1

elguja xinTibiZe

“vefxistyaosnis” ideur-msoflmxedvelobiTi samyaro

Tbilisi, 2009 “qarTvelologi”

გვ. 87-114

III. adamianis filosofia italiur renesansSi da renesansuli

esTetika (paul kristeleris `renesansuli azrovneba~ da aleqsei

losevis `aRorZinebis esTetika~)

sayovelTaod cnobilia renesansis epoqis miRwevebi poeziasa

da literaturaSi, ferwerasa da skulpturaSi, istoriografiasa da

politikur azrovnebaSi, bunebis mecnierebebSi. am epoqam axali

sityva Tqva kacobriobis azrovnebis ganviTarebaSi da gadamwyveti

roli Seasrula Tanamedrove adamianis formirebaSi.

misi wvlili da mniSvneloba xelovnebisa da mecnierebis

calkeul dargTa ganviTarebaSi mravalmxrivi Seswavlis sagania.

specifikuri kvlevis obieqtia sakuTriv renesansulis problema, anu

sazogadod renesansuli azrovnebis Taviseburebisa da

TavisTavadobis, renesansuli msoflSegrZnebis, misi wyaroebisa da

misi meobis sakiTxi. XX saukunis II naxevris filosofiur

mecnierebaSi am sakiTxis kvlevisas tonis mimcemad iTvleba ernst

kasireris, paul kristeleris, etien Jilsonis, bruno nardisa da

sxvaTa Sromebi. evropuli renesansis swored es aspeqti aris farTo

ganxilvis sagani cnobili rusi mecnieris, filosofiis istoriis

didi mkvlevaris aleqsei losevis monografiaSi `aRorZinebis

esTetika~ (moskovi, 1978). a. losevi msoflio filosofiuri

azrovnebis didi mkvlevaria. amas adasturebs misi 400-mde

mecnieruli gamokvlevidan ramdenime saxelwodebis dasaxelebac:

2 `saxelis filosofia~ (388), `musika rogorc logikis sagani~ (389),

`platonis ricxvis dialeqtika~ (390), `rixard vagneris problema

warsulSi da awmyoSi~ (391), `enis niSanTa Teoriis aqsiomatika~ (392),

,,simbolos problema da realisturi xelovneba’’ (393), `istoriis

antikuri filosofia~ (394), `aRorZinebis esTetika~ (395),

`elinistur-romauli esTetika~ (395), Svidtomeuli `antikuri

esTetikis istoria~ (397).

a. losevis wignSi `aRorZinebis esTetika~ esTetikis cneba ar

aris viwrod, specifikurad gaazrebuli da ar gulisxmobs

moZRvrebas mxolod mSvenierebis, an kidev sinamdvilis mxatvrulad

asaxvis kanonebis Sesaxeb. aRorZinebis esTetikaSi a. losevi

aerTianebs renesansis epoqis msoflSegrZnebas, renesansul

azrovnebas sazogadod. amitomaa, rom naSromi renesansis epoqis

formirebis, ganviTarebis da dasrulebis istoriul WrilSia

moazrebuli: protorenesansi XIII saukunis da momzadeba renesansisa

XIV saukuneSi, adrindeli aRorZineba, maRali renesansi, gviandeli

aRorZineba, renesansis esTetikis daSla (XV-XVI saukuneebSi) da

renesansuli esTetikis sikvdili. TiToeuli monakveTi renesansuli

azrovnebis ganviTarebis am xangrZlivi epoqisa ganxilulia

mravalmxrivad. calke qveTavebadaa gamoyofili zemomiTiTebul

zogierT monakveTSi aRorZinebis filosofia, mecniereba, religia,

xelovneba da literature zogierT SemTxvevaSi konkretuladaa

Seswavlili calkeuli magistraluri filosofiuri mimarTulebani:

platonizmi, neoplatonizmi da humanizmi; idealizmi da

materializmi; XVI saukunis italiuri panTeizmi. sagangebo kvlevis

sagania aRorZinebis ramdenime udidesi warmomadgenlis azrovneba.

esenia _ leon batista alberti, nikoloz kuzaneli, lorenco vala,

pietro pomponaci, sandro botiCeli, leonardo da vinCi,

miqelanjelo, frensis bekoni, albrext diureri, matias

griunevaldi, savonarola. Tematikis farTo masStabiT xedva a.

losevs arc erTxel ar acdens Tavis sakvlev obieqts. igi yvela

SemTxvevaSi ikvlevs renesansis esTetikas farTo gagebiT,

3 aRorZinebis msoflSegrZnebas, mis filosofiur-esTetikur

safuZvels.

renesansi kacobriobis mexsierebaSi darCa keTilSobiluri

sulis epoqad, romelic mokrZalebiTa da pativiscemiT epyroboda

rogorc antikurobas, aseve Suasaukuneebs da mainc ar Tvlida

savaldebulod arc antikis da arc Suasaukuneebis substanciur

aRiarebas. amitomac iyo igi aseTive pativiscemiT gamsWvaluli

zusti mecnierebebisa da materializmis im ganviTarebis mimarT,

romelsac adgili hqonda sakuTriv renesansis epoqaSi (gv. 101).

renesansis moRvaweebs SeeZloT yvelaze ufro maRali, sulieri,

zogjer TviT platonuri ideebi SeeerTebinaT imgvar cxovrebiseul,

mxiarul, neli TamaSis ganwyobilebasTan, romelsac SeiZleba

ewodos mxolod saero da amqveyniuri (gv. 50). es ori ganzomileba

aRorZinebis esTetikuri sulisa TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi gasdevs

renesansulis yovel gamovlinebas, romelzec a. losevi miuTiTebs

(gv. 53-65).

renesansi, upirveles yovlisa, adamianuri personis gandidebaa.

siaxle, romelic am epoqam moitana, silamazis primatSi, Tanac

grZnobiTi silamazis primatSi mdgomareobs. renesansis esTetikuri

azrovneba, TiTqosda, pirveli iyo, romelic adamianur

TvalTaxedvas endo: subieqtur-grZnobierad aRqmuli suraTi

CaTvala ara iluziad, mxedvelobiT cdunebad an mWvretelobiT

empirizmad, aramed namdvil, WeSmaritad arsebulad. endo sakuTar

TvalTaxedvas antikuri kosmologiisa da Suasaukuneobrivi

Teologiis gareSe: samyaro RmerTma Seqmna; magram, mTavari is aris,

rom lamazia es qveyana; ra uTvalavi feria adamianur cxovrebaSi,

adamianuri saxis cocxal gamoxedvaSi da adamianuri sulis

harmoniaSi.

amqveyniuri silamazis am renesansul aRmoCenaSi arsebiTia ara

aRmosaCeni _ buneba, aramed aRmomCeni _ mxatvruli grZnoba. aq ukve

imsxvreva Suasaukuneobrivi niRabi da Cvens winaSe warmodgeba axali

drois Semoqmedi, romelic qmnis Tavis sakuTar kanonebs. ase rom,

4 renesansi, erTi mxriv, SeiZleba ganimartos rogorc stiqiuri

TviTdamkvidreba adamianuri pirovnebisa; magram amave dros xSir

SemTxvevaSi es procesi aris ara stiqiuri, aramed mZafri

TviTdafuZneba, Tanac imis SegrZnebiT, rom aseTi absolutizacia

SeuZlebelia. mxolod am daskvnamde SeiZleba miiyvanos renesansis

mkvlevari jordano brunos panTeizmma, romelSic adamiani

gaTqvefilia kosmiurSi da individi aRar asrulebs ZiriTad rols,

da kopernikis heliocentrulma sistemam, romliTac adamiani da

mTeli misi planeta ganimarteba usasrulo samyaros umcires

nawilakad. ase rom, renesansuls aqvs meore ganzomileba: yvela didi

moazrovne maRali aRorZinebisa TviTdamkvidrebadi adamianuri

pirovnebis siRrmesTan erTad TviT tragizmamde amaRlebuli

simZafriT grZnobs adamianuri subieqtis SezRudulobas da

umweobas. amis yvelaze did magaliTebs iZleva Seqspiri, romelic

amave dros warmoadgens amgvari absoluturi individualizmis

Seubralebel kritikasac. amgvarad, renesansuli individualizmi,

erTi mxriv, flobs bavSvuri, ymawviluri xasiaTis yvela niSans. mas

axasiaTebs uSualoba da gulubryviloba, romelic icavs

kategoriuli daskvnebisagan. meore mxriv, aRorZinebis esTetikas,

efuZneba ra adamianur personas, brwyinvaled esmis amgvari

absolutizirebuli subieqtis SezRuduloba. maSin roca, igive

Tviseba _ adamianuri subieqtis SezRudulobis gacnobiereba _ ukve

aRar Cans Semdgomi periodis, burJuaziuli sazogadoebis

esTetikaSi. Tavis Tavis stiqiurad damamkvidrebeli subieqti

renesansis epoqaSi jer kidev ar kargavs gonebriv orientacias, jer

kidev Segnebuli aqvs Tavisi ususuroba kosmosisa da usasrulo

cxovrebis winaSe. amaSi mdgomareobs mTeli ymawviluri silamaze

aRorZinebis esTetikisa.

a. losevis azriT, amgvari sinTezurad gaazrebuli esTetikis

filosofiuri safuZveli aris neoplatonizmi xolo aRorZinebis

esTetikis adgili neoplatonuri esTetikis saerTo sistemaSi

amgvarad SeiZleba iqnas danaxuli: antikuri neoplatonuri esTetika

5 kosmologiuria, Suasaukuneobrivi neoplatonuri esTetika ki _

Teologiuri. renesansuli neoplatonizmi ar kmayofildeba arc

antikuri poliTeizmiT, arc Suasaukuneobrivi monoTeizmiT. mas

saerTo aqvs antikur neoplatonizmTan _ cdilobs gaamarTlos,

aamaRlos da warmoaCinos aRmatebuleba materialuri yofisa da

amisTvis iyenebs antikuri neoplatonizmis, platonisa da prokles,

idealistur kategoriebs. mas aqvs saerTo Suasaukuneobriv

neoplatonizmTanac _ kulti TviTmyofadi da universaluri

pirovnebisa, romelic ar daiyvaneba bunebriv da materialur

mocemulobebze. magram umTavresi renesansul esTetikaSi aris

imgvari pirovneba, romelic absoluturia ara zeciur, aramed Tavis

wminda adamianur arsebobaSi. antikuri modelebis Tanaxmad,

individualuri adamiani moiazreba mxolod da mxolod

materialurad, bunebrivad, xorcielad. Suasaukuneobrivi

modelebis Tanaxmad, igi moiazrebs Tavis Tavs rogorc pirovnebas,

Tanac usasrulod mizandasaxuls sakuTari Tavis absolutizaciis

am amay individualizmSi. amis gamo renesansuli esTetika ar aris

arc kosmologiuri da arc Teologiuri. igi anTropocentrulia.

amas isic unda daematos, rom aRorZinebis anTropocentrizmi

gamoirCeva artistuli xasiaTiT. renesansuli adamiani moiazrebda

Tavis Tavs upirveles yovlisa Semoqmedad da mxatvrad, msgavsad im

absolutisa, romlis Seqmniladac warmoidgenda sakuTar Tavs (gv.

