, implementation, monitoringand/or evaluation of activities;mobilization of local resources;voluntarily seeking external assistance for the implementation of activities.

Participation, at whatever level, builds up a significant community involvement in thediagnosis of local problems, in the formulation of actions, and in the implementation of the agreed-action plan. It also mobilizes local human and material resources for community contribution tosmall-scale fisheries development.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The participation of beneficiaries in small-scale fisheries development and the mobilizationof local resources influenced changes in the mentality and attitude of local communities. Thechanges are small but their influence on present and potential accomplishments are quiteimportant.

Local people, meanwhile, are increasingly accepting the fact that their respectivegovernments can only create an enabling environment and an appropriate technologicalinformation which cangive associations and their individual members the iñcentive andopportunity to improve their standard of living.

Artisanal fisheries sustain many households in West Africa. These households are affectedby changes in operational costs that result from national economic trends. That is why operatorsin this subsector are being squeezed by the recent economic restructuring in the sub-region. Thiscondition is coupled with uncertainty that is created by population growth and resource


exploitation rate pressures. These pressures and the need to improve the living condition of theArtisanal fisherfolk are addressed through the numerous artisanal fisheries projects in the Sub-region.

The projects had hitherto been exclusively designed by donor agencies and\or governmentagencies with very little beneficiary participation. But this trend is changing gradually in the IDAFregion. These positive changes vary in degree from project to project and country to country. Thevariance is now being studied for documentation.

1.3 Purpose and Objective

People's participation is essential for any development strategy. Therefore, it has becomecentral to the IDAF programme's philosophy and activities. The Programme is now conductingstudies on selected projects in order to understand the processes and elements of participation.

The objectives of the studies on participation are

- to determine whether projects have contributed in the empowerment of fisherfolk;- to determine the nature of the empowerment;- to identify factors that have favoured or militated against achievements.

These objectives were drawn into a qualitative analysis of elements and mechanisms ofparticipation in the Tombo and West-North-West Artisanal Fisheries and CommunitiesDevelopment (WNW-AFCOD) projects in Sierra Leone. The studies covered a Germangovernment financed project at Tombo, and an EEC financed project that benefits fisherfolk atGoderich and Konakridee.

2 IDAF Technical Report N° 99

2.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION

2.1 Sierra Leone in Brief

2.1.1 Geographical Information

Sierra Leone lies on the West Coast of Africa between 7° and 10° North Latitude. lt hasa total land mass of about 73,300 Km2, and half of this mass rises above 150m. Most of the westand south of the country lie below 60m. Coastal swamps lie along the western shores adjacent tothe Atlantic Ocean to a maximum width of 50 Km. The discharge from the many rivers and thewide estuaries deposit silt which has created a shallow water belt behind the beach ridges.Mangrove swamps also prevail in brackishwater zones along the area of mixing between fresh andsea water.

Offshore of the country's 576 Km coastline is the continental shelf area of 27,000 Km2which extends between 32 Km and 144 Km. The depth within the shelf varies from 0 metre to 91metres before the steep run into an abyss which levels out at about 3,750m below the surface.Most of the pelagic and inshore reef fish are captured in the shallow waters of the shelf margin.This confinement concentrates most.of the artisanal fishery in the country along the St. Ann shelfand the Guinean shelf

The climate of Siérra Leone is hot and tropical, with an average temperature of 27° - 34°C. Night-time temperature can, however, drop as low as 14° C in the interior between Decemberand February. The rainy season is from May to November and the dry season from December toApril. The relative humidity is high throughout most of the year and can peak at 95 - 100 % inJuly and August.

2d.2 Demographic and Socio-economic Information

Despite its strong natural resource base, Sierra Leone experienced stagnation andrecession for most of the past ten years. This feat resulted from a combination of regionalinstability and the structure of its economy.

Subsistence agriculture is the major activity for a large part of the population. But theeconomy is also dependent on the production for export of diamonds, bauxite, gold, and rutile inthe mineral sector, and cocoa, coffee and palm kernels in the agricultural sector. In recent yearsthe decline in the volume of official diamond and gold exports and the decline of world marketprices have seriously affected activity in other parts of the economy, by reducing foreign exchangeearnings and thus the capacity to import raw materials, spare parts and machinery. This situation,coupled with high debt servicing obligations, led to a very high inflation and a virtually continuousdrop in real GDP since the early 1980s. Gold and diamond mining and agricultural activities havebeen seriously disrupted by war since 1991 and that has dealt a final blow to the country's ailingeconomy.

National census of December 1985 gave a total population of 3.5 million, 30 % above the2.7 million recorded in the 1974 census and giving an annual growth rate of 2.3 % over 1974 -1985. Different figures have, however, been produced by the United Nations, which gave apopulation of 3.7 million in 1985 and estimated that it had reached 4.26 million by 1991. Life

IDAF Technical Report N° 99 j

expectancy at birth stood at 40 years for men and 44 years for women in 1990, up from 31 and34 years respectively in 1965. The adult literacy rate at 20.7 per cent in 1990 remains very low.

2.2 Fisheries in Sierra Leone

Sierra Leone has one of the richest marine fishing zones in West Africa with an estimatedmaximum sustainable yield of between 170,000 and 300,000 tonnes annually.

The country's coastal fishery is dinded into artisanal and industrial. Some 1 7,000 full andpart-time fishermen operate in the artisanal fisheries. They mostly exploit pelagic fish stocks likethe herring and bonga. Over 30,000 people are engaged in the processing, distribution, andmarketing of the mostly smoked fish. The fishermen use 4m canoes and boats with or without atransom ranging from 6 to 13 metres, usually fitted with an outboard engine and operating eithersurface, bottom or ring gill nets. These fishermen are handicapped in their operations byinadequate equipment because only 20 per cent of the artisanal vessels are mechanized.

The fish export trade is dominated by the industrial fisheries. Industrial fishing has beendone mainly by companies established through joint fishing ventures and operating foreign-ownedvessels. Most of the vessels are from China and the former Soviet states and consist mainly oftrawlers. Purse-seiners for herring and tuna are observed during the appropriate fishing season.Mother-ships frequent the waters to receive catches and process at sea. The shrimp resources arepredominantly exploited by foreign vessels through local agencies with very little benefit to thecountry.

2.2.1 Main Features of the Artisanal Fishery

The most recent survey of the main features of the artisanal fishery was conducted in1990. That survey illustrates regional characteristics that might have a quantitative but not aqualitative difference from the situation today. Table I and 2 illustrates the following :-

The Western Area has high fisherman density (a mean of 44 per Km of coastline) and itsupports the country's two largest fishing settlements Sherbro Town, Tombo (1,100fishermen), Gondowater, and Göderich (750 fishermen). The area also has the highestproportion of large vessels (standard 5-10 and Ghana boats) and motorized vessels. Fishingactivity is mainly by the 'yelefufu' driftnet fishery for herring and bonga. The highestconcentration of'Kru' canoes, used for handline and set-net fishing, are found in this area.

Kambia and Port Loko Districts have a fisherman density of 31 and 42 per Kmrespectively. Some of the boats in this area are motorized. Fishermen in both Districts use ringnets, beach seines (mainly in Port Loko), and 'yelefufu' drift nets.

e) Smaller boats and a low degree of motorization prevails in Moyamba District. Fishinggears applied are mainly 'yelefufli' drift nets, set nets, and line fishing. The district has the highestuse pf sails on small standard boats - at 45 per cent.

d) Bonthe and Pujehun Districts have fishermen densities of 23 and 5 per Km respectively,coupled with no motorization and no large boats. Fishermen in both districts operate line and setnet fishing, but drift nets and beach seines are more common in Bonthe.


Table 1: Summary of the August 1990 Frame Survey

Kambia PLoko WArea Moyamb Bonthe Total

Full Inne Fishermen

l'art 4110e Fishermen

1 374 7 602 4 214 1 843 4 374 14407

389 499 S 16 446 195 '045lutaI Friliermen 1,763 3,101 4,730 2,289 4 569 16452

Kru Canoes

StandO3rnanhoats

StandN5ntanhoats

Stand Nb man boats

Ghana FoaLs

0 15 75 71 1 300

245 544 525 449 "107 3870

119 194 202 213 44 772

67 0 163 11 0 241

79 18 141 24 6 218

rotai FishingCraft 460 771 1,283 718 2,169 5401

Outboard Motors 72 127 279 39 14 531

SaiLs 128 51 126 295 28 628

Ring Nets 59 149 110 23 4 345

SurfaceDnft Nets

Bottom Duft Nets

103 397 776 '175 793 2444

7 o 68 77 346 498

Total DriftNets 110 397 844 452 1,139 2942

Surface Gill Nets

Bottom Gill Nets

12 36 31 2 144 225

48 70 277 288 662 1345

Total Set Net.s 60 106 308 290 806 1570

Longlines

HandLines

52 95 162 248 462 1019

41 46 687 118 624 1516

Totail,ines

Cc Y<

93 141

23

26

849

213

30

366

119

302

1,086 2535

307 678

312 712

JDAF Technical Report N° 99 5

ttALWUÁ1ini ) ak 1n,et Report - 1ain Report, 1993

Table 2: Summary of the August 1990 Frame Survey

Source : Agricultural Sector Master Plan Interim Report - Main Report, 1993

2.2.2 National Fishery Statistics

The national fishery statistics consist of time series of catch and effort data. Theinformation is available in a very primitive form in Sierra Leone, with the annual catches classifiedinto "shrimp, "tuna", "industrial catch", and "artisanal catch". Unfortunately no data are availableon a species basis. The industrial catch data is compiled from declarations of fishing companies.The estimates of artisanal fish landings, hitherto compiled from field data supplied by fieldenumerators stationed along the coast using a continuous random Catch Assessment Survey(CAS), since 1974, began to break down during the mid 1980s through lack of funds forsupervision and stationery. So the national summaries presented after 1986 are not based on fielddata.

The only current sources of field data for the artisanal fisheries are the externally fundedfishery development projects. The data from these projects are not passed on to the FisheriesDepartment in a systematic way. The source of data for the industrial fisheries is the individualcompany records, which can be very misleading. Some of the companies do not provide reliableenough data.

However, despite the extremely weak database, the Department of Fisheries continues tosupply production estimates for the "shrimp", "tuna", "industrial" and "artisanal" fisheries. A timeseries catch data profile for 1971 - 1993 is provided below.

