the arctic herald #1 2012

The Arctic Herald 1CANADA DENMARK FINLAND ICELAND NORWAY RUSSIA SWEDEN UNITED STATES

1/2012

1. 2012

THE ARCTIC HERALD

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Information & Analytical Journal

The Arctic Herald 1

The Arctic HeraldCANADA DENMARK FINLAND ICELAND NORWAY RUSSIA SWEDEN UNITED STATES

Russian Geographical Society

Association of the Arctic Business Cooperation

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1.2012

THE ARCTICHERALD

Information & Analytical Journal

CANADA DENMARK FINLAND ICELAND NORWAY RUSSIA SWEDEN UNITED STATES

The Arctic HeraldCANADA DENMARK FINLAND ICELAND NORWAY RUSSIA SWEDEN UNITED STATES

I congratulate the readers of The Arctic Herald on the coming out of the inaugural issue.

The emergence in Russia of a publication on professional subject matters is always an important event in the scientific and social life of the country. Conceived as the platform for communication among the expert community, as well as all those engaged and interested in the problems of todays Arctic, the journal is intended to assist in realization of one of the Russian priorities in the region its development as a zone of peace, stability, cooperation and prosperity for the benefit of all peoples living there.

The Arctic issues today attract growing attention. The dynamic changes in the region provide new opportunities, but also new challenges. We are glad that the constructive dialogue and active interaction between the Arctic states become the predominant trend. The Arctic is our common home and Russia effectively participates in settling it down. Among the multilateral formats of international cooperation in the Arctic, one of the central roles is played by the Arctic Council.

I wish the staff, the authors and the readers of The Arctic Herald further professional achievements and all the very best.

TO READERS OF JOURNAL THE ARCTIC HERALD

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Contents

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Statement at the forumThe Arctic Territory of Dialogue

Vladimir Putin, Prime Minister of the Russian federation 6

Russias Approaches to International Cooperation in the Arctic

Anton Vasiliev 12 Annex: Nuuk Declaration

The 15 th Anniversary of the Arctic Council

Alexander Ignatiev 28

2011: Substantial Stepin the Arctic Development

Andrey Peshkov 36

International Polar Decade New Lines of Cooperation in the Arctic

Arthur Chilingarov 40

Stockholm Convention: Development of the National System of Monitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants

Yu. Tsaturov, .Konoplev, . Volkova 48

The first Pan-Arctic Legally Binding Document

Igor Veselov 54Annex: Agreement on Cooperation on

Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic

Arctic Hot Spots Andrey Peshkov 72

I. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

II. PROjECTs Of ThE ARCTIC COuNCIL

The Arctic Herald 5Canada dEnMaRK Finland iCEland noRway Russia swEdEn unitEd statEs

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Development of the International financial Mechanisms of the Arctic Cooperation: Possibilities of the Arctic Council Enhancement

Victoria Vlasova 80

Electronic Memory of the Arctic a Reliable Tool for the Arctic Council

Vadim Chebanov 88

The Nenets Autonomous Region 93

Region as the Russian Outpost in the Arctic

Interview with Igor Fedorov, Governor of the Nenets Autonomous Region 104

The 13th Ministerial Session of the Barents/Euro-Arctic Council

Alexander Ignatiev 110

Lule Meeting of Senior Arctic Officials

Anton Vasiliev 114

III. ThE ARCTIC REgIONs

V. ANNEx

IV. INfORmATION

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September 22, 2011. Vladimir Putin, the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation (on the right) before the Plenary Session of the Arctic Territory of Dialogue the second International Arctic Forum.

From left to right Arthur Chilingarov, Vice-President of the Russian Geographical Society,

Special Representative of the President of the Russian Federation on International Cooperation in the Arctic and Antarctic;

Alber II, the Prince of Monaco; Sergey Shmatko, Minister of Energy of the Russian Federation

and Olafur Ragnar Grimsson the President of Iceland

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I. International Cooperation 13CANADA DENMARK FINLAND ICELAND NORWAY RUSSIA SWEDEN UNITED STATES

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Ministers representing the eight Arctic States, convening in Nuuk, Greenland, for the Sev-enth Ministerial meeting of the Arctic Council, joined by the representatives of the six Permanent Participant organizations of the Arctic Council,

Recognizing the importance of maintaining peace, stability and constructive cooperation in the Arctic,

Reconfirming the commitment of the Arctic Council to promote environmental protection and sustainable development of the Arctic,

Welcoming the increased cooperation among the Arctic States and peoples in order to address the new challenges and opportunities,

Recognizing that the Arctic is first and fore-most an inhabited region with diverse economies and societies and the importance of continued sustain-able development of Arctic communities, recogniz-ing the rights of indigenous peoples and interests of all Arctic residents, and emphasizing the continued engagement of indigenous peoples and communities as a fundamental strength of the Council,

Recognizing that rapidly changing circum-stances, in particular the changing climate, have in-creased the challenges and opportunities facing the Arctic in both volume and complexity, and under-scoring the importance of strengthening the Arctic Council to address this change,

Hereby:

STRENGTHENING THE ARCTIC COUNCILAnnounce the Agreement on Cooperation

in Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic, as the first legally binding agreement negotiated under the auspices of the Arctic Council,

Decide that the Arctic Council should con-tinue to work towards solutions to address emerging challenges in the Arctic utilizing a wide range of ap-proaches,

Decide to strengthen the capacity of the Arc-tic Council to respond to the challenges and oppor-

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NUUK DECLARATION On the Occasion of the Seventh Ministerial Meeting of The Arctic Council

Nuuk, Greenland. May 12, 2011


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tunities facing the Arctic by establishing a standing Arctic Council secretariat, hereinafter the Secre-tariat, in Tromso, Norway to be operational no later than at the beginning of the Canadian Chairman-ship of the Arctic Council in 2013,

Decide to establish a task force to implement the decisions to strengthen the Arctic Council, in-cluding any necessary arrangements to establish the Secretariat, and approve the composition and man-date of the task force as set out in the Senior Arctic Officials' Report to Ministers 2011 (SAO Report),

Adopt the recommendations of the Senior Arctic Officials (SAOs) on the role and criteria for observers to the Arctic Council as set out in Annexes to the SAO Report, and decide to apply these criteria to evaluate pending applicants for observer status,

Adopt the Communication and Outreach Guidelines as set out in the SAO Report and instruct the SAOs to develop a Strategic Communications Plan for the Arctic Council,

MAJOR ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND FUTURE WORK

Human DimensionNote with appreciation and welcome the pri-

ority placed on human health issues during the Dan-ish chairmanship, take note of the Arctic Health Ministers' Meeting held in Nuuk in February 2011, recognize the continued health challenges and note the need to improve physical and mental health and well-being and empowerment of indigenous peoples and residents of Arctic communities,

Note the need for a comprehensive overview of human development in the Arctic and call for an as-sessment of the current state of human development in the Arctic and its relationship with climate change and other factors affecting Arctic communities,

Climate Change and Environmental Protec-

tionRecognize that substantial cuts in emissions

of Carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are the backbone of meaningful global climate change mitigation efforts,

