v/;k;&f}rh; % LkkfgR; dk iqujoyksdu

(Review of literature)

25

LkkfgR; dk iqujoyksdu (Review of literature)

fdlh Hkh ‚kks/kdk;Z dh iw.kZrk rc rd ugha gksrh tc rd ge bldh i`’BHkwfe

dk v/;;u ugha djrsA fdlh Hkh ‚kks/kdk;Z dk izkjaHk djus ls iwoZ lkfgR; ,oa fo’k;

ls lacaf/kr leLr fcanqvksa dk v/;;u vko‛;d gksrk gSA ;g iwokZoyksdu u, ‚kks/k

dks ekxZn‛kZu iznku djrk gSA

bl ys[k esa izLrkfor ‚kks/kdk;Z ls lacaf/kr ‚kks/ki=ksa dk laf{kIr fooj.k fn;k

tk jgk gS] ftlesa bl fo’k; ij ns‛k&fons‛kksa esa laiUu ‚kks/kdk;ksZa dk o.kZu fd;k tk

jgk gSA

Richland, L.E., & Burchinal, M.R. (2013) Early Executive Function

predicts Reasoning Development. bl v/;;u esa 04 lky ds cPpksa dh lkspus

dh {kerk dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gS( tks fd cgqr mPp gksrh gSA izkIr vk¡dMs+a ;g

n‛kkZrs gSa fd cPpksa dk ekufld Lrj mPp gksrk gS mlds ‚kCn HkaMkj Hkh foLr̀r

gksrk gS rFkk os usr̀Ro {kerk j[krs gSa blds vfrfjDr vius vklikl ds okrkoj.k es

gksus okys cnyko ij lgh izfrfdz;k iznf‛kZr djrs gSaA v/;;uksa }kjk ;g crk;k x;k

gS fd vius fof‛k’V fdz;kdykiksa dks dqN ek/;eksa }kjk fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gS

tSls & O;k;ke] iwoZ ‚kkys; Kku rFkk laosxksa ij i;k ZIr fu;a=.kA

Medinaa, TN, Snedekerc, J, Trueswella, J, & Gleitmana, G.

(2011). How Word Can and Cannot Be Learned by Observation. bl

v/;;u ds }kjk ;g Kkr gqvk gS fd csfld ‚kCn dks ge izkjafHkd Lrj ij ns[kdj

le> ldrs gSa uk fd nksgjko djus esaA bl v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k fd cPpksa es

‚kCn dks‛k dh mRifRr vklikl ds okrkoj.k ds }kjk lh[k dj dh tkrh gS] uk fd

mldk nksgjko djdsA

White book. M. & Ryan, S. (2011). Degrees in Context: Asking

the Right Questions about Preparing Skilled and Effective Teachers of

Young Children. bl v/;;u esa 2011 dh uhfr es jk’Vªh; laLFkk ¼NIEER½ ds

varZxr v/;kidksa dh ;ksX;rk ij v/;;u fd;k x;k gS] bl v/;;u esa v/;kidkas

26

okLrfod v/;;u ds vfrfjDr muds dk;Z{ks= ds okrkoj.k rFkk mudh v/;kiu

vH;kl ls voxr djok;k tkrk gS A

V.S. Department of Health and Human Servieces, Administration

for Children and Families (2010). Head Start impact Study. bl v/;;u esa

Head Start Program dk ,d lky dh vof/k dk izHkko ns[kk x;kA cPpksa es bl

dk;Zdze ds ldkjkRed izHkko ns[ks x;sA dk;Zdze ds var esa cPpksa dk iqu% voyksdu

fd;k x;k ftlesa ;g ik;k x;k fd cPpksa dk fodkl dqN Lrjksa esa leku gksrk gSA

Sastry, Narayan, and A.R. Pebley (2010). Family and

Neighborhood Sources of Socioeconomic inequality in Children’s

Achievment. bl ‚kks/k es ckydksa ds v/;;u esa ifjokj rFkk vklikl ds vkfFkZd]

lkekftd Lrj dk izHkko crk;k x;k gSA blesa eq[; :i ls ifjokj dh vk; dk

izHkko cPpksa dh mifyC/krk ij n‛kkZ;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr ekrk dh f‛k{kk dk

