1

Toxic Mining Waste in the pre-AccessionCountries

the pecomines project

Marco D�Alessandro, Giovanni Bidoglio, Tamás Hámor,Győző Jordán, Erik Puura, Panos Panagos, Stefan Sommer, Marc

Van Liedekerke, Anca Marina Vijdea

European Commission, Joint Research CentreInstitute of Environment and Sustainability

Soil and Waste Unit

NATO/CCMS STUDY PILOT MEETINGBaia Mare, Romania, September 8 -11, 2003.

Concepts to Link Inventory, Impact Assessment and Legislation Development

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Rationale: Why Mining?Rationale: Why Mining?Potential environmental risksPotential environmental risks

!!Safety of waste facilities (inSafety of waste facilities (inparticular dam stability)particular dam stability)!!Operational waste management Operational waste management

(acid mine drainage, possible (acid mine drainage, possible contamination of the environment)contamination of the environment)

Commitment of the European Commission Commitment of the European Commission for a Directive on Mining Wastefor a Directive on Mining Waste

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A Research Project Focusing on Inventory, Regulations and Environmental Impacts ofToxic Mining Wastes

Objective 1: Contribute to the assessment of the consequences of mining accidents in a perspective of ecosystem protection, by comparing approaches to site monitoring and restoration

Objective 2: Develop a methodology for inventory of toxic waste sites from mineral mining in relation to �sensitive� catchment areas, by combining an indicator approach and an analysis of satellite remote sensing

Objective 3: Comparison of existing legislation on mining and mining waste to support the environmental approximation process

10 Candidate Countries

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InventoryEuropean

Environment Agency

TC Wastes

DG Environment

New Initiative on

Mining Waste

Workshop

Regulations

Environmental

Impact

Collaboration

with National

and Regional

Authorities

National

Experts

Workshop

pecomines project structure

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pecomines state-of-playGuidance through a

Steering Committee:� Reference in each country to assure

scientific quality and relevance of the project in the light of needs of Candidate Countries.

� Organisation of Meetings and Workshops (October 2001, May 2002, autumn 2003) involving also UNEP, Euromines, WWF, MS, DG ENV, EEA.

Spin-off Project:� Joint field campaign MAFI, VITUKI,

ITC, JRC-IES and DLR for data acquisition at two Hungarian mining areas in conjunction with HySenseflight (August 2002).

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Work Packages in the DPSIR Framework

DRIVING FORCES

human demand for mineral resources

regulations

assessment

PRESSURES

emission sources as the result of exploitation of mineral resources and

abandoned mining areas

STATE

the quality of environment threatened by emissions originating from mining

activitiesIMPACTS

degradation of ecosystems, quality of life, including human health, cultural

resources, recreational value

RESPONSE

actions of communities and policy makers to reduce impacts and risks to an

acceptable level

inventory

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THE INVENTORY APPROACHDevelop and test a methodology to gather data on potentially hazardous mining waste sites on a country basis. The approach combines site-specific information harmonised through a questionnaire and put into a relational database, with geo-referenced spatial information also derived from remote sensing data.

PRESSURESinventory

? Expert network, communication with national experts responsible for data supply which ensures efficiency and quality control.

? Digital interface, web application for data presentation, dissemination and inquiry through Internet was developed. All questionnaire data, spatial data (maps, etc.), other information e.g. text, graphs and photos.

? Detailed guide, glossary and Questionnaire.? Data need kept to the minimum necessary for site screening.? Hierarchical data structure from basic (location, status, commodity) to

more complex and uncertain information (waste quantities, emissions). In this way the Questionnaire is suitable for both regional screening and detailed local inventory of mine waste source characterisation.

