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Taiwans gift to the world 1 Linguistic profile in Taiwan National Chengchi University Claire Hsun-huei Chang CC 2.5 CC 2.5 The Work under the Creative Commons Taiwan 2.5 License of BY-NC-SA.

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Outline 2 Current linguistic situation Sociolinguistic situation Features of Taiwan Mandarin and Formosan Languages Language development: Languages used in education and wider communication Examples of linguistic traces Language-related Rules and Regulations

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At MRT 3 At Taipei train station Picasa

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The Act of Protecting Language Equality of Broadcasting at Mass Transportation Systems 4 (passed March 31, 2000 by Legislature Yuan). The article number 6 rules that the languages used in broadcasting should include Minnan (Taiwan Min, Taiwanese) and Hakka, in addition to Guoyu (Mandarin). The city government should take local environment and needs into account and consider adding aboriginal languages in broadcasting.

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5 In Matsu area, Northern Min (Fuzhou) should be added. The Taipei City Government chooses English as the fourth language in broadcast mainly because of the international atmosphere in Taipei metropolitan area. Guoyu (Mandarin) Minnan (Taiwanese) Hakka English

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6 Current linguistic situation

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Ethnic groups 7 Taiwanese, Minnan (Southern Min) people 73.7% Mainlanders 13% Hakka 12% Austro-Polynesians 1.7% oHuang 1991: 21

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Population of ethnic groups 8 Minnan 70% Hakka 15% Mainlanders 13% Aboriginal less than 2% Total population: 23,170,321 (April, 2011) Aboriginal population: 505,159 (Jan, 2010)

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Immigrants: Han people 9 Minnan Quanzhou variety of Southern Min (business, coastal areas) Zhangzhou variety of Southern Min (agriculture, inland plains) Hakka (farming in hilly areas) Hai-lu Si-hsien

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Mainlanders: Nationalist retreat 10 Different parts of Mainland China, speaking a variety of Han dialects Bilinguals acquiring Mandarin Mandarin as lingua franca

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Aboriginals 11 Pingpu Zu (the plain tribes) Gaoshan Zu (the mountain tribes) Siraya as lingua franca in the south

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Population of Mother Language 12 Minnan (Taiwan Min) 75% Mainlanders 12.5% Hakka 10% Aboriginals < 2%

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Languages in Taiwan 13 Guoyu (Mandarin) Minnan (Taiwan Min,Taiwanese) Hakka Aboriginal languages (Formosan Languages) Immigrant languages: Chinese Sign Language, Halh Mongolian (6,000), Kalmyk-Oirat, Tibetan (2,000), Uyghur, Vietnamese.

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Other languages 14 Colonial rule Dutch/Portuguese Spanish Japanese International language English

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15 The number of individual languages listed for Taiwan is 28. Of those, 22 are living languages and 4 have no known speakers. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=T W&seq=60 http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=T W&seq=60 Lewis, M. Paul (ed.), 2009. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.

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16 Taiwan Living languagesNumber of speakersDiversity Total 28 Perc ent 0.41 Indig enou s 22 Immi grant 6 Count 22,07 3,704 Mean 1,003,350 Median 4,759 In de x 0. 48 8 Coverage 79%

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Geographical distribution 17 Ethnologue.com SIL International

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Mandarin 19 4,320,000 in Taiwan (1993). Mainly Taipei and 5 provincial cities. Alternate names: Guoyu, Kuoyu, Mandarin, Taiwan Mandarin ( ) Taiwanese Mandarin ( )

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Minnan 20 15,000,000 in Taiwan (1997 A. Chang). Tainan, Penghu Archipelago, cities on east coast, western plain. Alternate name: Min Nan, Minnan. Dialect: Amoy (Taiwanese).

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Hakka 21 2,370,000 in Taiwan (1993). Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Pingtung counties. Shi Xien in north and south; Hai-Lu in central, north central. Dialects: Hailu (Hoiluk, Hoilluk, Hi-Lu), Sanhsien (Shigen, Shixien, Shi Xien).

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Indigenous Languages 22 14 Taiwan Aboriginal tribes are recognized officially Atayal, Amis, Bunun, Puyuma, Tao (Yami), Paiwan, Rukai, Tsou, Thao, Saisiyat, Kavalan, Truku, Sakizaya, Sediq Tainan County government recognizes Siraiya as the county aboriginal. Plain Indigenous people disappeared due to the loss of the language and culture.