93-94).

ukanaskneli aTeuli wlebis manZilze aRorZinebis epoqis

gagebaSi bevri ram Seicvala. a. losevis wigni mxars uWers am axal

poziciebs. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia renesansis

azrovnebis Sua saukuneebTan mimarTebis sakiTxi. Zveli drois

sauniversiteto praqtika Sua saukuneebsa da renesans erTmaneTs

mkveTrad upirispirebda. miCneuli iyo, rom Sua saukuneebi

sasuliero dogmatikis batonobaa, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis

ganuviTarebloba, mistika da bneleTia; maSin roca renesansi am

Suasaukuneobriv bneleTs mkveTrad emijneba da, naTel

6 antikurobaze dayrdnobiT, kacobriobas Tavisufal da amqveyniur

filosofias SesTavazebs. a. losevis daskvniT, es koncefcia Tavisi

abstraqtuli kategoriebidan zogierT maTganSi SeiZleba sworic

iyos, magram dReisaTvis mdgomareoba cota ufro rTulad Cans da

evropaSi Sua saukuneebidan renesansze mkveTri gadasvlis am

abstraqtuli sqemis gameoreba ukve didi xania SeuZlebelia (gv. 13).

a. losevi iziarebs im Tvalsazriss, rom aRorZineba, msgavsad

ymawvilisa, romelic ujanydeba Tavis mSoblebs da eZebs

mxardaWeras papebTan, mzad iyo daeviwyebina yovelive, riTac Sua

saukuneebidan iyo davalebuli da gadaeWarbebina antikurobis

mniSvneloba (gv. 40). amave dros a. losevs isic aqvs SeniSnuli, rom

miuxedavad renesansuli esTetikis Suasaukuneobriv

orTodoqsiasTan kavSirisa, es orTodoqsia mTeli aRorZinebis

epoqis ganmavlobaSi ucvleli ar darCenila. Suasaukuneobrivi

tradicia renesansis epoqaSi Seirya mTeli Tavisi siRrmiT da

aRorZinebis xanis sulieri revoluciis Semdeg veRarasodes dadga

fexze srulyofili Suasaukuneobrivi doqtrinis saxiT (gv. 65).

siaxle aRorZinebis epoqis azrovnebis Suasaukuneebis

sqolastikasTan damokidebulebis sakiTxSi kargad Cans renesansis

epoqisaTvis aristoteles filosofiis mniSvnelobis axleburad

danaxvaSi. aRorZinebis mkvlevarTa Soris tradiciulad

damkvidrebuli iyo azri, rom renesansis epoqis filosofia iyo

aristotelesTan brZola, rom neoplatonizmi aRorZinebis

azrovnebaSi mkveTrad upirispirdeba da aZevebs aristoteles.

amgvari Sexeduleba, rogorc Cans safuZvels iRebs TviT

aRorZinebis epoqidan: renesansis didi warmomadgenlebi,

umxedrdebodnen ra Suasaukuneebis warmomadgenlebs, gamoxatavdnen

TavianT guliswyromas Suasaukuneebis filosofiis mTavari

avtoritetis misamarTiT. dReisaTvis renesansis mkvlevarni mividnen

im daskvnamde, rom realuri suraTi ufro rTulia: erTi mxriv,

adrindeli renesansis im warmomadgenelTa Teologia, romlebsac

sqolastikosTa saxeliT moixseniebdnen da maT filosofias

7 aristotelianurad Tvlidnen, rogorc gamoirkva, farTod eyrdnoba

neoplatonizmsac. meore mxriv, renesansis epoqis cnobili

warmomadgenlebi, romlebic platonuri filosofiis poziciebidan

ilaSqrebdnen Suasaukuneobrivi aristoteles winaaRmdeg,

dafuZnebulni aRmoCndnen aristoteles filosofiaze.

iTvaliswinebs ra am axlebur damokidebulebas

aristotelizmisadmi, a. losevi sagangebod Cerdeba im

damsaxurebaze, rac aristiteles filosofias kerZod mis eTikur da

logikur traqtatebs, miuZRvis renesansis epoqis azrovnebis

formirebaSi (gv. 44-45).

a. losevis monografiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs

daTmobili qarTuli renesansis sakiTxs. a. losevi dawvrilebiT

mimoixilavs da eyrdnoba Salva nucubiZis Teoriebs aRmosavluri

renesansis da areopagitikis problemebze. iziarebs am Teoriebis sam

ZiriTad Teziss: 1. aRmosavlur-dasavluri renesansis safuZvlad

miiCnevs antikuri neoplatonizmis Semdgom gadamuSavebas _

areopagitikas. 2. aRiarebs gviandeli Suasaukuneebis qarTvel

moazrovneTa prioritets dasavleT evropis winaSe areopagituli

ideebis qadagebaSi. 3. sarwmunod Tvlis fsevdo dionise

areopagelisa da petre iberis identifikacias. amasTan erTad

uaRresad mniSvnelovnadaa miCneuli qarTvel mkvlevarTa Rvawli

dasavluri renesansis Zireuli problemebis kvlevis saqmeSi. S.

nucubiZis uzarmazari damsaxureba is aris, _ wers a. losevi, _ `rom

man uaRresad energiulad da realuri faqtebis momarjvebiT

daasabuTa aRmosavleTis gavlena dasavleTze, dasavluri renesansis

sawyis etapze~. (gv. 27). `qarTuli aRorZinebis mkvlevarebma

daasabuTes, _ ganagrZobs mecnieri, _ rom qarTveli moazrovneebi

iyvnen moTaveni neoplatonuri da areopagituli renesansisa

evropaSi, rom maT am TvalsazrisiT uTuod ekuTvniT prioriteti,

da rom am SemTxvevaSi maT ramdenime saukuniT gauswres dasavleT

evropas. amaze kamaTi SeuZlebelia~ (gv. 37). `Salva nucubiZesTan

erTad, _ wers sxva adgilas a. losevi, _ areopagitikis avtorad

8 petre iberis gamocxadeba Cvenc savsebiT sarwmunod migvaCnia~ (gv.

23).

amasTan erTad, a. losevi, vfiqrobT, savsebiT swor poziciaze

dgas, rodesac ar eTanxmeba areopagitikis da XII saukunis qarTuli

filosofiis SefasebaSi zogierTi mkvlevaris Tvalsazriss: 1. a.

losevis azriT, S. nucubiZe cdeba, rodesac neoplatonizmsa da

areopagitikas Tvlis eretikul da antisaeklesio moZRvrebad. a.

losevis azriT, areopagituli mistika zogjer marTlac edga

oficialur RvTismetyvelebas opoziciaSi, magram isic unda

gaviTvaliswinoT, rom areopagitikaSi Sedis ara mxolod mistikuri

Txzulebani, aramed wminda saeklesio orTodoqsiis traqtatebic

(gv. 25). aseve ar aris swori evropuli renesansis msoflmxedvelobis

qristianul eresad miCneva, Tumca igi zogierT SemTxvevaSi marTlac

iyo gansakuTrebuli tipis qristianoba, xolo zogjer savsebiT

daSorebuli qristianobisagan. am TvalsazrisiT dasavlur

renesanss axasiaTebs gaugebari siWrele. sakmarisia davasaxeloT

renesansis sami didi warmomadgeneli, samive neoplatonikosi: papis

kardinali nikoloz kuzaneli, WeSmaritad saero filosofosi

marsilio fiCino da eretikosad Seracxuli da koconze damwvari

jordano bruno (gv. 28). 2. a. losevis miTiTebiT, antiistorizmia

ioane petriwis SemoqmedebaSi materialistur-aTeisturi

elementebis Zieba da misi Semoqmedebis warmarTul, eretikul an

panTeistur xasiaTze laparaki. am SemTxvevaSi igi mxars uWers

qarTveli mecnierebis mose gogiberiZisa da korneli kekeliZis

Tvalsazriss, romlebic ioane petriwis filosofias qristianuli

Teologiis safuZvelze ganmartaven (gv. 33). 3. a. losevi ilaSqrebs

S. nucubiZis cdis winaaRmdeg, gamovlenil iqnas rusTvelis

SemoqmedebaSi Taviseburi materializmis elementebi da am gziT

gamocxaddes igi eretikosad, raTa dasavluri renesansis saTaveSi

moeqces. misi SeniSvniT, rusTvelis SemoqmedebaSi ar Cans

materializmi da igi ar yofila araviTari eretikosi. sazogadod

materializmi da aTeizmi, rogorc met-naklebad angariSgasawevi

9 filosofia, am droisaTvis dasavlur renesansSi ar arsebobda (gv.

31).

renesansis epoqasTan dakavSirebuli problematikis ganxilva

dReisaTvis mravali poziciidan xdeba. amitomaa, rom TiToeul

sakiTxze samecniero literaturaSi azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa.

bunebrivia a. losevis monografiaSic, romelic kardinalur

problemebs aseTi sisruliT ixilavs, aris sakamaTo debulebebic.

winamdebare naSromis specifikidan gamomdinare, yuradRebas

gavamaxvileb oriode sakiTxze:

1. a. losevis monografiaSi gaziarebulia aRmosavluri renesansis

Teoria, romelic safuZvels iRebs S. nucubiZis wignidan

`rusTaveli da aRmosavluri renesansi~ (1947 w.), xolo mTavrdeba n.

konradis TeoriiT da v. Jirmunskis gamokvleviT Sua aziur, kerZod

uzbekur, renesansze. a. losevis miTiTebiT, n. konradma gaakeTa

yvelaferi imisaTvis, rom Cven gvqondes sruli ufleba da

visaubroT Cinur aRorZinebaze jer kidev VII_VIII saukuneebSi (gv.

17). Tavis mxriv a. losevi iwonebs n. konradis pozicias, romelsac

aRorZinebis cneba esmis farTod da saWirod Tvlis mis

erTgvarovnebas yvela qveyanaSi. amrigad, askvnis a. losevi n.

konradis kvaldakval, aRorZinebas misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

adamianis avtonomiiT da agreTve moZRvrebiT adamianis TviTmyofadi

da bunebrivi arsis Taobaze adgili hqonda ara marto evropaSi,

aramed CineTSic Tanac ufro adre, vidre evropaSi (gv. 17).

miuxedavad mTeli im mimzidvelobisa, rac aRmosavluri renesansis

Teorias gaaCnia (aRmosavleTis priopiteti evropis mimarT,

erovnuli kulturebis renesansis idea), vfiqrob, wminda mecnieruli

poziciidan saWiroa Semdeg garemoebebs mieqces yuradReba:

renesanss, rogorc epoqas da msoflSegrZnebas, aqvs Tavisi

specifikuri niSnebi, romelTagan zogierTi arsebiTia: qristianuli

azrovnebis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze TandaTanobiT da

stiqiurad xdeba eWvis Setana Suasaukuneobriv TvalsazrisSi

adamianis arsze (adamianis amqveyniuri yofis miCneva ZiriTadad

10 mxolod imqveyniuri, saukuno sulieri cxovrebis mosamzadebel

etapad) da amqveyniuri, miwieri, xorcieli arsebobis faseulobaTa

realobad miCneva. epoqa, romelic am impulsiT iwyeba da

Suasaukuneebis adamians axali drois, Tanamedrove epoqis mijnamde

miiyvans, specifikuria saazrovno wyaroebiTac: qristianuli

Teologiis ganviTarebis maRali done, antikuri, berZnul-romauli,

filosofiur-eTikuri ideali. ufro konkretulad, rogorc

specialuri gamokvlevebi da maT Soris a. losevis monografia

cxadyofs, renesansis adreuli etapis filosofias axasiaTebs

adamianis privilegiasa da Rirsebaze qristianuli esTetikuri

idealis calkeuli momentebis Serwyma (an gadasinjva) farTo

gagebiT platonizmis (antikuri platonizmi, neoplatonizmi,

areopagitika, avgustinizmi) da aristotelianizmis (berZnuli

aristotelizmi, arabuli aristotelizmi, Suasaukuneobrivi

sqolastika) kamaTiTa Tu simfoniiT WeSmaritebad miCneul

postulatebTan. ra Tqma unda, farTo gagebiT aRorZinebaa

kulturisa da literaturis dawinaureba sazogadod yvela

qveyanaSi; miT umetes Tu igi adamianis amqveyniuri, saero idealis

primatiT xasaiaTdeba. am farTo mniSvnelobiT gamarTlebulia

saubari Cinur da iranul aRorZinebaze, bizantiur da muslimanur

renesansze. magram specifikuri gaazrebiT, renesansi SeiZleba

ewodos mxolod im tipis azrovnebas, romelsac adgili hqonda XIV-

XVI saukuneebis evropaSi. marTalia, kulturuli aRorZineba

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxvagvari iyo da ar aris saWiro yvela