Welcome with appreciation the full report on the assessment of the Arctic Cryosphere enti-tled Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arc-tic (SWIPA), note with concern the accelerated change in major components of the cryosphere and the profound local, regional and global effects of ob-served and expected changes, emphasize the need for forward looking Arctic cooperation with a view to increase Arctic resilience and to enhance Arctic Council leadership to minimize the human and en-vironmental impacts of climate change, and instruct Senior Arctic Officials to consider how best to follow


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up on the SWIPA recommendations in the future work of the Arctic Council,

Welcome the Arctic Council reports on Short-Lived Climate Forcers (SLCF), that have sig-nificantly enhanced understanding of black carbon, encourage Arctic states to implement, as appropriate in their national circumstances, relevant recommen-dations for reducing emissions of black carbon, and request the Task Force and the AMAP expert group to continue their work by focusing on methane and tropospheric ozone, as well as further black carbon work where necessary and provide a report to the next Ministerial meeting in 2013,

Decide to establish a Short-Lived Climate Forcer Contaminants project steering group that will undertake circumpolar demonstration projects to reduce black carbon and other SLCF emissions,

Note with concern that mercury levels con-tinue to rise and present risks to the health of the human population and the wildlife in parts of the Arctic as reported in the 2011 AMAP assessment on mercury in the Arctic, and support the ongoing intergovernmental negotiations under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to con-clude a global agreement on mercury that will sig-nificantly reduce global mercury use and emissions,

Appreciate actions in support of the imple-mentation of the Stockholm Convention and the Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and Heavy metals protocol of the UNECE Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LR-TAP), and encourage countries to continue work to reduce emissions and sign, ratify and enhance the implementation of these Conventions and Protocols,

Reiterate the importance of the use of Arc-tic Indigenous Peoples' traditional knowledge and capacity-building initiatives in the planning and im-plementation of measures to adapt to climate change, recognize that climate change and

other negative factors have impacted the traditional livelihoods and food safety and security of Arctic Indigenous Peoples and other Arctic resi-dents and communities,

Confirm the commitment of all Arctic states to work together and with other countries to imple-ment the agreements reached in Cancun by the time of the climate talks this year in Durban, South Afri-ca, and in this context urge all Parties to the UNFC-CC to take urgent action to meet the long-term goal of holding the increase in global average temperature below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels,

Decide to establish an expert group on Arctic ecosystem-based management (EBM) for the Arctic environment to recommend further activities in this field for possible consideration by the SAOs before the end of the Swedish chairmanship,


Direct SAOs to review the need for an in-tegrated assessment of multiple drivers of Arctic change as a tool for Indigenous Peoples, Arctic residents, governments and industry to prepare for the future, and, based on that review, to make rec-ommendations for consideration by Arctic Council Deputy Ministers at their next meeting of a possible Arctic Change Assessment, including an Arctic Re-silience report,

Arctic marine environmentDecide to establish a Task Force, reporting

to the SAOs, to develop an international instrument on Arctic marine oil pollution preparedness and re-sponse, and call for the Emergency Prevention, Pre-paredness and Response (EPPR) and other relevant working groups to develop recommendations and/or best practices in the prevention of marine oil pol-lution; the preliminary or final results of both to be presented jointly at the next Ministerial meeting in 2013,

Welcome EPPR's report Behavior of Oil and Other Hazardous Substances in Arctic Waters (BoHaSa) and its contribution to knowledge of the behaviour of oil and other hazardous substances in the Arctic and encourage the Senior Arctic Officials to consider the conclusions and recommendations for future Arctic Council activities,

Recognize the important role of the Agree-ment on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic for safe transport and enhancing cooperation in assisting people in distress in the Arctic,

Urge the completion as soon as possible of work at the International Maritime Organization to develop a mandatory polar code for ships,

Welcome the progress achieved with the Arc-tic Ocean Review (AOR) project which considers existing global and regional measures that are rel-evant for the Arctic marine environment, and look forward to the delivery of the final report of the AOR project in 2013, in particular the options and oppor-tunities for strengthening global and regional efforts for the conservation and sustainable use of the Arc-tic marine environment,

Science and MonitoringRecognize the importance of the Sustain-

ing Arctic Observing Networks (SAON) process as a major legacy of the International Polar Year for enhancing scientific observations and data-sharing and accept the recommendations of the Senior Arc-tic Officials as contained in the SAO report for the ongoing management of SAON,

Recognize that the International Polar Year (IPY) was the largest circumpolar program on sci-

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entific research to date, and welcome in 2012 the Knowledge to Action Conference in Montreal as the concluding event of IPY and the opportunity it presents to transform knowledge and scientific re-sults into policies that will guide our future actions related to the environment and well-being of Arctic communities,

Decide to task the Senior Arctic Officials to consider maximizing the legacy of the IPY by sup-porting a proposal to arrange an International Polar Decade in light of the rapid climate change of the Arctic and the need for further coordinated research of the Arctic environment and its human dimension,

Welcome the contributions of the Arctic Bio-diversity Trends 2010 Report toward understanding the adaptability of nature and living resources in the Arctic to global and regional stressors, and await the scientific assessment and policy recommendations from the Arctic Biodiversity Assessment (ABA) scheduled to be completed in 2013,

Congratulate the University of the Arctic (UArctic) on its 10th anniversary, recognize its con-tribution in developing specialized education aimed at building capacity and fostering traditional and scientific knowledge relevant to Indigenous Peoples, Arctic communities and policy-makers, and encour-age continuous support for the UArctic,

OTHER ISSUESAdopt the recommendations in the SAO Re-

port to Ministers and instruct SAOs to review and adjust, if needed, the mandates of the Arctic Council working groups and task forces and their work plans for 2011-2013,

Reiterate the need to finance circumpolar cooperation, as well as the importance of providing adequate funding to Permanent Participants to sup-port their preparations for, and participation in, the Arctic Council, the working groups, task forces and Arctic Council projects,

Note the Arctic Environment Ministers Meeting in June 2010, and the Arctic Health Minis-ters meeting in February 2011, and welcome further high-level meetings,

Welcome continued cooperation with other relevant bodies,

Thank the Kingdom of Denmark for its Chairmanship of the Arctic Council during the peri-od 2009-2011, and welcome the offer of the Kingdom of Sweden to chair the Arctic Council during the pe-riod 2011-2013 and to host the Eighth Ministerial meeting in 2013.

Signed by the representatives of the Arctic Council 12 May 2011 in Nuuk, Greenland

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Arthur ChilingarovDoctor of Science (Geography),

Corresponding Member of RAS, President of the State Polar Academy

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Igor VeselovDeputy Director of the Department for International Cooperation of the Ministry of Emergency

Situations of Russia, Head of the Russian Part of the Arctic Council Working Group on Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response.

THE FIRST PAN-ARCTIC LEGALLY BINDING DOCUMENT

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In May, 2011 in Nuuk, Greenland, at the Arctic Council Ministerial Meeting the Agreement on Cooperation in Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic (further on, the Agreement) was signed. This document (see the Annex), worked out under the co-chairmanship of Russia and the USA, became the first multilateral pan-Arctic agree-ment in the history of the Arctic Council.