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To conclude 24 An immigrant society A multi-ethnic and multilingual society with four major ethnic groups: Mainlanders, the Southern Min people, the Hakka, Austro-Polynesians Mandarin is the national language, the lingua franca for all communication

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LiteracySubjectMedium Mother language --- National language +++ LWC -+- 25 Language type and function in education (Tsao 2000) *Language used in wider communication: English, Japanese, German, French etc. Realized (+), unrealized (-)

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26 Sociolinguistic situation

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27 1945: Diglossia without societal bilingualism (Fishman 1967) 1975: diglossic society with societal bilingualism (Tsao 2000)

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Language contact 28 Lingua franca Making of a Standard language: based on Peking dialect Language change Code-switching Language shift Language death

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Lingua franca 29 Common language Used for business and other communication needs by people speaking different first language Determined by the political or economic superiority Suprastratum Guoyu (Mandarin) as lingua franca

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Language contact 30 Languages: Han dialects (Mandarin, Minnan, Hakka, and other dialects), Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, Japanese Code-switching Loanwords Pidgin Creole Language shift Language death

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Japanese occupation 31 First stage: teaching Classical Chinese with Southern Min or Hakka pronunciation ; Chinese was taught as a required subject Second stage: private Chinese schools were banned and Chinese as a subject was made elective Third stage: Chinese was banned in all public domains

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Standard language 32 Standard and sub-standard language Based on the pronunciation of Peking dialect Ideal language with no native speakers

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And Formosan Languages 33 Features of Taiwan Mandarin

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Mandarin 34 standard Mandarin: learned through education and mass media Taiwan Mandarin: learned as a second language by the people of Taiwan who speak Taiwanese as a native language Taiwanese Mandarin

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Peking Mandarin vs. Taiwan Mandarin 35 Features shared by Taiwan Mandarin and Taiwanese, but not by Peking Mandarin Features shared by Taiwanese and Peking Mandarin, but not by Taiwan Mandarin

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36 Taiwan Mandarin Peking Mandarin Taiwanese

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TM/Taiwanese, not PM 37 Non-Taiwanese speakers more numerous, politically and economically more powerful than PM speakers PM codified and taught in the area of phonology TM follows the VO characteristics, where PM shows OV

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Habitual and future action 38 Habitual PM: ni chi-bu-chi niurou? TM: Ni you-mei-you chi niurou? Tw: li u chiah gu-bah bo? Future PM: nei-kuai niurou ni chi- bu-chi? TM: Nei-kuai niurou ni yao- bu-yao chi? Tw: hit-te gu-bah li beh chiah m?

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Classifiers 39 PM: yi ge pingguo/xigua/lanqiu one apple/watermelon/basketball Yi li tang one sugar Yi ke qiaokeli one chocolate TM: yi ke pingguo/lanqiu/tang/qiaokeli Tw: jit liap pingguo/xigua/lanqiu/tang/

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The instrumental case-marker yong 40 (In order to be on time, you have to run.) PM ni dei pao cai laideji. You must run then in time TM ni yao yong pao-de cai laideji You must with run-de then in time Tw: li ai iong chau-e chiah e-hu. You must with run-e then in time

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Taiwanese/PM, not TM 41 A-not-A questions Can you play cards? PM Ni hui da pai bu hui? you can play cards not can TM ni hui-bu-hui da pai? Tw li e-hiau phah pai-a be? you can play card not.can

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Shaping of Taiwan Mandarin 42 A drift toward those characteristics common to the entire Chinese language family, away from those Altaic features peculiar to Peking Mandarin The tendency to carry over features of the second- language learners native language The tendency to adopt features that are simpler, more regular and easier to process

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Taiwanese 43 Taiwanese: learned by non-native speakers through daily social contact Shared vocabulary between Mandarin and Taiwanese 70%

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Formosan Languages 44 Language diversity in word order, focus system, auxiliaries, personal pronouns, number system, and affixes Preserving Proto-Austronesian features

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Importance of Formosan languages 45 Number of languages: 23 out of 1262 Austronesian languages Language family 3 out of four primary branches of Austronesian languages 2 Atayal, 17 Paiwanic, 4 Tsouic (1 does not belong to Formosan languages)

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46 Wiki Maulucioni

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Focus system 47 A system of agreement between verb form and nominal case

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Example 48 He caught a big fish with a fishing pole by the sea shore. AF (Agent focus): He PF (Patient focus): a big fish IF (Instrument focus): a fishing pole LF (Locative focus): the sea shore

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49 Language development

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50 Spoken language written language writing system mother language education Language preservation

