UNCTAD 창조경제보고서

(｢Creative Economy｣ Report 2010)

13. 6.

저작권 ⓒ 국제 연합 2010

관련된 모든 법적 권한이 보유됨

국제 연합 무역 개발 회의/DITC/TAB/2010/3

이 발행물의 내용은 원본 자료에 대한 언급과 인정이 있을 시에만 인용되거나 재

판(再版) 될 수 있다. 본 발행물을 인용, 재판(再版)시 해당 출판물의 사본을 국제

연합 무역 개발 회의의 사무국(UNCTAD)으로 송부해야 한다. 사무국이 위치한

Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland 에 1부, 그리고 국제 연합

개발 계획의 SU-SSC 가 위치한 1 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017 USA에 1부를

송부하여야 한다.

이 보고서는 국제 연합 무역 개발 회의(UNCTAD)와 국제 연합 개발 계획

(UNDP)의 (SU-SSC)에 의해 공동 출판되었다. 창조 경제 보고서 2010은 “하나의

국제 연합”아래에 여러 기관을 포함하는 조합들을 예로써, 국제 연합에게 이 새로

운 주제에 대한 전 조직적인 관점을 제공한다.

발행물 내에 사용된 명칭들과 자료에 대한 발표는 국가, 영토, 도시, 지역 혹은 관

련된 국경의 한계 결정에 대해서 어떠한 의견이나 의미를 암시하지 않는다.

이 보고서는 영어로만 이용이 가능하다. 전체 보고서는 현재 인터넷에서 찾아볼

수 있다.

http://www.unctad.org/creative-economy

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목 차

제1부. 창조 경제 ·····································································································1

1장. 창조경제의 개념과 범위 ···············································································1

1.1 진화하는 개념과 정의들 ·················································································1

1.1.1 창의력 ··············································································································1

1.1.2 창의적인 제품과 서비스 ··············································································3

1.1.3 문화적 산업들 ································································································4

1.1.4 문화적 자본 환경 ··························································································4

1.1.5 창조 산업들 ····································································································5

1.1.6 국제 연합 무역 개발 회의의 창조 산업에 대한 분류 ··························7

1.1.7 창조 경제 ······································································································10

1.1.8 창의적 수준과 창의적인 사업가들 ··························································12

1.1.9 창의적 도시들 ······························································································14

1.1.10 창의적 네트워크와 지역들 ······································································20

1.1.11 문화와 창의적 공통점 ··············································································23

1.1.12 경험 경제 ····································································································24

1.1.13 창조 생태학 ································································································24

1.2 전 세계적인 창조 경제의 주요동인 ···························································25

1.2.1 기술 ················································································································25

1.2.2 수요 ················································································································27

1.2.3 관광업 ············································································································28

1.3 창조 경제의 다양한 차원들 ·········································································30

1.3.1 경제적 측면 ··································································································30

1.3.2 사회적 측면 ··································································································32

1.3.3 문화적 측면 ··································································································34

1.3.4 지속 가능한 발전 ························································································35

1.4 창조 산업의 교차적 성격 ·············································································36

1.4.1 부처간 일치된 정책의 필요성 ··································································36

1.4.2 이해당사자들 간의 다양한 대화의 필요성 ············································38

1.4.3 기관적 방법의 필요성 ················································································39

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1.5 선진국의 창조 경제 ·······················································································39

2장 발전의 차원 ····································································································44

2.1 정책의 영향: 밀레니엄 개발 목표 ······························································44

2.2 창조 경제: 연계와 발전 영향 ······································································49

2.2.1 창조 경제의 다면적인 측면들 ··································································50

2.2.2 문화와 기술의 연계 ····················································································51

2.2.3 사회적 상호작용 ··························································································51

2.3 전통적인 지식, 문화와 창조 경제 ······························································52

2.4 개발도상국의 창조 경제와 전환경제 ·························································56

2.4.1 아프리카 ········································································································56

2.4.2 아시아-태평양 지역 ·····················································································65

2.4.3 중앙아시아와 중동 ······················································································71

2.4.4 라틴 아메리카 ······························································································74

2.4.5 캐리비안 ········································································································82

2.4.6 전환경제속의 동유럽 ··················································································89

2.5 창조 경제와 녹색 경제 ·················································································94

2.5.1 창의성과 생물의 다양성: 윈-윈 해결책 ··················································96

2부 창조 경제를 평가하는 법: 분석과 측정 ·················································104

3장 창조 경제의 분석 ························································································104

3.1 체계적 분석의 필요성 ·················································································104

3.2 창조 경제의 구성 ·························································································105

3.2.1 조직 구조 ····································································································106

3.2.2 운영상 문제 ································································································106

3.2.3 위치 선정의 문제 ······················································································108

3.2.4 소셜 네트워크의 힘 ··················································································109

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3.3 창조 기업에 대한 경제적 분석 ·································································111

3.3.1 기업 조직의 분석 ······················································································111

3.3.2 가치사슬 분석 ····························································································112

3.3.3 기업들 간의 분석 ······················································································114

3.3.4 입지분석 ······································································································116

3.3.5 위치 선정의 분석 ······················································································120

3.3.6 저작권과 지적 재산권 ··············································································121

3.3.7 접촉 이론 ····································································································122

3.4 창조 기업의 구조 ·························································································123

3.4.1 중소기업들의 우세 ····················································································123

3.4.2 대규모 법인 기업 ······················································································126

3.4.3 공공 혹은 준 공공 문화 협회 ································································127

3.4.4 개별 예술가들 및 제작자 ········································································127

3.5 분배와 경쟁 문제 ·························································································131

3.5.1 변화하는 소비 패턴 ··················································································137

3.5.2 창조적인 산업들과 규제 ··········································································138

3.6 생산-사슬 분석의 적용: 사하라 사막 이남의 음악 산업 ·····················139

4. 증거에 기초한 창조 경제의 평가를 향하여 ·············································142

4.1 새로운 정보 베이스의 필요성 ···································································143

4.2 믿을만한 창조경제의 기준을 향하여 ·······················································144

4.3 창조경제의 운용모델을 세우는 도전 ·······················································146

4.4 평가: 그들의 한계와 잠재력 ······································································148

4.4.1 고용 ··············································································································148

4.4.2 시간 사용 ····································································································150

4.4.3 거래와 부가가치 ························································································150

4.4.4 저작권 및 지적 재산권 문제 ··································································151