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N1N1N1

N4

N5 -A

N5-B

N9

P1

P1P1

P2

P2

R1

R1 1

R1 6

R2

R3

R4

R5

R6 R7

R8

R9

N2

25-226-1

26-227-1

27-2 28-1

25-325-4

26-326-4

27-327-4 28-3 28-4

34-235-1

35-236-1

36-237-1

37-2 38-1 38-2

34-435-3

35-436-3

36-437-3

37-4 38-3 38-4

44-245-1

45-246-1

46-247-1

44-445-3

45-446-3 25 0 25 50 Kilometers

Spracoval: Data Image s.r.o., 10/2001

P2 - Handlová, Cíge¾, Nováky

R3 - Kremnica

R6 - �pania Dolina

R2 - Hodru�a-HámreR1 - Banská �tiavnica

P1 - Baòa Dolina

R5 - Pezinok

R4 - Dúbrava-Magurka

N5 - Hnú��a-Mútnik

N2 - Lubeník

N1 - Jel�ava

R16 - Novoveská Huta R7 - Rudòany-Poráè

N9 - ZlatníkR11 - Smolník

N4 - Ko�ice-Bankov

R9 - Slovinky

S

R10 - Ro�òava

RO�ÒAVA

Ni�ná Slaná

Paèa

BetliarHenckovce

ova-plica

Slavec

Brzotín

Krásnohorská--Dlhá Lúka

RudnáRakovnica

Honce

Ro�òavské--Bystré

Hru�ov

Drnava

Lipovník

Jablonovn.T uròou

Gemerská Poloma

KrásnohorskéPodhradie

R8

R10 - Ro�òava

R8 - Ni�ná Slaná

Selected "hot spots"in the Slovak Republic

Pe rnek

Jablon ové

PEZIN OK

Sv ätý Jur

Modra

Vin ièn é

Vinos ad y �enk

R5

Lupoè

Praha

�u¾a

VE¼K Ý KRTÍ�

Sklabina

v Lom

e

Modr ý-Kameò

Vn.

