Theodore Theodore Roosevelt’sRoosevelt’s

Square DealSquare DealChapter 9 Section 3Chapter 9 Section 3The Americans: Reconstruction The Americans: Reconstruction through the 20through the 20thth Century Century

http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/biopictures.htmhttp://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/biopictures.htm

A Rough-Riding PresidentA Rough-Riding President

The man who was never suppose to be The man who was never suppose to be President.President.

The New York Political Machine could not control The New York Political Machine could not control the new young governor and so they plotted to the new young governor and so they plotted to get him kicked upstairs.get him kicked upstairs.

What does “kicked upstairs” mean?What does “kicked upstairs” mean? The Bosses got him nominated as the Vice-The Bosses got him nominated as the Vice-

Presidential candidate for McKinley in 1900.Presidential candidate for McKinley in 1900. What they didn’t realize was that he was a What they didn’t realize was that he was a

heartbeat from the American Presidency.heartbeat from the American Presidency.

Life &Times of RooseveltLife &Times of Roosevelt

Came from wealthy New York familyCame from wealthy New York family As a child he was of poor health and As a child he was of poor health and

suffered from asthmasuffered from asthma He embraced a vigorous lifestyle to make He embraced a vigorous lifestyle to make

himself strong.himself strong. MarksmenMarksmen HorsemenHorsemen BoxingBoxing WrestlingWrestling HuntingHunting

Roosevelt’s Political CareerRoosevelt’s Political Career

New York State AssemblymanNew York State Assemblyman New York City Police CommissionerNew York City Police Commissioner Assistant Secretary of the U.S. NavyAssistant Secretary of the U.S. Navy Governor of New YorkGovernor of New York Vice-President of the United StatesVice-President of the United States President of the United StatesPresident of the United States

The Modern PresidencyThe Modern Presidency Roosevelt became the youngest person ever to be Roosevelt became the youngest person ever to be

President. (Age 42)President. (Age 42) Who is the youngest person to ever be elected Who is the youngest person to ever be elected

President?President? Roosevelt established a new type of Presidency Roosevelt established a new type of Presidency

and was constantly in the news with his many and was constantly in the news with his many exploits.exploits.

Name some examples:Name some examples: Boxing with a Professional and losing the sight in one Boxing with a Professional and losing the sight in one

eyeeye Galloped on horseback for 100 milesGalloped on horseback for 100 miles Spared the life of a bear cub and started the use of Spared the life of a bear cub and started the use of

“Teddy Bears”“Teddy Bears”

Roosevelt On LifeRoosevelt On Life ““In life, as in a football game, the principle In life, as in a football game, the principle

to follow is: HIT THE LINE HARD”to follow is: HIT THE LINE HARD”

http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/biopictures.htm

THE MODERN PRESIDENCYTHE MODERN PRESIDENCY ““Bully Pulpit” – Use of the Presidency to Bully Pulpit” – Use of the Presidency to

influence the media and shape legislation.influence the media and shape legislation. Roosevelt used his dynamic personality and Roosevelt used his dynamic personality and

extreme popularity to advance his programs of extreme popularity to advance his programs of change.change. Cited federal responsibility for national welfareCited federal responsibility for national welfare Thought if states could not handle problems then Thought if states could not handle problems then

the federal government shouldthe federal government should

THE SQUARE DEALTHE SQUARE DEAL Term used to describe the various Term used to describe the various

progressive reforms sponsored by progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration.the Roosevelt administration.

Wanted to save the common man Wanted to save the common man from the victimization by big from the victimization by big business and give them a “Square business and give them a “Square Deal”.Deal”.

ROOSEVELT USES ROOSEVELT USES FEDERAL POWERSFEDERAL POWERS

1902 Coal Strike1902 Coal Strike Federal ArbitrationFederal Arbitration Trust BustingTrust Busting Railroad RegulationRailroad Regulation Protecting Citizens Protecting Citizens Protecting the EnvironmentProtecting the Environment

1902 COAL STRIKE1902 COAL STRIKE

140,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania go on 140,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania go on strikestrike Want 20% RaiseWant 20% Raise 9 Hour Work Day9 Hour Work Day Right to Organize a UnionRight to Organize a Union

Owners refuse to give into demandsOwners refuse to give into demands Strike lasts 5 months, reserves of coal run lowStrike lasts 5 months, reserves of coal run low

Schools and factories close, hospitals are freezingSchools and factories close, hospitals are freezing

Roosevelt calls both sides to the White House Roosevelt calls both sides to the White House

FEDERAL ARBITRATIONFEDERAL ARBITRATION

Roosevelt threatens to take over the mines.Roosevelt threatens to take over the mines. Sides agree to Federal ArbitrationSides agree to Federal Arbitration Arbitration commission works with both sides to Arbitration commission works with both sides to

mediate the dispute.mediate the dispute. Compromise SettlementCompromise Settlement

10% wage increase10% wage increase 9 Hour work day9 Hour work day Gave up demands for a closed-shop: all workers Gave up demands for a closed-shop: all workers

must belong to a unionmust belong to a union Gave up the right to strike for 3 yearsGave up the right to strike for 3 years

Set precedent of the federal government Set precedent of the federal government intervening and the expectation of them doing intervening and the expectation of them doing so.so.