4.4.5 공공 투자 ····································································································152

4.5 문화위성계정의 시행 ···················································································152

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4.6 데이터 원본 및 평가 도구: 현재 데이터의 부적절성 ··························154

4.7 제품 분류 방법론을 사용한, 창조 산업에 대한 무역 모델 사례. ······················156

4.8 창조 문화적 상품의 국제 무역에 대한 통계방법론의 비교 분석 ····· 160

4.8.1 창조 문화적 상품에 대한 무역 통계: 선정된 방법론 ·······················161

4.8.2 창조 문화적 상품에 대한 통계방법론 요약 비교 ······························166

4.8.3 비교 연구 분석에서 얻은 교훈 ······························································170

4.9 창의적 상품 국제 무역의 통합된 측정을 위한 방법론적 기초 ·········174

4.10 주요 고려사항들 ·························································································177

제3부 창조적인 상품 및 서비스의 국제무역 ················································183

5. 창조적인 상품 및 서비스의 국제무역: 글로벌 트렌드와 특징 ············183

5.1 상황 조성 ·······································································································183

5.2 창조적 산업: 세계 무역의 새로운 동적 부문 ········································184

5.3 세계 무역에서 창조적 상품 및 서비스의 글로벌 동향 ·······················186

5.3.1 세계 수출에서 글로벌 동향 ····································································187

5.3.2 세계 수입에서 글로벌 동향 ····································································189

5.3.3 창조적 상품의 글로벌 시장에서의 주요 참가자 ································191

5.3.4 창조적 상품에서의 무역 균형 ································································193

5.3.5 창조적 경제에 대한 국가 프로필 ··························································194

5.4 세계 시장에서 지역 경제 단체 ·································································194

5.5 창조적 상품 및 서비스의 북-남 및 남-남 무역에 대한 전망 ·············196

5.6 창조적 산업 분야별 국제 무역의 글로벌 동향 ·····································199

5.6.1 재산 ··············································································································200

5.6.2 무대 예술 ····································································································203

5.6.3 시각 예술 ····································································································210

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5.6.4 시청각자료 ··································································································213

5.6.5 출판 및 인쇄 미디어 ················································································220

5.6.6 디자인 ··········································································································222

5.6.7 뉴 미디어 ····································································································226

5.6.8 창조적 서비스 ····························································································228

5.6.9 로열티 및 허가 비용 ················································································231

5.6.10 관련 산업 ··································································································232

제4부 지적 재산권과 기술의 역할 ··································································235

6. 창조 경제에서 지적 재산권의 역할 ···························································235

6.1 소개 ·················································································································235

6.2 지적 재산권이란? ··························································································237

6.3 지적 재산권과 창조적 산업 ·······································································238

6.3.1 지리적 표시와 원산지 표기 ····································································240

6.4 저작권과 창조 경제 ·····················································································240

6.4.1 독점권 ··········································································································241

6.4.2 저작 인격권 ································································································242

6.4.3 관련 권리 ····································································································243

6.4.4 저작권의 예외와 제한 ··············································································244

6.4.5 저작권의 시행 ····························································································247

6.5 저작권의 경제 ·······························································································248

6.5.1 저작물사용 허가표시: 급부상 움직임 ···················································249

6.6 창조산업의 경제 기여 ·················································································252

6.7 저작권, 창조 산업 및 전통적인 문화적 표현 ········································254

6.7.1 독창적인 공동체와 새로운 기술 ····························································256

6.8 저작권과 새로운 기술 ·················································································259

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6.9 가능한 정책 대안 ·························································································262

7. 기술, 연결성 및 창조 경제 ··········································································264

7.1 소개 ·················································································································264

7.2 연결성과 광범위한 영향 ·············································································265

7.2.1 모바일 혁명 ································································································266

7.2.2 개발도상국의 인터넷 사용자들의 가장 빠른 성장 ····························267

7.2.3 브로드밴드 연결성 측면에서 뒤쳐져 있는 개발도상국들 ················268

7.2.4 국제적 변화에 의해 활성화된 정보 통신 기술 제품에 대한 남-남 간 무역과 투자

·································································································································269

7.3 측정 문제와 창조적 내용물 ·······································································270

7.4 ICT가 창조경제에 미치는 영향 ·································································272

7.4.1 창조 산업에서 점점 커지는 정보통신기술의 중요성 ························274

7.5 디지털화 ·········································································································275

7.6 수렴과 신사업 모델들 ·················································································276

7.7 생산 사슬에 미치는 영향 ···········································································278

7.8 미래 전망 ·······································································································285

제5부 개발을 위한 창조 경제 추진 ······························································288

8. 창조적 산업을 위한 정책 전략 ···································································288

8.1 소개 ·················································································································288

8.2 공공 정책의 역할 ·························································································290

8.3 정책 과정 ·······································································································295

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8.4 정책 방향 ·······································································································296

8.4.1 기반 시설 제공 ··························································································296

8.4.2 금융 및 투자 제공 ····················································································297

8.4.3 제도적 메커니즘의 창조 ··········································································306

8.4.4 규제 프레임 워크 및 입법 ······································································309

8.4.5 수출 시장 개척 ··························································································313

8.4.6 창조 클러스터의 설립 ··············································································313

8.4.7 창조적 기업가정신의 고무 ······································································314

8.4.8 효과적인 데이터 수집 측정 기관 ··························································314

8.5 창조 경제 향상을 위한 창조적 결합 ·······················································315

8.5.1 창조적 결합 모델 ······················································································315

8.6 창조 경제 강화를 위한 목표 방안 ···························································318

8.6.1 비공식적 부문 ····························································································318

8.6.2 창조적 예술 ································································································319

8.6.3 중소기업 ······································································································320

8.6.4 공공문화협회 ······························································································321

8.6.5 법인 부문 ····································································································322

8.7 국가 차원에서 기획된 정책 조치 ·····························································322

9. 국제적 차원에서의 창조 산업 정책 ···························································325

9.1 국제적 정책의 프레임 워크 ·······································································325

9.2 UNCTAD 국제 연합 무역 개발 회의: 창조 산업에서 경제와 개발 의제 ··· 326

9.2.1 UNCTAD X: 시청각 서비스 ···································································326

9.2.2 후발 개발도상국 관련 세번째 국제 연합 회의: 음악 ·······················328

9.2.3 UNCTAD XI: 창조 산업— 전환기 ·······················································329

9.2.4 UNCTAD XII: 창조 산업에서 창조 경제까지 ····································330

9.3 WTO 다자간 협상 및 창조 산업에 대한 시사점 ··································332

9.3.1 위기와 국제 무역 시스템 ········································································332