Kambia P.Loko W.Area Moyamb Bonthe TotalTotal Fishermen 1 763 3 101 4 730 2 289 4 569 16452

FIshermen Per Km 31 42 44 29 23 29

FotalFishingcraft 460 771 1 283 718 2 169 5401

Fishermen Per Boat 3 8 4 0 3 7 3 2 2 1 3 0O/ Craft Motorized 16 16 22 5 1 10

% STD 5.10 + Ghana Boats2 1 2 24 5 0 8

Ring NetíBoat, o/1 3 19 9 3 0 6

\'elefulu/Boat,°/o 22 51 60 52 37 44

Set Nets/Boat, O/

13 14 24 40 37 32

Lines/Boar O/20 1 8 66 5 1 50 47

Beach Seine/Boat, %3 9 s 3 1 0 7

Fishing Gears/Boat, ° 83 119 190 2 19 179 1 72


Table 3: Fishery Production iii Sierra Leone, 1971 - 1993 (Metric Tonnes)

Source: Fisheries Department, Freetown

Year Shrimp Tuna OtherIndustrial

Catch

ArtisanalCatch

TotalProduction

1971 735 - 7101 22764 30600

1972 894 - 6987 43129 5101()

1973 614 - 13417 52669 66700

1974 823 - 7460 59456 67739

1975 168 - 6484 61945 68597

1976 465 - 18557 50275 69297

1977 410 - 32951 46772 80133

1978 606 - 75259 41881 117746

1979 313 - 111855 45166 157334

1980 642 - 122220 31544 154406

1981 642 - 122220 31600 154462

1982 880 2106 97834 34616 135436

1983 1196 3256 74372 47274 126098

1984 2304 4801 127939 43272 178316

1985 2448 5300 148317 43704 199769

1986 1944 1802 152956 44142 200844

1987 2630 821 178649 44500 226600

1988 2750 2720 170530 46350 222350

1989 2870 5008 176642 48200 232720

1990 3000 7989 169011 50000 230000

1991 1262 3173 70802 48071 123308

1992 2531 3644 47888 47477 101540

1993 2485 2463 17427 46923 69658

1994 - - 18,000 46800 64,800

IDAF Technical Report N° 99 7

2.3 Government Initiatives to Improve Coastal Artisanal Fisheries

Sierra Leones policy for fisheries has not been made clear by its government for a longtime. The lack of a comprehensive statement or a white paper ori the way the fishing industryshould be developed created confusion in the management and development of the industry bypnvate and public officials. It was during the Green Revolution Programme of 1986 that a morewell thought out plan was outlined, and that resembled a government fisheries policy. Among thepolicy objectives were the increase of export of surplus fish and shellfish for foreign exchange,and to improve the efficiency of small-scale fisheries (artisanal fisheries). The developmentstrategy adopted for the latter objective is the improvement of the size, operational range, and theefficiency of the boats and equipment used by small-scale fishermen through

introduction of new and more efficient fishing methodsdevelopment of improved boat building methods,improvement of mechanic, engine operator, and boat builder training programmes,improvement of fish processing techniques,reduction of post-harvest losses,utilization of discards from trawling operations for animal feed,introduction of afforestation programmes to avoid depletion of forest resourcesaround fishing communities,encouragement of fishermen and other operator associations as a vehicle fordisseminating innovations,incorporation of the integrated approach, in the form of rural communitydevelopment (health, sanitation, water supply, landing infrastructure, roads, etc),in most artisanal fisheries development programmes in various locations.

The l980s became the period of development projects introduced to improve the coastalartisanal fisheries as outlined in the established policy objectives. The main projects were

The Fisheries Pilot Project, Tombo (1980 - 1993)

This integrated fisheries and community development project was financed by the Republicof Germany (GTZ) and was located in Tombo in the Western Area. It introduced a dieselmotorization programme which was abandoned in 1990. The creation of an autonomous self-development agency funded from profits obtained from a duty-free import programme for gearand other inputs became a major achievement of the project. A community developmentprogramme (health, water, sanitation) continued on a reduced scale because of disaffection amongthe target group. The distribution of subsidized inputs in the village attracted immigration into theproject area, and that caused some deforestation and social problems.

The Fisheries Programme of the Bo - Pujehun Rural Development Project

This aquaculture project on the pond culture of Oreochromis niloticus was funded byGTZ. The programme, after constructing 253 ponds, failed through inadequate extension supportand mobility, insufficient fingerling supply, and poor brood stock selection. The aquaculturecomponent lasted from 1982 -1993 and the inland capture fishery component from 1982 - 1992.


The West North West Artisanal Fisheries and Community Development Project 1WW-AFCODI (1989 - 1995)

This project succeeded the Kambia Fisheries Development Project (1983 - 1988)located in Yeliboya. The Yeliboya programme tried diesel motorization of canoes and other craft,conducted trials on the chorkor and banda processing, and undertook socio-economic researchin Yeliboya.

The present project, WNW-AFCOD, is fùnded by the EEC and covers all of Kambia andPort Loko Districts, and the Western area as far south as Goderich. This project continued thediesel motorization using a new technology - cold moulded wood-epoxy. Fish processingdevelopments on the Fante banda are supported by extension and credit. It also offers a subsidizedinput supply, support for mechanical services, cooperative and credit development, and low-keycommunity development on health, water, and sanitation.

The Integrated Fisheries Development in Rural Fishing Villages Project (1985 - 1995)

This Shenge based project covers 13 villages in Moyamba District. It is funded by UNDPand implemented by FAO. Its programme includes an unsuccessful vessel design scheme, amodestly successful fish processing and fishing scheme, and various community development andrelated fields (health, nutrition, sanitation, agriculture) schemes. The supply of subsidized inputsthrough the Shenge Central Cooperative Society serving ten primary cooperatives in the area wasalso initiated.

Despite the project interventions to improve the coastal artisanal fisheries through donorfinancing, it seems that efforts to develop the artisanal fishery failed. This is because a removalof the subsidy elements in all these programmes would render the impact of the projects on theirtarget populations negligible.

2.4 Villages Involved in the Study

In this study three villages were selected; Tombo and Goderich in the Western Areaand Konakridee in the Port Loko District. Tombo had the German Government financedproject, and the other two benefit from the EEC financed WNW - AFCOD project.

2.4.1 Tombo

Tombo is an active fishing village with between 12,000 and 15,000 inhabitants in 1993,from 368 in 1931, 6,525 in 1981, and 8295 in 1989. It is located near the southernmost extensionof the Freetown Peninsula on the North Shore of Yawn Bay.

Originally it was a tribal village of Sherbro fishermen and Krio settlers (since 1840), Butover the years it has become a place of increasing immigration, hosting settlements of all ethnicgroups of Sierra Leone. With the growing trade, the rich fishing grounds, and a non-restrictiveattitude of the original population towards immigrant fishermen, the Temnes displaced theSherbros and became the dominant group. Today about 80 per cent of the population belong tothe Temne tribe (35 per cent of Sierra Leone's population). About 95 per cent of the villagepopulation are Moslem.


Artisanal fishing is the village's main source of income and employment for its inhabitants.Over 90 per cent of the population is engaged in fishing, fish processing and marketing, andrelated activities like the provision of firewood, and boatbuilding.

Presently Tombo has 67 planked Ghana boats (with 40 HP petrol engines) engaged inherring and bonga ring net fishing, and 33 canoes (about 6 of them motorized) engaged in smallpelagic fish drth and set net fishing. The annual catch landed at the village increased from 2000metric tonnes in 1980 to about 13,000 metric tonnes in 1991. Most of the catch is processed inthe village and supplied to local markets and beyond, to the Republic of Guinea Smoke-dryingon bandas by women is the major fish processing activity.

There are a few petrol stations, shops, a health clinic, standpipes, a primary school (454students with a 50 - 55 per cent attendance rate), and a secondary school (120 students).

2.4.2 Goderich

Goderich is fairly cosmopolitan with Sherbro, Temne, Fula, Limba, and Mende ethnicgroups in Goderich Proper, while 'Oba - Goderich' is predominantly Krio. It has a population ofabout 11,600 Sixty per cent of the households are engaged in fishing and 85 per cent ofhousehold heads are fishermen,

In the village there are three mosques and four churches. All the mosques are in GoderichProper and three of the churches are in 'Oba - Goderich". The Goderich Proper inhabitants arepredominantly Moslem and the "Oba-Goderich" ones Christian. There is a primary school withmore than '100 pupils, a nursery school, and a secondary school facility at Juba - 3 Km away. Twohealth clinics operate in the village, one private and one community supported. Standpipes arealso available for access to potable water.

Fishing and fish processing are the major economic activities in the village. Bonga andherring are the main target species and most of the catch is processed in ovens that are scatteredaround the settlement.

2.4.3 Konakridee

The population of Konakridee (small Conakry in the language of its Soso founder) hasincreased from the initial 40 inhabitants to about 2,000 presently. The Soso dominate thesettlement, but they allowed migrant Temne people to settle for a fee to their Soso landlords. TheSoso are found in the highland parts of the settlement and the Temne on the lower terraces.

The dwelling houses, originally constructed of wattle and mud with thatched roofs, arenow being changed to mud and sandcrete blocks with corrugated iron roofs. The smoking housesfor smoke-drying the bonga, herring, and small-sized mixed fish are scattered in between thehouses.

Until 1994 when the fisheries project initiated the construction and operation of a healthpost, there was no health centre in the village. The project is also providing lavatories which neverexisted. Inhabitants hitherto used the beach on which shallow holes are dug. Potable water wasalso not available until very recently when Degremont Integrated Water System for the Kaffu


Bullom Chiefdom extended to Konakridee. The children go to a I 50 pupil District EducationCommittee school.

Over 50 per cent of the inhabitants are engaged in fishing and related activities, and over75 per cent of households depend on fishing as their main occupation In this village 98 5 per centof household heads are Moslem.

2.5 User Groups or Associations in the WNW-AFCOD and Tombo Project Area

There are no distinct user groups like the smokers, dryers, or fishmonger associationsobserved in The Gambia in these project locations. Instead they have village developmentcommittees, a few fishermen's groups, and several cooperative societies.

2.5.1 Tombo

The national economic erosion gradually phased out government services in Tombo. Intheir effort to provide good governance the village elders established a village committee of eldersof all major resident ethnic groups.

The project took up institution building in 1985 by creating a community developmentsection (CDS). The response to this was the re-definition of the Village Committee as the VillageDevelopment Board (VDB), to emphasize administrative handling of development andmaintenance of facilities in the absence of governmental responsibility. The VDB developed anorganizational weakness and required change to establish a sustainable village based organization.