izHkko Hkh cPpkas dh miyC/krk dks izHkkfor djrk gSA

Fuller, B, Gasko, J, Anguiano, R. (2010): Lifting Pre – k Quality: Caring

and Effective Teachers. bl v/;;u esa v/;kidksa }kjk fodflr dh xbZ v/;kiu

fof/k ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gS tks fd izkjafHkd v/;;u v/;kiu ds fy, iz;ksx fd;k

tkrk gS A

Halle, T., Forry, N., Hair, E., Perper, K., Wandner, L., Wessel, J., &

Vick, J. (2009). bl v/;;u esa xjhc rFkk e/;e vk; oxZ ds cPpksa dks fy;k x;k

gS rFkk bl v/;;u e sa ifjokj dh vk; rFkk ekrk dh f‛k{kk dk cPpksa ds fodkl ij

izHkko crk;k x;k gSA ;g v/;;u izkjafHkd ;kstuk dks n‛kkZrk gS tks fd cPpksa ds

fy, gkbZLdwy rFkk LukrdksRrj dk;Zdze ls tqM+k gqvk gSA

The Albert Shanker Institute (2009). Pre-School Courriculum:

What’s in it for. bl v/;;u esa eq[; :i ls pkj {ks=ksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gS

ftlesa eq[; :i ls Hkk’kk fodkl] lk{kjrk] xf.kr rFkk foKku lfEefyr gaSA bl

27

v/;;u dh ;g izLrkouk gS fd iwoZ ‚kkys; dk;Zdze dks fdl rjg ls rS;kj fd;k

tk; rFkk blds ewY;kadu ds vk/kkj D;k j[ks tk,¡ A

W. Steven Barnett (2008). Pre school Education and its lasting

Effects: Research and policy implications. bl v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k fd

ftu cPpksa dks iwoZ ‚kkys; Kku izkIr gksrk gS mudk ‚kS{kf.kd] lkekftd rFkk

vkfFkZd Lrj mPp gksrk gSA

R. Asha & N. Dhanya (2007) us “Low cost play material for pre-

scooler innovation and evaluation.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA iwoZ ‚kkys;

ckyd ds fy;s de dher dh [ksy lkexzh dk v/;;u ,oa ewY;kadu djuk A 3&5

o‛kZ ds ckydksa esa iz‛ukoyh fof/k n~okjk v/;;u fd;k x;k ftlds ifj.kke Lo#i

;g ns[kk x;k fd cPpkas dks 5 rjg ds [ksy lkexzh iznku dh x;h vkSj ‚kks/kdrkZ ,oa

cPpkas fd ekrkvksa n~okjk muds fodkl dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;kA

Tilak. V. Rama (2006) us “Quality improvement strategies and

minimum educational equipment for language class 1.” fo’k; ij v/;;u

fd;kA class 1 ds cPpkas dks fl[kkus ds fy;s f‛k{kdksa dks v/;;u lkexzh ds ckjs esa

izf‛k{k.k nsukA bl v/;;u esa v{kjk fdV dk iz;ksx dj lak[;dh; fo/kh n~okjk

izfr‛kr fudkyk x;k] ftlds ifj.kke Lo#i ;g ns[kk x;k fd bl fdV ds iz;ksx

ls cPpkas dh mifLFkfr nj esa o`f) gqbZ vkSj ftlls muds fodkl ij mRre izHkko

ns[kk x;kA

Jacob Bill (1995-1998) us “Mathematical education policy.”

fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA blds vUrxZr bUgkasus xf.kr ds v/;;u ds fy;s uohu

vk/kkjf‛kyk rS;kj dhA blesa content analysis method dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k]

ftlds ifj.kke Lo#i ;g Kkr gqvk fd Modern school mathematics dk

record mPp Lrj dk gksrk gSA

28

Diefendorf, M. , & Goode, C. (1997) : The Long Term Economic

Benefits of High Quality Early Childhood intervention Programs. bl

v/;;u esa f‛k‛kq voLFkk] ckY;koLFkk ds fy, mPp xq.koDrk ds miyfC/k izkIr dh

xbZ gS rFkk blesa ifjokj ,d vkfFkZd miHkksDrk dk dk;Z djrk gSA bl v/;;u esa

;g Hkh ns[kk x;k gS fd yacs le; rd gksus okyh cpr ds lanHkZ esa crk;k x;k gSa

tSls & v/;;u ds dk;Z esa vkus okyh midj.kksa dh dher dks de djukA ljdkj

}kjk pyk;s tkus okyh ;kstukvksa dh nj esa deh ykukA cky vijk/kh U;k; dh nj

dks de djuk vkfnA blds vfrfjDr blesa fd‛kksjkoLFkk esa fn[kkbZ nsus okyh

v{kerk dks Hkh v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA tks fd eq[; :i ls xjhch rFkk okrkoj.kh;