9.3.2 시장 접근, 관세 및 비관세 장벽 ···························································333

9.3.3 서비스에서 무역에 관한 일반 협정 ······················································337

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9.3.4 TRIPs 무역관련 지적재산권에 관한 협정 ············································340

9.3.5 창조 산업에 대한 지역 무역 협정의 의미 ··········································341

9.4 UNESCO (국제연합교육과학문화기구) 문화 다양성 관점 ··················344

9.5 WIPO (세계 지적 재산권 기구) 개발 의제 ············································348

9.6 UNDP (유엔개발계획): 개발을 위한 개발도상국의 창조 경제 종사 ······349

9.7 ITC(독립 텔레비전 방송 위원회): 창조 산업에 대한 비즈니스 기회 창출 ····354

9.8 UNEP (유엔 환경 계획): 창조 산업을 위한 생물 다양성 혜택 추진 ······357

10. 교훈 및 정책 옵션 ·····················································································361

10.1 교훈 ···············································································································361

10.2 주요 결과 ·····································································································362

10.2.1 정의 및 개념 ····························································································365

10.2.2 교차 연결 ··································································································366

10.2.3 선진국의 창조 경제 ················································································367

10.2.4 개발도상국의 창조 경제 ········································································367

10.2.5 창조적 상품의 가치 사슬 ······································································369

10.2.6 데이터 문제 ······························································································369

10.2.7 무역 ············································································································371

10.2.8 연결성과 정보통신기술 ··········································································372

10.2.9 창조 경제에 대한 정책 ··········································································372

10.2.10 국제 환경 ································································································373

10.3 정책 대안 ·····································································································374

10.3.1 정부의 역할 ······························································································375

10.3.2 창조적인 기업가들의 역할 ····································································377

10.3.3 시민 사회의 역할과 전략적 제휴처 ····················································378

10.3.4 국제 협력의 역할 ····················································································379

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박스기사 목록

1.1 창조적 기업가: 성공적인 사업으로 아이디어의 변형 ····························13

1.2 창조적 도시 ·····································································································14

1.3 중국의 문화 및 창조적인 클러스터 ···························································21

1.4 페트라: 문화 여행 ··························································································29

1.5 서커스 뒤 솔 레: 아주 간단한 꿈 ······························································33

1.6 파리 박물관 지구의 경제학 ·········································································37

2.1 개발도상국간 창조적 경험의 공유 ·····························································48

2.2 브라질의 카니발 ·····························································································53

2.3 아프리카 리믹스 ·····························································································57

2.4 상하이 창조 산업 센터의 경험 ···································································67

2.5 탱고에 대한 열정 ···························································································77

2.6 과테말라: 문화에 대한 경제 기여 ······························································81

2.7 레게 고향으로서의 브랜드 자메이카 ·························································84

2.8 볼쇼이: 세계에 주는 숭고한 선물 ······························································91

2.9 태국 생활 및 전통: 태국 실크 ····································································96

2.10 콜롬비아의 바이오 무역 ·············································································97

2.11 윤리적인 에코 패션 및 천연 섬유 ···························································98

2.12 모로코 스파문화 ·························································································100

2.13 에코미디어, 행동으로의 이행 ··································································103

3.1 tecnobrega의 사례 ························································································114

3.2 창조적 클러스터 ···························································································117

3.3 거북이: 보존 관광 및 가격책정 ································································120

3.4 남아프리카 공화국에서 꽃핀 창조적 방송 ·············································128

3.5 창조 산업의 속성 ·························································································133

3.6 시청각 및 음악 산업에 특정한 상업 관행 및 비즈니스 모델 ···········135

4.1 현실과 숫자 ···································································································178

6.1 성장하지 위한 중요한 요소로서의 디자인 ·············································238

6.2 다빈치 코드 사례 ·························································································242

6.3 창조력과 지식에 대한 공동 접근 ·····························································246

6.4 보석: 전통과 현대 디자인 사이의 마법같은 결합 ································257

6.5 저작권의 집단 관리 ·····················································································261

7.1 정보통신기술이 신사업 모델을 생기게 할 때 ·······································277

7.2 무료 및 오픈 소스 소프트웨어와 창조 경제 ·········································281

7.3 유럽 텔레비전 방송망 ·················································································286

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8.1 상하이 창조 산업: 중국의 방법 ································································291

8.2 브라질의 대안 통화 ·····················································································305

8.3 이집트의 영화산업: 기울어져 가는 “동쪽의 할리우드” ······················307

8.4 다카르의 현대 아프리카 미술 비엔날레 ·················································311

8.5 발동중인 문화 정책: 나이로비 행동 계획. ·············································322

9.1 텔레비전과 연속극 ·······················································································326

9.2 꼭두각시 세상 ·······························································································339

9.3 문화 상품 및 서비스의 무역 흐름을 촉진 하는 돌파구 ·····················342

9.4 문화 관광: 페루 경험의 인상 ····································································346

9.5 지속 가능성과 더 나은 미래를 선도 하는 새로운 모델 ·····················351

9.6 놀리우드: 창조적인 반응 ············································································356

9.7 Alphadi: 이동식 주택의 유행 ····································································358

표 목록

1.1 다른 모델에서 파생 된 창조 산업에 대한 분류 체계 ·····························6

1.2 선별된 창조적 도시의 문화고용 견적 ·······················································18

1.3 창조적 도시 네트워크 ···················································································19

1.4 2003년, 미국의 창조적 산업 노동자 ··························································32

1.5 유럽의 문화적, 창조적 부문이 유럽 국가 경제에 하는 기여 ··············40

1.6 다년간, 5 개 국가를 위한 문화 산업의 GDP 또는 GVA에의 기여 ···41

1.7 다년간, 문화 부문의 8 개 유럽 국가 경제에의 기여 ····························42

1.8 유럽의 8개 국가에 대한 문화외적 기여도와

창조적/문화적 분야의 기여도 비교 (% of GDP) ········································42

1.9 5개 OECD 국가 GDP의 창조 산업에의 기여도 추정 ···························43

2.1 아프리카 음악 산업의 특징 ·········································································60