TRUSTSTRUSTS Trust = MonopolyTrust = Monopoly What % of U.S. industries were controlled by What % of U.S. industries were controlled by

trusts at the turn of the century?trusts at the turn of the century? 80%80% Many used unfair business practices and took Many used unfair business practices and took

advantage of competitors and customers.advantage of competitors and customers. Standard Oil – John D. RockefellerStandard Oil – John D. Rockefeller

Roosevelt on TrustsRoosevelt on Trusts

Didn’t think all Trusts were BADDidn’t think all Trusts were BAD Fights to curb trusts when their actions Fights to curb trusts when their actions

hurt public interest.hurt public interest. Used the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)Used the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Difficult to enforce this very vague lawDifficult to enforce this very vague law Filed 44 antitrust suits against big business Filed 44 antitrust suits against big business

with his real intent to institute FEDERAL with his real intent to institute FEDERAL REGULATION.REGULATION.

Roosevelt on Roosevelt on Railroad RegulationRailroad Regulation

Interstate Commerce Act (1887) Interstate Commerce Act (1887) Est. the Interstate Commerce CommissionEst. the Interstate Commerce Commission Prohibited “pools” in which wealthy railroad owners divided the Prohibited “pools” in which wealthy railroad owners divided the

business in a given area and shared the profitsbusiness in a given area and shared the profits Elkins Act (1903)Elkins Act (1903)

Made it illegal for RR officials to give, and shippers to receive, Made it illegal for RR officials to give, and shippers to receive, REBATES-discounts or refunds.REBATES-discounts or refunds.

Specified that once a RR had set rates, it could not change Specified that once a RR had set rates, it could not change them w/out notifying the public.them w/out notifying the public.

Hepburn Act (1906)Hepburn Act (1906) Strictly limited the distribution of free RR passes, a common Strictly limited the distribution of free RR passes, a common

form of bribery.form of bribery. Allowed the ICC the power to set max. rates, subject to the Allowed the ICC the power to set max. rates, subject to the

court, if shippers complained.court, if shippers complained.

The Jungle by Upton SinclairThe Jungle by Upton Sinclair

Book that tried to show the poor working Book that tried to show the poor working conditions in Chicago meat packing conditions in Chicago meat packing plants and its effect on workers.plants and its effect on workers.

““I aimed at a nations heart, but by I aimed at a nations heart, but by accident I hit it in the stomach.”accident I hit it in the stomach.”

Exposed the sickening, dirty conditions of Exposed the sickening, dirty conditions of the meat packing industry.the meat packing industry.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beef_industry_panorama_1900_loc.jpg

Meat Inspection ActMeat Inspection Act

Dictated strict cleanliness requirements Dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers for meatpackers

Created a federal meat inspection Created a federal meat inspection program that is still in use todayprogram that is still in use today

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jungle

Pure Food and Drug ActPure Food and Drug Act

Manufactures often used harmful Manufactures often used harmful substances in foods and drugssubstances in foods and drugs Coal-tarCoal-tar BoraxBorax FormaldehydeFormaldehyde

Halted the sale of contaminated foods Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicinesand medicines

Called for “Truth in Labeling”Called for “Truth in Labeling”

Conservation and Conservation and Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

Government did little to protect U.S. Government did little to protect U.S. natural resources prior to the Roosevelt natural resources prior to the Roosevelt Administration.Administration.

Companies exploited resources and Companies exploited resources and wasted much.wasted much.

Pollution ProblemsPollution Problems Americans saw resources as endlessAmericans saw resources as endless

Establishment of National Establishment of National Parks ServiceParks Service

Yellowstone National Park 1872 – 1Yellowstone National Park 1872 – 1stst NP NP Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres of forest Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres of forest

land in reserveland in reserve Set aside 1.5 million acres of water-power sitesSet aside 1.5 million acres of water-power sites Set aside 80 million acres of land for Set aside 80 million acres of land for

exploration of minerals and water resourcesexploration of minerals and water resources Established more than 50 wildlife sanctuaries Established more than 50 wildlife sanctuaries

and more national parksand more national parks

Gifford PinchotGifford PinchotConservation vs. PreservationConservation vs. Preservation

Professional conservationist and head of the Professional conservationist and head of the U.S. Forest ServiceU.S. Forest Service

Conservation – Some wilderness areas would Conservation – Some wilderness areas would be preserved while others would be developed be preserved while others would be developed for the common good.for the common good.

Preservation – Complete preservation of Preservation – Complete preservation of wilderness areas.wilderness areas.

National Reclamation Act (Newlands Act)-National Reclamation Act (Newlands Act)- Money from the sale of public lands in the West Money from the sale of public lands in the West

would fund large-scale irrigation projectswould fund large-scale irrigation projects Established the practice of the federal governments Established the practice of the federal governments

management of precious water resourcesmanagement of precious water resources

Presidents on Civil RightsPresidents on Civil Rights RooseveltRoosevelt

Not a supporter of civil rights for African-AmericansNot a supporter of civil rights for African-Americans Did support a few individual African-AmericansDid support a few individual African-Americans

South Carolina Custom house officialSouth Carolina Custom house official Invited Booker T. Washington to dine at the White Invited Booker T. Washington to dine at the White

HouseHouse TaftTaft

No action on civil rightsNo action on civil rights WilsonWilson

Opposed federal anti-lynching lawsOpposed federal anti-lynching laws Resumed the practice of segregation in Federal officesResumed the practice of segregation in Federal offices Threw an African-American delegation out after being Threw an African-American delegation out after being

confronted about the lack of presidential support for civil confronted about the lack of presidential support for civil rightsrights