The necessity of joint efforts for increas-ing the efficiency of rescue operations in the Arctic has been long realized by all countries, which territories located in this region. Each country has been much affected by tragedies connected with untimely rendered assistance in case of accidents in the Arctic. Thus, as a result of the crash of the Canadian transport aircraft, many people were lost simply be-cause of the cold since the Canadians them-selves could not help them operatively. Not all Arctic states have effectively functioning rescue services and facilities. In Greenland, rescue facilities at the east and northeast coast consist of six dog teams (!) because that area is sparsely populated. After all, accidents involving passenger vessels have taken place

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* Besides, in Russia, on tourist sea ways, nuclear ice breakers are involved, which are rather solid and equipped with all necessary facilities for survival of passengers. They can be considered as mobile means of rendering assistance.


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near the coast of Greenland and Iceland, and one cannot exclude such incidents in the fu-ture, as the Arctic tourism is developing *.

Prior to the signing of the above Agree-ment, two-way commitments between Russia and Norway, Russia and the USA were in force. The possibility of conclusion of a tri-partite Agreement between Canada, the USA and Russia was under consideration for a long time, but that work has not been finalized. First, the negotiating process was started by the military, and then civil ministries took over. The negotiating partners changed and, as they say, the issue suspended.

The idea of working out of the Nuuk Agreement was put forward by the Russian Federation on the proposal of the Ministry of Emergency Situations already in 2003 at the session of the Arctic Council Working Group on Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response, which was held in Murmansk. The proposal of the Russian side was even more far-reaching compared to the present one, since it concerned not only aeronautic and maritime rescue. Following a long considera-tion of the draft document, its text was co-ordinated with the Legal Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, but,

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The Participants of the First Arctic Council Search & Rescue Table Top Exercise (October 4-6, 2011, Whitehorse, Canada)


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unfortunately, at that time, some partners of the Russian Federation the USA and Swe-den appeared not to be ready to enter into such Agreement. It was probably connected with the political situation in the world, in particular, in the USA, which was not sure that it would be able to ratify the Agree-ment. Having failed to reach consent on the Agreement, Russia initiated and has been im-plementing in the EPPR the Arctic Rescue-project. Within the framework of this Pro-ject, much work is being done; a continuing exchange of scientific-practical information is under way. Besides, Russia was the first Arc-tic country to adopt its Arctic Development Strategy in 2008.

The above-mentioned steps have paved the way for reconsidering the idea of the Agree-ment. This time, it was the USA, which initiat-ed its adoption at the session of the Committee of Senior Arctic Officials**.

In the Russian Federation, the organi-zations involved in drafting the Agreement include the organizations participating in the work of the Arctic Council, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry on Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters, and also organs, which should presumably directly im-plement this Agreement, namely the Federal Agency on Maritime and River Transport, the Federal Agency on Air Transport, the Border Service, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. As the Agreement concerns search and rescue of peo-ple traveling aboard sea vessels and aircraft, the constant exchange of information between the corresponding coordination-rescue centers is presumed. Similar schemes have been put in operation also in other countries parties to the Agreement; in each of them, specific de-partments are involved, for example, the Coast Guard, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Environment, etc.

The drafting of the Agreement was not an easy job. First, the parties intended to con-tent themselves with a memorandum, but the Russian delegation insisted that it should be a full-scale legally binding document, which en-sures the effective mechanisms of realization.

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** The Committee of Senior Arctic Officials is the Arctic Council working organ dealing with current issues of its activity and preparation of sessions.


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The Task Force established by the Arctic Council held several sessions in different coun-tries. Ambassador at Large A. Vasiliev acted as Co-chairman from the Russian side; Co-chair-man from the American side was a skilled diplo-mat, Ambassador John Balton.

When drafting the Agreement, the par-ties considered international treaties concluded within the frameworks of ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) which is a UN specialized agency.

The preparation of the Agreement lasted about two years. It was signed by eight Arctic states Russia, the USA, Canada, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Spain.

The Agreement concerns the organiza-tion of joint search and rescue operations in the Arctic region, which is divided into sectors ac-cording to the limits of territories of the coun-tries adjoining the Arctic. The search and rescue

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Members of the Russian Delegation at the First Arctic Council Search & Rescue Table Top Exercise (October 4-6, 2011, Whitehorse, Canada)


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areas relevant to this Agreement are assigned to different countries (see Annex).

The sense of the Agreement is as follows. None Arctic country has enough facilities and means for the organization of large-scale assistance in case of incident of sea vessels or aircrafts in the Arctic region. If no country can carry out necessary actions and organ-ize assistance by its own means, it, under this Agreement, requests assistance from other Arctic countries, which provide their rescue facilities and means. If Russia would lack fa-cilities and means for rendering assistance, it may request foreign partners to provide their rescue facilities. Though non-Arctic coun-tries are not parties to the Agreement, they may be involved in rescue operations outside the framework of this document.

Joint funding of rescue operations is neither provided; each country may use its own material resources. The Agreement only simplifies the crossing of borders and ensures a fastest possible realization of assistance, and it is very important for severe conditions of the Arctic, as in this region the reaction time is crucial.

The Agreement concerns also drilling platforms, which belong to maritime vessels ac-cording to the maritime law. At the same time, the Agreement does not specifically mention the case of warships, which infrequently enter foreign waters. The Agreement is first of all di-rected at assistance to civil vessels.

While the Agreement is not realized in practice as it was signed rather recently, it still undergoes necessary procedures to entry into force. However, exercises, including interna-tional, take place regularly, for example, the joint Russian-Norwegian exercises in the Bar-ents Sea, exercises of aviation rescue service. From October 4 until October 6, 2011 interna-tional command-staff exercises on the organi-zation of search and rescue operations in the Arctic were to take place in the Canadian city of Whitehorse. Experts from Russia and other Arctic countries were invited thereto. From the Russian side, representatives of State Marine Emergency & Rescue Coordination Service, the Russian Aviation, Ministry of Emergency Situations, and head of the Russian part of the Arctic Council Working Group on Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response A. Ves-elov was present.

Besides, the Agreement provides an ex-change of scientific information and regular meetings of experts involved in its realization.

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Meeting of the Task Force of the Arctic Council on Agreement on Search & Rescue in the Arctic. Two Co-Chairs: A. Vasiliev (Russia), D. Balton (the USA)


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The Agreement on search and rescue is a first brick in the creation of the pan-Arctic system of man-caused accidents prevention and response. The next step in the realization of this mega-project was the adoption at the Nuuk session in May, 2011 of a principal deci-sion concerning the preparation of a document on mutual assistance in case of marine oil spills. Ambassador at Large A. Vasiliev will act as Co-chairman on behalf of the Russian Federation, Ambassador David Balton of the USA and Am-bassor Karsten Klepsvik of Norway. The first round of negotiations on pan-Arctic coopera-tion in fighting oil spills in the Arctic began in October in Oslo.

The Arctic countries were prompted to working out a new document as a result of the accident in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 when a drilling platform blew up. President of the Russian Federation D. Medvedev has in-structed to work out measures for prevention of such accidents, and in September 2011, in the northern part of the Caspian Sea the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia carried out international integrated naval exercises Caspian Sea-2011 (in accordance with the agreement with Azerbaijan and Ka-zakhstan) in the vicinity of the Yu. Korchagin oil-production platform. From the Russian side, aircraft, navy and border guards took part in the exercises. These exercises are po-sitioned as preparation for emergency situa-tions elimination in the Arctic.