In June 1991 the Tombo Village Development Association (TVDA) was registered as alimited company. The VDB was dissolved as a result and an interim board took over. TheAssociation, the membership of which is open to all villagers irrespective of which professional,religious, or ethnic group they belong to, elected a board. The 25 member board is comprised ofelected or nominated representatives of the various groups within the community. The majorgroups are Ghana-Boat Owners, Yelefufu Boat Owners, Fish Processors, Fish Traders, WoodCutters, and the Elders.

The Board is the Association's decision making body. But its functions are limited by theManager who is in-charge of the day-to-day administration and supervision of the implementationof the Board's decisions and the Association's policies. The Association now has to organize thegroups within it into functional groups that can relay the representative voice of their respectivemembers in the function of the Association. The individualistic attitude of the Tombo operatorshas seriously weakened the already non-functional groups.

The project assisted some fishermen to forni a 72 member Tombo Boatownerscooperative society in 1984. A serious lack of trust among its members has created a strangleholdon the society, which was set up to receive subsidized fishing input credit from the Project. Otherthree societies were hurriedly set up to benefit from the available subsidized inputs, the Yawn BayBoat Owners Cooperative Society, the Tombo Fishing Development Association, and the NewTown Cooperative Society. Now that the project input has ceased, these groups are all dormant.The Board members selected from these groups were selected more for their communitydevelopment interest than as occupational group member, albeit they claim to represent theirrespective groups


2.5.2 Goderich

The Osherfolk in this village seem to rely on invitation ftom project staff, local NGO(non-governmental organization) staff, or village elder to be members of, for example, a cooperativesociety There are no functional occupational groups in Godericft Instead cooperatives prevailThere is also a 15 member Village Development Committee (VDC) The VDC has 4 committeesthat make proposals at the end of each year for presentation to the executive body as work planThese committees are health; education,youth and sports. infrastructure and development; andresources and skill. The VDC collects monthly subscriptions from members and activelyparticipates in village development as a liaison body for projects and NGOs. lt is. however,bogged by absenteeism at meetings, a lack of cooperation and understanding, and illiteracy amongits members

The major cooperative societies are the Goderich Fishermen's Multi-purpose CooperativeSociety, the West-North-Western Goderich Fishing Society, the Goderich Women's CooperativeSociety (formed in 1988 and now has 124 members), and the Goderich Men's CooperativeSociety (formed in April 1989 and now has 150 members)

2.5.3 Konakridee

Like the other two above, Konakridee also does not have active occupational groups thatpromote the cause of their trade. Instead the most important interest group is the YamyatuMuthawa Cooperative SocietyThis Society was formed in 1972 and now lias a membership of220. It grew out of a small Osusu group that decided to involve more members and be acooperative society.

The Project has encouraged the splitting of this major society into a men's and two distinctwomen's cooperative societies (Bogoni and Up-Town with 33 and 35 members respectively).The women's societies were formed in 1994, at the initiative of the Project staff, for self-help andto receive project assistance.

1 2 IDAF Technical Report N° 99

3M METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

3.1 Approach

The study was conducted with assistance from a Fisheries Officer at Tombo. a maleCommunity Development Assistant at Goderich, and a female Community Development Assistantat Konakridee The principles of Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) and some PRA tools wereapplied in the study to encourage fisherfolk to participate in the study

The study was done in three weeks. It involved semi-structured interviews of fishermen,male fish smokers, female fish smokers, fish traders, wood cutters, and some viIlae elders. Theinterviews were more qualitative to acquire adequate information that was used to extract therelevant discussion points used in the follow-up meetings with the various fishing and/or relatedactivity groups assembled for the study. In these meetings the constraints and some possiblesolutions were discussed openly with participants who were supposed to represent occupationalgroups, albeit formal groups were almost non-existent.

A sample size of five was selected for each of the fishermen, male and female fish smokers,and fish traders groups. Discussion sessions were conducted with some wood cutters and pettytraders.

3.2 Limitations of the study

The fixed time available for the study allowed very little flexibility in the interviews anddiscussion sessions in the three study sites. The tight schedule ofien conflicted with the availabilityof the interviewees and discussion groups. The awkward timing did reduce the size of thediscussion groups and the representation based on larger group size. But this has not hindered thecompilation of available information, under the circumstances.

The field assistants, despite a weak organization and the apparent short notice, did a goodjob in gathering interviewees who were not randomly selected. So the information was acquiredfrom operators who were available and willing to respond to the questions and participate in thediscussions.The careful interviews and discussions probably reduced the errors that could haveresulted from a loss of information through the interpreters. The interviewers knowledge of theKrio language also helped a lot in the study.

IDAF Tec cal Report N° 99 13

4.0 FISHING AND MAJOR RELATED ACTIVITIES IN TOMBO AND \%'NW-AFCOI) PROJ ECT STUDY SITES

4.1 Fishing

Artisanal fishing in the areas covered has become very expensive. It has become so seriousthat it is believed by the fishermen that only development programmes that ofter the subsidizeditems can assist new entrants.

4.1.1 Tombo

The Tombo fishery has 18 metre planked Ghana-type canoes, powered by side-mounted25 - 40 HP outboard engines and some diesel inboard boats. The main target species are thepelagic clupeid species bonga (Ethmalosa fimbriata) and herring (Sardinella maderensis). Thesespecies are caught in large encircling ring nets of about 800 metres length and 35 metres depth.The bonga ring net has a large mesh size, greater length, but less depth, and the herring ring nethas a smaller mesh size, shorter length, and a greater depth.

The encircled fish are gilled, entangled or pursed. The average catch composition of thering net fishery at Tombo is

47 % weight is Sardinella maderensis (herring)43 % weight is Ethmalosa fimbriata (bonga)10 °A weight is Scomberjaponicus, Pseudotolithus spp., Sphraena spp., Ilisha africana,Selene dorsalis, Anus spp., and Pomadasys spp.

The fishing operations are affected by a shortage of appropriate nets, rocks in fishingzones, a lack of ice facility, and a shortage of engine spare parts.

4.1.2 Goderich

Fishing has always been good at Goderich. Before the introduction of the ring net fishingfor herring by the Ghanaians in 1964/65, hook and line fishing was the predominant method. Thering net fishery shares the same characteristic with the one described for Tombo above. The maintarget species are bonga, herring, and mackerel. However, shark and skate fishing started in 1993.

The catches are difficult to estimate because of the rampant use of measures like bafpan,bly, dozen, etc, which are not appropriate. The fishery is plagued with seasonal catch

fluctuations, expensive fuel, and frequent net damage by the trawlers that are alleged to operatewithin artisanal fishing zones.

4.1.3 Konakridee

The same fishing methods as in Tombo and Goderich are used in this village. The onlydifference is that the fishermen catch more bonga than herring, which is more abundant andacceptable to the consumers. The catch figures for this village are also not available.


4.1.4 Labour and Remuneration in the Study Sites

Family labour seems to be a very important labour engagement In Konakridee, relativesaccount for over 50 per cent of the crew composition of the fishing boats. In Goderich and Tombo itis less. The relatives usually stay with the boat owner who lodges and boards them, and the non-relatives live on their own. The most common remuneration systems in the fishing operations are

payment in cash on a weekly or monthly basisgiving a certain proportion of the catch to the crew to be sold after each tripagreeing on a day in the week for the crew to go fishing for themselvesdividing the catch into five parts one for the boat, net, engine, boat owner, and crew(receiving only 20 per cent of catch sale per fishing trip).

4.2 Other Major Fishing Related Activities

The flshmg related activities are the smoke-diying of clupeids and other smaller mixed species,and the marketing of fresh and processed fish.

4.2.1 Processing

The smoke-drying of herring, bonga, and mixed small fish (croakers, Ilisha andChioroscombrus species), is the most significant processing activity in the study sites. Some of theprocessors are also traders. The smoking is dominated by women.

Two types of platforms (colloquially known as bandas) are used the traditional Sierra Leoneanbanda, which is open with a platform of closely spaced bush sticks, and the 'Fante" banda, which,introduced by migrating Ghanaian fishermen (Fante tribe) in Sierra Leone around 1950, has mudblocks, stones or scrap sheet-metal walls around a shallow rectangular fireplace. Recently, though,there is the chorkor at Goderich and the altona at Tombo and Konakndee, albeit used less than thebandas.

In all the sites fish processors have special arrangements with boat-owners or crew membersto ensure regular and adequate fish supply. The mode of payment is mainly cash. A few do obtain fishon credit from husbands and relatives. Most of the processors bought wood from the wood cutterswhen they require it. The types of wood used are the mangrove, "nylon' wood, "fambul tick' wood,"plum" wood, and "boreh". The processing is predominantly done with family labour, own children andfamily relations. Most of the fish processed is consumed outside the respective communities, wherethe regular markets are.

4.2.2 Marketing

Almost 90 per cent of the fish traders are women. The traders usually have specialarrangements with the processors for regular supply of fish. In the case of the few fresh fish traderswho operate in Tombo (from Waterloo and Freetown) and Goderich (from Freetown), they makearrangements with boat owners. The traders who make arrangements with boat owners either smokethe fish themselves or pay a processor to do it for them. The special arrangement can mean a loan toa boat owner or processor.

The rebel war has reduced the marketing centres for all the sites studied. Before the war,Freetown, Koidu, and Sefadu were the most important centres, but nowadays Freetown is the mainreliable marketing centre. In fish trading at the centres credit to buyers or customers is not common.

IDAF Technical Report N° 99 1 5

5.0 ONCEPT OF PARTICIPATION IN WN%V-AFCOD AND TOMBO PROJECTSETES

Both projects have, among others, a community development component, which providesservices directly. It is within this component that the participation of the fisherfolk had beenattracted and is being assessed The characteristic of the participation, the organization, and thecommunity development component are described below.

5.1 Characteristics of Participation

5.1.1 Tombo

In 1985, five years after the Fisheries Pilot Project, Tombo (FPPT) commenced, acommunity development section (CDS) was created within the project to develop communalinfrastructure through beneficiary involvement. A Village Development Board ofa voluntary andinformal group of elders and opinion leaders was established. This Board was not representativeof the majority because the members were selected more on the basis of their economic statusthan their role in any given trade group.

However, it became a liaison body for the project in carrying out orders and mobilizinglocal labour in implementing activities planned and financed by the project. The beneficiariesparticipated in these activities as individuals rallied by the few board members. So the level ofparticipation was very low.

5.1.2 Goderich

There is a 1 5 member village development committee in this village. This committee liaiseswith the WNW-AFCOD project in the community development programmes.

The community usually contributes labour and local materials like sand and stone in theconstruction of social facilities like the health centre and the community hall. Their participationin the project involves carrying out orders issued by project staff, interacting with project staff inimplementing activities, and mobilizing local resources (labour, building material, and sometimescash). The participation is more on an individual basis.