3.1 2002년, 캐나다에서 문화 산업의 가치 사슬 ··········································113

4.1 UNCTAD/UNESCO가 정의한 창조/문화 상품의

국제 무역에 대한 통계적 방법론의 비교 분석 ···········································167

4.2 UNCTAD/UNESCO가 정의한 창조/문화 상품의 국제 무역 비교 분석 개요·····169

4.3 관세 및 통계 통합분류표와 함께 UNCTAD/UNESCO가 정의한

관련 창조적 제품/장비와 문화 상품의 물자 지원의 국제 무역 ·······169

4.4 UNCTAD에 의해 정의 된 창조적 서비스 ·············································170

4.5 서로 다른 HS 코드 버전 간 국가 보고의 수 ········································171

4.6 창조 경제 무역 통계의 UNCTAD 모델 ·················································172

4.7 창조 산업의 제품 및 서비스 ·····································································173

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4.8 창조적 제품의 제안된 분류 ·······································································177

5.1 모든 창조적 산업(상품 및 서비스)의 세계 수출, 하위집단 별, 2002, 2008 · 185

5.2 창조적 상품: 수출, 경제 그룹, 2002, 2008 ·············································187

5.3 창조적 상품: 수출, 경제 그룹과 지역, 2002, 2008 ·······························189

5.4 창조적 상품: 수입, 경제 그룹, 2002, 2008 ·············································190

5.5 창조적 상품: 수입, 경제 그룹과 지역, 2002, 2008 ·······························190

5.6 창조적 상품: 전 세계 상위 20개 수출국, 2002, 2008 ··························192

5.7 창조적 상품: 선진국 중 상위 10개 수출국, 2008 ·································192

5.7 창조적 상품: 선진국 중 상위 10개 수출국, 2008 ·································192

5.9 창조적 상품: 수출, 지역 경제 그룹, 2002, 2008 ···································195

5.10a 창조적 상품: 개발도상국간 무역에서의 수출,

지역 및 제품 그룹, 2002, 2008 ····································199

5.10b 창조적 상품: 개발도상국간 무역의 모든 창조적 산업 수출,

지역 그룹과 중국, 2002, 2008 ······································199

5.11 미술 공예: 수출, 경제 그룹과 지역, 2002, 2008 ·································200

5.12a 미술 공예: 선진국 중 상위 10개 수출국, 2008 ·································202

5.12b 미술 공예: 개발도상국 중 상위 10개 수출국, 2008 ·························202

5.13 공연 예술: 수출, 경제 그룹과 지역, 2002, 2008 ·································208

5.14 공연 예술: 선진국 중 상위 10개 수출국, 2008 ···································209

5.15 공연 예술: 개발도상국 중 상위 10개 수출국, 2008 ···························209

5.16 시각 예술: 선진국 중 상위 10개 수출국, 2008 ···································213

5.17 시각 예술: 개발도상국 중 상위 10개 수출국, 2008 ···························213

5.18 출판 및 인쇄 미디어: 선진국 중 상위 10개 수출국, 2008 ·············221

5.19 출판 및 인쇄 미디어: 개발도상국 중 상위 10개 수출국, 2008 ·······221

5.20 디자인: 수출, 경제 그룹과 지역, 2002, 2008 ·······································224

5.21 디자인: 선진국 중 상위 10개 수출국, 2008 ·········································225

5.22 디자인: 개발도상국 중 상위 10개 수출국, 2008 ·································225

5.23 뉴미디어: Exports, 수출, 경제 그룹과 지역, 2002, 2008 ···················227

5.24 뉴미디어: 선진국 중 상위 10개 수출국, 2008 ·····································228

5.25 뉴미디어: 개발도상국 중 상위 10개 수출국, 2008. ····························228

5.26 보고된 창조적 서비스의 수출, 2002, 2005, 2008 (수십억 달러) ····230

5.27 보고된 창조적 서비스의 수입, 2002, 2005, 2008 (수십억 달러) ······230

5.28 로열티 및 허가 비용: 세계 수출 및 수입, 2002, 2005, 2008 ············231

5.29 관련 상품: 수출, 경제 그룹, 2002, 2008 (수백만 달러) ·····················233

5.30 관련 상품: 수입, 경제 그룹, 2002, 2008 (수백만 달러) ·····················233

6.1 WIPO 방법론을 사용한 저작권 기반 산업의 경제적 기여도 ············253

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7.1 정보통신기술 산업 부분의 글로벌 GDP에의 기여, 2003-2007 ···········266

7.2 디지털 라이프의 상호 연결 관점 ·····························································271

7.3 개발을 위한 정보통신기술 측정의 동업: 핵심 정보통신 기술 지표 272

7.4 전 세계 상위 20개 시청각 회사와 그들의 2004년 매출 ·····················273

8.1 지역 외환거래 시스템 설명 ·······································································302

9.1 창조적 상품: 수입, 최혜국 적용 및 제정된 관세, 2002, 2008 ···········334

9.2 창조적 상품: 수입, 국가 그룹, 최혜국 적용 및 제정된 관세, 2002-2008 ·····335

9.3 창조적 상품: 수입, 선진국, 최혜국 적용 및 제정된 관세, 2002-2008 ···· 336

9.4 창조적 상품: 수입, 개발도상국, 최혜국 적용 및 제정된 관세, 2002-2008 ···337

10.1 창조적 산업 정책 대안 ·············································································337

그림 목록

1.1 오늘날 경제에서의 창조력 ·············································································2

1.2 5Cs의 상호 작용: 창조력의 결과+ 자본금의 4종류 ·································2

1.3 UNCTAD 창조 산업의 분류 ·········································································7

2.1 창조적인 경제의 개발 관점 ·········································································50

3.1 창조 산업 가치 사슬 ···················································································113

3.2 클러스터를 위한 포터 모델의 단순화 된 다이어그램 ·························116

3.3 사하라 사막 이남 아프리카에서의 음악 생산 체인 단계 ···················139

4.1 문화 순환 ·······································································································145

4.2 창조적 가치 사슬 ·························································································146

4.3 UNESCO 2009 문화 통계 도메인에 대한 프레임 워크 ······················165

5.1 온라인 음악 가치사슬의 요약 버전 ·························································208

7.1 주요 국가 그룹 별 글로벌 휴대 전화 가입, 2003-2008 ·······················267

7.2 주요 국가 그룹 별 글로벌 인터넷 사용자, 2003-2008 ·························267

7.3 고정된 글로벌 브로드밴드 가입자 수 ·····················································268

7.4 글로벌 모바일 브로드밴드 가입자 ···························································268