¼ubor eèZávada

Suché--Brezovo

Ma�k

Potor

Dol. Strehová

Bu�inceNová Ves

Dolné Plachtince

Obeckov

Horné S trháre

Horná S trehová

Malé ZlievceVe¾ké Straciny

Ve¾ké Zlievce

Mu¾a

¼ubor ieèka

Trenè

Pravica

P1

P1P1

Baòa

ekovská-Breznica

�arnovica

BANSK Á�TIAV NICA

Hor. Hámre

Voznica

Rudno n. Hr onom

Uhliská Ilija

Deký�

Vysoká

Hodru�a-Hámre

Vyhne

Podho

Hrabièov

Ostrý Grúò

BzenicaHl iník

n.H ronom

Lehotka p.B rehmi

Sklené--Tepl ice

Dol .--Trnávka

o á daòa

Dol .--�daòa

Banky

POÈÚVADLIANSKEJAZERO

R1

R2

BANSKÁ�TIAVN ICA

�ib ritov

Anto lIlija

Deký �

sok á

u �a-Hámre

Vy hn e

Podhor ie

Ban. --Stu de nec

o o S e é-Teplice

Bank yBans ká Belá

POÈÚVADLI ANSKEJAZERO

R1

2VÁ

Kremnica

oèno

Kune�o v

Turèek

Kopern ica

oso rín

Slaská

Bart o�ova--Leho tka

Horná-

-VesDolná-

Nevo¾né

Ihráè

R3No vá ky

PRIEVIDZABo jn ic e

�u to vc e

Ko �

Ze mia ns ke --Ko st o¾an y

Lehotap. Vt áèn iko m

Po dh rad ie

Cige ¾

Se be dra �ie

Laz an y

Po rub a Ne do �e ry --Bre zan y

Ka men ec --p od Vt á èniko m

By st riè any

ò an y

O

Nit ra

HANDL OVÁ

Sk lené

M. Èa usa

Ve ¾. ÈausaCh ren ov ec

Rá zt oè no

K

Ko p

Janov a--L eh ot a

Ko so rín

Sl as ká

P2

P2

Kordíky

Rieèka

St. Hory

Har manec

Motyèky

R6

EROK Sliaèe

Lisková -

Ludr ová

Lipt.--�tiavnica

Partizánska--¼upèa

Malatiny

¼ube¾a

Liptovské--K¾aèany

Dúbrava

Galovany

Lazisko

Pavèina--Lehota

Vá h

De mä no v

Svätý K rí�

Gotovany Bod ice

Pl o� tí n

Palúdzka

And i ce

da

Lipt. Lú�na

R4

Hnú��a

Klenovec

ou

Kro

N5-A

N5-B

R5 - Pezinok P1 - baòa Dolina R2 - Hodru�a-Hámre R1 - Banská �tiavnica R3 - Kremnica P2 - Handlová, Cíge¾, Nováky R6 - �pania Dolina R4 - Dúbrava - Magurka N5 - Hnú��a - Mútnik

KO�ICE

Kaveèany

Beniako

Hr

Vajko

Ba�ka

ý-tový-

Lor inèík

N4

HaricSmi �any

Teplièk

SPI�SKÁN. VES

Mlynky

Novoveská--Huta

ZHnilec

Hornád

Spi�ské Tomá�ovce

N9

R16Ni�ná Slaná

Henckovce

Goèovo

Vlachovo

Kobeliarovo

Petrovooce¾ovce

Slavo�ka

Brdárka

Vy�ná Slaná

R8Smolnik

�tós

Smolnícka--Huta

R11

Geln ica

KROMPACHY

Kluk na

Helcmanov ce

Slov ink y

Kolinovce

�akarovce

Ko

R9

Jel�

LubeníkTurèok

Revúcka--Lehota

Chy�néMagnNNN

N2Jel� ava

Slav o�ovce

�

Petro

Ro� táOchtiná

Koce¾ovce

Rochov ce

Chy�néMagnezi tovce

Goèaltovo

Rozlo�ná

N1N1N1

Teplièka

Nálepkovo

Závadka

N9

Spi� ský Hru�ov

Tepl ièka

Marku�ovc e

Rudòany

B

Jamnik

Nálepkovo

Odorín

Matejovce

Chr as�n.Hornádom

ZávadkaPoráè

OlcHornád

N9

R7

N2 - Lubeník R9 - Slovinky R11 - Smolník R8 - Ni�ná Slaná R16 - Novoveská Huta N4 - Ko�ice-Bankov N1 - Jel�ava R7 - Rudòany-Poráè N9 - Z latník

Inventory Example: Slovakia

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Areas of intensive mining and processing waste (�hot spots�) in Poland