5.1.3 Konakridee

There is an active community development team (CDT) in this village. The fishermen, fishsmokers, fish traders, youth group, and the teachers are represented on the team. The woodcutters are not represented because they live outside the village. This team works closely with theproject in implementing the community development component. They carry out orders asindividual community members, choose between alternatives, give suggestions on some problems,and mobilize local labour and some building input like sand.

5.2 Organization

The presence of an organizational structure does not in itself ensure participation. In somecases it can even work against participation. That happens when elitist groups or a select few


become beneficiaries The assessment here is based on how the organizations or groups arcformed. the way people perceive them and how they function

5.2.1 Tombo

The Tombo Village Development Association(T VDA) was registered in 1991 as a non-governmental non-profit but charitable organization. It has this structurei

BOARD OFDIRE C TO RS

y yTreasurer

j jPresident j Vice President

y22 Board Members

yTVDA Management J

yM anager

yTVDA Committees

y yHealth j4JTechnicaIjJFinancekJEducationJ.4

TVDA Membership(Elects Board)

Public Awareness

The Manager is responsible for the daily running of the Association, the creation ofcommunal awareness, and project implementation. The sole income source for the TVDA isthrough contributions and charges for services rendered. It also solicits for financial assistance toimplement major and micro projects on self-help basis. Realizing its poor financial base, it is nowencouraging the formation of functional trade groups among its 870 members so that 25 per centof the funds of these groups can be paid into the TYDA fund to finance more activities.

The Associations policies and projects( 10 implemented in 1991 / 1992) are formulated bysubject matter specialists in committees under the chairmanship of the Manager. The Manager isbound by a set of rules and regulations created by the Board. The TVDA, as the only fisherfolkumbrella organization, has now taken over the supervision of the communal facilities providedduring the project period, schools, health centre, latrines, smoking ovens, and water supply.


5.2.2 Goderich

The Goderich Men's and Women's Cooperative Societies now belong to a voluntarilyformed West North West Central Anisanal Fishing Cooperative Society (WNW CENACOP),which is supposed to import fishing items duty free and sell to its members.

Two societies preceded the present ones; the Goderich Fishermen's Multi-purposeCooperative (GFMPC) -formed in 1984, and the West North West Goderich Fishing Society(WNWGFS)- formed in 1987. The GFMIPC was supported by PLAN International (local NGO)and the WNWGFS by an EEC financed experimental fishing scheme. The present Men'sCooperative Society sells subsidized fishing nets and petrol to its members, and the Women'sSociety gives out loans to its members for social and business purposes and also runs a shop thatsells commodities like rice and engine lubricating oil.

5.2.3 Konakridee

The Yamyatu Muthawa Cooperative Society was formed in 1977 and is now beingstrengthened by the WNW-AFCOD project. The Society meets monthly, the members contributemoney monthly, and the members receive loans on which interest is charged. The loans are usuallyfor fish processing and trading, and the purchase of fishing gear.

5.3 Community Development

In Sierra Leone, unlike in The Gambia where community development in fishing villagesis handled by separate government institutions like education, health, and water resources,community development is included in artisanal fisheries development. The settlement offisherfolk in Sierra Leonean fishing villages might have influenced this approach. The fishing andprocessing are done within the settlements. Both projects saw a need for a complementarydevelopment activity that addresses the sanitation, education, and cultural life of the fisherfolk.So Tombo, Goderich, and Konakridee have project initiated community developmentprogrammes

The Tombo project financed

120 public toilets and a sewage and water drainage scheme,an environmental and health education scheme,staff quarters for health centre staff;a solar powered electrical system for health centre and office building;an office building with space for the TVDA Manager, the Environmental HealthInspector, and communal meetings;water supply system (now supplies 82 private taps);additional classrooms, a staff room, and headmaster's office at the primaryschool;a community hail for meetings and entertainment.

These facilities, though useful for the whole Tombo community, have compromised directartisanal fisheries development assistance. Apart from the supply of subsidized fishing inputs, verylittle has been done directly for the fishery operators.

1g IDAF Technical Report N° 99

The WNW-AFCOI) programme star-ted a community development action programme inI 990. Community Development Teams (CDTs) were formed in Goderich and Konakridee toassist the project staff in coordinating the work programmes in their respective villages Thisproject provided a school toilet, a women's cooperative shop. and a community centre forGoderich. Konakridee received a health post(rented building) while the health centre, market,private latrines, communal toilets at beach, and a central cooperative store are being constwctedby the project. In its community development programme, the community selects the beneficiarieswhen it concerns individuals, hosts the contractor (usually a skilled worker) and provides his/herfood The contractor supervises the construction done by the unskilled labour supplied by thecommunity as a self-help contribution. The materials required for the construction of the facilitiesand the contractor's fees are provided by the project. The project also supplied 8 publicstandpipes, and some smoking oven (hybrid Fante) materials (grill, wire mesh, etc) offered on an18 month loan basis to fish smokers who have to provide mud block platforms first


6.0 PRACTICE AND MECHANISMS FOR STIMULATING PARTICIPATION

Community participation is increasingly becoming important in sustainable developmentGovernments, donor agencies, and development agencies are aware of this, but still bombard thefisherfolk with development messages with little or no feedback. In the IDAF region participatorydevelopment is being adopted in artisanal fisheries development, albeit at varying levels from areato area.

In The Gambia consultations were made at the formulation and implementation stages,and management committees liaised with the projects from the beginning of projects Thesecommittees mobilized local labour and encouraged operator groups to function as pressuregroups. These committees are now sustaining the facilities provided by the projects. At Tombo,the Village Development Board, which preceded the TVDA, was formed five years after theproject began Even then it only received aid and carried orders from the project staff. It is elevenyears after the commencement, in 1991, that participation in the development process wasencouraged through the TVDA, whose staff were trained and the community, at the same time,got sensitized through workshops and information campaigns. This Association is now ready toparticipate in any future fisheries project in Tombo. Meanwhile it is taking care of the communityfacilities provided and the Department of Fisheries staff are responsible for the engineering andboat building centre received from the expatriate staff at the end of the project.

The fisherfolk, as in Tombo, have the desire to participate in artisanal fisheriesdevelopment. Before the WNW-AFCOD project some multi-purpose social societies existed inGoderich and Konakridee. Some of these societies, like the Yamyatu Muthawa CooperativeSociety - formed in 1977, only received support in the form of subsidized fishing inputs that theysell to their members, The project encouraged cooperatives as effective structures for channellinginput and financial loans to fishery operators. The management of the respective societies receivedskill training on accounting and book-keeping, which prepared them for a reasonableparticipation, at least in cooperative matters.

The project relationship with the societies indicates that the latter group is beingencouraged to participate in artisanal fisheries development through individual or groupentrepreneurship. The project provides capital, for example, 1,800,000 leones fuel supply loan toGoderich Men's Cooperative in 1993, and 2,025,000 leones fuel supply loan to YamyatuMuthawa Cooperative Society. By the time the first phase ends in 1995 it would have disbursed80 million leones to cooperative societies in loans and micro-project allocations.


7.0 IMPACT - CONTRIBUTION OF PARTICIPATION TO THE NEEDS OFFISH ERFOLK

7.1 Fisheries Pilot Project, Tombo

This project was formulated from a planners perception of artisanal fisheries problemsThe fisherfolk in Tombo were neither consulted in the planning nor in the implementation of mostof the projects programmes. The project staff, in consulting the fishermen during theimplementation, identified high production cost as a major constraint. So improvement of fueleconomy and the supply of subsidized fishing gear became urgent. Fishing gear was imported freeof duty and taxes and sold to the fishermen at reduced prices. This facility expanded the herringfishery and strengthened the circumstantial cooperative societies. Areas not served by the projectdid not benefit from this facility. The technology innovations were imposed on the fisherfolk. Thisarrangement provided a technology that was technically, economically, and socially inappropriateto the needs of the target group. This component failed in 1990 and by the end of 1991 only oneof the 14 diesel Ghana boats were operational. The TVDA is only now mobilizing thecooperatives and smaller groups into effective income generating groups that can provide a sourceof ideas for future project interventions in Tombo. Most of the community facilities that theTVDA is now maintaining were planned by project staff and delivered to the community withoutgiving them a prioritization option as a participatory tool. That is why the T\'DA is nowstruggling to attract enough communal interest in some of the programmes and to get fees andcharges from the beneficiaries for maintenance and development.

7.2 West North West Artisanal Fisheries and Community Development (WNW-AFCOD) Project - Goderich and Konakridee

This project succeeded the Kambia Fisheries Development Project (1983 - 1988), whichwas also a planner's perception of artisanal fisheries problems' project. The planners identifieddeclining profitability and insufficient production as the core problem. But the consulted fishermenin the project area experienced rising production costs that were surpassing beach fish price. Asa result of this fishermen participation in the planning of the project, the supply of subsidizedfishing input was adopted as a solution. The WNW-AFCOD project followed the same reasoningwithout further consultation with the fisherfolk.

As a result a grant of 1.3 million ECUs was offered by the EEC for communitydevelopment in fishing villages and the importation of essential fisheries inputs for sale to thetarget groups. The sale money is put in a revolvingldevelopment fund from which newimportations and community development activities are financed. The cooperatives are used asretailers of fisheries inputs.

The Community Development Team in Konakridee and the Village DevelopmentCommittee in Goderich participate in the project only as promoters of development in theirrespective villages. However, their participation as providers of goodwill in hosting contractorsand providers of unskilled labour is facilitating the community development component of theproject.


8.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMNENDATIONS

Despite the rebel war pressure on rural communities, Sierra Leone still maintains a largerural population that needs fish for part of their protein requirement. The country has the fishresources to provide the fish protein required. But this protein can only reach the majority ofSierra Leoneans through the development of the artisanal fisheries.

The ailing economy hampered government intervention in artisanal fisheries development.So the fisheries administration continues to rely on development projects financed .by donoragencies. The improvement of the living condition of the fisherfolk requires the participation ofthe beneficiaries in the planning and implementation phases of projects directed to theircommunities. The participation creates a partnership between the fisherfolk and the developmentagencies.

In the Tombo project the participation was remote. It is weak in the WNW-AFCODproject. Both projects did not involve the fisherfolk in the planning phase. Even where they wereand are presently involving them in the implementation phase, it has been more of the projectpresenting programmes and seeking local coordination by a board, committee, or team. Theseprojects have put a lot of resources in community facilities that could have been provided in thedevelopment programmes of other government institutions responsible for providing educational,health, social, and entertainment facilities. Collaboration with these institutions could have equallyprovided some of these facilities indirectly in an integrated development strategy. The communitydevelopment bias has, therefore, distracted these projects from adequately addressing thetechnological and artisanal fisheries infrastructure needs of the fisherfolk in Tombo, Goderich, andKonakridee. The deviation is a result of the weak participation of the beneficiaries in theseprojects.