dkjdksa ds dkj.k ns[kh tkrh gSA

Cunningham, A.E. & Stanovich, K.E. (1997) Early Reading

Acquisition and its Relation to Reading Experience and Ability 10 year

later. bl v/;;u esa izFke lewg dks v/;kiu dk dk;Z fn;k x;k tks fd iwoZ es

X;kjgoh lewg ds }kjk fd;k x;k Fkkk nl o’kZ iwoZ mUgs ‚kCndks‛k] lkekU; Kku rFkk

lkjak‛k v/;;u djok;k x;k vkSj mu X;kjg lewg esa ls izFke lewg dh v/;;u

{kerk vPNh Fkh vkSj bl v/;;u ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd v/;;u {kerk vPNh gksus

ls Hkk’kk fodkl esa rFkk i<+us dh {kerk esa fodkl djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA bl

rjg ls lHkh cPpksa esa v/;;u {kerk fHkUu&fHkUu ns[kh x;hA

Bus. A.G., Van Ijzendoorn, M.H., & Pelleyrini A.D. (1995). Joint

Book Reading Makes for Success in Learning to Read: A Meta –

analysis on intergenerational transmission of literacy. ;g izkjafHkd Kku

vkSj iwoZ ‚kkys; voLFkk ls lacaf/kr ,d ek=kRed v/;;u gSA ftlds ifj.kke es

vfHkHkkod rFkk iwoZ ‚kkys; cPpksa dk laca/k Hkk’kk fodkl izkjafHkd lk{kjrk rFkk

fy[kus dh miyC/krk ikbZ xbZA

Hohnann Mary & Wetkrt. P. David (1995) us “Educating young

children, active learning practices for pre-school and child care

29

program.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA bl v/;;u es crk;k x;k fd v/;kiu rFkk

ys[ku lkexzh dks ge fofHkUUk rjhdksa ls mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA ftlds ifj.kke Lo:Ik

;g ns[kk x;k fd cPpksa ij vkgkj] lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd dkjdkas dk xgjk izHkko

iM+rk gS rFkk blds vk/kkj ij mudk ‚kS{kf.kd Lrj rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS A

Vandele louve Devorah, Burchinal Margaret (1995) us “Do effect

of early child care extend to age 15 year result from the NICHD study

of early child care and youth development.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA

blds fy;s bUgksaus 1364 sample fy;sA blesa bUgkasus iwoZ ‚kkys; ckyd ds fodkl

dk v/;;u fd;k] ftlds ifj.kke Lo:Ik ;g ns[kk x;k fd cPpksa dk fodkl 15

o’kZ dh vk;q rd gksrs jgrk gSA

Vivicakraak, Pelletier. L. David (1994) us “The influence of

commercialism on the food purchasing behavior of children and teen

age youth.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA blesa bUgksaus 3&17 o’kZ ds cPpksa dk v/;;u

fd;kA bl v/;;u esa cPpksa rFkk ;qokvksa dh O;ogkj lacaf/kr vknrksa dk vk¡dyu

fd;kA ifj.kke Lo#i ;g ns[kk x;k fd cPpksa esa [kkn~; inkFkksZa dks [kjhnus lacaf/kr

fofHkUUkrk,¡ ns[kh tkrh gSA

Grover Sarla (1992) us “Awareness regarding population increase

among educated and uneducated parents of low income group.” fo’k;

ij v/;;u fd;kA de vkfFkZd Lrj okys f‛kf{kr o vf‛kf{kr vfHkHkkodksa esa

tula[;k o`f) ds izfr tkx#drk dk v/;;u djukA bl v/;;u esa lkaf[;dh;

fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS ftlds vUrxZr ek/;] ef/;dk] Hkwf’V;] izfr‛kr rFkk