PL-Geological Survey

Extracted

matter DISPOSAL

AREA Waste

quantity Annual

Extraction

Hazardous component

MINING BRANCH

Area

NUMBER

OF MINES

Gg

Number of disposals

thous. m2 Gg Gg/a

Upper Silesian Coal Basin

27 49 20 551.01) 441 4411) 90 881.22) NaCl - 1.76 %; FeS2

Hard coal Rybnik Coal District 15 102 480.0

14 6 202.0 252 625.0 50 750.82) NaCl - 1.76 %; FeS2

Lower Silesian Coal Basin

- - 4 2 730.0 74 248.0 - FeS2

Kleszczów Trough 2 34 664.0 2 3 080.0 14 000.0 4 109,03) Na2+, SO4

2-, Pb, Cr, La

Lignite Zittau Depression 1 9 177.0 1 887.5 no 3 456.03) Na2+ - 2,72 %, Hg, Cr,

Cu, Sr, V, Co, Ni Konin District 9 15 700.0 2 4 320,0 29 400.0 1 339.03) Na2

+ - 0.60 %, SO42- -

11.75 %, Sr, Cr Radioactive elements

Kowary Area - - 10 168.5 4 710.0 - UO2 - 0.15 %; 0.1-0.4 µGy/h

Radoniów Area - - 3 no 520.0 - no

Lubin-Głogów Copper District

4 27 142.0 2 14 500.0 71 844.0 19 688.0 Cu - 0.17 %

Copper ore Grodziec Depression

- - 3 3 860.0 40 380.0 - Cu - 0.20 %

Złotoryja District - - 2 no 21 854.1 - no

Bytom Area - - 23 5 492.0 15.861.0 - Zn - 2.47 %, Pb - 0.38 %

Zinc/lead ore

Chrzanów Area 2 - 3 742.0 13 200.0 1 004.0 Zn - 1.02 %, Pb - 0.36 %

Olkusz Area 3 41 200.0 3 1 040.0 24 401.9 2 007.7 Zn - 0.85 %, Pb - 0.38 %

Nickel ore Ząbkowice Śląskie Area

- - 7 591.2 11 030.0 - Ni - 0.35 %

Arsenic ore Złoty Stok Area - - 2 no 100.0 - As

Sulphur Tarnobrzeg Area 3 940.0 1 5 237.5 1 540.6 208.04) H2S, SO2; in �kek� S � 44.0 %

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Inventory Example: Hungary

Landscape Wounds (incl. mining sites)H-Ministry of

Environment

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mining site in the database

mining site in the database

pecomines database: Web application

PRESSURESinventory

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I. Identification and Location

II. Status and Production

III. Geological Characterisation of Mineral Deposit

IV. Mineral Processing and Waste Management

V. Emissions and Environmental Impacts

PRESSURESinventory

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Support compilation of the inventory by improving spatial details and differentiation of potentially hazardous mining waste materials from other sites in the CORINE LC system. A geo-referenced mapping of surface mining waste deposits at local and national scale, based on spectral discrimination of mineralogical components. Demonstration of the method applied to Landsat-TM data for rapid screening.

The Remote Sensing Component

SLOVAKIA ROMANIA

Multi-temporal satellite scenes at time intervals covering the period 1985 � 2000. Total area covered is ca.120 000 km2.

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Fe

OH

SPECTRALLY BASED METHODOLOGY FOR RAPID SCREENING SPECTRALLY BASED METHODOLOGY FOR RAPID SCREENING OF MINING WASTES BY USE OF LANDSATOF MINING WASTES BY USE OF LANDSAT--TM IMAGESTM IMAGES

Exposed rock surface:Exposed rock surface:Andesite quarry-RO

Processed remote sensing image pointing out

ferric/ferrous minerals

Strong weathering of iron oxides and hydroxides

Secondary minerals in Secondary minerals in sulfide bearing deposits: sulfide bearing deposits: Porphyry copper open-pit

Oxidation of sulfides with release of acid water and heavy metals

Processed remote sensing image pointing out co-

occurrence of both OH and Fe bearing minerals

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Processed image showing the zones with iron oxides and OH-bearing minerals

Fe

OH

Landsat-TM image (07.10.1991) Map of mineral fuels and metals

Novoveska Huta �Rudnany (Slovakia)

Output: large-area maps of spatial distribution of mining wastes

Discrimination between weathered materials and others prone to acidification

Detection of changes over time

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REMOTE SENSING ANOMALIES REMOTE SENSING ANOMALIES DETECTED AND MAPPED IN SLOVAKIADETECTED AND MAPPED IN SLOVAKIA

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Change detection in Smolnik � SmolnickaHuta area, Slovak Republic

25.08.1987 06.08.1992 20.08.2000

Active mine Closed mine Remediated tailing pond

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STATE AND IMPACTSassessment

Actions on multi-country level require harmonised criteria and procedures to classify environmental impacts.A comparative assessment and ranking of different mining sites for 37 hot-spots focusing on initial steps of the overall risk assesment. The hot-spot (metal, uranium, fossil fuel, industrial minerals) categoriesare:

CONTAMINANTIDENTIFICATION

RISK CHA -RACTERISATION

TOXICITY ASSESSMENT

EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT

FATE ANDTRANSPORT

CONTAMINATION SOURCE

1. Sites emitting hazardous, polluted water2. Large contaminated lands, waste heaps and/or

tailing ponds3. Tailing ponds with large volumes of polluted

water or heaps with unstable slopes, at risk of accidental release of pollutants

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... and application to other sites, which are compared on log-log scale plotting emission flow-rates and the number of times environmental quality standards are exceeded.