7.5 주요 지역별 정보 통신 상품의 수출 ·······················································269

7.6 디지털 콘텐츠 분야의 시장 규모와 성장, 2007 ····································275

8.1 문화 부문으로의 자금 흐름 ·······································································298

8.2 창조 산업에 적용 가능한 통화 회로 모델 ·············································300

8.3 창조적 결합: C-ITET 모델 ·········································································317

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차트 목록

5.1a 창조 산업: 창조적 상품의 수출, 경제 그룹, 2008 ······························186

5.1b 창조 산업: 창조적 서비스의 수출, 경제 그룹, 2008 ··························186

5.2 창조적 상품 및 서비스 세계 수출의 진화, 2002-2008 ·························187

5.3a 창조적 상품의 수출, 그룹, 2002 ·····························································188

5.3b 창조적 상품의 수출, 그룹, 2008 ·····························································188

5.4a 창조적 상품의 세계 수출에서 경제적 그룹의 공유, 2002 ················189

5.4b 창조적 상품의 세계 수출에서 경제적 그룹의 공유, 2008 ················189

5.5a 창조적 상품의 수입, 경제 그룹, 2002, 2005, 2008 ······························191

5.5b 창조적 상품의 수입, 그룹, 2008 ·····························································191

5.6 창조적 상품: 모든 개발 도상 국가에서의 수출, 2002, 2008 ··············192

5.7a 창조적 상품: 2002 년 상위 10개 무역 흑자와 적자 국가 ················194

5.7b 창조적 상품: 2008 년 상위 10개 무역 흑자와 적자 국가 ················194

5.8 창조 산업: 창조적 상품의 수출, 경제 그룹과 중국, 2008 ··················198

5.9 유산 상품: 수출, 경제적 그룹, 2002, 2005, 2008 ···································200

5.10 디지털 음악 수익, 2004-2008 ···································································207

5.11 무대 예술: 수출, 경제 그룹, 2002, 2005, 2008 ·····································208

5.12 시각 예술: 수출, 경제 그룹, 2002, 2005, 2008 ·····································213

5.13 시청각: 수출, 경제 그룹, 2002, 2005, 2008 ···········································219

5.14 출판 및 인쇄 미디어: 수출, 경제 그룹, 2002, 2005, 2008 ·················221

5.15 디자인: 수출, 경제 그룹, 2002, 2005, 2008 ···········································224

5.16 뉴미디어: 수출, 경제 그룹, 2002, 2005, 2008 ·······································227

5.17 창조적 서비스: 수출, 경제 그룹, 2002, 2005, 2008 ·····························230

5.18a 창조적 서비스: 선진국 중 개인, 문화 및 오락 서비스의

상위 10개 수출국, 2008 ·············································230

5.18b 창조적 서비스: 개발도상국 중 개인, 문화 및 오락 서비스의

상위 10개 수출국, 2008 ·············································230

5.19 로열티 및 허가 비용: 세계 수출 및 수입, 2002, 2005, 2008 ············231

5.20 관련 상품: 세계 수출의 진화, 2002, 2008 ············································233

6.1 창조적 산업의 GDP 기여도 ·······································································253

6.2 저작권 기반 산업 그룹의 전 창조 산업에의 기여도 ···························254

- xiv -

서 문

2008년 초, 세계 경제가 확장의 시기를 겪고 있을 때 유엔은 첫 번째 창조 경제

보고서를 발표했다. 보고서에 따르면 창조산업은 세계 경제의 가장 역동적인 분야

이며 개발도상국에게 새롭고, 높은 성장 기회를 제공한다. 이 보고서는 이후 정책

결정자, 개발 실무자와 연구자들에 의해 널리 이용되고 있다.

하지만 보고서가 작성된 이래 세계 경제는 침체일로를 걷고 있다. 거의 모든 지

역 및 국가들이 글로벌 경기 침체 영향을 받았고, 밀레니엄 개발 목표는 진전을

이루지 못하고 있다. 지금도 세계 경제는 위기에 봉착해 있다.

본 보고서는 창의성, 지식, 문화, 및 기술이 어떻게 일자리 창출, 혁신 및 사회

통합의 추진 요인이 될 수 있는지를 보여주고자 한다. 앞선 보고서의 분석을 기반

으로 새롭게 향상된 데이터로 작성되었다. 또한 창조적 상품 및 서비스의 국제 무

역이 국제 무역수준이 전반적으로 감소했을 때에도 상대적으로 견고하게 남아있

었다는 것을 보여주고, 또 개발도상국 창조경제 분야의 급속한 성장과 무역 부분

의 성장을 분석해서 보여주고자 한다. 그리고 이러한 성장과 추가적 확장을 위한

잠재력의 또 다른 측면을 살펴봄으로써 실현 가능한 개발 대안을 제시하고, 지속

적인 참여정책 분석에 유용한 조언을 제공하고자 한다.

위기는 새로운 대안, 접근법, 전략적 방향을 볼 수 있는 또 다른 기회이다. 본 보

고서는 창조 경제의 성장 그 자체가 만병통치약은 아니어도, 창조 경제가 잠재적

으로는 더 회복력 있고 포괄적이며 환경적으로 실행 가능한 회복 방안을 제공해

줄 수 있음을 보여주고 있다. 비록 두루 적용되는 처방전은 아니라고 할지라도 정

부가 창조 경제를 강화하는데 필요한 정책, 규정 및 실행에 어떻게 촉매 역할을

해 줄 수 있는지를 보여준다.

전반적으로, 창조 경제 분야는 경제를 다변화하고 미래의 경제 위기에 탄력성을

구축하고자 하는 개발도상국의 성장과 번영에 큰 기여를 할 수 있다. 우리는 혁신

적이고 지속 가능한 개발 전략을 찾고 있는 모든 사람에게 이 보고서를 추천한다.

Supachai Panitchpakdi (수파카이 파닛크팍디)

사무 국장, 유엔 무역 개발 회의

Helen Clark (헬렌 클라크)

행정관, 국제 연합 개발 계획

- xv -

감사의 글

창조경제 보고서 시리즈는 UNCTAD, UNDP, 개발도상국간 협력을 위한 특별

부서 간 협력의 결과물이다. 이 보고서는 ‘개발을 위한 창조 경제 강화’ 기술 협

력 프로젝트의 주요 결과물로, UNCTAD 창조 경제 프로그램 수석 Edna

dosSantos-Duisenberg와 지식 관리부 및 UNDP 개발도상국간 협력을 위한 특별

부서 수석인 FranciscoSimplicio에 의해 만들어졌다.