Therefore, in order to meaningfully improve the living condition of the fisherfolk throughartisanal fisheries development, the future project planners and staff assigned with the projectimplementation should consider the following elements

ensuring that the lEisherfolk beneficiaries are mobilized, through the assistance of FisheriesDepartment extension staff, into effective production, processing, marketing, and distributiongroups,

representatives from these groups forming committees that can participate, withcontributions from their respective groups, in the diagnosis of their problems, the formulation ofactions, and the implementation of the action plans created to address their needs,

the committees should be partners to the project in the development programme andcreate the means of continuing, at least, the basic sustainable programmes initiated by theproject(s),

the provision of technological and fisheries infrastructural facilities should be included inwhatever programmes presented to the fisherfolk for implementation in their respectivecommunity in order to phase out the present bias on community development.


BI B L I 0G RAPII Y

ABCO LIMITED (Development Consultants) 1989, West North West Arrisanal Fisheries andCommunity Development Programme Socio-economic Study of Konakridee, Mahera andGoderich, Sierra Leone. 89p

ABCO LIMITED (Development Consultants) 1993, Agricultural Sector Master Plan InterimReport - Main Report, Freetown, Sierra Leone.

Beck, U. and S.E. During (1986), Development Aspects of Village based Fish ProcessingMethods in Sierra Leone, West Africa - An Appraisal of some technical, social, environmental,and economic factors. Fisheries Pilot Project, Tombo.

During, S.E. (1989), Recent Technological Advancements in the Tombo Ring Net Fishery.Fisheries Pilot Project, Tombo. 3Op

Economic Intelligence Unit Limited (1994), EIU Country Profile - Sierra Leone 1993/94.

Economic Intelligence Unit Limited (1994), EJU Country Report - 2nd Quarter 1994.

Farago, S.G., Quee, C.J., Redwanz, G., and A.F. Sam-Mannah (1994) The Development ofand Future Prospects for the Credit and Cooperative Section of the WNW-AFCOD Programme:WNW-AFCOD/WP/No. 8

Kotnik, A. (1982) Women in Small-Scale Fisheries - The Case of Tombo Village - Sierra Leone.Fisheries Pilot Project, Tombo. 49p

McEachern, J. and J.G. Hunter (1982), Sealife Project, Sierra Leone - Project Identificationand Pre-feasibility Report. Ministry of Development and Economic Planning, Freetown, SierraLeone.

Meynell, P.J. (1990) Success and Failure in Fishermen's Organizations - Results and Analysisof Case Studies of Fishermen's Organizations in Developing Countries. FAO Fisheries CircularNo. 819, FAO, Rome.

Satia, B.P (1993) Ten Years of Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa(Origin, Evolution and Lessons Learned) IDAF/WP/50, 39p

West North West Artisanal Fisheries and Community Development Programme (1990)Progress Report, July-December 1989.


LISTE DES RAPPORTS DIPA - LIST OF IDAF REPORT

1. Documents techniques I Technical documents

De Graauw. MA., Etude de préfactibilité technique dc larnénagement d'abris pour la pêche maritiniel9X artisanale au Bénin. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 55p.. DIPAIWP/1.

Black Michaud. Mi, Mission d'identification des communautés littorales de pêcheurs artisans au1985 Bénin. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 24p.. DIPAIWP/2.

Guibrandsen. DA., Preliminary account of attempts to introduce alternative types of small craft into1985 West Africa, Cotonou, IDAF Project, Sip.. IDAF/WP/3.

Gulbrandscn, O.A.. Un compte-rendu préliminaire sur les tentatives d'introduire des types alternatifs1983 de petites embarcations en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 33p . DIPA/WP/3

Jorion. P J.M.. The influence of socio-economie and cultural structures on small-scale coastal fisheries1985 development in Bénin. Cotonou. IDAF Project, 59p.. IDAF/WP/4.

Jorion. RiM.. L'influence des structures socio-économiques sur le développement des pêches artisanales sur19X3 les côtes du Bénin. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 39p., DIPA/WP/4,

Tandberg, A.. Preliminary assessment of the nutritional situation of subsistence fishernen's families.19X6 Cotonou, IDAF Project. 3 ip.. IDAF/WP/5.

Wiksuom. O.. Recyclage des personnels pêche en gestion et comptabilité. Cotonou. Projet DIPA.1986 23p.. DIPA/WP/6.

Collart. A., Development planning for small-scale fisheries in West Africa, practical and socio-economie1986 aspects of fish production and processing. Cotonou. IDAF Project, 34p., IDAF/WP/7.

Collart. A.. Planification du développement des pêches artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest production19X6 et traitement du poisson, ses aspects matériels,techniques et socio-économiques. Cotonou.

Projet DIPA, 67p., DIPA/WP/7.

Van der Meeren. A.J.L.. Socio-economie aspects of integrated fisheries development in rural fishing19X6 villages. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 29p., IDAF/WP/8.

Halmg L J et O Wijkstrorn Les disponibrhtes en materiel pour la peche artisanale Cotonou Projet DIPA1986 47p.. DIPA/WP/9.

Akester. S.J., Design and trial of sailing rigs for artisanal fisheries of Sierra Leone. Cotonou. IDAF1986 Project. 3lp., IDAF/WP/lO.

\Tétillart. R, Rapport détude préliminarie sur l'aménagement d'un abri pour la pêche maritime artisanale à1986 Cotonou. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 3 Ip., DIPA/WP/1 1.

Van Hoof. L.. Small-scale fish production and marketing in Shenge, Sierra Leone. Cotonou. IDAF1986 Project, 36p.. IDAF/WP/12.

Everett. G.V.. An outline of West African small-scale fisheries. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 32p.. IDAF! WP/ 13.1986

Anon,. Report of the second IDAF liaison officers meeting; Freeto'n, Sierra Leone (il - 14 November19X7 1986). Cotonou, IDAF Project, 66p., IDAF/WP/l5.

Anon., Compte-rendu de la deuxième réunion des officiers de liaìson du DIPA. Cotonou, Projet1987 DIPA. 2'7p., DIPA/WP/l6.

Campbell. R. J. Report of the preparatory technical meeting on propulsion in fishing canoes in West1987 Africa (Freeto, 15-18 November 1986). Cotonou. IDAF Project, 88 p.. IDAF/WP/l7.

Davy. D B.. Seamanship, Sailing and Motorisation. Cotonou. IDAF Project. 85p., IDAF/VvTP/18.198 7

Anum-Dovi. B.. and J. Wood. Observations on [ishuig methods in West Africa Cotonou. IDAF Project, 3p..1988 IDAF/WP/19

Anon.. Report of the third IDAF liaison officers meeting (Cotonou, 2 - 4 December 1987). Cotonou.1988 IDAF Project, 88p., IDAF/WP/20.

Anon.. Compte-rendu de la troisième réunion des officiers de liaison du DIPA (2-4 Décembre 1987)1988 Cotonou. Projet DIPA, 85p.. DIPA/WP/20.

Haakonsen. J.M. (Ed.) Recent developments of the artisanal fisheries in Ghana, Cotonou, IDAF Project. 69p.,1988 IDAF/WP/21.

Everett, GV.. West African marine artisanal fisheries. Cotonou, IDAF Project. 4lp. IDAF/WP/22.1988

Everett. G.V., Les pêches maritimes artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 44p..1988 DIPA/WP/22.

Coacklev. A.D.R., Observations on small fishing craft development in West Africa. Cotonou. IDAF1989 Project, 22p., IDAF/WP/23.

Zinsou, J. et W. Wentholt, Guide pratique pour la construction et I'rntroduction du fumoir "chorkor"1989 Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 33p., DIPA!WP/24.

Zinsou, J and W. Wentholt, A practical guide to the construction and introduction of the chorkor1989 smoker. Cotonou, IDAF Project. 29p., IDAF/WP/24.

Chauveau J.P., F. Verdeaux, E. Charles-Dominique et J.M. Haakonsen, Bibliographie sur les communautés1989 de pêcheurs d'Afrique de l'Ouest - Bibliography on the fishmg communities in West-Africa.

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Everett. GV.. Small-scale fisheries development issues in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project.1989 47p., IDAF/WP/26.

Everett, GV.. Problèmes de développement de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou,1989 Projet DIPA, 49p., DIPAIWP/26.

Haakonsen.. J.M., et W. Wentholt, La pêche lacustre au Gabon. Cotonou. Projet DIPA, 36p., DIPA/WP/27.1989

Anon., Report of the ad hoc technical meeting on artisanal fisheries craft, propulsion, gear and security in the1990 IDAF region; Cotonou, 25 - 26 September 1989. Cotonou. IDAF Project, 11 lp..

IDAF/WP/28.

Anon., Report of the fourth IDAF liaison officers meeting (Dakar, 21 - 23 November 1989). Cotonou,1990 IDAF Project, l35p., IDAF/WP/29.

Anon., Compte-rendu de la quatrième réunion des officiers de liaison du DIPA. Cotonou, Projet1990 DIPA. l2.lp., DIPAIWP/29,

Houndékon. B.R., DE. Tempelman and AM. IJff, Report of round table meeting on women's activities1990 and community development in artisanal fisheries (projects) in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF

Project, 12p.+ annexes, IDAF/WP/3 0.

Houndékon, B.R., DE. Tempelman et A.M. IJff, Rapport du séminaire sur les activités féminines1990 et le développement communautaire dans les projets de pêches artisanales en AUnque de

l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, l4p. + annexes, DIPAIWP/30.

IJff, AM., Socio-economie conditions in Nigerian fishing communities. Based on studies along the1990 Benin and 1mo river estuaries. Cotonou, IDAF Project, li3p., IDAF/WP/3 1.

Okpanefe. MO., A. Abiodun and J.M. Haakonsen, The fishing communities of the Benin River estuary area:1991 Results from a village survey in Bendel State, Nigeria. Cotonou, IDAF Project. '75p..

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Anon.. Compte-rendu du cours "Analyse Quantitative des Aspects Sélectionnés dc Développement1991 Cotonou. Projet DIPA, 6 + xlvi p.. DIPA/WP/33

Anon.. Report of the course on 'Quantitative Analysis of Selected Aspects of Fisheries Development"1991 Cotonou, IDAF Project. 6 ± xlv p.. IDAF/WP/33.

Callerholm Casse!, E., Cost and Earnings and Credit Studies on Ghanaian Canoe Fisheries. Cotonou,1991 IDAF Project. 138p., IDAF/WP/34.