Emissions potential

1.E-01

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11

Emission m3/day (1 m3/day = 0.0116 l/s)

times

sta

ndar

d ex

ceed

ed

Baia Mare

BorsaMotru

Rosia Poeni

ElatziteMedet

BuhovoEleshnitsa

Pang-juriste

Jachymov

Elias Nejdek

Bytiz

Mydlovary

Recsk I

Recsk II

Mecsek I

Mecsek II

Maardu

Estonian oil shale basin

Smolnik

BanskaStiavnica

Upper SilesianCoal Basin

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Emissions potential

1.E-01

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09 1.E+10 1.E+11

Emission m3/day (1 m3/day = 0.0116 l/s)

times

sta

ndar

d ex

ceed

ed

A

E

D

C

B

1 8764 532

Possible classification of hazardous sites with respect to the emissions potential.

A parameter IH (isohazard) is defined as log(times standard exceeded) + log(emission rate, m3/day), and its value has a meaning of a potential to pollute equal amount of good quality water per day .

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regulations

The approach addressed and clarified:

! Ownership (land, minerals, waste) ! Authority framework, licensing procedures ! Control, sanctions, liability! Financial aspects and public acceptance! National policies, programmes! Data management and access ! Original regulatory ideas

RESPONSE

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TYPICAL REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF MINING IN CANDIDATE COUNTRIES

Council of Ministers (Government)

Ministry of Economy Ministry of Environment

Constitutional Court

Regional or Local Professional Authorities

Mining Authority Geological Survey Water Authority

Supreme Court

County Courts

Local Courts

Env. Authority

Legend

Jurisdiction First-instance AuthoritiesSupervising Authorities

L o c a l G o v e r n m e n t s

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regulationsLEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF MINES IN

CANDIDATE COUNTRIES

illegal(not licensed)

pre-operational(licensed mining plot)

in operation(licensed technical operation plan)

temporarily suspended

has owner has no owner("orphan" mine)

not remediated remediated

closed

not in operation

legal(licensed)

MINES AND QUARRIES

LEGENDpotentially high environmental riskmedium environmental risk

low environmental risk

RESPONSE

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regulationsConclusions of the regulatory report

" Adoption of EU waste legislation is advanced." Mining legislation shows differences among Candidate

Countries (e.g. ownership and scope). " Opening and operation of mines are well regulated, closure

and aftercare are less prescribed. Regulatory enforcement requires improvement.

" Geological data (including mineral resources) are well recorded, mining operation and waste data are less accurately managed.

" Mining regulations focus mainly on safety and not on environmental impacts.

" Limited use of royalty incomes for mitigating and remediating mining-related environmental impacts.

RESPONSE

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available on request

from

tamas.hamor@jrc.it

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Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the management of waste from

the extractive industries

Article 19 ... drawing-up inventories of closed waste facilities� identification ...and their classification according to the degree of their impact on human health and the environment

Article 20 Within three years� the Commission shall adopt ...definition of the criteria for the classification of waste facilities,� including threshold concentrations for hazardous waste and dangerous substances

pecomines: a pilot to support implementation

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Contaminated Sites in Accession Countries

Workshop in Budapest � end of October

!Develop and test a large-scale approach to the inventory and assessment of environmental impacts associated to contaminated sites

!Benchmarking historical heritage and national actions of 13 Accession and Candidate Countries

!Agree on methodologies and establish a platform for information exchange to collect, use and deliver back data

Community Actions on Soil

#Towards a Thematic Strategy on Soil Protection (COM(2002)179 final)

#Proposal for a Directive on Soil Monitoring (mid 2004)

#Proposal for a Commission Communication on contamination, erosion and organic matter content of soil and related research and legislative needs