SemTxvevaSi maTi erTgvarovnebis Zieba, magram amave dros iyo

garkveuli epoqa qristianuli azrovnebis ganviTarebisa, romelmac

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erTi tipis azrovnebis modeli moitana da

swored mas ewoda renesansi: italiuri renesansi, franguli

renesansi, sazogadod evropuli renesansi. amitomac, mecnieruli

TvalsazrisiT, ar iqneba zusti am cnebis im qveyanaTa kulturuli

dawinaurebis mimarT gamoyeneba, romlebic aRorZinebis am

specifikur tips ar emsgavsebian. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi es termini

11 aRar gamodgeba im specifikurobaze misaTiTeblad, rac mas aSkarad

aqvs.

amgvari aRrevis kargi magaliTia rusTvelis dakavSireba

aRmosavlur renesansTan. aRmosavluri renesansis TeoriiT,

rusTvelis azrovneba istoriulad, konkretulad cnobili

renesansuli epoqis azrovnebisagan gansxvavebiT, daukavSirda

aRmosavlur renesanss da moeqca firdousis, gurganis, nizamis da

navois rigSi. amiT ki rusTvelis msoflmxedveloba daSorda

evropul renesanss da miCneul iqna aRmosavlur movlenad, rac

mcdar warmodgenas iZleva rusTvelis Semoqmedebaze sazogadod1.

2. ufro dawvrilebiT gvinda SevCerdeT meore sakiTxze.

a. losevis daskvniT, aRorZinebis esTetikis safuZveli, is moZRvreba,

rasac eyrdnoboda aRorZinebis esTetika Tavidan bolomde, aris

platonizmi da neoplatonizmi. mxolod igi gansxvavdeba antikuri

da Suasaukuneobrivi neoplatonizmisagan Tavisi humanisturi da

saero xasiaTiT. ase rom, aRorZinebis esTetika aris humanisturi

neoplatonizmi2.

marTlac, platonizmi renesansuli azrovnebis erTi ZiriTadi

filosofiuri mimdinareoba iyo. mas Zalze didi gavlena hqonda

renesansul literaturaze. renesansuli platonizmi, rogorc

filosofia, iyo uaRresad Rrma moZRvreba rogorc ideebis

simdidriT, aseve Tavisi mimdevrebis filosofiuri produqciiT.

magram platonizmi ar iyo erTaderTi filosofiuri mimdinareoba

evropuli aRorZinebis epoqisa. aqedan gamomdinare, renesansuli

azrovneba da xelovneba ar SeiZleboda dafuZnebuliyo mxolod da

yvela SemTxvevaSi platonizmze. aki savsebiT samarTlianad

SeniSnavs Tavisi monografiis sxvadasxva monakveTSi a. losevi, rom

renesansi mainc gardamavali epoqaa da masSi erTmaneTis

1 am sakiTxze ufro konkretuladaa saubari qveTavSi _ `rusTvelis msoflmxedveloba da Suasaukuneebis religiur-filosofiuri da literaturuli azris ganviTarebis procesi~. 2 a. losevis am Tvalsazrisis mimoxilva ixileT m. maxaraZis monografiaSi _ 42a, gv. 49-58.

12 sawinaaRmdego elementebis arsebobaa sagulvebeli (gv. 160); rom

renesansSi erTmaneTTanaa Serwymuli areopagitika da

aristotelizmi (gv. 29); rom renesansulma esTetikam didi

enTuziazmiT gamoiyena Tavisi miznebisaTvis arsebiTad yvelaferi

dadebiTi, rac ipova iudaistur, qristianul da muslimanur

TeologiaSi, uaryo ra amave dros yovelive specifikuri da

absoluturi am religiebisa (gv. 96); da rom aRorZinebis esTetika

did pativs scemda Suasaukuneobriv memkvidreobas (gv. 29, 96).

evropuli aRorZineba uaRresad xangrZliv epoqas moicavda.

xangrZlivi iyo es epoqa ara mxolod imiT, rom igi grZeldeboda

sul mcire sam saukunes mainc, aramed Tavisi gardatexebiT

azrovnebis procesSi: adrindeli renesansis adamiani Tavisi

esTetikuri koncefciiT arsebiTad Suasaukuneebis mkvidria, maSin

roca renesansis epoqis dasasrulis azrovneba ukve axali,

Tanamedrove drois idealebs saxavs. renesansis epoqa

winaaRmdegobrivia ara mxolod qronologiuri polusebiT.

renesansuli esTetika erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego religiur

Sexedulebebze Sendeboda _ aRorZinebis protestanizmi, marsilio

fiCinosa da nikoloz kuzanelis kaTolicizmi, luTerisa da

kalvinis reformatoruli ideebi. savsebiT sworia a. losevis

SeniSvna: aRorZinebis esTetika uaRresad mravalgvari da

mravalwaxnagovania, ar SeiZleba misi monotonurad, erTgvarovnad,

erTsaxovnad miCneva.

bunebrivia, mTeli es gasaocari siWrele da mravalgvaroba

religiuri, eTikuri, kosmologiuri da socialur-politikuri

Sexedulebebisa ver daeyrdnoboda mxolod erT filosofiur

mimarTulebas. am Tvalsazriss naTlad adasturebs a. losevis

monografia: neoplatonizmi ar yofila esTetikuri moZRvrebis

erTaderTi forma aRorZinebis epoqisaTvis. am xangrZlivi epoqis

ganmavlobaSi Cven vxvdebiT elinisturi azrovnebis sxvadasxva

tipebs, zogjer uaRresad pirdapirsa da dajerebuls (gv. 99). a.

losevi Tvlis, rom renesansis epoqaSi konservatorul

13 aristotelizms ebrZvis ufro cocxali da mxiaruli platonizmi

(gv. 92). maSasadame, renesansuli msoflSegrZneba iqmneba sxvadasxva

filosofiur mimarTulebaTa urTierTobis, brZolis safuzvelze.

platonur da aristotelur ideebs Soris aRorZinebis epoqaSi ar

iyo yovelTvis brZola, iyo cda maTi morigebisa. renesansis didi

moRvawe aristotelianeli pietro pomponaci iyenebda platonistTa

nawerebs da ekamaTeboda, an iTvisebda zogierT maT ideas (gv. 359-

362). a. losevis SeniSvniT, renesansuli esTetikis filosofiur-

Teoriul tips safuZveli eyreba XIII saukunis filosofiaSi e. w.

sqolastikis warmomadgenlebTan – Toma akvinelTan,

bonaventurasTan, ulrix strasburgelTan (gv. 103). Tanamedrove

gamokvlevebis safuZvelze ki Toma akvinelis filosofia unda iqnes

miCneuli Suasaukuneobrivi aristotelesa da Suasaukuneobrivi

neoplatonizmis, kerZod areopagitikis, simfoniis cdad. aRorZinebis

xanis platonistebic kmayofilebiT aRiareben maTi filosofiuri

azrovnebis CamoyalibebaSi Suasaukuneebis swavlulebis da

aristoteles filosofiis gavlenas (marsilio fiCino, piko dela

mirandola). renesansuli platonizmis kidev sxva wyaroebs

warmoadgenda Suasaukuneobrivi misticizmi da avgustinizmi.

sazogadod, filosofiis swavlebas renesansis epoqaSi Tavidan

bolomde aristotelianelebi warmarTavdnen.

Tvlis ra renesansis esTetikas humanistur neoplatonizmad,

amiT a. losevi ukve miuTiTebs, rom aRorZinebis esTetika ver

daefuZneboda mxolod erT filosofiur mimdinareobas, Tundac

neoplatonizms an platonizms. magram xom ar iqneba umjobesi

vimsjeloT ara e. w. humanistur platonizmze, aramed aRorZinebis

periodSi humanistebisa da platonistebis ideebsa da moRvaweobaze

cal-calke. faravda ki erTmaneTs humanisturi da neoplatonuri

ideebi? vfiqrobT, am kiTxvaze araorazrovnad pasuxobs TviTon a.

losevi: `zog SemTxvevasi neoplatonizmi da humanizmi iyo erTi

mTliani; sxva SemTxvevaSi isini warmoadgendnen raRac

gansxvavebuls, magram mainc Tavsdebodnen erTi filosofiuri

14 gaazrebis farglebSi; mesame SemTxvevaSi isini erTmaneTs ara marto

mkveTrad upirispirdebodnen, aramed sazogadod ver Tavsdebodnen

erTad. ase rom, renesansis esa Tu is moRvawe rCeboda

neoplatonikosad da ar iyo humanisti, anda piriqiT rCeboda

humanistad, magram aRar iyo neoplatonikosi~ (gv. 108-109). amgvarad,

vfiqrobT, rom am SemTxvevaSi a. losevis definicia ar unda iyos

zusti, humanizmi adrindeli renesansis epoqaSi platonizmisa da

aristotelianizmis gverdiT damoukidebeli mimarTuleba iyo.

humanistur moZraobas gaaCnda, upirveles yovlisa, literaturul-

kulturuli safuZveli da xasiaTi da, aqedan gamomdinare, hqonda

arapirdapiri, Tumca Zlieri gavlena aRorZinebis epoqis

filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaze. humanizmi TavisTavad ar

iyo dayrdnobili romelime erT konkretul filosofiaze, Tumca

adrindeli humanistebis mimzidvel, magram bundovan warmodgenebs

platonistebi da aristotelianelebi iTvisebdnen da gadazrdidnen

xolme meToduri xasiaTis filosofiur mWvretelobaSi (169, gv. 138).