In August 2011, in the area of the outer roadstead of the Yakut seaport Tiksi in the Laptev Sea, complex exercises of forces and means of the Uniform State System for Preven-tion and Liquidation of Emergency Situations, on search, rescue and liquidation of oil spills pre-paredness and response took place, in which a number of Russian ministries took part. Exer-cises were a success; they were highly appreci-ated by foreign representatives participating in the work of the international conference, which was held onboard the Yamal nuclear ice breaker.

In case of realization of the ambitious plan of creating a system of mutual assistance in case of sea oil spills, Russia will use the potential of ten complex rescue centers, which are being created in the Arctic. Prime Minister of Rus-sia V. Putin spoke about it at the Arkhangelsk forum The Arctic - Territory of Dialogue.

It should be noted that this article could cover only some projects on international co-operation in the Arctic, which are now active-ly discussed and successfully realized.

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ANNEX.

AGREEMENT ON COOPERATION ON AERONAUTICAL AND MARI-TIME SEARCH AND RESCUE IN THE ARCTIC

The Government of Canada, the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Government of the Re-public of Finland, the Government of Iceland, the Gov-ernment of the Kingdom of Norway, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Kingdom of Sweden, and the Government of the United States of America, hereinafter referred to as the Parties,Taking into account the relevant provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Being Parties to the 1979 International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue, hereinafter referred to as the SAR Convention, and the 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation, hereinafter referred to as the Chicago Convention, Noting the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual, hereinafter referred to as the IAMSAR Manual, Recalling the 1996 Ottawa Declaration on the Estab-lishment of the Arctic Council, Highlighting the 2009 Tromso Declaration on the oc-casion of the Sixth Ministerial Meeting of the Arctic Council, which approved the establishment of a task force to develop and complete negotiation of an interna-tional instrument on cooperation on search and rescue operations in the Arctic, Conscious of the challenges posed by harsh Arctic con-ditions on search and rescue operations and the vital importance of providing rapid assistance to persons in distress in such conditions, Mindful of the increase in aeronautical and maritime traf-fic and other human activity in the Arctic, including activ-ity of Arctic residents and of people coming to the Arctic, Recognizing the great importance of cooperation among the Parties in conducting search and rescue operations, Emphasizing the usefulness of exchanging information and experience in the field of search and rescue and of conducting joint training and exercises,

Have agreed as follows:

Article 1. Terms and Definitions1. For purposes of this Agreement, the terms and definitions contained in Chapter 1 of the Annex to the SAR Convention and in Chapter 1 of An-nex 12 to the Chicago Convention shall apply.

2. For purposes of this Agreement, territory of a Par-ty shall mean the land area of a State, its internal waters and its territorial sea, including the airspace above those areas.

Article 2. Objective of this AgreementThe objective of this Agreement is to strengthen

aeronautical and maritime search and rescue coopera-tion and coordination in the Arctic.

Article 3. Scope of Application of this Agreement

1. The delimitations of the aeronautical and mari-time search and rescue regions relevant to this Agreement are specified in paragraph 1 of the Annex to this Agreement. The area in which each

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Party shall apply this Agreement is set forth in paragraph 2 of the Annex to this Agreement.

2. The delimitation of search and rescue regions is not related to and shall not prejudice the delimita-tion of any boundary between States or their sov-ereignty, sovereign rights or jurisdiction.

3. Each Party shall promote the establishment, opera-tion and maintenance of an adequate and effective search and rescue capability within its area as set forth in paragraph 2 of the Annex to this Agreement.

Article 4. Competent Authorities of the Parties

1. The Competent Authorities of the Parties are speci-fied in Appendix I to this Agreement.

2. Each Party shall promptly inform the other Par-ties in writing through diplomatic channels of any changes regarding its Competent Authorities.

Article 5. Agencies Responsible for Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue

1. The agencies responsible for aeronautical and mari-time search and rescue, hereinafter referred to as search and rescue agencies, are specified in Ap-pendix II to this Agreement.

2. Each Party, through its Competent Authorities, shall promptly inform the other Parties of any changes re-garding its search and rescue agency or agencies.

Article 6. Rescue Coordination Centers

1. The list of aeronautical and/or maritime rescue coor-dination centers, hereinafter referred to as RCCs, of the Parties for the purposes of this Agreement is contained in Appendix III to this Agreement.

2. Each Party, through its Competent Authorities, shall promptly inform the other Parties of any changes regarding its RCCs.

Article 7. Conduct of Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Operations

1. The SAR Convention and the Chicago Convention shall be used as the basis for conducting search and rescue operations under this Agreement.

2. The IAMSAR Manual provides additional guide-lines for implementing this Agreement.

3. Without prejudice to paragraph 1 of this Article, the Parties shall conduct aeronautical and mari-time search and rescue operations pursuant to this Agreement consistent with the following:

(a) search and rescue operations conducted pursuant to this Agreement in the territory of a Party shall be carried out consistent with the laws and regulations of that Party;

(b) if a search and rescue agency and/or RCC of a Party receives information that any person is, or appears to be, in distress, that Party shall take urgent steps to ensure that the necessary assistance is provided;

(c) any Party having reason to believe that a person, a vessel or other craft or aircraft is in a state of emergency in the area of another Party as set forth in paragraph 2 of the Annex shall forward as soon as pos-sible all available information to the Party or Parties concerned;


(d) the search and rescue agency and/or RCC of a Party that has received information concerning a situation provided for in subparagraph (b) of this paragraph may request assistance from the other Parties;

(e) the Party to whom a request for assistance is submitted shall promptly decide on and inform the requesting Party whether or not it is in a position to render the assis-tance requested and shall promptly indi-cate the scope and the terms of the assis-tance that can be rendered;

(f) the Parties shall ensure that assistance be provided to any person in distress. They shall do so regardless of the nationality or status of such a person or the circumstanc-es in which that person is found; and

(g) a Party shall promptly provide all relevant information regarding the search and rescue of any person to the consular or diplomatic authorities concerned.

Article 8. Request to Enter the Territory of a Party for Purposes of Search and Rescue Operations

1. A Party requesting permission to enter the ter-ritory of a Party or Parties for search and rescue purposes, including for refueling, shall send its re-quest to a search and rescue agency and/or RCC of the relevant Party or Parties.

2. The Party receiving such a request shall immedi-ately confirm such receipt. The receiving Party, through its RCCs, shall advise as soon as possible as to whether entry into its territory has been per-mitted and the conditions, if any, under which the mission may be undertaken.

3. The Party receiving such a request, as well as any Party through whose territory permission to tran-sit is needed, shall apply, in accordance with its law and international obligations, the most expe-ditious border crossing procedure possible.

Article 9. Cooperation Among the Parties 1. The Parties shall enhance cooperation among themselves in matters relevant to this Agreement.