이 계획에 지원사격을 보내준 UNDP 개발도상국간 협력 특별부서의 감독

Yiping Zhou에게 진심으로 감사를 전한다. 그의 비전과 헌신 없이는 이 작업을

구체화 할 수 없었을 것이다. 창조경제 보고서에는 유엔 전 조직의 관점이 들어있

다. 일례로 "하나의 UN"에는 여러 기관들의 협력 작업이 하나의 목소리로 들어

있다. 2010년판을 준비하면서 UNCTAD은 유엔의 5개 관련 기관이 2008년 창조

경제 보고서에 수록했던 이전 자료들을 기초로 삼았다: 유엔 무역 개발 회의

(UNCTAD), 유엔 개발계획(UNDP), 개발도상국간 협력을 위한 특별부서, 유엔 교

육 과학 문화 기구(UNESCO), 세계 지적재산권 기구(WIPO), 국제무역센터(ICT).

창조경제 보고서의 2가지 이슈에 대한 연구 및 정책 지향적 분석은 본 보고서

의 공동 집필자인 Edna dosSantos-Duisenberg의 지도하에 이루어졌다. 2010년 창

조 경제 보고서는 UNCTAD의 창조 경제 프로그램 팀, Sudip Ranjan Basu,

Cheng Shang Li (컨설턴트), Carolina Quintana, Julia Costa Souto (인턴)의 헌신

적인 노력으로 완성되었다. 논평은 UNCTAD의 국제무역 부서 내 동료인

Mashayekhi 와 Victor Ognivtsev에게 받았다. 또한 Andrew C. Pratt 교수의 학문

적 조명에도 깊은 감사의 말씀을 전한다.

또한 정책 토론을 촉진시켰던, UNDP 개발도상국간 협력을 위한 특별부서의 헌

신적인 노력이 있었기에 출판이 가능했다. 개발도상국간 협력을 위한 특별부서팀,

Elizabeth Smith, Jennifer Bergamini도 도와주었고, Christopher Reardon이 편집

과 발행물의 디자인, 레이아웃을 맡아주었다.

행정 및 비서 지원은 UNCTAD의 Clisse Medeiros Ramos Perret과 UNDP 개발

도상국간 협력을 위한 특별부서의 Lourdes Hermosura-Chang이 해주었고,

Michelle Siqueira이 커뮤니케이션 측면 추가 지원을 해주었다. 2010 창조 경제 보

고서를 업데이트하는데 도움을 준 모든 동료와 협력 기관에 감사의 말씀을 전한

다.

- xvi -

아울러 UNESCO의 Georges Poussin뿐만 아니라 WIPO의 Dimiter Gantchev,

Wend Wendland와 Brigitte Vezina에게도, 또 구체적 사례를 보여주는 기사 및

추가 설명 글 등에 수록될 창조경제에 관한 구체적인 케이스를 기고해 달라는 우

리의 요청을 친절히 수락한 모든 이에게도 진심으로 감사한 마음을 전한다. 이 기

사들은 본 보고서의 정책 지향 분석에 실효성을 부여했고, 일부 경험적 주장에 대

한 근거들을 제시하는데 도움을 주었다. 그리고 2008 창조 경제 보고서와 2010 창

조 경제 보고서 모두 UNDP 개발도상국간 협력을 위한 특별부서에 의해 자금을

제공받았음을 이 자리를 빌어서 밝힌다.

- xvii -

보고서의 범위

｢창조 경제 보고서 2010 - 창조 경제: 실현 가능한 개발 대안｣은 유엔이 제시하

는 두 번째 정책 보고서다. 창조 경제는 지난 10년 동안 선진국과 개발도상국 모

두가 요구해 온 정책 대응이었고, 국제 경제와 개발 아젠다의 이슈였다. 적절히

육성된 창조성은 사회 통합, 문화적 다양성, 환경의 지속 가능성에 기여하면서 문

화에 에너지를 불어넣어준다. 또한 인간 중심의 개발에 영향을 끼치고 일자리 창

출, 혁신, 무역의 핵심 요소가 될 수 있다.

이 보고서는 2008년에 나온 첫 번째 창조 경제 보고서의 결과와 권장 사항을 토

대로 만들어졌다. 하지만, 심화분석을 추가하고 창조경제가 개발에 미치는 영향에

새로운 통찰을 부여하여 한 단계 발전을 이루어냈다.

본 보고서에 따르면 소위 고전적인 경제 논리로는 사회 경제 불균형을 해결할

수가 없다. 이는 경제위기라는 교훈을 통해 알 수 있다. 개발을 촉진시키기 위한

정책과 조치들을 정책적 개입을 통해 시장에서 이끌어내야 한다. 이러한 맥락에서

창조 경제의 개발 측면 논의들은 새로운 현실과 현대 사회에 적응을 더 잘 할 수

있는 새로운 개발 모델을 발견하면서 탄력을 얻었다.

｢창조경제 보고서 2010｣은 세계적인 국제 프로세스와 국가 전략을 조정 하는

것이 중요하다는 것을 염두에 두고 동향, 강점 및 약점, 다뤄져야 할 도전 및 기

회 등을 다루고 있다. 첫 번째 창조 경제 보고서는 정부, 연구자 및 실무자들의

관심을 불러 일으켰다. 이는 창조 경제에 대한 관점과 연구 및 정책 토론의 활성

화, 보고서의 적용과 개념 개선으로 이어졌다. 그리고 본 보고서의 인기는 인터넷

무료접속의 덕을 톡톡히 보기도 했는데, 2008년 창조 경제 보고서는 관련 주제 구

글 검색목록 상위에 랭크되어 있다. 2010년 7월 말, 인터넷을 통해 52,000번 이상

검색되었고, 전 세계 1,080개의 웹사이트와 연결되어 있다. 그리고 지난 2년 동안

창조 경제를 주제로 한 연구와 컨퍼런스 및 출판물의 수는 세계적으로 증가 추세

를 보이고 있다. 그만큼 본 보고서가 창조 산업 전문가, 예술가, 여론에 긍정적인

영향을 끼쳤다는 것을 알 수 있다.