Sheves, G.T., The Ghanaian dug-out canoe and the canoe caning industry in Ghana. Cotonou. IDAF199! Project, lO9p.. IDAF/WP/35

Haakonsen. J,M. and Chimère Diaw. Fishermen's Migrations in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project.1991 293p., IDAF/WP/36

Haakonsen, J.M. et Chimère Diaw. Migration des Pêcheurs en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet1991 DIPA, 332p.. D[PA/WP/36.

Guibrandsen. O.A., Canoes in Ghana. Cotonou. IDAF Project. 82p.. IDAF/WP/37.1991

Anon.. Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Report of the Fifth-IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting. Cotonou.1991 IDAF Project, I4Op.. IDAF/WP/38.

Anon., Les pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, Compte-rendu de la Cinquième réunion des1991 Officiers de Liaison du DIPA. Cotonou. Projet DIPA. l22p., DIPA/WP/38.

Beare. R.J. and P. Tanimomo, Purse seine and encircling net fishing operations in Senegal, Guinea,1991 Sierra Leone, Ghana and Benin. Cotonou, IDAF Project. 92p.. IDAF/W'P/39.

Everett, G.V. and G.T. Sheves, Recent trends in artisanal fisheries and report on alternatives to canoes.1991 Cotonou, IDAF project, 33p.. IDAF/WP/40.

Callerhoim Casse!, E. and AM. Jallow. Report of a sodo-economie survey of the artisanal fisheries199! along the atlantic coast in The Ganibia. Cotonou, IDAF project, 97p., IDAF/WP/4 1.

Chimère Diav, M. et Jan M. Haakonsen, Rapport du séminaire sur les migrations de pêcheurs artisans1992 en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, projet DIPA, 36p., DIPA/WP/42.

Chimère Diaw. M. and Jan M. Haakonsen, Report on the regional seminar on artisanal fishermen's1992 migrations in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF project, 35p.. IDAF/WP/42.

Houndékon. B. et L. Affovon, Rapport du séminaire-atelier de sensibilisation sur la méthode accélérée1993 dc recherche participative tenu à Libreville Gabon en Novembre 1992. Cotonou, Projet

DIPA, 56p., DIPA/WP/43.

Anon., Rapport de la sixième réunion des fonctionnaires de liaison Banjul, Gambie i - 5 février 1993.1993 Cotonou, Projet DIP.A, 57p., DIPA/WP/44.

Anon., Report of the sixth IDAF liaison officers meeting Banjul, Gambia i - 5 Februan' 1993. Cotonou,1993 IDAF Project, 6Op., IDAF/WP/44.

Horemans, B. and Satia B.P., (eds), Report of the Workshop on Fisherfolk Organisations in West Africa.1993 Cotonou, IDAF Project, 93p.. IDAF/WP145.

Horemans, B. et Satia B.P., (éds), Rapport de l'atelier sur les organisations de pêcheurs en Afrique de1993 l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. lO2p., DIPAIWP/45.

Kébé, M.. Gallène J. et Thiam D. - Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale en Guinée Bissau. Pro1993 gramme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA),

32p. + annexes. DIPA/WP/46.

Kábé, M (Jallène J. et Thiam D - Revista sectorial da pesca artesanal na Guiné-Bissau Prqgrama de1993 Desenvolviniento lnterado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental. Cotonou DIPA. 32p.

+ anexos DIPA/WP/46

Horemans B., - La situation de la pêche artisanale en Afriquc de lOuest en 1992, Cotonou. Programme de1993 Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, 36p.. DIPA/WP/47

Kébé. M,. Njock J.C. et Gallène J.- Revue sectorielle de la pêche maritime au Carneroun. Programme1993 de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). 30p. +

annexes, DIPA/WP/48.

Kébé. M., Njock, J.C. and Gallène, J. R.. Sectoral review of marine artisanal fishery in Cameroon1993 Cotonou, IDAF Project 33p., IDAF/WP/48

Anon. , Report of the Working Group on Artisanal Fisheries Statistics for the Western Gulf of Guinea.1993 Nigeria and Cameroon. Cotonou, IDAF Project, i26p.. IDAF/\VP/49

Satia, B.P.. Ten ears of Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (Origin.1993 Evolution and Lessons Learned). Cotonou. IDAF Project, 37p.. IDAF/WP/50

Satia, B.P., Dix ans de développement intégré des pêches artisanales en Afrique de lOuest (Origine,1993 évolution et leçons apprises). Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 4Ip., DIPA/WP/50.

Stokholni, H. and Isebor C. , The fishery of Ilisha africana in the coastal vaters of Republic of Benin1993 and Lagos State, Nigeria. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 81p., IDAF/WP/51.

Anon., - Report of the Seventh IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting Cotonou. Benin, 22-24 November1993 1993. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 72p.. IDAFIWP/52.

Anon., - Rapport de la Septième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison. Cotonou. Bénin. 22-241993 novembre 1993. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 77p., DIPA/WP/52.

Satia B.P., and B. Horenians editors, Workshop on Conflicts in Coastal Fisheries in west Africa,1993 Cotonou, Benin, 24-26 November 1993. Cotonou, IDAF Project 64p., IDAF/WP/J3.

Satia B.P., et B. Horemans (éds), Atelier sur les Conflits dans les Pêcheries Côtières en Afrique de1993 l'Ouest, Cotonou, Bénin, 24-26 novembre 1993. Cotonou, Projet DIPA 68p., DIPA/WP/33.

Horemans. B., The situation of artisanal fisheries in West Africa in 1993. Programme for the Integrated1993 Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou, Benin 39p.. IDAF/WP/54.

Horernans B., La situation de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1993. Cotonou Programme1994 de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). 4Op. +

annexes, DIPA/WP/54.

Horemans, B., J; Gallène et J.C. Njock,- Revue sectonelle de la pêche artisanale à Sao Torné et Principe.1994 Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest

(DIPA). 3lp. + annexes. DIPA/WP/55.

Horemans, B., J. Gallène e J-C. Njock, - Revista sectorial da pesca artesanal,a São Torné e Principe1994 Programa de Desenvolvimento Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental (DIPA).

32p. + anexos, DIPAIWPI55.

Jul-Larsen, E.. Migrant Fishermen in Pointe-Noire (Congo): Continwty and Continuous Change.1994 Cotonou, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa,

5lp., IDAF/WP/56.

Jul-Larsen, E., Pêcheurs migrants à Pointe-Noire (Cong6): Continuité et Changement1994 Perpétuel. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 59p., DIPAIWP/56.

Satia, B,P., and Hansen, LS., Sustainability of Development and Management Actions in Two1994 Community Fisheries Centres in The Gambia. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 48p., IDAFIWP/57.

Satia, B.P., et Hansen LS., La durabilité des actions de développement et de gestion dans deux centres1994 communautaires en Garnbie. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 5Op., DIPA/WP/57

Heinbuch, U.. Animal Protein Sources for Rural and Urban Populations in Ghana. Cotonou. IDAF1994 Project. 25p + annex, IDAF/WP/5$

and Joachim Alpha Touré, Accidental Death and Destruction in Artisanal Canoes. Aretrospective study of the rears 1989-1991 along the coast of Guinea (Conakrv) WestAfrica Cotonou, IDAF Project, 2 Ip., IDAF/WP/59

Joachim Alpha louré. Mort Accidentelle et Destruction des Pirogues Artisanales: Uneétude rétrospective des années 1989-1991 sur le littoral guinéen (Conakrv) - Afrique del'Ouest, Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 2lp., DIPA/WP/59

and DETMAC Associates, The Participatory Rapid Appraisal on perceptions and praticesof lisherfolk on fishery resource management in an artisanal fishing community inCarneroon. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 32p., IDAF/WP/60

et les associés de DETMAC, Méthode Accélérée de Recherche Participative sur lesperceptions et pratiques des pêcheurs en matière de gestion des ressources halieutiques dansune communauté de pêche au Carneroun. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 33p.. DIPA/WP/60

Satia. B.P., J.P Gallène. and F. Houéhou, Sub-regional Workshop on Artisanal Safety at Sea. Banjul, The1994 Gambia 26-28 September 1994. Cotonou, IDAF Project. 57p.. IDAF/WP/61

Johnson J P1994

Johnson J P e1994

Demùvnck, K.1994

Demuvnck. K1995

Satia. B.P1994

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P. Gallène. et F. Houéhou, Rapport de l'atelier sous-régional sur la Sécurité en Mer de la pêcheartisanale Banjul, Gambie 26-28 septembre 1994. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 6 Lp.,DIPA/WP/6 1

A socio-economie study on the distribution and marketing pattern of marine fish productsin the Ndian division, South West Province. Republic of Cameroon. Cotonou. IDAF Project.4lp., IDAF/WP/62

Etude socio-économique du mode de distribution et de commercialisation des produitshalieutiques du département de Ndian. Provmce du Sud-Ouest. Républillique du Cameroun.Cotonou. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique del'Ouest (DIPA), 42p., DIPA/WP/62

Kébé, M., et W. Odoi-Akersie, Groupe de travail sur les besoins et la disponibilité en capitalen pêche artisanale: méthodologie et leçons appnses des études de cas. Cotonou, Bénin,Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest(DIPA). 62p., DIPAIWP/65

Tall A., and Jallow AM., Workshop on Seeking Improvements in Fish Technology in \VestAfrica. Pointe-Noire, Congo, 7-9 November 1994. Cotonou, Benin, Programme for theIntegrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa.(IDAF) 75p., IDAF/WP/66.

Tall A., et Jallo' AM., Rapport de l'Atelier sur le thème "A la Recherche des Améliorationsen Technologie du Poisson en Afrique de l'Ouest". Pointe-Noire, Congo, 7-9 novembre1994. Cotonou, Bénin, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanalesen Afrique de l'Ouest. (DIPA) 82p.. DIPAJWP/66.

Heinbuch, U. Population and Development in Fishing Co unities: The challenge ahead. Cotonou, IDAF1994 Project, Sip.. IDAF/WP/63

Anon., Report of the Eighth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting. Pointe-Noire, Congo, 03-04 November 1994.1994 Cotonou. Prqgramme for the integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa.