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Phonetic alphabets 51 National Phonetic Alphabets Pinyin system b p m f Tongyong system

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National alphabets 54

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Writing system 55 Mandarin: Chinese characters Minnan Hakka Aboriginal languages

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Teaching of languages 56 National language: required Mother language: required for grades 1-6 taken one from Minnan, Hakka, Aboriginal languages; elective from junior high Foreign language: English

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Language certification 57 To preserve native and mother language and culture Certify language ability Language Standardization: writing system 2001 Certification of Aboriginal language (14 tribes 42 dialects)

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Language Certification 58 2010 Minnan Language Certification 2005 Hakka Language Certification-beginning level, 2008 intermediate and high-intermediate level certification

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59 Examples of linguistic traces

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60 Place names Loanwords (borrowing)

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Names with Taiwan Min origin 61 http://twstudy.iis.sinica.edu.tw/oldmap/ http://distance.shu.edu.tw/taiwan/ch01/CH01_FRAMES ET.HTM http://distance.shu.edu.tw/taiwan/ch01/CH01_FRAMES ET.HTM http://placesearch.moi.gov.tw/search/ Niaokang [minnan] Maokong Hongmao cheng Fort San Domingo Tamsui

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Names with Aboriginal origin 62 Wu-lai Urai in Atayal meaning hot spring [wu- lai] Ketagalan Boulevard Kai-da-ge-lan dadao (named after Ketagalan aboriginals living in Taipei Area), originally it is called Jie-shou Road ( ) in memory of Chiang Kai-shek zhuqian former name for Hsin-chu, named after the inhabited place for Taokas, a plain aboriginal tribe Wanhua: formerly banka (meaning small boat in Kategalan)

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Names with Spanish origin 63 wan-li [ ] (Parian Places where Han people gather) = banli in Taiwan Min = vasai Han people gathering place in Aboriginal language = Mandarin masu [ ] san-diao-jiao [ ] the easternmost cape of Taiwan Cape San Diego sam tiao [Minnan] [Mandarin]

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Names with Mandarin origin 64 Moral ethics Zhongxiao , Renai, Xinyi, Heping Nationalism Fuxing North/South Road , Jianguo . Zhongshan N/S Road Names of provinces in China Songjiang Road, Nanjing East/West Road, Longjiang Street, Jinan Road, Xuanyuan Street

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Names with Hakka origin 65 Guanxi: former name xiancai peng ( ) Hakka hamcai [ ] = Kansai in Japanese (Mandarin) Guanxi [ ]

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Minnan or Hakka? 66 House is called cu [ ] in Minnan, but it is wu [ ] in Hakka. Cows pen is gutiao [ ] in Minnan, niulan [ ] in Hakka. Basin or lower plain is hu [ ] in Minnan, but wo [ ] in Hakka Streams are called xi [ ] by Minnan people, but he [ ] by Hakka people. Mountain ridges are nia [ ] to Minnan people, but dong [ ] to Hakka.

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67 Xinwu [ ], touwu [ ] songwu [ ] Gucu [ ], Tong-an-cu [ ], Hong-cu [ ], Ba- kuai-cu [ ]

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Loanwords: Portuguese 68 sap-bun (sabo) soap Formosa (Taiwan) phan bread [Spanish, Portuguese po]

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Loanwords: Japanese 69 sa-bi-su service to-lak-ku truck phan bread ba-ta butter bii-ru beer o-baa-san older woman o-ji-san older man mat-chi match to-ma-to tomato

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Loanwords: English 70 Cool High Show talk show,

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71 Language-related Acts and Regulations

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72 The Act of Protecting Language Equality of Broadcasting at Mass Transportation Systems The Language Equality Act: right to use native language to communication in all areas, freedom of language use The Act of National Language Development

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73 Taiwans gift to the world

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74 Language development in forming a new identity Language diversity Preservation and promotion of endangered languages

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Copyright Declaration 75 WorkLicensing Author/ Source Picasa https://picasaweb.google.com/1113760395 53373907770/MRT#568142026225499669 0 https://picasaweb.google.com/1113760395 53373907770/MRT#568142026225499669 0 2011.12.1visited Ethnologue.com SIL International http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.as p?name=TW&seq=60 2011.7.30visited Wiki Bstlee http://zh.wikipedia.org/zhtw/File:Formosa n_Distribution_01.png 2011.7.30 visited Wiki Maulucioni, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Migracio nes_austronesias.png 2011.7.30visited