Cemi azriT, es ukanaskneli problema ufro mravalmxrivaa

ganxiluli paul kristeleris monografiaSi `renesansuli

azrovneba~ (543). paul kristeleri renesansis epoqis filosofiis,

literaturisa da esTetikis cnobili mkvlevaria. sakmarisia

davasaxeloT misi ramdenime farTod cnobili gamokvleva:

`klasikuroba da renesansuli azrovneba~ (540), `narkvevebi

renesansul azrovnebaze da werilebi~ (542), `marsilio fiCinos

filosofia~ (538), `adamianis renesansuli filosofia~ e. kasirerTan

da i. randolTan erTad (491), `narkvevi renesansul filosofiebze~

i. randolTan erTad(491), `florenciuli platonizmi da misi

kavSiri humanizmTan da sqolastikasTan~ (536), `filosofiuri

traqtati boloniidan miZRvnili gvido kavalkantisadmi~ (541),

`petrarkas «averoisti»~ (539) da sxv.

naSromi, romelsac Cven amjerad mimovixilavT _ `renesansuli

azrovneba~ (1961 w.), paul kristeleris adrindeli wignis _

,,klasikuroba da renesansuli azrovneba~ (1955 w.) _ gadamowmebuli

15 da gafarToebuli gamocemaa. es ukanaskneli Sroma publikaciaa

leqciebis ciklisa, romelic wakiTxuli iyo kolumbiis

universitetis oberlinis kolejSi klasikuri filosofiis

ganyofilebaSi. aman ganapiroba wignis xasiaTic. rogorc avtori

miuTiTebs, Tavisi leqciebis ZiriTad amocanad igi Tvlida

eCvenebina klasikur mecnierebaTa da antikuri wyaroebis gavlena da

zemoqmedeba renesansis epoqis sazogadoebriv-filosofiur

azrovnebaze. am tendenciiTaa dawerili `renesansuli azrovnebis~

pirveli oTxi Tavi, romelic 1955 wels gamocemuli leqciebis

ciklidan gadmovida am wignSi odnav Sesworebuli saxiT. esenia

`humanisturi moZraoba~, ̀ aristotelianuri tradicia~, ̀ renesansuli

platonizmi~ da `paganizmi da qristianoba~. renesansulma

azrovnebam garda antikuris zemoqmedebisa ganicada sakuTriv

Suasaukuneebis didi gavlenac da azrovnebis istoriaSi moitana

Tavisi sakuTari ideebic. swored am momentebis warmosaCenad Seavso

paul kristelerma Tavisi wigni `renesansuli azrovneba~ ori axali

TaviT: `humanizmi da sqolastizmi italiur renesansSi’’ da

`adamianis filosofia italiur renesansSi~. pirveli maTgani

eZRvneba renesansuli humanizmisa da aristotelianizmis

Suasaukuneobrivi winamorbedebis ganxilvas. ukanaskneli Tavi ki

miznad isaxavs warmoaCinos renesansis epoqis moazrovneTa mier

motanili axali ideebi, romlebic Tavs iyrida upiratesad

platonistTa irgvliv, da uCvenos maTi momdinareoba klasikuri

wyaroebidan da Camoyalibeba azrovnebis axal, renesansul

modelebad.

vfiqrob, rom paul kristeleris wignis am ukanasknel Tavs

gansakuTrebuli interesiT waikiTxavs qarTveli mkiTxveli,

ramdenadac masSi mokled da naTladaa daxasiaTebuli bevri iseTi

mimdinareoba, romelTa arsis sworad gaazreba aucilebelia XII-XIII

saukuneebis qarTuli sazogadoebriv-filosofiuri azris

mkvlevarTaTvis. Tqma ar unda, rom im ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis

Seswavla, romlebic gansazRvravdnen italiuri azrovnebis

16 ganviTarebas adrindeli renesansis periodSi, rusTvelologiuri

problematikis damuSavebisas tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT

uaRresad mniSvnelovania. amTaviTve Cans, rom vefxistyaosanSi

igrZnoba da rusTvelis msoflmxedvelobaSi yalibdeba is

elementebi, rac renesansis adrindeli periodis azrovnebaSi

moitana samive didma inteleqtualurma moZraobam _ humanizmma,

platonizmma da aristotelianizmma _ da rac am mimdinareobaTa

didma warmomadgenlebma _ franCesko petrarkam (1304-1374), janoco

manetim (1396-1459), marsilio fiCinom (1433-1499), piko dela

mirandolam (1463-1494), pietro pomponacim (1462-1525) _ Teoriuli

gansjisa da koncefciuri formulirebis sagnad aqcies. am periodis

humanizmis ZiriTadi principebidan vefxistyaosanSi SeiniSneba: 1.

miswrafeba antikuri sibrZnisa da azrovnebis antikuri

modelebisaken; 2. adamianis privilegiisa da Rirsebis gamokveTa.

amave epoqis platonizmTan rusTvels aaxloebs: 1. emfaza

Semecnebaze da siyvarulisa da megobrobis adamianuri Semecnebis

umaRles formebad gaazreba; 2. religiur-filosofiuri

tolerantoba, anu Semwynarebloba. vefxistyaosanSi SeiniSneba amave

epoqis aristotelianizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi

momentebic: 1. moraluri srulqmnilebis idealis dayeneba

adamianuri filosofiis centrSi; 2. amqveyniuri yofis TavisTavadi

Rirebuleba da eTikuri qcevis normebis damoukidebloba

momavlisadmi imedsa da SiSze. qvemoT warmodgenilia paul

kristeleris wignis `renesansuli azrovneba~ VI Tavis `adamianis

filosofia italiur renesansSi~ Cems mier Sesrulebuli odnav

Semoklebuli Targmani.

«italiuri renesansis miRwevebi mSvenier xelovnebebSi

(poezia da literatura, istoriogrfia da politikuri azrovneba,

bunebis mecnierebani) sayovelTaod cnobilia. magram wvlili

17 renesansuli italiisa swavlulebasa da filosofiaSi, vfiqrob,

ufro naklebadaa gaazrebuli. meTeqvsmete saukunis meore naxevris

bunebis filosofosTa erTma jgufma, romlis kulminacia jordano

bruno iyo, ra Tqma unda, yuradReba miipyro, Tanac upiratesad

Tavisi gavleniT adreuli mecnierebis warmoSobaze. da mainc

yuradReba minda gavamaxvilo renesansuli azrovnebis adreul

fazaze, romelic didi xania Cemi mecnieruli kvlevis ZiriTad

sagans Seadgens. aq aqcenti gadamaqvs ara bunebis filosofiaze,

aramed adamianis filosofiaze. mokled mimovixilav sam ZiriTad

mimarTulebas, romelic gansazRvravda italiuri azrovnebis

ganviTarebas 1350-1520 wlebSi. esenia: humanizmi, platonizmi da

aristotelianizmi3.

Cvens Tanamedrove diskusiebSi termini `humanizmi~ erTi im

lozungTagani gaxda, romelic swored Tavisi bundovnebis gamo

TiTqmis yovelTvis momxiblavia. yvela pirovneba, romelic

dainteresebulia adamianuri faseulobebiT, dRes humanistad

iwodeba da Znelad Tu ipoviT msoflioSi adamians, romelsac

pretenzia ar hqondes, rom am azriT igi humanistia. renesansis

epoqaSi humanizms sul sxva gaazreba hqonda. ra Tqma unda,

renesansis epoqis humanistebic iyvnen dainteresebulni adamianuri

faseulobebiT, magram es SemTxveviTi gaxldaT maT ZiriTad

saqmianobaSi, rac arsebiTad iyo Seswavla da mibaZva klasikuri,

berZnuli da laTinuri literaturisa. italiuri renesansis es

klasikuri humanizmi iyo upirveles yovlisa kulturuli,

literaturuli da saganmanaTleblo moZraoba da, Tumca mas hqonda

garkveuli gavlena renesansul azrovnebaze, misi filosofiuri

ideebi ar SeiZleba mTlianad iqnas gamocalkevebuli

literaturuli interesebisagan. termini `humanizmi~, gamoyenebuli

renesansis epoqis klasicisturi moZraobis mimarT, Seqmnili iyo

3 termini `aristotelianizmi~ (da ara `aristotelizmi~ avtoriseulia: `Humanism, and Aristotelianism~. analogiuria, agreTve, `avgustinianizmi~ (auguastinianism) _ mTargmnelis SeniSvna).

18 mecxramete saukunis istorikosebis mier, Tumca terminebi

`humanitaruli (mecnierebani)~ (humanities) da `humanisti~

warmoSobilia sakuTriv renesansis dros. jer kidev ramdenime Zveli

romaeli avtori iyenebda termins `studia humanitatis~ (Studia

humanitatis), raTa keTilSobil saqmianobad daesaxaT poeziis,

literaturis da istoriis kvleva. es gamoTqa aRdgenili iyo

adreuli italiuri renesansis mkvlevarTa mier mecnierebaTa im

dargebis humanuri Rirebulebebis gamosakveTad, romlebsac isini

amuSavebdnen: gramatika, ritorika, poezia, istoria da eTikuri

flosofia. male am saganTa profesional maswavleblebs uwodes

`humanistebi~ (humanista); termini pirvelad gamoCnda XV saukunis

damlevis dokumentebSi da sazogado gavrceleba moipova XVI

saukuneSi.

italiuri humanizmis fuZemdeblad sazogadod miCneulia

petrarka, romelsac, rasakvirvelia, hyavda ramdenime winamorbedi;

Tumca, Tanaxmad gavrcelebuli azrisa, arc erTi WeSmariti

winamorbedi. eWvs gareSea, rom petrarka pirveli realuri figuraa

italiel humanistTa Soris. miuxedavad amisa, ramdenime

niSandoblivi tendencia italiuri humanizmisa win uswrebs

petrarkas sul mcire erTi TaobiT mainc. Casaxva da gafurCqvna

italiuri renesansisa, Cemi azriT, ori an ufro sworad sami

gansxvavebuli faqtoriT gaxldaT ganpirobebuli. erTi faqtori iyo

adgilobrivi italiuri tradicia Suasaukuneobrivi ritorikisa,

romelic muSavdeboda maswavlebelTa da notariusTa mier da

gadaecemoda Taobidan Taobas, rogorc werilebis, dokumentebisa da

sityvebis Sedgenis teqnika. meore faqtori iyo e. w. Suasaukuneobrivi

humanizmi, Seswavla klasikuri laTinuri poeziisa da

literaturisa, romelic ayvavda skolebSi meTormete saukuneSi,

gansakuTrebiT safrangeTSi, da romelSic am periodisaTvis italiam

mxolod mokrZalebuli wvlili Seitana. mecamete saukunis

dasasrulisaTvis laTinuri klasikis swavleba SemoRebuli iyo

italiur skolebSi da Serwymuli adgilobriv ritorikul

19 tradiciasTan, rasac ufro meti praqtikuli safuZveli hqonda.

amgvarad daiwyo laTinuri klasikis saswavlo damuSaveba: zusti

mibaZva klasikosTa avtorebisa, damkvidrebuli maT safuZvlian

codnaze, miCneuli iyo saukeTeso varjiSad maTTvis, visac surda

laparaki da wera kargad, proziT iqneboda es, Tu leqsad;

laTinurad Tu xalxur enaze. mesame faqtori am ganviTarebas

daemata metoTxmete saukunis meore naxevarSi. es gaxldaT Seswavla

klasikuri berZnuli literaturisa, romelic TiTqmis ucnobi iyo

dasavluri SuasaukuneebisaTvis, magram aswleulebis manZilze

muSavdeboda bizantiis imperiaSi da motanili iyo italiaSi

aRmosavleTidan rogorc gaZlierebuli politikuri, saeklesio da

mecnieruli kontaqtebis Sedegebi.

nayofi saswavlo interesebis am kombinaciisa iyo humაnisturi

swavleba, romelic moicavda laTinur da berZnul gramatikas,

mWevrmetyvelebas, poezias, istoriasa da moralis filosofias,

humanistebma daikaves yvela am dargis kaTedrebi universitetebSi,

daamtkices maTi upiratesoba sxva mecnierebebTan SedarebiT da

moipoves TiTqmis sruli kontroli saSualo skolebze, romlebSic

yovelTvis gramatika da ritorika iyo saskolo programis

safuZveli.

winaaRmdeg gavrcelebuli azrisa, humanistebi ar iyvnen

ubralod yvela dajgufebisagan ganze gamdgari mwerlebi (petrarka

am SemTxvevaSi ar aris tipiuri movlena). humanistTa umravlesoba

ekuTvnoda sami profesiuli jgufidan erT-erTs, zogjer ki erTze

mets. isini iyvnen maswavleblebi universitetebsa da saSualo

skolebSi, an mdivnebi TavadTa sasaxleebsa Tu qalaqebSi, anda _

didgvarovanni Tu mdidari diletantebi, maTi TanamedroveobisaTvis

moduri inteleqtualuri interesebiT Sepyrobilni. am profesiuli

da socialuri mdgomareobiT advilad aixsneba maTi literaturuli

produqciis done da Sinaarsi. humanistebi moRvaweobdnen klasikuri

berZeni da laTineli avtorebis gamomcemlebad, mTargmnelebad da

komentatorebad; werdnen gramatikisa da filologiis sakiTxebze;

20 Txzavdnen sityvebs, werilebs, poemebs, istoriul Sromebsa da

moralur traqtatebs.

renesansuli swavlulebis CarCoSi humanizms aSkarad Zalze

mniSvnelovani adgili eWira. ra Tqma unda, ar iqneba swori

vivaraudoT, rogorc amas Tanamedrove mkvlevarebi Cadian, rom

humanizmi warmogvidgens renesansuli mecnierebisa da filosofiis

suraTs da rom is apirebda an yovel SemTxvevaSi imedovnebda

gamoericxa Tu moexsna mTeli is tradicia Suasaukuneobrivi

swavlebisa, romelsac sazogadod akavSireben terminTan

`sqolastizmi~. humanizmi warmoiSva da gavrcelda ritorikuli da

filosofiuri mecnierebis SemozRudul arealSi.… im pretenziebiT,

rasac sakuTar sferoSi avlendnen, humanistebs SeeZloT

yofiliyvnen agresiulni TavianTi kolegebis mimarT sxva dargebSi,

magram maT araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeeZloT miewodebinaT am sxva

dargebisaTvis kvlevis sagani, romelic moxsnida Temas, motanils

Suasaukuneobrivi tradiciiT. humanizmi iyo da rCeboda kulturul

da literaturul moZraobad, romelic SemosazRvruli iyo Tavisi

klasikuri da literaturuli interesebiT. misi gavlena danarCen

dargebze, rogoric iyo bunebis filosofia, Teologia, samarTali,

medicina da maTematika, SeiZleboda yofiliyo mxolod da mxolod

garegnuli da arapirdapiri.