Vh&VsLV lfEefyr gS A

30

2.1 Additional Articlas

Barnett, W.S. , Jung, K. , Youn , M.J. & Frede E.C. (2013) “Abbott

preschool program Longitudianl Effects Study: Fifth Grade Floow-up”

bl v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k gS fd cPpksa dks iwoZ ‚kkys; ls izkIr ykHk dks of.kZr

fd;k x;k gSA ijarq ;g v/;;u ;g n‛kkZrk gS fd tks ckyd nks o’kZ dk iwoZ ‚kkys;

dk;Zdze dks izkIr djrk gS mudk ckSf)d Lrj mPp jgrk gS A

Campbell, F.A., Pungello, E.P., Burchinal, M., Kainz, K., Pan, Y.,

Wasik, Barbarin, O.A., Sparling, J.J. and Ramey, C.J. (2012). us vius

v/;;u esa ;g ik;k x;k gS fd tks ckyd mPp xq.koRrk okys iwoZ ckY;koLFkk f‛k{kk

dk;Zdze 1970 esa lfEefyr gqvk Fkk mUgsa vkt Hkh cgqr ls ykHk fofHkUu ek/;eksa ls

izkIr gks jgs gSa] tSlk fd 30 o’kZ dh mez ds izf‛k{kk.kkFkhZ esa f‛k{kk dk Lrj mPp ik;k

x;k gS A

Dunst. C, Simkus. A, Hamby, D. (2012). “Children’s Story Retlling

as a literacy and Language Enhancement Strategy” bl v/;;u esa 687

‚kS‛kokoLFkk ,oa iwoZ ‚kkys; cPpksa dks fy;k x;k vkSj mudh Hkk’kk fodkl rFkk

lk{kjrk dk vk¡dyu fd;k x;k ifj.kkeksa ls ;g Kkr gqvk fd cPpksa es ‚kCnkdks‛k

rFkk muds vklikl ds okrkoj.k dk muds fodkl ij eq[; :i ls izHkko iM+rk gSA

bl v/;;u es eq[; :i ls vH;kl ij cy fn;k x;k gS vFkkZr vH;kl }kjk cPpkas

esa ldkjkRed izHkko ns[ks tk ldrs gS A

Dunst. carl. j. Simkus. Andrew : Hambey, Deborah W. (2012).

“Effects of Reading to infoonts and Toddlers on Their Early Language

Development” bl v/;;u esa 408 Hkkxhnkjh dk v/;;u fd;k x;k blesa cPpksa

dh Hkk’kk ds fodkl dk v/;;u fd;k x;k vkSj ;g ik;k x;k fd bl fodkl ds

fy, cgqr lh ;kstuk,¡ fdz;kfUor dh xbZ ftlesa mu ;kstukvksa dk yach vof/k rd

ykHk ns[kk x;kA bl v/;;u es vH;kl rFkk fdz;kfUor dk;Zdze ij cy fn;k x;kA

31

Dunst, Carl, Williams, A, Trivette. c, Simkus A, Hamby, D. (2012)

“Relationships between Inferential book Reading strategies and young

children’s language and Literacy Compltence” bl v/;;u es v/;kid rFkk

vfHkHkkodksa }kjk iz;ksx fd, x, fHkUu&fHkUu ek/;eksa dks crk;k x;k gS ftldk

izHkko cPPkksa ij ns[kk x;k vkSj ogh izHkko cPpksa ds fodkl dks izHkkfor djrk gSA

Gutnick, A.L., Robb, M., Takeuchi, L., & Kotler, J. Always

Connected (2012) Always Connected The New Digital Media Habits of

Young Children. bl ‚kks/k dks SESAME dk;Z‛kkyk }kjk vk;ksftr fd;k x;k FkkA

blesa ;qok cPpksa dh vknrksa ds ckjs esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA bl ‚kks/k esa cPpksa dh

vknrksa dk cnyrs le; ds vuqlkj fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA

Piasta, S.B., Justice, S.B, Jusice, L.M., Mc Ginty. A.S., &

Kaderavek, J.N. (2012). bl v/;;u es LVkj izkstsDV ¼cPpksa ds lkFk cSBks vkSj

i<kvkas Sit together and read½ ij iwoZ ‚kkys; cPpksa dk izHkko ns[kk x;k LVkj

izkstsDV esa v/;kid iqLrdksa dk iz;ksx djds cPpksa dks i<krs Fks rFkk cPpksa ds

vkd’kZ.k o #fp iSnk djus ds fy, jaxhu iqLrdksa dk iz;ksx djrs Fks A

Guernsey, L., Levine, M., Chiong, C. Stevens, M. (2012)