2. The Parties shall exchange information that may serve to improve the effectiveness of search and rescue operations. This may include, but is not limited to:

(a) communication details; (b) information about search and rescue facili-

ties; (c) lists of available airfields and ports and

their refueling and resupply capabilities; (d) knowledge of fueling, supply and medical

facilities; and(e) information useful for training search and

rescue personnel. 3. The Parties shall promote mutual search and res-cue cooperation by giving due consideration to collaborative efforts including, but not limited to:

(a) exchange of experience; (b) sharing of real-time meteorological and

oceanographic observations, analyses, forecasts, and warnings;

(c) arranging exchanges of visits between search and rescue personnel;

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(d) carrying out joint search and rescue exer-cises and training;

(e) using ship reporting systems for search and rescue purposes;

(f) sharing information systems, search and rescue procedures, techniques, equip-ment, and facilities;

(g) providing services in support of search and rescue operations;

(h) sharing national positions on search and rescue issues of mutual interest within the scope of this Agreement;

(i) supporting and implementing joint re-search and development initiatives aimed, inter alia, at reducing search time, improv-ing rescue effectiveness, and minimizing risk to search and rescue personnel; and

(j) conducting regular communications checks and exercises, including the use of alternative means of communications for handling communication overloads dur-ing major search and rescue operations.

4. When conducting joint exercises, the Parties should apply the principles of this Agreement to the extent possible.

Article 10. Meetings of the Parties The Parties shall meet on a regular basis in or-

der to consider and resolve issues regarding practical cooperation. At these meetings they should consider is-sues including but not limited to:

(a) reciprocal visits by search and rescue ex-perts;

(b) conducting joint search and rescue exer-cises and training;

(c) possible participation of search and rescue experts as observers at national search and rescue exercises of any other Party;

(d) preparation of proposals for the develop-ment of cooperation under this Agreement;

(e) planning, development, and use of com-munication systems;

(f) mechanisms to review and, where nec-essary, improve the application of inter-national guidelines to issues concerning search and rescue in the Arctic; and

(g) review of relevant guidance on Arctic me-teorological services.

Article 11. Joint Review of Search and Rescue Operations After a major joint search and rescue operation,

the search and rescue agencies of the Parties may con-duct a joint review of the operation led by the Party that coordinated the operation.

Article 12. Funding 1. Unless otherwise agreed, each Party shall bear its own costs deriving from its implementation of this Agreement.

2. Implementation of this Agreement shall be sub-ject to the availability of relevant resources.

Article 13. Annex The Annex to this Agreement forms an integral

part of this Agreement. All references to this Agree-ment are understood to include the Annex.


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Article 14. Amendments 1. This Agreement may be amended by written agreement of all the Parties.

2. An amendment shall enter into force 120 days af-ter the date on which the depositary has received the last written notification through diplomatic channels that the Parties have completed the in-ternal procedures required for its entry into force.

Article 15. Amendment Procedure for the Annex

1. Notwithstanding Article 14 of this Agreement, any two Parties with adjacent search and rescue regions may by mutual agreement amend infor-mation contained in paragraph 1 of the Annex to this Agreement setting forth the delimitation between those regions. Such amendment shall enter into force 120 days after the date on which the depositary has received confirmation through diplomatic channels from both Parties that such mutual agreement has entered into force.

2. Notwithstanding Article 14 of this Agreement, any Party may amend that portion of paragraph 2 of the Annex to this Agreement that does not af-fect the area of any other Party and shall notify the depositary of any such amendment through diplo-matic channels. Such amendment shall enter into force 120 days after the date of such notification.

Article 16. Relationship with Other Agreements With the exception of paragraph 1 of the Annex

to this Agreement, the provisions of this Agreement shall not affect the rights and obligations of Parties un-der agreements between them which are in force on the date of the entry into force of this Agreement.

Article 17. Settlement of Disputes The Parties shall resolve any disputes concern-

ing the application or interpretation of this Agreement through direct negotiations.

Article 18. Non-PartiesAny Party to this Agreement may, where appro-

priate, seek cooperation with States not party to this Agreement that may be able to contribute to the con-duct of search and rescue operations, consistent with existing international agreements.

Article 19. Provisional Application, Entry into Force and Withdrawal

1. This Agreement may be applied provisionally by any signatory that provides a written statement to the depositary of its intention to do so. Any such signatory shall apply this Agreement pro-visionally from the date of its statement or from such other date as indicated in its statement.

2. This Agreement shall enter into force 30 days af-ter the date of receipt by the depositary of the last written notification through diplomatic channels that the Parties have completed the internal pro-


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cedures required for its entry into force.3. Any Party may at any time withdraw from this Agreement by sending written notification thereof to the depositary through diplomatic channels at least six months in advance, specifying the effective date of its withdrawal. Withdrawal from this Agreement shall not affect its among the remaining Parties.

Article 20. Depositary The Government of Canada shall be the deposi-

tary for this Agreement.

DONE at this day of 2011, in the English, French and Russian languages, all texts being equally authentic. The working language of this Agreement shall be English, the language in which this Agreement was negotiated.

ANNEX.

Scope of Application of this Agreement 1. The search and rescue regions relevant to this

Agreement are delimited as follows: 1 Canada Denmark The aeronautical and maritime search and rescue re-

gions of Canada and Denmark shall be delimited by a continuous line connecting the following coordinates:

583000N, 0430000W; 583000N, 0500000W; 630000N, 0554000W; 6500 00N, 0574500W; 760000N, 0760000W; 780000N, 0750000W; 820000N, 0600000W; and Thence north to the North Pole.

Canada United States of America The aeronautical and maritime search and rescue re-

gions of Canada and the United States of America shall be delimited by a continuous line connecting the fol-lowing coordinates:

482000N, 1450000W;

1 The coordinates in this Annex use the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84). All coordinates are connected by geodetic lines. The North Pole refers to the Geographic North Pole, located at 90 degrees North lati-tude, and the Arctic Circle refers to 663344N latitude.

544000N, 1400000W; 544000N, 1360000W; 540000N, 1360000W; 541300N, 1345700W; 543927N, 1324100W; 544230N, 1303630W; and North along the land border to the Beaufort Sea and thence to the North Pole.

Denmark IcelandThe aeronautical and maritime search and rescue re-

gions of Denmark and Iceland shall be delimited by a continuous line connecting the following coordinates:

583000N, 0430000W; 633000N, 0390000W;

.

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583000.., 0430000..; 633000.., 0390000..; 700000.., 0200000..; 730000.., 0200000..; 730000.., 0000000 ./.. - -

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, :

663344.., 0000000 ./..; 730000.., 0000000 ./.. -

, - ( 1984 , WGS-1984. - . - , 90 , 663344 ).

583000.., 0430000..; 583000.., 0500000..; 630000.., 0554000..; 650000.., 0574500..; 760000.., 0760000..; 780000.., 0750000..; 820000.., 0600000..; . -

, -:

482000.., 1450000..; 544000.., 1400000..; 544000.., 1360000..; 540000.., 1360000..;


700000N, 0200000W; 730000N, 0200000W; and 730000N, 0000000E/W.

Denmark NorwayThe aeronautical and maritime search and rescue re-

gions of Denmark and Norway shall be delimited by a continuous line connecting the following coordinates:

730000N, 0000000E/W; and Thence north to the North Pole.