Tumca es arapirdapiri gavlena mravali TvalsazrisiT Zalze

mniSvnelovani gaxldaT, gansakuTrebiT ki filosofiuri azrovnebis

TvalsazrisiT, rac Cvens upirveles interess Seadgens. renesansis

periodis humanisturi moZraoba asazrdoebda filosofosebs

istoriuli klasicizmisa da literaturuli elegantobis axali

modelebiT, damatebiTi klasikuri wyaroebiT da, aqedan gamomdinare,

bevri Zveli ideiTa da filosofiiT, romelic am gziT aRorZinda

da aRdga an Seerwya sxva Zvel an axal doqtrinas. ufro metic,

marTalia, humanizmi TavisTavad ar eyrdnoboda romelime

konkretul filosofias, magram igi Seicavda ramdenime arsebiT

ideas, romlebic uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo renesansuli

21 azrovnebisaTvis. erT-erTi aseTi koncefcia emyareboda humanistebis

rwmenas, romlis Tanaxmadac klasikuri antikuroba iyo mravali

TvalsazrisiT srulyofili era da mas mosdevda xangrZlivi

periodi daqveiTebisa, wyvdiadi, anu Sua saukuneebi da rom maTi

epoqis vali da xvedri iyo moexdina aRorZineba anu renesansi

klasikuri antikurobis, misi swavlulebis, xelovnebisa da

mecnierebis. amgvarad, humanistebma TviTon Seuwyves xeli

gaformebuliyo koncefcia renesansisa, romelic ase mwvaved iqna

gakritikebuli zogierTi Tanamedrove istorikosis mier.

ufro mniSvnelovani iyo emfaza adamianze, romelic

damaxasiaTebeli iyo renesansuli humanistebis kulturuli da

saganmanaTleblo programisaTvis da romelsac unda Seeyvarebina

isini TviT Cveni Tanamedrove ,,humanistebisaTvisac”. rodesac

renesansis droindeli humanistebi uwodebdnen TavianT naSromebs

,,humanitaruls” an ,,studia humanitatis”, amiT isini acxadebdnen

pretenzias, rom am naSromebs SeaqvT wvlili adamianis sasurvel

ganaTlebaSi da aqedan gamomdinareobs maTi sasicocxlo

mniSvneloba sakuTriv adamianisaTvis. amgvarad, isini miuTiTebdnen

adamianisa da misi Rirsebis ZiriTad sazrunavze da es STagoneba

savsebiT naTelia maTi nawerebis umravlesobaSi. rodesac petrarka,

romelsac Cven vuwodebT pirvel did humanists, cnobil werilSi

aRwers Tavis mogzaurobas ventuqsis mTaze, gviambobs, rom

brwyinvale xediT gaocebulma jibidan amoiRo avgustines

,,aRsarebani”, saxeldaxelod gadaSala da ipova Semdegi pasaJi:

,,adamianebi midian, raTa datkbnen mTebis mwvervalebiT, zRvis

boboqrobiT, mdinareTa dinebiT, okeaneTa sanapiroTi da

varskvlavTa orbitebiT da ugulvebelyofen sakuTar Tavs”. ,,me

gaognebuli davrCi”, _ ganagrZobs petrarka, _ ,, davxure wigni da

ganvrisxdi sakuTar Tavze, radgan jer kidev mxiblavda amqveyniuri

sagnebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom didi xania vswavlobdi warmarTi

filosofosebisagan: araferia saocari, garda sulisa, romelTan

22 SedarebiTac, Tu is diadia, araferi ar aris diadi”4. amgvarad,

petrarka gamoxatavs sakuTar rwmenas, rom adamiani da misi suli

inteleqtualuri mniSvnelobis WeSmariti sazomebia; magram

gamoTqvams ra am azrs, igi eyrdnoba rogorc avgustines, qristian

klasikoss, aseve warmarT klasikoss senekas.

daaxloebiT XV saukunis Sua wlebSi florencielma

humanistma janoco manetim Seadgina vrceli traqtati adamianis

Rirsebis da upiratesobis Taobaze, romelic dawerili iyo rogorc

Segnebuli pasuxi papi inokenti III-is traqtatze kacobriobis umweo

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. manetis Sroma savsea ciceronisa da

laqtanciusis citatebiT. adamianis Rirseba rCeba favoritul Temad

gviandeli humanistebisaTvisac. arc erTi maTgani ar gamoxatavs

kavSirs adamianze am zrunvasa da antikurobiT aRfrTovanebas Soris

ufro naTlad, vidre didi avtori, romelsac uwodebdnen

adgilobriv humanists.5 makiavelisaTvis, romelsac Tavisi

iZulebiTi ganmartoebis dros Cvevad hqonda saRamuri samosi Caecva

da ise esaubra antikos mwerlebTan, faseuli iyo antikosTa

moZRvreba, radganac isini humanuris magaliTebi iyvnen da maTdami

mibaZvis cda ar iyo amao. adamianuri buneba xom yovelTvis erTi da

igivea6.

Tu humanistur moZraobas gaaCnda literaturul-kulturuli

safuZveli da xasiaTi da aqedan gamomdinare mxolod arapirdapiri,

Tumca Zlieri gavlena filosofiuri azrovnebis ganviTarebaze,

adreuli renesansis meore didi inteleqtualuri moZraoba,

platonizmi, filosofiuri iyo Tavisi warmoSobiT da amasTanave

hqonda SemTxveviTi, magram Zalze mniSvnelovani gavlena renesansul

literaturaze. literaturuli produqciisa da TanamoazreTa

raodenobis mixedviT platonizmi ar iyo ise farTo mimdinareoba,

rogorc humanizmi. magram is iyo ufro Rrma rogorc ideebis

4 F r a n c e s c o P e t r a r c a, La Familiari, ed. V. R o s s i, vol I. Florence. 1933, p. 159; cf. A u g a s t i

n e, Confessions, X, 8; S e n e c a, Epistles, 8,5. 5 L. O l s c h k i, Machiavelli the Scientist, Berkeley, Cal., 1945 6 D i s c o r s i, III, 43

23 simdidriT, aseve misi mimdevrebis gamosvlebiT. ra Tqma unda,

platonizms hqonda sakuTari centri imgvar araoficialur da

droebiT wreSi, rogoric iyo florenciis platonuri academia,

aseve meTeqvsmete saukunis cnobil literaturul akademiebsa da

platonuri filosofiis ramdenime sauniversiteto kaTedraze.

miuxedavad amisa, sakuTriv platonizms ar gaaCnda mniSvnelovani

administraciuli da profesiuli mxardaWera, romliTac

yovelmxriv sargeblobda humanizmi da aristotelianizmi.

platonizmis gavlena ufro ganpirobebuli iyo sakuTriv misi

ideebis mimzidvelobiT, romelic sxvadasxva siRrmiTa da

gulwrfelobiT aisaxeboda calkeul moazrovneTa da mweralTa

gancdebsa da miswrafebebSi da romelic, rogorc es zogjer xdeba,

ubralod modaSi iyo xolme gadazrdili.

italiuri renesansis platonizmi, Tavisi ganviTarebis zenitSi

marsilio fiCinosTan, florenciis akademiis liderTan, da mis

megobar da mowafe jiovani piko dela mirandolasTan mravali

TvalsazrisiT humanisturi moZraobis ganStoebas warmoadgenda.

rogorc fiCinos, aseve pikos miRebuli hqondaT srulyofili

humanisturi ganaTleba da dawafuli iyvnen humanistebis stilistur

da klasikur normebs. maT mier platonisadmi upiratesobis miniWebas

winamorbedi hyavs petrarkasa da sxva adrindeli humanistebis saxiT.

iseve rogorc humanistebi muSaobdnen sxva klasikos avtorTa

Sromebze, fiCinoc cdilobda eTargmna da ganemarta platonisa da

adrindel neoplatonistTa nawerebi. misi cda, aRedgina da

aeRorZinebina platonizmis moZRvreba, asaxavs antikuri xelovnebis

ideebis da swavlulebis aRorZinebis zogad tendencias. erT Tavis

werilSi platonuri filosofiis miseul aRorZinebas fiCino

adarebs gramatikis, poeziis, ritorikis, ferweris, skulpturis,

arqiteqturis, musikisa da astronomiis renesanss, romelic

ganxorcielda imave saukuneSi7. ra Tqma unda, renesansul

7 Opera Omnia, Basel, 1576, I, p. 944.

24 paltonizms, adrindeli humanizmis tradiciebisa da interesebis

garda, sxva fesvebic hqonda. erTi aseTi wyaro iyo

aristotelianizmi Tu sqolastizmi gviandeli Suasaukuneebisa,

romelic isev rCeboda warmmarTvel filosofiur moZRvrebad

universitetebsa da sxva skolebSi. dabejiTebiT viciT, rom fiCinom,

rogorc florenciis universitetis studentma, amgvari wvrTna

miiRo. arc imaSi SeiZleba eWvis Setana, rom pikom iswavla

sqolastika paduisa da parizis universitetebSi. amgvarma wvrTnam

Rrma kvali datova maT azrovnebasa da nawerebSi da misca maT

SesaZlebloba adrindeli humanistebis diletanturi da bundovani

warmodgenebi gadaezardaT seriozuli da meToduri saxis

filosofiur mWvretelobaSi, romelsac SeeZlo gavlena moexdina

profesional filosofosebze da romelsac seriozulad Tvlidnen

TviT mowinaaRmdegenic. amgvarad, fiCinom da pikom miatoves

adrindeli humanistebis zedapiruli polemika sqolasturi

filosofiis winaaRmdeg da kmayofilebiT aRiares, rom valSi arian

aristotelesa da Suasaukuneobrivi moazrovneebis winaSe.

saintereso miwer-moweraSi ermolao barbarosTan pikom daicva

Suasaukuneebis filosofosebi da im Tvalsazrisze dadga, rom

filosofiuri Sinaarsi bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre

literaturuli forma8. renesansuli platonizmis sxva wyaro,

romelic ganasxvavebs mas rogorc humanizmisagan, aseve

aristotelianizmisagan, Suasaukuneobrivi misticizmis da

avgustinianizmis memkvidreoba gaxldaT. mecamete saukunis Semdegac

ki, rodesac aristotelianizmi filosofiisa da Teologiis

swavlebaSi ukve warmmarTveli Zala iyo, avgustinianizmi Tavisi

Zveli saxiT SemorCa franciskanel TeologTa Soris, xolo ufro

bundovani formiT _ mzardi popularobis religiur literaturaSi,

romelic viTardeboda eriskacTa religiur wreebSi. mravali

garemoeba miuTiTebs imaze, rom fiCino ganicdida am religiuri

8 Opera Omnia, Basel, 1572, pp. 351 – 358; Q. B r e e n, ,,Giovanni Piko della Mirandola on the Conflict

of Philosophy and Rhetoric”, Journal of the History of Ideas, XIII (1952), 384 – 426.