97p., IDAF/WP/64

Anon.. Rapport de la Huitième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, du DIPA. Pointe-Noire, Congo, 03-041994 novembre 1994. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement intégré des Pêches

Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. IO2p., DIPAIW'P/64

Horemans. B Kébé, M.. and W. Odoi-Akersie. Working Group on capital needs and availability in artisanal1994 fisheries methodology and lessons learned from case studies. Cotonou, IDAF Project. 62p.,

IDAF/\VP/65

Kamphorst. B1994

Kamphorst. B1994

Karnphorsi, B.. A cost and earnings study at Cotonou harbour. Benin. for l94. Cotonou. Benin Programme1995 for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF) 42p

IDA F/WP/67

Kamphorst. B., Etude dc Coûts et Revenus au port de pêche de Cotonou, Bénin. Programme pour le1995 Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, (DIPA) 45p..

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Kamphorst. B.. et Teixcira, M. Caractéristiques socio-économiques de la pêche à Sao Tomé et Principe.1995 Proamme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest.

(DIPA) Cotonou, Bénin 3 Ip. DIPA/WP/68.

Karnphorst. B.. e Teixeira, M.. Caracteristicas socio-económicas da pesca artesanal maritima em São Tomé1995 e Principe Programa dc Desenvolvimento Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa

Ocidental. (DIPA) Cotonou Benin. 28p., IDAF/WP168

Horemans. B., The situation of artisanal fisheries in West Afnca in 1994. Programme for the Integrated1995 Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou. Benin 4Op., IDAF/WP/69

Horemans. B., La situation de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1994. Cotonou, Bénin Proeramme1995 pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). 38p.

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Kébé, M.. J-C. Njock, et J. Gallène, Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale maritime du Congo. Cotonou.1995 Bénin, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de

l'Ouest (DIPA) 3'7p.. DIPA/WP/70.

Gallène. J.P., Data Compendium on Safety at Sea for Seven West African Countries. Mauritania, Senegal.1995 The Gambia, Guinca-Bissau, Guinea. Sierra-Leone and Cape Verde 1991 - 1994. Cotonou.

Procramme for Inte' ated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. l3p..IDA F/WP/7 I

Gallène. J.P., Compendium des Données sur la Sécurité en Mer dans Sept Pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest:1995 Mauritanie, Senegal, Gambie, Guinée-Bissau, Guinée, Sierra-Leone et Cap Vert 1991 -

1994. Cotonou. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales enAfrique de l'Ouest. iSp., DIPAIWP/71.

Jallo AM., Report of the First Meeting of the IDAF Working Group on Costs and Earnings in Artisanal1995 Fisheries in West Africa, (Dakar, Senegal, 12- 13 June 1995). Cotonou, Benin. Programme

for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. 8 lp. IDAF/WP/72.

Jallow AM., Rapport de la Première Réunion du Groupe de Travail du DIPA sur Coûts et Revenus en Pêche1995 Artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest, (Dakar, Sénégal, 12 - 13juin 1995). Cotonou. Bénin.

Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest.82p., DIPA/WP/72.

Anon., Report of the Ninth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting, Conakry, Guinea, 9-10 November 1995.1995 Cotonou. Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa

lO2p., IDAF/WP/73

Anon., Rapport de la Neuvième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison. Conakry. Guinée, 9-10 novembre1995 1995. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en

Afnque de l'Ouest, 1 l2p. DIPAJWP/73.

Satia, B.P. and BW. Horemans, Report of the Workshop on Participatory Approaches and Traditional1995 Fishery Management Pratices in West Africa. Conakry, Guinea, 13-15 November 1995.

Cotonou. Programme for the Integrated De\.'elopment of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa.95p., IDAF/WP/74.

Satia, B,P. et BW. Horemans, Rapport de l'Atelier sur les Approches Participatives et l'Aménagement1995 Traditionnel des Pêches en Afrique de l'Ouest. Conakry, Guinée, 13-15 novembre 1995.

Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique del'Ouest. 98p.. DIPAIWP/74.

Njilònjou O.. J Folack. M. Bondja, J-C Njock et D. Njamen, Enquête-cadre et Etude Socio-économique de1996 la Pêche Artisanale Maritime au Carneroun. Cotonou Programme pour le Développement

Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de lOuesi. 8Op.. DIPA/WP/75

Houndákon MB.. Rapport des ateliers de formation sur la méthode accélérée de recherche participative à1996 Kaback et Kamsar (Guinée) du 24juillet au 03 septembre 1995 Cotonou, Programme pour

le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. 20p.. + armexesDIPA/WP/76.

Houédanou M-C., et D. Nyamusenge, Guide de rédaction des rapports. Cotonou. Programme pour1996 le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest 44p. DIPA/WP/77

Kuvateh M., Rapport de Synthèse sur l'Atelier de Formation Pratique (théorie et application sur1996 le terrain) sur la MARP à l'intention des Cadres et des Techniciens de la Pêche Artisanale

du Sénégal Septembre 1995 - Dakar. Sénégal. Cotonou, Programme pour le DéveloppementIntégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest 'iSp.. DIPA/WP/78

Sana B.P et CZ. Wétohossou, (eds) Report of the working group on women's key role and issues related to1996 gender in fishing communities. Proeramme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal

Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF) Cotonou, Benin. 32p., IDAF/WP/79

Satia B.P et CZ. Wétohossou, (eds) Rapport du groupe de travail sur la position centrale des femmes et les1996 questions liées au genre dans les communautés de pêche.. Cotonou, Programme pour le

Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA) 34p..DIPAIWP/79.

T. Ajavi and J. Gallène - Sector Review of the Artisanal Marine Fisheries in The Gambia.Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF).Cotonou, Benin. 4Op., IDAF/WP/80

Kébé M., J.0 Njock et J. Gallène. - Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale maritime au Gabon. Programme1996 pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA).

Cotonou. Bénin. 39p. + annexes, DIPA/WP/8 1

Stamatopoulos C., Rapport de l'Atelier sur l'Utilisation du Logiciel de Statistiques des Pêches (ARTFISH).1996 Cotonou, Bénin, 6-9 mai 1996. Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches

Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin 59p., DIPA/WP/82

Stamatopoulos C., Report of the Workshop on the use of a fisheries statistical software (ARTFISH).1996 Cotonou, Benin 6-9 May 1996. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal

Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF). Cotonou, Benin 61p.. IDAF/WP/83

The state of artisanal fisheries in West Africa in 1993. Programme for the IntegratedDevelopment of Artisanal Fishenes in West Africa. Cotonou, Benin 43p., IDAF/WP/84,

L'état de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1995. Cotonou, Bénin Programmepour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 45p.DIPA/WP/84.

Beauvallet-Le Coq, C., A Study of Community Participation in the Aguégués Project BEN/88/CO3 -1996 BEN/8 8/014 (Improving the living conditions of the Populations in the District of

Aguégués) Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West AfricaCotonou, Bénin. 28p., IDAF/WP/85

Beauvallet-Le Coq, C., Etude de la Participation des Populations des Aguégués au Projet BEN/88/CO3 -1996 BEN/88/0l4. (Amélioration des Conditions de Vie des Populations de la Sous-Préfecture

Lacustre des Aguégués). Programmepour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanalesen Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou. Bénin. 32p., DIPA/WP/83.

Sow, A.. Curso de formaço sobre a organização de urna biblioteca. Prqgrama para o Desenvolvimento1996 Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental (DIPA). Cotonou, Benin. 35p. +

anexos. DIPA/WP/86

Horemans B1996

Horemans, B1996

Horemans. B.1996

A Cours dc formation sur lorganisation dune bibliothequc Proeramme pour Ic Dávcloppcmciìt1996 Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique dc l'Ouest (DIPA) Cotonou. Bénin. 32p.. i-

annexes. DIPA/WP/86

Sy. M. S. . Nutritional Condition, Food Security, Hygiene and Sanitation in the Fishing Community of Joal,1 996 Senegal. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa.

Cotonou Benin, l8p., + annex IDAF/WP/87,

S\ M Situation nutritionnelle sccurite alimentaire hvg1ene et salubrite dans la communaute de peche de1 996 Joal, Sénégal. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en

Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin, 19p., + annexes. DIPA/WP/87

Toura\, I.. Study on Women's Organizations in Brufut and Gunjur Communities and the Factors that Favour1996 or Impede their Sustainability in the Gambia. Programme for the Integrated Development

ofArtisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou. Benin. 4lp.. IDAF/WP/8

Toura. 1. . Etude sur les organisations de femmes des communautés de Brufut et Gunjur en Gambie et lesi 996 facteurs qui favorisent ou gênent leur pérennité. Programme FAO pour le Développement

Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Bénin, 39p. . DIPA/WP/88

Ngo Som J Nutritional Condition Food Securlt\ H\giene and Sanitation in the Fishing Communiti o!1996 Limbe, Cameroon. Program for the Integrated Development ofArtisanalFisheries in West

Africa (IDAF), Cotonou, Benin. 78p. , IDAF/WP/89.

Ngo Som, J., Situation nutritionnelle, sécunté alimentaire, hygiène et salubrité dans la communauté de pêchei 996 de Limbe. Cameroun. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales

en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin 92p. DIPA/WP/89

Afful. K., et Kébé, M., Fiscal Policy and the Artisanal Fisheries Sector in Ghana and Senegal, Programme1996 for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF). Cotonou.

Benin. 37p.. IDAF/WP/90.

Afful. K.. et Kébé. M., La politique fiscale et le secteur de la pêche artisanale au Ghana et au Sénégal.1996 Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest

(DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin. 42p., DIPA/WP/90

l-lorenian.s, B., Theoretical Considerations and Practical Implications of Subsidies to the Artisanal Fisheries1996 Sector in West Africa. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries

in West Africa. Cotonou, Benin 2Op.. IDAF/WP/9 I

Floremans. B.. Considérations théoriques et implications pratiques des subventions au secteur de la pêche1996 artisanale en Afrique dc l'Ouest. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches

Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin. 2 lp.. DIPA/WP/9 I

Ndiave, Y.D., Use of Capital Income in Artisanal Fisheries: the Case of Boat-Owners in Hann, Senegal1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou.

Benin. I6p.. IDAF/WP/92.

Ndiave. Y.D.. Utilisation des revenus du capital en pêche artisanale: le cas des armateurs de Hann au1996 Sénégal. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de

l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Bénin 2lp., DIPA!WP/92

Touray, I.. Report on Gender Awareness Workshop for Fisheries Officials and Extension Agents 13th- 17th1996 May 1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West

Africa, Cotonou, Benin, 67p., IDAF/WP/ 93

Tourav. I., Rapport de l'Atelier dc Sensibilisatioi'i sui les Questions Liées au Genre à l'Attention1996 des Agents de Pêche et Agents de Vulgarisation, 13 - 17 Mai 1996 Programme pour le

Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afnque dc l'Ouest. Cotonou, Bénin. 70p..DIPA/WP/93.

Williams, S., Economic Role of Women in Fishing Commu.nities: A Case Study of Koko, Nigeria1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou.