Finland Norway The land border between Finland and Norway shall

be the limit of their respective search and rescue regions. Finland Sweden The land border between Finland and Sweden shall

be the limit of their respective search and rescue regions. Finland Russian Federation The land border between Finland and the Russian

Federation shall be the limit of their respective search and rescue regions. Iceland Norway The aeronautical and maritime search and rescue

regions of Iceland and Norway shall be delimited by a continuous line connecting the following coordinates:

663344N, 0000000E/W; and 730000N, 0000000E/W.

Norway Sweden The land border between Norway and Sweden shall

be the limit of their respective search and rescue regions. Norway Russian The aeronautical and maritime search and rescue

regions of Norway and the Russian Federation shall be delimited by the land border between Norway and the Russian Federation and then by a continuous line con-necting the following coordinates:

694741.42N, 0304903.55E; 695845.49N, 0310615.58E; 700558.84N, 0312641.28E; 700715.20N, 0313019.43E; 701151.68N, 0314633.57E; 701628.95N, 0320423.00E; 722751.00N, 0350000.00E; and Thence to the North Pole.

Russian Federation United States of America The aeronautical and maritime search and rescue re-

gions of the Russian Federation and the United States of America shall be delimited by a continuous line con-necting the following coordinates:

500500N, 1590000E; 540000N, 1690000E; 544900N, 1701200E; 600000N, 1800000E/W; 640300N, 1721200W;

650000N, 1685824W; and Thence north to the North Pole.

2. Each Party shall apply this Agreement in the follow-ing areas as encompassed by a continuous line, respectively:Canada

From the North Pole south to 820000N, 0600000W;

541300.., 1345700..; 543927.., 1324100..; 544230.., 1303630..; - .

-

- , , - :

6947 41.42 .., 03049 03.55 ..; 6958 45.49 .., 03106 15.58 ..; 7005 58.84 .., 03126 41.28 ..; 7007 15.20 .., 03130 19.43 ..; 7011 51.68 .., 03146 33.57 ..; 7016 28.95 .., 03204 23.00 ..; 722751.00 .., 03500 00.00 ..; . - -

. -

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500500.., 1590000..; 540000.., 1690000..; 544900.., 1701200..; 600000.., 1800000 ./..; 640300.., 1721200..; 650000.., 1685824..; . - -

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820000.., 0600000..;

780000.., 0750000..; 760000.., 0760000..; 650000.., 0574500..; 630000.., 0554000..; 583000.., 0500000..; 583000.., 0430000..; 633000.., 0390000..; 700000.., 0200000..; 730000.., 0200000..; 730000.., 0000000 ./..;


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780000N, 0750000W; 760000N, 0760000W; 650000N, 0574500W; 630000N, 0554000W; To the point where it intersects 600000N lati-tude;

West along 600000N latitude until it intersects with land border between Canada and the United States of America;

North along the land border to the Beaufort Sea; and Thence north to the North Pole.

Denmark From the North Pole south to 820000N, 0600000W;

780000N, 0750000W; 760000N, 0760000W; 650000N, 0574500W; 630000N, 0554000W; 583000N, 0500000W; 583000N, 0430000W; 633000N, 0390000W; 700000N, 0200000W; 730000N, 0200000W; 730000N, 0000000E/W; and Thence north to the North Pole.

Finland From the tripoint at which the land borders of Fin-land, Norway and Sweden meet, south along the land border between Finland and Sweden to the point at which that border intersects the Arctic Circle;

East along the Arctic Circle to the point at which the Arctic Circle intersects the land border be-tween Finland and the Russian Federation;

North along the land border between Finland and the Russian Federation to the tripoint at which the land borders of Finland, Norway and the Rus-sian Federation meet; and

Thence to the tripoint at which the land borders of Finland, Norway and Sweden meet.

Iceland From 730000N, 0000000E/W west to 730000N, 0200000W;

700000N, 0200000W; 633000N, 0390000W; 583000N, 0430000W; 583000N, 0300000W; 610000N, 0300000W; 610000N, 0000000E/W; and Thence north to 730000N, 0000000E/W.

Norway From the North Pole south to 663344N, 0000000E/W;

East along the Arctic Circle to the point at which the Arctic Circle intersects the land border be-tween Sweden and Norway;

North along the land border between Sweden and Norway to the tripoint at which the land borders of Sweden, Norway and Finland meet;

East along the land border between Finland and Norway to the tripoint at which the land borders of Finland, Norway and the Russian Federation meet;

. 730000.., 0000000 ./.. 730000.., 0200000..;

700000.., 0200000..; 633000.., 0390000..; 583000.., 0430000..; 583000.., 0300000..; 610000.., 0300000..; 610000.., 0000000 ./..; 730000.., 0000000 ./..

820000.., 0600000 ..;

780000.., 0750000..; 760000.., 0760000..; 650000.., 0574500..; 630000.., 0554000..; 600000..; 600000.. ;

; . 663344.., 0000000 ./..;

;

, ;

-, ;

; 694741.42 .., 0304903.55 ..; 695845.49 .., 0310615.58 ..; 700558.84 .., 0312641.28 ..; 700715.20 .., 0313019.43 ..; 701151.68 .., 0314633.57 ..; 701628.95 .., 0320423.00 ..; 722751.00 .., 0350000.00 ..; . 722751.00 .., 03500 00.00 ..;

7016 28.95 .., 03204 23.00 ..; 7011 51.68 .., 03146 33.57 ..; 7007 15.20 .., 03130 19.43 ..; 7005 58.84 .., 03126 41.28 ..; 6958 45.49 .., 03106 15.58 ..; 6947 41.42 .., 03049 03.55 .., - ;

- , ;


;

1800000 ./..;

500500.., 1590000..; 540000.., 1690000..; 544900.., 1701200..; 600000.., 1800000 ./..; 640300.., 1721200..; 650000.., 1685824..; . 650000.., 1685824..;

640300.., 1721200..; 600000.., 1800000 ./..; 544900.., 1701200..; 540000.., 1690000..; 500500.., 1590000..; 500500.., 1434000..; 544000.., 1400000..; 544000.., 1360000..; 540000.., 1360000..; 541300.., 1345700..; 543927.., 1324100..; 544230.., 1303630..; ; . , - ;

;

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North along the land border to the Barents Sea; 694741.42N, 0304903.55E; 695845.49N, 0310615.58E; 700558.84N, 0312641.28E; 700715.20N, 0313019.43E; 701151.68N, 0314633.57E; 701628.95N, 0320423.00E; 722751.00N, 0350000.00E; and Thence north to the North Pole.

Russian Federation From the North Pole south to 722751.00N, 0350000.00E;

701628.95N, 0320423.00E; 701151.68N, 0314633.57E; 700715.20N, 0313019.43E; 700558.84N, 0312641.28E; 695845.49N, 0310615.58E; 694741.42N, 0304903.55E south to the point at which that meridian meets the land border be-tween the Russian Federation and Norway;

South along the land border between the Russian Federation and Norway to the tripoint at which the land borders of the Russian Federation, Fin-land and Norway meet;

South along the land border between the Russian Federation and Finland to the point at which that border intersects the Arctic Circle;

East along the Arctic Circle until the Arctic Circle intersects the 1800000 E/W meridian;

500500N, 1590000E; 540000N, 1690000E; 544900N, 1701200E; 600000N, 1800000E/W; 640300N, 1721200W; 650000N, 1685824W; and Thence north to the North Pole.