25 spiritualizmis Zlier gavlenas; xolo pikos gviandeli nawerebi

da misi naTesaoba savonarolasTan gviCvenebs, rom masac hqonda

msgavsi miswrafebebi. Tu Cven saTanadod SevafasebT im garemoebas,

rom fiCinos akademia mravali TvalsazrisiT emsgavseboda

eriskacTa imgvar asociacias, romelSic klasikuri swavluleba da

saero filosofia religiuri atmosferoTi safuZvlianad iyo

Sevsebuli, ukeT gaviazrebT im STabeWdilebas, romelic am akademiam

moaxdina mediCebis florenciis ganaTlebul wreebsa da Semdgomi

Taobebis warmodgenebze9.

am damatebiTi filosofiuri da religiuri saSualebebis

wyalobiT, platonizmma SeZlo gardaesaxa adrindel humanistTa

zogierTi bundovani idea da STagoneba gansazRvrul da daxvewil

spekulaciur Teoriad. renesansis epoqis platonistebTan ufro meti

sistemuri filosofiuri gamoxatva hpova emfazam adamianze,

romelic erT- erTi yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli STagoneba iyo

adrindeli humanisturi azrovnebisaTvis. fiCinos ZiriTadi

filosofiuri Sroma, platonuri Teologia, Seicavs ramdenime

pasaJs, romlebSic xazgasmulia adamianis upiratesoba da Rirseba.

adamiani aris amaRlebuli sxva qmnilეbaTa Soris Tavisi

xelovnebisa da ostatobis mravalferovnebiT. Tavisi azrovnebiTa

da survilebiT adamiani msWvalavs samyaros yovel nawils, Tumca

dakavSirebulia yovel maTganTan da wilnayaria maTTan. adamianis

suli miqceulia rogorc RmerTis, aseve sxeulis mimarT, anu

rogorc goniTi, aseve nivTieri samyaros mimarT. amgvarad, is

monawileobs rogorc droSi, aseve maradisobaSi. es ideebi

xorcSesxmulia fiCinoseuli universaluri ierarqiis sqemaSi,

romelSic adamianuri suli iWers privilegiur, centralur adgils:

RmerTi, angelozebrivi goni, racionaluri suli, Rirseba da

sxeuli. misi centraluri poziciis gamo suls Seswevs sinamdvilis

maRal da dabal, anu goniTsa da materialur nawilebs Soris

9 P. O. Kristeller. Studies (1956), 99 –122

26 Suamavlobis Zala. isesxa ra bevri elementi Tavisi sqemisa

neoplatonuri tradiciidan, fiCinom Segnebulad Secvala igi am

gadamwyveti TvalTaxedviT, adamianuri sulis centraluri

poziciiT. ,,igi (suli) aris uzenaesi saswauli bunebaSi. yvela sxva

sagani RmerTis qvemoT aris mxolod da mxolod erTi martivi

arseba, magram suli aris yvela sagani erTad... amis gamo mas savsebiT

Sesabamisad SeiZleba ewodos bunebis centri, Sua muxli yoveli

sagnisa, msoflios elita, saxe yovelivesi, kvanZi da Sesayari

samyarosi”10.

igive ideebia wamoweuli da ganviTarebuli pikos mier cnobil

sityvaSi adamianis Rirsebaze. piko sagangebod amaxvilebs

yuradRebas cxovrebis gzis arCevaSi adamianis Tavisuflebaze.

aqedan gamomdinare, adamians aRar uWiravs raime fiqsirebuli

adgili universalur ierarqiaSi, arc TviT privilegirebuli

centraluri adgili. igi mTlianad gamoyofilia am ierarqiidan da

warmoadgens samyaros sakuTar TavSi. am koncefciis

ilustrirebisas piko ambobs, rom adamiani iyo Seqmnili

ukanasknelad yvela saganTa Soris, rodesac RmerTs ukve

darigebuli hqonda yvela niWi sxva arsebaTaTvis. ,,dabolos,

saukeTesom moRvaweTa Soris gadawyvita, rom mas, visac ar SeiZleba

raime sakuTari mieces, unda mieces Serwymuli saxiT yvelaferi, rac

ekuTvnis individualurad TiToeuls... da mimarTa mas amgvarad: Cven

mogeciT Sen, adam, ara gansazRvruli adgili, ara sakuTriv Seni

forma, ara konkretulad Seni niWi, raTa Sen SegeZlos gqondes Seni

sakuTari adgili, forma, niWi, is rasac Sen inebeb... Sesabamisad

Tavisufali gansjisa, romlis uflebebSic gangawese. Sen ara xar

SezRuduli raime kavSiriT, Sen TviT ganaweseb sakuTari bunebis

zRvars... arc zeciurad, arc miwierad, arc mokvdavad, arc ukvdavad

ar Semiqmnixar, Sen xar formis mimcemi da Semqmneli sakuTari Tavis.

Sen SegiZlia damdablde cxovelur samyaromde, Sen SegiZlia

10 Opera, p. 131.

27 agreTve amaRlde gonebis racionalizmidan ufro maRal

sferoebamde, romelic aris RvTaebrivi”11.

damokidebuleba adamianisadmi da misi cxovrebis azri

ganapirobebs agreTve fiCinos meore arsebiT Teorias, ukvdavebis

doqtrinas, romelsac uZRvnis igi Tavisi ZiriTadi filosofiuri

Sromis, platonuri Teologiis, udides nawils. fiCino arc uaryofs

da arc amcirebs cxovrebiseuli praqtikuli moRvaweobis

mniSvnelobas, magram is xazgasmiT acxadebs, rom ZiriTadi mizani

adamianis cxovrebisa aris Semecneba. SemecnebiT wvdeba igi sulier

gancdebs, romelic iwyeba Cveni gonebis gamocalkevebiT gare

samyarosagan, xolo Semdeg win miiwevs codnisa da ocnebis

sxvadasxva safexurisaken, miaRwevs ra dabolos RvTaebis uSualo

xilvasa da gancdas. ramdenadac es saboloo SeerTeba RmerTTan

iSviaTad miiRweva amqveyniuri yofisas, fiCino uSvebs arsebobas

momavali cxovrebisa, romelSic es mizani miiRweva permanentuli

saxiT yvelas mier, vinc gamoiCina saTanado mondomeba amqveyniuri

yofisas. ase rom, sulis ukvdaveba gaxda fiCinos filosofiis

centri, ramdenadac ukvdaveba saWiroa gasamarTleblad adamianis

arsebobis miseuli interpretaciisa, romelic Semecnebisaken

usasrulod swrafvaSi mdgomareobs. Tu ara ukvdaveba, es swrafva

amao iqneboda, xolo adamianis arseboba darCeboda yovelgvari

misawvdomi dasasrulis gareSe. meore mxriv, filosofia, romelic

amgvarad koncetrirdeba ukvdavebis Teoriis irgvliv, pirvel

yovlisa, ukavSirdeba adamiansa da mis miznebs, rogorc amqveyniur,

ise momaval sicocxleSi. es damokidebuleba adamianisadmi da misi

sulis ukvdavebisadmi naTels hfens fiCinos cnobil gamonaTqvamebs,

romlebmac gaaoca zogierTi Tanamedrove Teologi. sazogadod igi

ambobs, rom ,,adamiani Tayvans scems maradiul RmerTs momavali

sicocxlis gulisaTvis”12. erTgan ki gakvirvebiT SesZaxebs: ,,rad

11 G. P i k o d e l l a M i r a n d o l a, De Hominis Dignitate, Heptaplus, De Ente et Uno, e Scritti Vari, ed.

E. Garin, Florence, 1942, pp. 104-106 12 Opera, p. 1754

28 gWirdebaT Tqven, Teologebo, miaweroT maradiuloba RmerTs, Tu ar

miawerT mas TqvenTvis, raTa Tqveni sakuTari maradiulobiT

xarobdeT RvTaebriv maradiulobaSi”13. aseve akavSirebs fiCino

ukvdavebis doqtrinas adamianis RirsebasTan, roca igi asabuTebs,

rom adamiani, yvelaze srulqmnili cxovelTa Soris, ukvdavebisagan

ganZarculi am cxovelebze ufro sacodavi iqneboda; mas waerTmeoda

sakuTari arsebobis bunebrivi dasasrulis miRwevis SesaZlebloba14.

centraluri adgili samyaroSi da sulis ukvdaveba is

privilegiebia, romlebSic potenciurad yovel adamianur arsebas

udevs wili, Tumca maTi WeSmariti Rirebuleba damokidebulia

pirovnebis individualur da erTpirovnul cdaze da mis wilze

SemecnebiT sicocxleSi. miuxedavad amisa, Tavis siyvarulis da

megobrobis TeoriaSi fiCino filosofiur mniSvnelobas aniWebs

ramdenime pirovnebas Soris urTierTobas... is, ra Tqma unda, ar

kicxavs da ar gmobs seqsualur siyvaruls, Tumca misi

saxelganTqmuli Teoria platonuri siyvarulisa da megobrobisa

umTavresad exeba sulier urTierTobas or an met pirovnebas Soris

im wvlilis gziT, romelic TiToeul maTgans individualurad aqvs

SemecnebiT cxovrebaSi. fiCino acxadebs, rom WeSmarit megobrobaSi

yovelTvis monawileobs ara nakleb sami partniorisa: ori

adamianuri arseba da RmerTi, romelic safuZvels uyris maT

megobrobas15. am gziT fiCino afuZnebs pirdapir kavSirs adamianuri

urTierTobis umaRles formasa da SemecnebiTi sicocxlis yvelaze

ufro intimur da piradul gancdas Soris. aqedan gamomdinare igi

acxadebda, rom amgvarad gagebuli megobroba iyo sulieri sabeli,

romelic akavSirebda Tavisi platonuri akademiis wevrebs

erTmaneTs Soris da masTan, maT saerTo moZRvarTan. platonuri

siyvarulisa da megobrobis am Teorias hqonda usazRvro

mimzidveloba fiCinos Tanamedroveebsa da meTeqvsmete saukunis

13 Opera, p 885. 14 Supplementum Ficinianum ed. P. O. Kristeler, Florence, 1937, p 10 f, 15 Opera, p. 631. P. O. K r i s t e l l e r, The Philosophiy of Marsilio Ficino, 1943, p. 279

29 Semdgom TaobebSi, romlebSic dausruleblad werdnen amis Sesaxeb

rogorc prozad, aseve leqsad. terminma ,,platonuri siyvaruli”

amis Semdeg SeiZina erTgvarad ucnauri niuansi da, ra Tqma unda,

Zneli iqneba dacva yvela gamoxdomisa, romlebsac Seicavs gviandeli

renesansis traqtatebi siyvarulze. ase Tu ise, sagulisxmo is aris,

rom Tavisi warmoSobiT doqtrinas hqonda seriozuli filosofiuri

mniSvneloba da igi imitom aitaces, rom ganaTlebul pirovnebebs

maTi personaluri grZnobebisa da gancdebis met-naklebad

zedapiruli sulieri interpretaciis saSualebiT uzrunvelyofda.