Pioneering Literacy in the Digital Wild West. Empowering Parents and

Educatiors. bl v/;;u es ik;k x;k fd fMftVy iz.kkyh dks fufeZr djus dk

eq[; mn~ns‛; cPpksa dks vPNh f‛k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk i<+us esa lqfo/kk miyC/k djokuk

FkkA ijarq vfHkHkkod rFkk f‛k{kd dks bldh i;kZIr tkudkjh ugh a gksrh gS bl ‚kks/k

ds }kjk fMftVy midj.kksa rFkk blls lacaf/kr dk;Zdze ds ckjs es crk;k x;k gSA

Jyothi R.A & Devi M.S. (2011). us xzkeh.k Jfed cPpksa dh O;fDRo laca/kh

v/;;u dk mn~ns‛; xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds 60 ckfydk vkSj 60 ckyd dk p;u fd;k

x;kA ifj.kke esa ;g ik;k x;k fd Jfed cPpksa dk fodkl vR;kf/kd U;wu gSA

‚kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld :i ls fiNM +s gSA ogk¡ ds cPpksa ds O;fDrRo usr`Ro lkekftd

Lrj ,oa fuMjrk ds lkFk&lkFk ‚kSf{kd ,oa izfr;ksxh dh Hkkouk iwoZ ls gh fiNM+k

32

gqvk gSA bls nwj djus ds fy, ckydkas dks ‚kkyk ds izfr #fp tkx`r dj lk{kjrk

cuk;s tkus ls dqN gn rd [kkfe;ksa dks nwj dh tk ldrh gSA

Mational Association of Elementary School Principals (2011)

Building and Supporting and Aligned System: A Vision for Transforming

Education Across the pre-k-Grade three years. bl fjiksZV esa ;g ik;k x;k

fd tks cPps fd.M xkVsZu esa v/;;u djrs gaS mudk f‛k{kk Lrj mPp gksrk gS bUgks aus

;g crk;k gS fd bl dk;Zdze dks fd.Mu xkMZu dks jk’Vªh; Lrj ij vk;ksftr

fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk izkjafHkd i woZ f‛k{kk esa lq/kkj gksuk vko‛;d gS ftlds fy,

;kstukdrkZ dks viuk lg;ksx nsuk pkfg,A

Milteer, R. and Ginsburg, K.(2011) Children in Poverty Need

Opportunities to Play. bl fjiksZV esa cPpksa ds [ksyus ds egRo ij izdk‛k Mkyk

x;k gSA blesa eq[; :i ls de vk; oxZ ds ifjokjksa ds cPpksa dks fy;k x;k gS

D;ksfd muds ikl [ksyus ds fy, cgqr lhfer lk/ku gksrs gS ftlds dkj.k os budk

ykHk Hkh ugh ys ikrsA

Joyner, S. and Theodore, K.(2011) Improving School Readiness

and Success for Children. bl vkfVZdy es dqN ,sls dkjd crk;s x;s gS tks fd

cPpksa dks fo|ky; esa izos‛k ls iwoZ lgk;d fl) gksxsa ¼1½ cPpksa dks fo|ky; ds izfr

ldkjkRed :i ls rS;kj djuk ¼2½ fo|ky; tks fd cPpksa dks lh[kus vkSj fodkl

ds gj lk/ku miyC/k djk;s ftlls cPpksa dh izxfr gks lds A ¼3½ ifjokj rFkk

leqnk; dk lg;ksx tks fd cPps dks fo|ky; tkus izksRlkfgr djrk gS A

Isaacs, J. and Magnuson, K. (2011) Income and Education as

Predictors of Children’s School Readiness. bl fjiksZV es ifjokj dh vk;

rFkk ekrk dh f‛k{kk dk cPpksa ij izHkko crk;k x;k gSA bles ;g Li’V crk;k x;k

gS fd nksuksa dkjdksa dk cPpksa dh lh[kus dh {kerk ij fHkUu&fHkUu izHkko iM+rk gSA