Sweden From the tripoint at which the land borders of Sweden, Norway and Finland meet;

South along the land border between Sweden and Norway to the point at which that border inter-sects the Arctic Circle;

East along the Arctic Circle to the point at which the Arctic Circle intersects the land border be-tween Sweden and Finland; and

Thence North along the land border between Swe-den and Finland to the tripoint at which the land borders of Sweden, Norway and Finland meet.

United States of Amerika From the North Pole south to 650000N, 1685824W;

640300N, 1721200W; 600000N, 1800000E/W; 544900N, 1701200E; 540000N, 1690000E; 500500N, 1590000E; 500500N, 1434000W; 544000N, 1400000W; 544000N, 1360000W; 540000N, 1360000W; 541300N, 1345700W;


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ARCTIC SEARCH AND RESCUE AGREEMENT AREAS OF APPLICATION ILLUSTRATIVE MAP


543927N, 1324100W; 544230N, 1303630W; North along the land border to the Beaufort Sea; and Thence north to the North Pole.

APPENDIX I. Competent Authorities The Competent Authorities of the Parties are:

Canada Minister of National Defence; Denmark Danish Maritime Authority; Finland Ministry of the Interior; Finnish Transport Safety Agency; Iceland Ministry of the Interior; Norway Ministry of Justice and the Police; Russian Federation Ministry of Transport of the Rus-sian Federation; Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency and Elimination of Conse-quences of Natural Disasters; Sweden Swedish Maritime Administration; and United States of America United States Coast Guard.

APPENDIX II. Search and Rescue Agencies The search and rescue agencies of the Parties are:

Canada Canadian Forces; Canadian Coast Guard; Denmark Danish Maritime Authority, Danish Trans-port Authority, Ministry of Fisheries Faroe Islands; Finland Finnish Border Guard; Iceland Icelandic Coast Guard; Norway Joint Rescue Coordination Centre, Northern Norway (JRCC NN Bodo); Russian Federation Federal Air Transport Agency; Federal Agency for Marine and River Transport; Sweden Swedish Maritime Administration; and United States of America United States Coast Guard; United States Department of Defense.

APPENDIX III. Rescue Coordination Centers The rescue coordination centers of the Parties are:

Canada Joint Rescue Coordination Centre, Trenton; Denmark Maritime Rescue Coordination Center Gronnedal (MRCC Gronnedal); Rescue Coordina-tion Center Sondrestrom/Kangerlussuaq (RCC Son-drestrom); Maritime Rescue and Coordination Center Torshavn (MRCC Torshavn); Finland Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre Turku (MRCC Turku); Aeronautical Rescue Coordination Centre Finland (ARCC Finland); Iceland Joint Rescue Coordination Center Iceland (JRCC Iceland); Norway Joint Rescue Coordination Centre, Northern Norway (JRCC NN Bodo); Russian Federation State Maritime Rescue Coordina-tion Center (SMRCC); Main Aviation Coordination Center for Search and Rescue (MACC); Sweden Joint Rescue Coordination Center Gothen-burg (JRCC Gothenburg); and United States of America Joint Rescue Coordination Center Juneau (JRCC Juneau); Aviation Rescue Coor-dination Center Elmendorf (ARCC Elmendorf

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- () (JRCC Iceland);

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-- , (JRCC Juneau), - - , - (ARCC Elmendorf);

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2011 . , - - . -: , .

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- 2011 . .

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, - .

The first meeting of the Task Force established on the basis of the seventh Arctic Council Ministerial meeting decision in Nuuk was held in October 2011 in Oslo to draw up a document on cooperation in marine oil spills preparadness and response. Russia, the USA and Norway were specified as co-chairman countries.

All states of the Arctic Council participated in the Task Force work. The key provisions of the Document, its framework and scope were discussed.The first projects will be prepared and submitted for detail discussion at the meeting of the Task Force in

St-Petersburg in December 2011. The meeting of an Expert Group to deal with prevention of marine oil spills in the Arctic, prepare

recommendations and summarize the best practice in this field, was also held in Oslo. Results of this work are urgent for all countries because it is possible eliminate large oil spills only by

combining efforts and resources of all member-states of the Arctic Council. The fast response is especially important for such environment disaster.

These are the first steps in prevention and solution of the important challenge, which can considerably damage the environment of our planet.

.

Group of the Russian Experts

THE FIRST ROUND OF NEGOTIATIONS ON PAN-ARCTIC COOPERATION IN RESPONSE TO MARINE OIL SPILLS IN THE ARCTIC BEGAN IN OCTOBER IN OSLO.

CANADA GREENLAND FINLAND ICELAND NORWAY RUSSIA SWEDEN UNITED STATESThe Arctic Herald 71


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..

Victoria Vlasova Aide to the Minister for Regional Development of the Russian Federation

DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MECHANISMS OF THE ARCTIC COOPERATION:

POSSIBILITIES OF THE ARCTIC COUNCIL ENHANCEMENT

- . , . , - , - .

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, , , , , - , , , , , , - , - . - -

The geopolitical position of the Arctic causes the increase of the international competi-tion in the development of resource potential and transport corridors of this region. Thus the con-tradictions are determined by struggle for legal control over areas, for financial and technological control over activity there. The interest towards the Arctic of many countries, members of various international institutions, oriented at activity in this sector, now increases.

In spite of the fact that in the Arctic both economic and political interests of different states are present; a variety of directions exist where the coordination of actions and efforts of all countries of this region is reasonable owing to the Arctic region specificity. Namely in this region the interrelation of various countries caused by the geographical unity of the envi-ronment and the geopolitical features of the area is distinctly shown (the shortest sea and air ways between Europe and Asia, Europe and Japan, Asia and the USA), the unique cultural heritage of the people caused by coherence of cultures of the Arctic ethnos is concentrated there. The similarity of challenges facing vari-ous countries is also an objective foundation of the international cooperation.

The assessment of the existing risks, caused by distances, scopes, environment of the Arctic and ones connected with major problems of the Arctic regions development including oil and gas extraction, transport development, im-plementation of large infrastructural projects, testifies that the problem of the Arctic devel-


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, -, , , , , - , , .

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opment demands integration and synchroniza-tion of efforts, actions, subjects and financial resources of the subjects, which are taking the considered actions in the Arctic.

The key directions of the international cooperation are: ensuring integrated security in the Arctic regions, extension of transcontinental highways and transport corridors, development of energy supply, maintenance of sustainable de-velopment of the Arctic regions, environment protection, improvement of the Arctic population life quality, preservation of cultural heritage of the indigenous peoples living at the Arctic area, scien-tific cooperation.

Such large-scale tasks and spheres of coop-eration predetermine the specificity of the Arctic development, i.e. the necessity of coordination of key participants activity and close relation with external economic and foreign policy factors as well as with the policy of large corporations and governmental authorities of various countries.

The development of mutually advanta-geous cooperation in these directions assumes the introduction of an interaction mechanism of dif-ferent integration associations.