2008 창조경제 보고서는 학술 및 교육계의 논의 대상이었다. 많은 대학에서 대학

원 수준 과목의 주요 참고서로 채택하기도 했다. 이는 예술 및 창조경제 관련 분

야 고등교육 과정의 개정을 촉발하는 계기가 되었다. 뿐만 아니라 개발도상국과

선진국 모두에게 창조 산업이야말로 국가 개발 전략에서 무엇보다도 우선되어야

하는 분야임을 인지하도록 해주었다.

- xviii -

이는 보고서를 새로 출판하는 계기가 되었다. 창조 경제는 국제적 맥락에서 이해

되어야만 한다. 따라서 개발에 대한 좀 더 전체적인 접근이 필요하다. 국가들이

실제로 원하는 것과 주변 환경을 파악하기 위한 세계적 시각이 필요하고, 좀 더

깊게 생각할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 국가들의 특이성과 정체성을 확인하고 문화

적, 경제적 차이점을 인식하는 것이 필요하다.

창조적인 능력, 무역, 투자, 기술 사이의 관계를 탐구하고, 이것들이 어떻게 경제

번영과 빈곤 감소에 기여할 수 있는지를 해석하는 일도 중요하다.

｢창조 경제 보고서 2010｣은 ｢창조 경제 보고서 2008｣ 이후 등장한 주요 이슈 중

새로운 논의들을 반영했고, 추가적인 연구와 심도 있는 분석을 담았다. 무엇보다

도 강조할 만한 것은 새로운 현실을 반영한 점이다. 그 중에서도 가장 중요한 것

은 세계 경제가 70년 만에 성장과 고용, 삶의 질이 심하게 훼손되는 등 심각한 침

체기를 맞았다는 점이다. 이러한 위기는 경제 및 금융 개혁, 개발 전략의 새로운

접근, 시장과 정부 역할 간의 더 나은 균형의 정립 필요성을 불러일으켰고, 주류

경제 정책의 한계를 지적해 주고 있다.

따라서 앞으로 제시되는 정책에는 경제 성장, 일자리 창출, 생활 수준 향상을 가

능하게 하는 보다 더 공정하고 지속가능한 포괄적인 성장 전략이 반영되어야만

한다. 창조경제야 말로 이러한 취지에 부합하는 실현 가능한 개발 대안인 것이다.

세계는 변화를 거듭해왔다. 위기는 신흥국가들에게 효과적인 글로벌 거버넌스

시스템이 필요하다는 현실을 늘 확인시켜주었다.

세계 수요의 대부분이 선진국에 집중되어 있는 현실 속에서, 급격히 성장하는

개발도상국들은 상대적으로 잘 처신해 왔고, 위기 때마다 적은 손실을 입으며 살

아남았다. 개발도상국의 무역 및 투자의 성장은 세계 경기 침체의 영향을 완화시

켰다. 전통 제조 산업은 심각하게 타격을 입었던 반면, 지식 기반 창조 분야는 비

교적 외부 충격에 탄력적으로 대응할 수 있었다.

2008년, 세계 무역이 12%나 감소했음에도 불구하고 창조 상품과 서비스의 무역

은 증가하여 592억 달러에 이르렀으며, 2002-2008년 기간 동안 연평균 성장률

14%를 유지했다. 이것은 창조 산업이 지난 10년에 걸쳐 세계 경제에서 가장 역동

적으로 발전해 온 분야 중 하나였음을 재확인시켜준다.

현재 경제 회복은 양적 완화 정책에도 불구하고 취약한 상태다. 경제 회복을 선

진 공업국의 수요 증가에 전적으로 기댈 수도 없는 일이다. 따라서 창조적 능력을

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계속해서 향상시켜나가야 하고, 수요가 증가하고 있는 개발도상국에서 점차적으로

새로운 시장을 찾아가야 한다.

2010 창조경제 보고서에 따르면 창조적인 제품의 개발도상국간 무역과, 디지털

기술에 대한 개발도상국간 투자가 점차 증가 하고 있지만, 개발도상국간 협력이

강화될 경우 더욱 더 빠른 속도로 확장될 수 있다고 한다. 따라서 개발도상국들은

국제무역특혜 제도 아래 협상을 실시하여, 자신들의 제품 목록에 창조적 상품을

포함시켜야만 한다.

제1장에서는 창조 생태계, 공동 창작, 경험 경제 및 소프트 혁신 등과 같은 진화

하는 개념들을 탐구하고, 창조 경제의 주요 동인 및 여러 차원에 대한 분석을 해

본다. 제2장에서는 생물 다양성 손실의 영향 및 창의성과 생물 다양성이 어떻게

지속가능한 발전과 경제 회복을 촉진시키는 상생의 해법이 되는지를 살펴보고, 이

에 대한 정책 논쟁을 담아 창조 경제와 녹색 경제 사이의 연관성을 논의해본다.

또한, 개발도상국 및 시장경제 전환국들의 창조 경제에 관한 최근 발전에 대한 개

요도 제시해본다.

제3장에서는 소셜네트워크가 지닌 힘과 소셜네트워크를 이용한 비즈니스 모델

을 통해 디지털화된 창조 콘텐츠의 분포, 이에 미치는 영향력을 집중 조명해서 창

조 경제의 조직 구조를 분석한다. 제4장에서는 창조산업을 위한 경제지표 및 통계

의 수집, 분석과 전파에 대한 현재의 방법론을 포괄적으로 비교분석한다. 그리고

문화적 통계의 새로운 모델과 국제기구, 개별 국가들이 이와 관련해서 지속적으로

펼쳐온 작업을 다룬다. 더불어 창조산업을 위한 무역 통계의 비교가능성과 신뢰성

을 향상시키기 위한 도구로 UNCTAD가 개발한 방법론을 제시하는데, 이는 시장

의 투명성을 개선하기 위한 작업이다.

제5장에서는 창조 상품과 서비스의 국제 무역을 다룬다. 2002-2008년 창조 상품

의 세계 및 지역 간 무역흐름의 세계 동향을 담은 최근 자료를 수록했다. 개발도

상국간 무역의 추가 성장 잠재력 및 창조 상품의 수요가 어떻게 경제 회복에 공

헌을 했는지와 함께, 창조 상품 분석, 선진국-개발도상국 및 개발도상국간 무역의

심층 분석 등도 함께 다룬다. 무역통계를 진행하고 분석하는 UNCTAD의 방법론

의 발전으로 통계부록2에서 볼 수 있는 그대로 국가마다 창조산업의 무역성과에

대한 자국의 프로파일을 만들 수 있게 되었다. 제6장에서는 WIPO가 사무국과 국

가 간에 지속 수행한 작업을 보여준다. 또한, 현재 찬반 논란이 되고 있는 저작권

보호 및 공유와 과련된 민감한 부분과 크리에이티브 커먼즈(Creative Commons,

CC) 의 진화를 포함한 지적재산권의 분배를 위한 공유((public domain) 및 새 오

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픈 소스(open-souce)의 새로운 동향을 분석한다.