Benin. 28p.. IDAF/WP/94

\Villiams. S . Rôle Economique des Femmes dans les Communautés de Pêche Le Cas de KoLo Cotonou,1996 Bénin Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest

(DIPA). 30p.. IDAF/WP/94.

Nic, M., and Jones, R., Peoples Participation and Sustainabilitv Aspects in the fisheries project of Yeji.1996 Ghana. Cotonou, Benin. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisherìes

in West Africa (IDAF) 4 Ip.. IDAF/WP/95

Nie, M.. et Jones, R, Participation des populations et développement durable: le cas du Projet de pêche de1997 Yeji au Ghana, Cotonou. Bénin, Programmepour le Développement Intégré des Pêches

Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA) 45p.' DIPAIWP/95

Anon., Report of the Tenth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting, Lome, Togo, 9 - 10 December 1996.1997 Cotonou, Benin, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West

Africa. lOOp., IDAF/WP/96.

Anon:, Rapport de la dixième Réunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, Lomé, Togo, 9 - 10 décembre1997 1996. Cotonou, Bénin, Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en

Afrique de l'Ouest. lO7p.. DIPA!WP/96.

Horemans, B., and Jallow AM., (eds.) Report of the Workshop on Gender Roles and Issues in Artisanal1997 Fisheries in West Africa, Lomé, Togo, il - 13 December 1996. Cotonou, Benin.

Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, 47p..IDAF/WP/97

Horemans, B.. et Jallow. AM., (éds.) Rapport de l'atelier sur les rôles des hommes et des femmes et les1997 questions liées aux rapports entre les hommes et les femmes dans la pêche artisanale en

Afrique de l'Ouest, Lomé. Togo, 11 - 13 décembre 1996. Cotonou, Bénin. Programme deDéveloppement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. 49p., DIPA/WP/97.

Gallene, J.P.. (ed.); Lessons Learned from Training Artisanal Fisheiiiien in West Africa. Programme for the1997 Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin. 92p..

IDA F/WP/9 8

Gallene. J.P.. (éd.); Enseignements tirés de la formation des pêcheurs artisans en Afrique de l'Ouest.1997 Programme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest.

Cotonou, Bénin, 9lp., DIPA/WP/98.

Jallow AM.. Study on Elements and Mechanisms of Participation in WNW-AFCOD and Tombo Projects1997 in Sierra Leone, Progranirne for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West

Africa. Cotonou, Benin. 23p.. IDAF/WP/99.

Il. Manuels de terrain / Field Manuals

Johnson. J.P. et M.P. Wilkie. Pour un développement intégré des pêches artisanales; du bon usage1988 de participation et de la planification. Cotonou. Projet DIPA, lS'7p. + annexes, Manuel dc

TerrainN' 1.

Mevnall, P.J.. J.P. Johnson, and M.P. Wilkie, Guide for planning monitoring and evaluation in fisheries1988 development units. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 116 p., IDAF Field Manual N' 2.

III. IDAF Newsletter / La Lettre du DIPA

IDAF Ncwsletter/Lettfè du DIPA, 1, October/Octobre 1985, 4 p,IDAF Newslettcr/Lcttre du DIPA, 2, January/Janvier 1986, 14 p.IDAF Newslctter/Lettrc du DIPA, 3, Jurie/Juin 1986, 40 p.IDAF Newslcttcr/Lettre du DIPA, 4/5, Scpt./Dec. 1986, 76 p.IDAF Newslcttcr/Lettre du DIPA, 6, September 1987, 58 p.IDAF Newslctter/Lettre du DIPA, 7. June/Juin 1988, 84 p.IDAF Ncvs1ctter/Lettre du DIPA, 8, Junc/Juin 1989, 74 p.IDAF Newslcttcr/Lcttrc du DIPA, 9. October/Octobre 1989, 84 p.

IDAF Newslcttcr/Lettre du DIPA.I DA F News letter/Lettre du DI PA.IDA F Newslctter/Lcttre du D! PA.1 DAF Newslctter/Lettre du DI PA,IDAF News!etter/Lettre du DIPA.IDAF NevsIetter/Lcttre du DIPA,IDAF Newslctter/Lettre du DIPA.IDAF Nevs!etter/Lettre du DIPA.IDAF Ncvs1etter/Lettre du DIPA.IDAF Newsletter/LettreIDAF Newsletter/LettreIDAF Newslctter/LettreIDAF Newsletter/LettreIDAF Newsletter/LettreIDAF Newsletter/LettreIDAF New sletter/LettreIDAF Newsletter/LettreIDAF Newsletter/LettreIDA F News letter/LettreIDAF/Newsletter/LettreIDAF/Newsletter/LettreIDAF/Newsletter/LettreIDAF/Newsletter/LettreIDAF/Newsletter/Lettre

Ahouanmènou.1989

Atti-Mama, C1989

duDIPA, 9,du DIPA, 20,duDIPA, 21,du DIPA. 22,du DIPA, 23.du DIPA, 24.du DIPA, 25.du DIPA. 26,du DIPA. 27,du DIPA. 28,du DIPA, 29,du DIPA, 30,du DIPA, 3 1,du DIPA, 32,du DIPA, 33,

0. August/Août 1990. 84 p.I. Januarv/Jarivier 199 1, 6 P

April/Avril 1991, 8 p.JuIv/Judlet 1991,6 P.October/January 1992, 12 P.

5, September/Septembre 1992, 85pDecember/Décembre 1992, 3 IP.March/Mars 1993. 39p.

8, June/Juin 1993, 38p.September/Septembre 1993, 32pDecember/Décembre 1993. 28p.March/Mars 1994, 32p.June/Juin 1994, 32p.September/Septembre 1994, 52pDecember/Décembre 1994. 36pMarch/Mars 1995, 32p.June/Juin 1995, 32p.September/Septembre 1995, 4OpDecember/Décembre 1995. 32p.March/Mars 1996, 28p.June/Juin 1996, 24p.September/Septembre 1996, 28pDecember/Décembre 1996, 28p.March/Mars 1997, 28p.

C, C. Atti-Mama, B. Houndékon, D. Tempelman et D. Turcotte, Animation, gestionet planification, séance de travail avec les agents de terrain. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 142p, + annexes, PMB/WP/8.

D. Turcotte, et W. Wentholt, Evaluation interne des activités du projet modèle Bénindans le secteur de Ouidah. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 36 p. + 7 annexes, PMB/WP/9.

Tempelman, D., The participatory approach in an integrated artisanal fisheries project; structuring1989 community development - womens activities. Cotonou, Model Project, 43 p., PMB/WP/ 10.

Landry. J., Cours d'alphabétisatïon fonctionnelle en calcul. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 59 p. + 3 annexes1989 PMB/WP/ll.

Iv. Documents de travail du Projet Modèle, Bénin / Working papers of the Model Project, Benin

Coackley, A.D.R., Report on installation of a diesel inboard motor in a Ghana canoe. Cotonou. Mode!1988 Project. 7 p, + annexes, PMB/WP/1 (En).

Coackley, A.D.R., Installation d'un moteur diesel "inboard" dans une pirogue ghanéenne. Cotonou,1988 Projet Modèle, 9 p, + annexe, PMB/WP/1 (Fr).

Zannou, L.H.. Etudes technico-économiques des fours améliorées pour le fumage de poisson en1988 République Populaire du Bénin. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 8 p. + 6 tableaux, PMB/WP/2.

Atti-Mama. C., et M. Raïs, Etude démographique des communautés cibles du projet Modèle Bénin.1988 Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 20 p. + 10 annexes, PMB/WP/3.

Jorion, P., Non-monetary distribution of fish as food in Beninois small-scale fishing villages and its1988 importance for auto-consumption. Cotonou, Model Project. 26p.. PMB/WP/4.

Tanimomo, PF., Catalogue des engins de pêche maritime artisanale du Bemn. Cotonou, Projet Modèle,1989 46 p. + 3 annexes, PMB/WP/4, PMB/WP/5.

Tanimomo, P F., Rapport de consultation sur la formation des jeunes pêcheurs de I'U'NICOOPEMA1989 à Lomé. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 17 p. + 6 annexes, PMB/WP/6.

Atti Mama, C , Impact socio-économique de la piste Pahou-Kpota. Cotonou, Projet Modèle. 10 p.1989 + 3 annexes, PMB/WP/7.

Landrv. J and D. Tcrnpclman, Functional literacy. Training Guide for a numeracv course. Cotonou.Mode! Project. 53 p. 3 annexcs. PMB/WP/1 I

Atti-Mama, C . Systèmes traditionnels et modernes d'épargne et de crédit en milieu pêcheur au Bénin1990 Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 41 p. + annexes. PMB/WP/12.

Sènouvo. P. Statistiques de pêches des villages du Projet Modèle Année 1987. Cotonou, Projet Modèle.1990 33p., PMB/WP/13.

Sheves. G i.. PT. Holler and P.F. Tanimomo, Report on demonstration with echo-sounders, compas1990 ses and multimono gil!nets in Ghana. Cotonou, Mode! Project, 22 p., PMBIWP /14.

Coack!ev. A.D R., and G.T. Sheves, A review of the experimental introduction of diese! inboard1990 motors to Ghana canoes. Cotonou. Model Project. 4lp., PMB/WP/15.

IJff, AM. et DE. Tempelman, Etude sur les relations entre les captures de poisson et !état nutri1990 tionnel des communautés de pêcheurs dans la province du Mono, au Bénin. Cotonou. Projet

Modèle. 27 p.. PMB/WP/16.

Sènouvo, A P et AA. Gbaguidi, Recueil des données statistiques des pêches maritimes au Bénin.1990 Période de 1984 à 1989. Cotonou. Projet Modèle, l34p.. PMB/WP/17.

Houndékon, B.R., Initiative locale et développement: Expérience des communautés de pêcheurs.1990 marins du Bénin. Cotonou, Projet Modè!e, 17 p.. PMB/WP/18,

Le Gurun, J.F.. La section de tecimique des pêches. Cotonou, Projet Modè!e, 43 p., PMB/WP/19.1991

FAQ/Government Cooperative Programme, Integrated Deve!opment of Small-Scale Fisheries in West199! Africa, Model Project Benin, Project findings and recommendations. FAO, Rome.

FI:GCP/RAF/l98/DEN Termina! Report. 34p.

Programme de Coopération FAO/Gouvernements. Développement Intégré de la pêche artisanale en1991 Afrique de l'Ouest, Projet Modèle Bénin. Conclusions et recommandations du Projet. FAO.

Rome, FI:GCP/RAF/198/DEN Rapport terminal, 40 p.