It is necessary to establish new institutes and mechanisms of their interaction adapted to the geopolitical and economic realities, modern challenges.

The integration at the international level has its own established forms : it is cooperation between countries within the framework of:

bilateralagreements;multilateralregionalagreements;multilateralfunctionalrelations;specialized international institutions, pro-grams,projects andeventsof global coop-eration.

The situation in the Arctic regions arrange-ments radically changed at the end of XX cen-tury when dozens of international environment agreements (bilateral, multilateral and regional) were concluded. These processes promoted the creation of different forms of integration, coopera-tion and international governance of sustainable development in the Arctic region. The purpose of these instruments is to eliminate conflicts and co-ordinate interests of the participants.

The new phase of international coopera-tion has been caused by the creation of a qualita-tively new system of coordinating activity of the participants i.e. international political forums and institutions at the governmental and non-gov-ernmental levels. The major international insti-tutions oriented at the activity in this sector are the political fora of the highest level the Arctic


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, - - . , - (Nuuk, Greenland), - , , . , - - .

- . .

- - - (GEF), - () (UNEP), - () (NEFCO), -, (World Bank Group), - (EBRD) - (PSI), - , - . , - . -, -

Council, Barents Euro-Arctic Council, Northern Forum, Council of the Baltic Sea States, etc.

The current stage of development demands new forms of coordination of the states involved into sustainable development of the Arctic regions based on the forms of coordination used by the international community as well as by the insti-tutes of the international cooperation in this field. Realization of such a system would require the es-tablishment of relevant organizational and finan-cial mechanisms as well as the creation of optimal conditions for the interaction of all the institutes of international cooperation. It is necessary to study and generalize the experience of the nation-al mechanisms of financing and involvement of fi-nancial resources of the international intergovern-mental institutions in implementation of projects aimed at sustainable development of the Arctic.

In this respect the role of the Arctic Coun-cil as a coordinating structure matching interests of the participants increases. Despite the fact that the Arctic Council is a political forum of the high-est level it is necessary to establish corresponding organizational and financial mechanisms to imple-ment its mandate.

In the Declaration of the Seventh Minis-terial Meeting in Nuuk, Greenland, the follow-ing measures are listed to strengthen the Arctic Council: to establish a permanent Arctic Council secretariat, to establish a task force to implement the decisions aimed at strengthening the Arctic Council, to determine criteria of the status of ob-servers, to set up guidelines for the development of a strategic plan on exchange of information and public relations. Besides, the need and the impor-tance of funding projects of the Arctic Council was repeatedly stressed.

Funding projects of the Arctic Council is of enormous importance for practical implemen-tation of the Concept of sustainable development and of the priorities of the Arctic Council. Their significance and prospects have been considered by almost all Ministerial Meetings of the Arctic Council.

Following the results of the third, fourth, fifth and sixth Declarations, the Arctic Council in order to strengthen its activity and to develop its financing management has passed the way from the increase of the international cooperation as well as the interaction on expertise and projects financing with Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations Environment Pro-gram (UNEP), the Nordic Environment Finance Corporation (NEFCO), international financial institutions such as World Bank Group (WBG), the European Bank for Reconstruction and De-


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, -, , - .

, - - , - , (SDWG Strategic Planning Canada Co-leads w/SDWG Strategic Planning Task Force), , - , - .

, , .

2009 2011 . - - 68 , , 2011 2013 . 120. , -, , , , - , - , , , , - .

- -, , .

velopment (EBRD) and the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) to the stage of the creation of the Project Support Instrument (PSI) as a mecha-nism for mobilization and concentration of finan-cial resources for project implementation.

On the experimental phase of the Project Support Instrument its resources will be concen-trated on the pilot projects preventing pollution of the Arctic. It was recognized that this volun-tary mechanism may use a wide range of financing measures including grants and other instruments, etc. but it was noted, that it is not an exclusive mechanism of financing priority projects of the Arctic Council.

The strategic and comprehensive planning of the Arctic Council activity and of its Working Groups, that is in particular carried out in the SDWG Strategic Planning- project (Canada Co-leads w/SDWG Strategic Planning Task Force), will demand a higher and more predictable level of financing in order to implement the long-term objectives, new sufficient and effective financing mechanisms for carrying out programs and pro-jects in the field of sustainable development coor-dinated at the international and regional levels.

The task to strengthen the Arctic Council requires mobilization of resources (first the finan-cial ones) on joint priority projects.

In the period of 2009 2011, the total number of projects, arrangements and reports realized by the participants of the Arctic Coun-cil amounted to 120 in accordance with plans to 2011 2013. The specific character of the Arctic Council projects is that they are international, as a rule, and demand a specific management system,

. :

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At the Ministerial Meeting in NuukFrom left to right:

G. Lindt, SAO Chairman of the Arctic Council; V. Vlasova, the Aide to the Minister

of Regional Development; A. Vasiliev, the Ambassador at Large

of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Representative of Russia

in the Arctic Council


. - 2011 . () 10 . , . - , - -, - . () - , - .

- - - , , , -, , .

- , -, , , .

- - - (Development of National and International Financial Mechanisms of Supporting Sustainable Development in the Arctic Regions), (SDWG) . - - . :

1) ;

2) - -;

3) - -- ;

coordination of actions, monitoring, and mobili-zation of financial resources of many participants and sources as well as the determination of prior-ity of the use of financing resources.

The key sources of projects funding are governments, international financing institutions and banks, business and other organizations. PSI just begins to operate in full force.

The Russian Government decided (May 2011) to allocate 10 million Euro to the PSI through the Nordic Environment Finance Corpo-ration (NEFCO) to support projects of the Arctic Council within the next three years.

The issues concerning the status of the PSI, mechanisms of involvement of interested Arctic member states, observers, etc. in funding projects are not fully solved. Following the results of the fifth Ministerial Meeting in Salekhard (Russia) the task has been set to estimate the effectiveness of the work of the PSI, to improve the mecha-nisms of its operation, to develop some principles of its functioning and to specify priorities of its development.

The goals of the current stage of the Arctic Council activity are as follows:

to improve mechanisms of coordination in funding projects, to develop the interaction between the international financing institutions, business, other organizations including the gov-ernmental ones and mechanisms of the concentra-tion of their resources for the implementation of the priority projects of the Arctic Council.

Russia has been actively applying positive national and international experience of institu-tional, administrative, information and financial mechanisms of sustainable development; current methods used in the world at regional and nation-al levels are under active consideration in Russia.

Russia has prepared the project titled De-velopment of National and International Financial Mechanisms of Supporting Sustainable Develop-ment in the Arctic Regions. This Project has been submitted to SDWG for consideration.

The goal of the Project is to assess the effec-tiveness of national and international procedures and instruments of the mobilization of financial resources for implementation of the Arctic Coun-cil projects. Within the framework of the above mentioned Project it is planned:

1) toanalyzethechallengesoffundingtheArcticCouncilprojects;

2) to provide predictive and quantitativeassessment of financing requirementsfortheimplementationofdecisionsandrecommendationsoftheArcticCouncil;

3) toconsiderthetraditionalandinnovative


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national and international methodsand instruments of the concentration offinancingresourcesinor

the arctic herald #1 2012

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