제7장에서는 향상되고 있는 창조경제 기술과 연결성의 역할에 중점을 두고 살펴

본다. 경제 위기가 디지털 기술에 미친 영향을 조사하고, 정보통신기술(ICT)의 확

산, 특히 모바일 혁명이 개발도상국들에게 어떤 발전을 가져다주었는지에 대한 새

로운 시각도 보여준다. 디지털 기술과 ICT 기반 서비스가 새로운 비즈니스 모델

을 통해 디지털 창조 제품의 생산과 마케팅을 어떻게 활성화 시키고, 이러한 수렴

현상과 디지털화가 개발도상국들의 창조제품들을 어떻게 세계시장에 도달하도록

도움을 주었는지도 제시해준다.

또한 네트워킹 과 협업이 창의적인 개인과 그룹에게 어떻게 새로운 활력을 불어

넣었는지도 검토해본다. 그리고 투자자와 창조적 기업을 유치하고, 신기술의 사용

을 활성화하며, 국내 및 세계 시장 모두에 대한 무역 증진 전략을 연계하려는 최

적의 ‘창조적 결합’을 위해서는, 적절한 제도적 장치 및 규제 체계가 전제조건이

되어야 한다는 지적도 하고 있다. 클러스터링과 창조적 결합은 창조적 혁신의 발

전을 위한 필수요소다.

제9장에서는 창조 경제 관련 분야의 다자간, 지역 및 국가 정책 형성의 글로벌

프로세스와 영향에 대한 현재 개발 상태의 주요 내용을 보여준다. 금융 및 경제

위기의 악영향이 가난한 나라들의 밀레니엄 개발 목표, 특히 2015년까지 극단적

빈곤을 절반으로 줄이려는 목표 달성을 거의 불가능하게 만들었다는 것도 보여주

고자 한다. 2010년까지의 창조경제를 위한 정부 간 논의 및 다자간 협상과 그 영

향에 대한 설명도 이어진다. 예를 들어, 2009-2009년 위기의 여파로 WTO 도하 라

운드 협상이 장기간 교착 상태에 빠졌던 원인도 분석한다.

아울러 UNESCO 협약 하에 실행된 문화 표현의 다양성 보호 및 증진, 그리고

개발도상국의 창조 경제에 끼친 영향을 볼 수 있는 2010년까지의 진척상황에 대

한 간단한 검토도 함께 실었다. 마지막으로 WIPO 개발 의제를 실행하는 차원에

서 국제 사회가 취한 새로운 동향과 단계들도 실었다.

제10장에서는 결론적으로 얻은 교훈을 강조하고 현재 발전단계에 비추어 창조

경제 향상을 위한 구체적인 정책 대안을 제시한다. 지역사회와 지방자치단체 단계

에서 나온 정책입안이 중앙정부의 정책에 비해 어떤 강점과 약점을 갖고 있는지

도 설명한다. 또한 점점 더 커지는 디지털 융합의 영향력과 소셜네트워크의 영향

력이 전통과 현대 문화와 어떻게 섞여왔고, 어떻게 창조 프로세스에 새로운 원동

력을 가져다주었는지도 관찰한다.

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이상 본 정책 지향적 연구의 10가지 핵심에 대해 설명하였다. ｢창조 경제 보고서

2010 (The Creative Economy Report 2010)｣은 창조 경제야말로 우리 사회의 광범

위한 변화에 맞춰 개발해 나갈 실현 가능한 대안이라는 증거를 제시하는 보고서

다. 지금이 창의성과 혁신을 촉진하고 포괄적이며 지속적인 경제 회복의 조성을

가능하게 할 보다 전체론적인 개발 전략을 실행해야 할 때라는 사실을 잊지 말아

야 한다.

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10가지 핵심 메시지

본 보고서는 창조 경제와 개발 차원에 대한 여러 문제들을 다루는 정책 중심 보

고서다. 보고서 앞부분에 10가지 핵심 메시지의 요약을 담아 주요 내용과 추천 정

책을 함께 제시하고자 한다. 핵심사안을 신속히 파악하여 정보에 입각한, 결과 지

향적인 정책입안을 용이하게 하기 위해서다.

I. 2008년, 세계 금융 및 경제 위기의 발생은 글로벌 수요의 하락 및 국제 무역의

12% 감소를 유발하였다. 그러나 창조적 상품 및 서비스의 세계 수출은 지속적

으로 성장하여 2008년에는 미화 5,920억 달러에 이르게 되었고, 이는 2002년 수

준의 두 배를 상회하는 것으로 6년 연속 연 14% 성장률을 의미하는 것이다. 이

것은 자국의 경제를 다양화하고 세계 경제의 가장 역동적인 분야 중 하나에 도

약하려는 개발도상국들에게 창조 산업이 많은 잠재력을 갖고 있음을 확인시켜

주는 것이다.

II. 세계 경제는 개발도상국간 교역 증가에 힘입어 성장해 왔다. 전 세계를 대상으

로 하는 개발도상국의 창조 상품 수출은 2008년 1,760억 달러에 이르렀고, 이

는 총 창조산업 교역의 43%로서 2002-2008년 사이 연 13.5%의 성장률을 보였

다. 이 수치는 창조 산업의 강력한 역동성과 개발도상국의 시장의 빠른 성장세

를 보여준다. 창조적 제품의 개발도상국간 교역 또한 600억 달러에 이르며 같

은 기간 동안 20%라는 놀라운 성장률을 보여주고 있다. 이러한 추세는 창조

서비스 분야에서도 나타나며 개발도상국간 교역이 2002년 78억 달러에서 2008

년에는 210억 달러로 증가하였다. 이런 놀라운 성장률과 긍정적인 진화는 개발

도상국간 교역 확장에 박차를 가했고, 개발도상국들이 국제무역특혜제도

(Global System of Trade Preferences) �