bles ifjokj dh vk; rFkk ekrk dh f‛k{kk esa lq/kkj djus ds fy, dqN dk;Zdzeksa dh

Hkh foLr̀r ppkZ dh xbZ gS A

33

Hull, Jim (2011) Starting Out Right : Prek and Kindergarten. bl

‚kks/k es iwoZ ‚kkys; rFkk fd.Vu xkMZu ds cPpksa dh v/;;u dkS‛ky ij izHkko ns[kk

x;k bu v/;;uksa ls ;g Li’V gqvk gS fd tks cPps fd.Vu xkMZu ;k iwoZ ‚kkys; esa

f‛k{kk xzg.k djrs gS mudh i<+us dh {kerk vf/kd gksrh gS bldk izHkko eq[; :i

ls Hispanic Children, Black Children rFkk fuEu vk; oxZ ds ifjokj ds cPpksa ij

ns[kh x;h A

Guernsey, L., and Ochshorn, S. (2011). Wathing Teachers Work:

Using Observation tools to Promote Effective Teaching in the Early

Years and Early Grades. bl v/;;u esa f‛k{kk ds {ks= esa vPNs v/;kid dh

igpku djuk eq[; vk/kkj gksrk gSA vPNh f‛k{kk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd

cPpksa rFkk f‛k{kd dk laidZ fdruk ?kfu’B gS bl fjiksVZ ds ek/;e ls izkjafHkd f‛k{kk

dks lq/kkj ds iz;kl fd;s x;s gS blesa cPpksa ds izkjafHkd f‛k{kk dks lq/kkj ds iz;kl

fd;s x;s gS blesa cPpksa ds izkjafHkd f‛k{kk es eq[; :i ls mudh laKkukRed f‛k{kk

ij rFkk lkekftd o HkkoukRed dkS‛ky dks fodflr fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa fd os

fo|ky; esa vklkuh ls lek;kstu dj lds A

Golden, O. (2011) Head Start and the Canging Demographics of

young Childrren. izkjafHkd dk;Zdzeksa ds ek/;e ls cPpksa rFkk muds ifjokj dks

mPp Lrj dh lqfo/kk izkIr gksrh gSA gekjs ns‛k ds cPpksa dh Nfc izfrfnu rsth ls

cnyrh tk jgh gSA 2010 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj cPpksa ds tkfr; laxBu esa cgqr

ifjorZu ns[kk x;k gSA eq[; :i ls fgliSful vkSj ,f‛k;u cPpksa esa ;g fHkUurk

fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA ,d vU; jk’Vªh; losZ esa ;g ns[kk x;k fd cPpksa ds vu qikr esa o`f)

gks jgh gS eq[; :i ls fd‛kksj cPpksa es ftuds vfHkHkkod vizoklh gksrs gaSA bl ‚kks/k

ds ek/;e ls ;g crk;k x;k gS fd fdl izdkj LFkkuh; dk;ZdrkZvksa }kjk cPpksa dh

rFkk muds ifjokj dh vko‛;drk dks iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA

Cole Micheal, Hakkarainen Pentti, bredikyte (2010) us “Culture &

early childhood learning.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA v/;;u ds ifj.kke Lo#i

34

;g ik;k x;k fd cPpksa ds fodkl ds fy;s ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k rFkk ekrk firk fd

izsj.kk vko‛;d gksrh gSA ;fn cPpksa ij muds ekrk&firk dk vPNk izHkko gks rks] os

lkekftd cqjkb;ksa ls cp ldrs gSaA

National Center for Family Literacy (2009) Development Early

Literacy: Report of the National Early Literacy Panel. bl v/;;u esa cPpksa

dh izkjafHkd lk{kjrk ds dkS‛ky dk v/;;u fd;k gS blesa ;g crk;k x;k gS fd

izkjafHkd lk{kjrk ;k dkS‛ky Hkfo’; dh miyC/krk dks n‛kkZrk gS A

Siraj Iran, Ford Blateh (2009) us “Improving Children attainment

through a better quality of family based Suppor for early learning.”

fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA bl v/;;u esa cPpksa ds f‛k{kk ds Lrj dks lq/kkjus ds fy;s

uohu lkekxzh miyC/k djkuk FkkA bl v/;;u ds ifj.kke Lo#i iwoZ ‚kkys; ;kstuk

ds ek/;e ls LFkkuh; jkstxkj miyC/k djkus esa o`f) dj ldrs gSaA

Bartik J. Tinatiy (2009) us “Distributional effect of early

childhood program and business incentives and their implication for

policy.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA bl v/;;u ds }kjk vk; forj.k esa o`f) rFkk

mldk cPpksa ij izHkko ns[kk x;k gSA bl v/;;u ds ifj.kke Lo#i ;g Kkr gqvk

fd iwoZ ‚kkys; cPpksa esa foKku ,oa xf.kr ds fo’k; esa #fp ns[kh x;h A

Preschool Curriculum Evaluation Research Consortium (2008)

