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i
Abstract
This research explores the intersection between two key elements that
have accompanied human society since almost the dawn of history –
technology and religion. Until the last decade of the twentieth century,
religious communities were characterized by means of their belonging to a
mutual geographic space and execution of collective rituals in physical holy
centers. Recently, with the growth and expansion of the web, we witness the
formation of virtual religious communities in online space, and the
transformation of this space to a unique religious sphere. In the virtual age,
religious believers use computermediated communication for various
purposes that range from locating information about religious customs and
beliefs, creating discourse and social relationships with believers that hold
similar or adverse world views, and even in order to perform virtual rituals
(Campbell, 2005a; Kong, 2001).
Most of the research literature in the field of spiritualreligious
expressions on the internet examined the religious use of the internet by
believers of institutionalized and monotheistic religions. Research findings
show that believers belonging to these religious communities have a need to
justify their religious use of the internet through various narratives and
discourses. Traditional Religious communities negotiate over the use of the
internet technology because technology is often perceived as modern,
secular, and contradictory to religious creed.
The Internet has opened new and unique opportunities for researchers
for the inquiry of religious expressions of uninstitutionalized and "invisible"
religions, as named by Thomas Luckmann (1967 in Krueger, 2004) due to
paucity of empirical findings in regard to them. The current research studies
the study of internet usage patterns among Israeli neopagan believers, and
wishes to contribute to the forming body of research knowledge concerning
religious expressions on the internet. Neopagan believers hold a variety of
beliefs, practices, and religions that belong to the modern paganism
movements. The mutual characteristics of the modern paganism movements
are: reference to nature as sacred and as object of worship, reliance on the
ancient pagan religions, focus on ritual and myth and a tendency towards
polytheism or pantheism rather than monotheism. Today, there are many
ii
sites dedicated to modern paganism on the web. Although there is an
escalation in the belief in witchcraft and paganism in the modern age it still
isn't perceived as a legitimate religious belief by wide sectors worldwide. The
need for secrecy makes it hard for neopagans to form a localgeographical
community in which to acquire religious and ritualistic knowledge. Therefore,
many neopagan believers turn to the web in order to find a spiritualreligious
community that is otherwise difficult to find in their near environment and also
to locate religious, ritualistic and spiritual information that helps mold their
religious identity (Fernback, 2002; Klassen, 2002; McIntosh, 2004; Pearson,
2002; Strmiska, 2005).
Within the framework of the current research, we examined two
research questions aiming to determine the internet usage patterns of Israeli
neopagan believers:
• What are the types of internet usage among Israeli neopagan
believers?
• What are the perceptions about internet usage among Israeli neo
pagan believers?
These questions were examined in the context of a specific virtual
pagan space: The "paganism in Israel" forum, which has exists since the
beginning of the new millennium. The research relied on the qualitative
paradigm and the ground theory method in order to perform a content
analysis of the online discourse in the forum. Additionally, indepth
halfstructured interviews were conducted with prominent neopagan believers
selected from the forum’s participants. The content analysis process of the
message sample from the "paganism in Israel" forum, as well as the analysis
of the transcripts of the interviews content, was conducted according to
Shkedi's four stages of content analysis (2003). The content analysis of the
forum and interview's discourse was divided into two kinds: A thematical
analysis illustrating types of internet usage among research participants, and
a typological analysis based upon the five conceptual models offered by
Campbell (2005a), illustrating the perceptions of the participants about this
usage.
iii
Fiftyseven secondary thematical variables were established during the
thematical analysis that represent the context of the online discourse in the
Paganism in Israel forum. These variables were arranged in 8 primary
thematical variables: religious definitions, information sharing, social
interactions, authority, religiousspiritual practices, nature, the pagan
community and society and culture commodities. The most commonly
appearing primary variable was that of religious definitions, which is in
accordance with the theological and philosophical character of the forum. The
typological analysis reveals that the most common conceptual models among
the research participants are "The internet as information space" and "The
internet as a sacramental space". These results helped determine the main
category that characterizes the discourse in the forum and interviews about
internet usage, which is the attempt to form the identity of the Israeli pagan
community.
The thematical analysis and the typological analysis have been proven
as useful analytical tools for the examination of the types of uses and
perceptions about internet usage of religious believers. Results of the current
research indicate that as opposed to believers from other religions, neopagan
believers have no substantial religious or ideological aversion to religious
usage of internet technology. However, they hold certain perceptions that
define the internet as appropriate for use only as means of serving limited and
constricted purposes.
This research offers a theory that attempts to explain the internet
usage patterns among Israeli neopagan believers as reflected in the research
results. The theory presents a few key characteristics of the neopagan
believers and the neopagan community that affect the way they use online
space. The theory is divided into three axises:
1. Individualism Vs. community cohesion.
2. Hidden knowledge Vs. explicit knowledge
3. Religious struggle Vs. cooperation.
The first axis refers to needs of the individual in regard to the pagan
community to which he belongs. The second axis refers to the information and
knowledge needs of the pagan community members. The Third axis refers to
the needs of the pagan community as a whole, which are needed for its
iv
persistence, stability and development. In the discussion chapter, we describe
each of these axises in detail and their effect on the online Israelipagan
discourse. To conclude, we suggest a few research directions for future study
of the subjects presented in the current research.
This work was carried out under the supervision of
Dr. Dan Bouhnik, Department of Information Science,
BarIlan University.
BarIlan University
CyberPaganism: Internet usage patternsamong Israeli NeoPagan believers
Korbet Rinat
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master's
Degree in the Department of Information Science, BarIlan University
Ramat Gan, Israel 2008