am Teoriis sakmaod rTulma fonma, romelsac hqonda Tavisi fesvebi

siyvarulisa da megobrobis antikur TeoriebSi, saqvelmoqmedo da

sulieri Zmobis qristianul tradiciaSi da sakaro siyvarulis

Suasaukuneobriv koncefciebSi, SeZlo misi popularobis gazrda im

periodisaTvis, roca yvela es mimdinareoba jer kidev metad

cxoveli iyo. florencieli platonistebisaTvis koncefcia

adamianisa da misi Rirsebisa ar iyo SemozRuduli individTa

mxolod pirovnuli gancdebiTa da piraduli urTierTobiT, aramed

mas agreTve mivyavdiT adamianTa solidarobis Segnebul

gaazrebamde, romelic garkveul moralur da inteleqtualur

valdebulebas uwesebda TiToeul individs. es midgoma Caqsovilia

fiCinos SexedulebaSi religiasa da mis sxvadasxva saxeobaze. is

aRniSnavs, rom, ra Tqma unda, qristianoba aris yvelaze ufro

srulyofili religia; magram igi agreTve amtkicebs, rom religia,

rogorc aseTi, aris bunebrivi yvela adamianisaTvis da ganasxvavebs

maT cxovelisagan. samyaros mSvenierebaSi religiaTa wvlilis

mravalferovneba da yoveli religia, Tundac arapirdapir da

gauazreblad mainc, dakavSirebulia erTTan, WeSmarit RmerTTan.

piko midis ufro Sors da gaxazavs, rom yovel religias da

filosofiur tradicias aqvs wili universalur WeSmaritebaSi.

warmarTi, iudeveli da qristiani Teologebi da agreTve yvela

filosofosi, romlebic TiTqos rom ewinaaRmdegebian erTmaneTs,

platoni da aristotele, avicena da averoesi, Toma akvineli da

30 duns skoti da sxva mravali, bevrjer Cawvdomian WeSmaritebas.

CarTo ra debulebebi yvla am avtorisagan Tavis cxraas TezisSi,

pikos faruli mizandasaxuleba iyo WeSmaritebis am

universalurobis Cveneba. es ki amarTlebs mis cdas gaaerTianos da

daicvas ase mravali wyarodan momdinare doqtrinebi. pikos am

sinkretizmma, romelic savsebiT sworadaa gaxazuli erT-erT

ukanasknel gamokvlevaSi16, marTlac Seqmna niadagi religiur-

filosofiuri Semwynareblobis farTo koncefciisaTvis.

gansxvavebuli saxiTaa gamoxatuli kacobriobis solidaroba

humanitas (humanitas) fiCinoseul koncefciaSi. es laTinuri termini

orazrovania, ramdenadac igi niSnavs orives _ humanur rasas da

humanur grZnobebs, rogorc pirovnul srulqmnilebas. es

orazrovneba anareklia humanitas antikur-romauli stoikuri

idealisa, romelic aerTianebda kulturuli daxvewilobis normebsa

da sxva adamianTa, rogorc TanaarsebaTa, Rrma pativiscemas17. fiCino

daeyrdno am koncefcias da ganaviTara igi. igi iwyebs amosavali

debulebiT, rom siyvaruli da mimzidveloba warmoadgns samyaros

yovli nawilis gamaerTianebel Zalas. igi miuyenebs mas

konkretulad kacobriobas, rogorc erT-erT bunebriv saxeobas.

adamiani amtkicbs Tavis Tavs humanuri rasis wevrad sxva adamianis,

rogorc misi Tanasworis, siyvaruliT, Tavisi humanurobiT. Tu igi

arahumanuri da sastikia, Tavis Tavs aSorebs kacobriobis

erTianobas da Selaxavs sakuTar adamianur Rirsebas. ,,ratom arian

ymawvilebi ufro sastikni, vidre moxucebi?” _ ekiTxeba fiCino

werilSi tomazo minerbetis, _ ,,ratom arian ugunurni ufro

sastikni, vidre maxvilgonierebi? imitom, rom isini arian, ase

vTqvaT, ufro naklebad adamianebi, vidre sxvani. amitomac uwodeben

sastik adamians arahumanurs, mxecs. sazogadod maT, vinc

dacilebulni arian adamianis srulyofil bunebas asakis, sulieri

16 E. A n a g n i n e, G. Piko della Mirandola, Bari, 1937. 17 E. v o n J a n, ,,Humanite”. Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur, LV, 1932, 1 – 66. J. N i e

d e r m a n n , Kultur, Florence, 1941, pp. 29 ff, 72 ff

31 mankis, sxeulebrivi sisustis an varskvlavTa mwyrali poziciis

gamo, sZulT humanuri modgma da ugulvelyofen mas, rogorc ucxos

da gareSes. neroni iyo, rogorc amboben, ara adamiani, aramed

urCxuli, msgavsi admianisa mxolod Tavisi garegnobiT. igi rom

namdvili adamiani yofiliyo, eyvareboda sxva adamianebi, rogorc

wevrebi erTi da imave sxeulisa. radganac individualurad

adamianebi eqvemdebarebian erT ideasa da Seadgenen erT saxeobas.

isini TiTqos erT adamians warmoadgenen. amdenad, me mwams, rom

brZenni uwodeben sakuTriv adamianis saxeliT mxolod im erTs

yvela sxva saTnoebaTa Soris, romelsac uyvars da romelic

exmareba yvela adamians, rogorc Zmebs ganStoebulT grZel

mwkrivebad erTi mamisagan; sxva sityviT (isini uwodeben) humanurs”18.

fiCinos ukvdavebis Teoria ganicdis humanuri solidarobis

amgvari gaazrebis gavlenas. fiCino uSvebs, rom RvTaebis uSualo

xilva amqveyniuri yofisas SeiZleba miRweul iqnas mxolod

zogierTi individis mier, magram es ar CaiTvleba yoveli

adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli bunebrivi survilis sakmaris

aRsrulebad. imisaTvis, rom es survili aRsruldes, Tu yvelasTvis

ara, im adamianisaTvis mainc, vinc cdilobs mimarTos Tavisi swrafva

RmerTisaken, saWiroa dacul iqnes momavali cxovrebis postulati.

fiCino origenesTan erTad ar gvaswavlis, rom moxdeba yoveli

sulis saboloo xsna, magram is gvtovebs Cven im STabeWdilebiT,

rom gonieri nawili kacobriobisa miaRwevs saukuno bednierebas,

miwieri arsebobisa da adamianuri sicocxlis WeSmarit mizans.

mesame inteleqtualur mimdinareobas adreuli renesansisa,

aristotelianizms, gadgmuli hqonda fesvi gviandeli

Suasaukuneebis saswavlo tradiciaSi. italiis universitetebSi

aristoteles filosofiis swavlebam ucvleli adgili moipova

daaxloebiT mecamete saukunis dasasrulisaTvis. es moZRvreba

Tavidanve dakavSirebuli iyo medicinasTan da ara TeologiasTan.

18 Opera, p. 635

32 amgvarad is brunavda bunebis filosofiis, ufro naklebad logikis

irgvliv. e.w. Teoria ormagi WeSmaritebisa, romelic am skolas

axasiaTebda, mowodebuli iyo eRiarebina eklesiis avtoriteti

dogmaturi Teologiis sferoSi da imave dros SeenarCunebina

damoukidebloba filosofiuri azrisa bunebismetyvelebis

sazRvrebSi. es aristotelianeli filosofosebi bevr punqtSi ar

eTanxmebodnen erTmaneTs da dayofilni iyvnen mraval opoziciur

skolad. Tumca maT hqondaT erTi da igive problematika, erTi da

igive pirvelwyaroebi da igive meTodi. humanistebisa da

platonistebisagan gansxvavebiT, aristotelianelebi

warmoadgendnen filosofiis swavlebas renesansis bolomde da maTi

mravalricxovani komentarebi da traqtatebi asaxaven am swavlebis

meTodebsa da sagans. maTi wvlili renesansis inteleqtualur

cxovrebaSi iyo ufro didi, vidre mkvlevarTa umravlesobas

warmoudgenia da maTTvis araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iyo ise ucxo

TavianTi drois axali problemebi, rogorc amas xSirad amtkiceben.

ra Tqma unda, renesansuli aristotelianizmi ganviTarda

Suasaukuneobrivi aristotelianizmis tradiciidan yovelgvari

wyvetilobis gareSe, magram man SeiTvisa agreTve bevri arsebiTi

elementi Tavisi drois humanizmisa da platonizmisa.

amis ilustrireba advilad SeiZleba italiuri renesansis

saxelganTqmuli aristotelianeli filosofosis pietro

pomponacis magaliTze. man wrToba paduaSi miiRo da SemdgomSi

Tavis yvelaze ufro produqtiul wlebSi muSaobda filosofiis

profesorad boloniaSi. pomponaci zedmiwevniT kargad icnobda

Tavisi Suasaukuneobrivi winamorbedis ideebsa da Sromebs da

ganixilavda nawilobriv imave problemebs argumentaciis imave

meTodebiT da aristoteles imave teqstebis safuZvelze. miuxedavad

amisa, aristoteles berZeni komentatorebis da aristoteluri

antikuri azris, gansakuTrebiT stoicizmis, codniT igi davalebuli

iyo humanistebisagan. pomponaci iyenebda agreTve platonistTa

nawerebs da ekamaTeboda an iTvisebda zogierT maT ideas. es

33 naTesaoba pomponacisa Tavisi drois humanistebsa da

platonistebTan gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTlivia miseul adamianis

koncefciaSi.

pomponacis interesi adamianisadmi ukve gamoxatulia im

faqtSi, rom msgavsad fiCinosa, ukvdavebis problemas is uZRvnis

Tavis erT mniSvnelovan filosofiur Sromas. misi uaRresad

gamomwvevi poziciis Sedegad es traqtati gaxda sawyisi wertili

aristotelianel filosofosebsa da Teologebs Soris

gacxovelebuli winaaRmdegobisa, romelic gagrZelda aTeuli

wlebis manZilze. miseul midgomaSi ukvdavebis problemisadmi,

pomponaci platonistebTan erTad Tvlis, rom adamians centraluri

adgili ukavia samyaroSi: ,,me vuSveb, rom Cveni ganxilvis sawyisad

unda gaxdes Semdegi: adamiani aris ara martivi, aramed mravalmxrivi,

ara myari, aramed ormagi bunebisa da moTavsebulia mokvdavi da

ukvdavi sagnebis SuaSi... aqedan gamomdinare Zvelebi marTebulad

aTavsebdnen mas maradiul da warmaval sagnebs Soris, ramdenadac

is wils iyris orive bunebaSi. da amgvarad arsebobs ra SuaSi, mas

SeuZlia orive buneba miiRos”19. miuxedavad am amosavali

debulebisa, pomponaci Semdgomi analizisas mravali TvalsazrisiT

mkveTrad upirispirdeba fiCinos. adamianis inteleqti Tavisi

substanciiT, ra Tqma unda, ar aris materialuri, magram misi codna

aris srulad SezRuduli nivTieri sagnebiT. ai, aseTnairad uWiravs

adamianis inteleqts Sua adgili wminda angelozur gonebasa da

cxovelTa suls Soris. ar aris araviTari argumenti imis

dasamtkiceblad, rom adamians cxovrebaSi SeuZlia miswvdes goniTi

samyaros sagnebis codnas. aqedan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia raime

gonivruli dasabuTeba sulis ukvdavebisa, Tumca ukvdaveba miRebul

unda iqnes, rogorc rwmenis sagani.

amgvarad, pomponacisTan ingreva Wvretis ideali, romelic

Tavis aucilebel dasrulebas momaval cxovrebaSi poulobda. igi

19 De Immortalitate Animae ed. and tr. William Henri Hay II, Haverford, 1938, ch. 1, and III.

34 cvlis mas moraluri srulqmnilebis (saTnoebis) idealiT, romelic

SeiZleba miRweul iqnas amqveyniur sicocxleSi. amgvarad, adamianis

Rirseba aris ara mxolod daculi, aramed masSi adamianis

axlandel, miwier cxovrebasac eniWeba mniSvneloba, romelic

damokidebuli ar aris momavlis raime imedze an SiSze. pomponaci

ayalibebs am Tvalsazriss martiv debulebebSi, rac platons da

Zvel stoikosebs mogvagonebs; aseve spinozasa da kants: ,,arsebobs

ori saxe dajildoebisa da dasjisa: erTia arsebiTi da ganuyofeli,

meore _ SemTxveviTi da ganyofadi. arsebiTi jildo saTnoebisa aris

Tavad saTnoeba, romelic adamians bedniers xdis, radganac

adamianis bunebas ar SeuZlia miaRwios raime ufro maRals, vidre

aris saTnoeba. mxolod igi aniWebs adamians uvneblobas da

ganaSorebs misgan yovelgvar wuxils... sawinaaRmdego Tvisebebi

axasiaTebs ukeTurobas. sasjeli, ukeTuri kacisa aris Tavad

ukeTuroba, romelic yvelaze didi sacodaoba da ubedurebaa.

SemTxveviTi jildo arsebiT jildosTan SedarebiT

arasrulyofilia, radganac oqro bevrad ufro ukmaria, vidre

saTnoeba. SemTxveviTi dasja ki ufro naklebad mZimea, vidre

arsebiTi dasja; rameTu sasjeli aris SemTxveviTi dasja, roca

danaSauli aris arsebiTi dasja, xolo danaSaulis dasja aris

bevrad ufro mZime, vidre sasjeli. aqedan gamomdinare, ara uSavs,

Tu zogjer SemTxveviTs yuradReba ar eqceva, Tuki arsebiTi ZalaSi

rCeba. ufro metic, roca sikeTe SemTxveviT jildos miiRebs, misi

arsi damcirebuli Cans da Tavis srulyofilebas aRar inarCunebs.

magaliTad, Tu vinme keTils iqms yovelgvari jildos molodinis

gareSe, xolo meore _ jildos molodiniT, saqcieli am

ukanasknelisa ar CaiTvleba ise diadad, rogorc pirvelis. amgvarad,

is, vinc ar miiRebs SemTxveviT jildos, aris ufro arsebiTad

dajildoebuli, vidre is, vinc miiRebs. msgavsad amisa, is, vinc

moqmedebs amoralurad da miiRebs SemTxveviT sasjels, Cans,

dasjilia ufro naklebad, vidre is, vinc ar miiRebs SemTxveviT

sasjels. ramdenadac dasja danaSaulisa aris ufro didi da ufro

35 cudi, vidre sasjeli da roca sasjeli daedeba danaSauls,

ukanaskneli mcirdeba. amgvarad, is, vinc ar miiRebs SemTxveviT

sasjels, aris ufro arsebiTad dasjili, vidre is, vinc miiRebs”20.

yuradRebis gamaxvileba moralur srulqmnilebaze. rogorc

adamianuri yofis damoukidebel mizanze, pirvel sibrtyeze

individualuri qcevis normas aTavsebs. ase rom, pomponaci, fiCinos

msgavsad, savsebiT Tanmimdevrulad midis im azramde, rom arsebobs

kacobriobis solidaroba da rom mis individs swori qmedobis gziT

Seaqvs Tavisi wvlili universalur sikeTeSi. ,,unda davuSvaT da

mkacrad davixsomoT, rom mTeli humanuri modgma SeiZleba Seedaros

erT individs”21. yvela individs Seaqvs wvlili kacobriobis

sikeTeSi, ise, rogorc Cveni sxeulis yovel nawils mTeli

organizmis keTildReobaSi: ,,mTeli humanuri modgma erT sxeuls

hgavs. es sxeuli mravali nawilisagan Sedgeba, TiToeul maTgans

gansxvavebuli funqcia aqvs. magram yoveli maTgani gankuTvnilia

kacobriobis saerTo keTildReobisaTvis”22.

maSasadame adamianis mizani imgvarad unda ganisazRvros, rom

is misaRebi iyos yvela adamianisaTvis an yovel SemTxvevaSi _

mravali individisaTvis. es Tvalsazrisi STaagonebs fiCinos

daumtkiceblad dauSvas momavali cxovreba, romelSic mravali

individi miaRwevs RvTaebis xilvas, rasac amqveyniur sicocxleSi

mxolod iSviaTi umciresoba Tu SesZlebs. igive Tvalsazrisi

ganapirobebs pomponacis mtkicebas, rom upirvelesi mizani adamianis

sicocxlisa unda veZioT moralur aqtSi da ara SemecnebaSi. es

gancxadeba miT ufro sainteresoa, rom igi variantia aristoteles

moZRvrebisa. yoveli adamiani, asabuTebs pomponaci, garkveuli

xarisxiT avlens sam inteleqtualur talants: mWvretelobiTs,

moralurs da teqnikurs. Tumca wili, romelic adamianebs aqvT am

inteleqtualur talantebSi yoveli maTganisaTvis sxvadasxvaa.

20 L. c. ch. 14. p. 49 and XXVIII f 21 ibid., pp. 43 and XXIY 22 ibid., pp. 43 and XXY

36 mWvretelobiTi inteleqti ar aris damaxasiaTebeli sakuTriv

adamianisaTvis, rogorc aseTisaTvis, aramed, rogorc aristotele

ityoda, gankuTvnilia RmerTebisaTvis. miuxedavad imisa, rom yovel

adamians aqvs raRac misgan, mxolod Zalze mcireni floben, an

SeuZliaT flobdnen mas savsebiT da srulyofilad. meore mxriv,

teqnikuri inteleqtic ar aris damaxasiaTebeli adamianisaTvis,

ramdenadac masTan agreTve wilnayaria bevri cxoveli. ,,praqtikuli

inteleqti WeSmaritad ekuTvnis adamians. radganac yovel normalur

adamianur qmnilebas SeuZlia misi srulyofili miRweva. adamians

amis mixedviT uwodeben absoluturi mniSvnelobiT kargs an cuds

maSin, roca Tanaxmad mWvretelobiTi an teqnikuri inteleqtisa,

pirovnebas SeiZleba ewodos kargi an cudi garkveuli mniSvnelobiT

da kvalifikaciiT, rameTu adamians ewodeba kargi an cudi Tavis

saTnoebasa da ukeTurobasTan mimarTebiT. karg metafizikoss

uwodeben ara karg adamians, aramed karg metafizikoss da karg

arqiteqtors uwodeben ara absoluturi mniSvnelobiT kargs, aramed

karg arqiteqtors. amitomaa, rom adamiani ar brazobs, roca mas ar

uwodeben metafizikoss, filosofoss an durgals. magram igi

Seuracxyofilia, roca masze amboben, rom qurdia an TavSeukavebeli,

usamarTlo, suleli, anda sxva amgvari mankiereba axasiaTebso;

radganac Cvens xelTaa imis SesaZlebloba, rom viyoT kargi an cudi

adamiani, maSin roca filosofosoba an arqiteqtoroba arc Cvens

ganmgeblobaSia da arc aucilebelia adamianisaTvis. aqedan

gamomdinare, yvela humanuri qmnileba SeiZleba da unda iyos ubiwo,

magram yvela ar unda iyos filosofosi, maTematikosi da sxva

misTanani. amgvarad, praqtikuli inteleqtisda mixedviT, romelic

damaxasiaTebelia adamianisaTvis, yoveli adamiani unda iyos

srulyofili. xolo imisaTvis, rom adamianTa mTeli modgma iqnas

SenarCunebuli, yoveli pirovneba unda iyos moralurad ubiwo da

ramdenadac SesaZlebelia mankierebisagan Tavisufali”23.

23 Ibid., p. 45 and XXVI

37 amgvarad, me vcdilobdi meCvenebina, rom samive ZiriTadi

inteleqtualuri mimdinareoba adreuli renesansisa exeboda

adamianuri cxovrebis mizans da adamianis adgils samyaroSi, da rom

am interesma pova Tavisi gamoxatuleba ara marto pirovnuli qcevis

normebSi, aramed agreTve adamianuri urTierTobebis da kacobriobis

solidarobis Zlier grZnobaSi. humanistur moZraobas, romelic

Tavis sawyisSi iyo arafilosofiuri, mohqonda ZiriTadi, magram jer

kidev bundovani ideebi da STagonebani da amasTan erTad antikuri

pirvelwyaroebic. platonistebi da aristotelianelebi, romlebic

spekulaciuri interesebiT da ganaTlebiT profesionali

filosofosebi iyvnen, wamoswevdnen xolme am bundovan ideebs,

aviTarebdnen maT garkveul fiლosofiur doqtrinebamde da

miuCendnen mniSvnelovan adgils TavianT detalurad damuSavebul

metafizikur sistemebSi.

adreuli renesansis inteleqtualuri mimdinareobebi

arsebobas meTeqsvmete saukunis pirveli meoTxedis Semdegac

ganagrZobdnen, Tumca isini am periodidan dawyebuli TandaTanobiT

ufro da ufro iCrdilebodnen, Tavdapirvelad reformaciidan

ganviTarebuli Teologiuri dapirispirebulobiT, xolo SemdgomSi

im ganviTarebiT, romelmac Tanamedrove mecnierebis da filosofiis

aRmoceneba moitana. miuxedavad amisa, adreuli renesansis

memkvidreobam efeqturoba SeinarCuna sul mcire meTvramete

saukunis damlevamde. renesansuli humanizmi cxoveli darCa

dasavleT evropis saganmanaTleblo da kulturul tradiciebsa da

istoriul da filologiur mecnierebaSi. renesansulma

platonizmma platonisa da plotinis gavlena gadmosca yvela im

moazrovnes, romelic cdilobda daecva ramdenadme idealisturi

forma filosofiisa; xolo renesansulma aristotelianizmma, Tumca

nawilobriv Secvlilma eqsperimentuli fizikisa da mecnierebis

mier, STagoneba mianiWa Tavisufali azris bevr gviandel

mimdinareobas. ukanasknel saukuneSi, romelSic safuZveli Caeyara

Cveni Tanamedroveobis ase bevr azrs, is Zveli ideebi da tradiciebi

38 Rrma daviwyebas mieca, gamonakliss mxolod erTeuli ganaTlebuli

specialistebi warmoadgendnen. Tanamedrove pozitivizmi,

ganmtkicebuli mecnieruli progresiTa da materialuri

keTildReobis zrdiT, mizezi unda iyos yvela sxva ideis met-

naklebad mwyobridan gamosvlisa. mimdinare saukunis saocarma

movlenebma mainc Searyies Cveni rwmena pozitivizmis sakmarisobaze,

rom araferi vTqvaT WeSmaritebaze. sainteresoa, aris ki misi

principebi imdenad farTo, rom maT saTanadod axsnan Cveni codna

da win wauZRvnen Cvens swrafvas? Cven zedmetad Tavmdabalni gavxdiT

Cveni sakuTari miRwevebis mimarT da amitomac _ ufro msurvelni,

viswavloT warsulidan. im grZel rigSi filosofosebisa da

mwerlebisa, romlebic dasavluri azrovnebis istoriasa da

tradicias qmnian, gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs adrindeli

italiuri renesansis humanistebs, platonistebs da

aristotelianelebs. bevri maTi idea dReisaTvis ubralod istoriis

cnobismoyvareobis sagania, xolo zogierTi maTgani Seicavs

maradiuli WeSmaritebis Canasaxs da amgvarad SesaZlebelia gaxdes

STagoneba da mowodeba dRevandeli italiisa da kacobriobis

danarCeni nawilisaTvis».