Effects of Pre school Curriculum Programs on School Rediness. bl

v/;;u esa pkSng iwoZ ‘kkys; ckydksa dk v/;;u fd;k x;kA ftles ik¡p fo|kfFkZ;ks

ds Lrj ij ifj.kke Kkr fd;s x;sA ¼v/;;u] tkx:drk] Hkk’kk] xf.kr rFkk

O;ogkj½ blds vfrfjDr N% d{kk ds Lrj ij ifj.kke izkIr fd;s x;s] d{kk dh

xq.koDrk] v/;kid vkSj cPpksa ds chp laidZ rFkk mUgs fn;s x;s funsZ‛kuA

¼ik¡p Lrj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk v/;;u ifj.kke Kkr fd;k x;k½

35

Johnson Paul & Kossykh Yulia (2008) us “Early year life chances

and equality.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA bl v/;;u ds }kjk izkjafHkd fodkl

rFkk nsj ls fodkl dk izHkko cPpksa dh f‛k{kk vkSj O;ogkj ij ns[kk x;kA ftlds

ifj.kke Lo#i ;g Kkr gqvk fd ldkjkRed lksp okys ifjokj esa cPpksa ij

ikjaifjd ifjokj ds cPpksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA

Floyd Kris Kimvrly, Loralee Smith Camtersharon A. Judge (2008)

us “Assistive technology and emergent literacy for pre-schooler.” fo’k;

ij v/;;u fd;kA blds varxZr bUgksaus ;g crk;k fd cPpksa esas lk{kjrk fodflr

djusa ls mldk izHkko mlds O;fDrRo ij iM+rk gSA bl v/;;u ds ifj.kke Lo#i

;g Kkr gqvk fd cPpksa esa lekt ls tqM+h leL;kvksa dks gy djus fd {kerk gksrh

gSA

Barrett Angeling (2007) us “Initiative to improve the quality of

teaching and learning.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA blds varxZr 'kks/kdrkZ us

fo|kfFkZ;ksa fd vko‛;drk] f‛k{kk rFkk v/;kiu fof/k esa gq, ifjorZukas dk v/;;u

fd;k gSA bl v/;;u ds ifj.kke Lo#i ;g Kkr gqvk fd ‚kks/kdrkZ rFkk

v/;;udrkZ nksuksa us fodflr jk’Vªksa ds cPpksa ds udkjkRed izHkko dks ns[kk A

Coleman, M.R., Buysse, V. & Neitzel. J. (2006) Recognition and

Respones An Early Intervening System for Young Children at risk for

Learning Disabilityes. dqN ckydksa esa ;g ik;k x;k fd os fd.Mu xkMZu esa tkus

ds ckotwn Hkh muds lh[kus dh {kerk ugh gksrh bu cPpksa es eq[; :i ls leL;k,¡

ns[kh tkrh gS tSls fd Hkk’kk fodkl Phonological awareness laca/kh lh[kus dh

{kerk fLFkjrk dk vHkko ns[kk tkrk gSA bl v{kerk dk dkj.k eq[; :i ls ckyd

ds O;ogkj rFkk ‚kSf{kd miyC/krk gSA

36

Iitu Salim (2006) us “Significance of home environment as proxy

indicator for early childhood care and education. fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA

blesa bUgkasus 750 cPpksa dks uewus ds #i esa fy;kA ftlesa bUgkasus v/;kid dh f‛k{k.k

i)fr rFkk ml v/;;u dk cPpksa ij izHkko Kkr fd;k A

Heller et ali (2005). bUgkasus fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ,ytsczk esa miyfC/k rFkk GC ds var%

laca/k dh O;k[;k dhA bUgkasus 458 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k vkSj ;g ik;k fd

v/;;u ls mUgs Kkr gqvk fd dsYdqysVj rFkk GC(Gernal computer) ds iz;ksx

djus ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vPNh miyfC/k izkIr gqbZA

Caspe, M. (2003) Family Literacy: A Review of Programs and

Critical Perspecives. fiNys 20 o’kZ esa f‛k{kk ij vk/kkfjr ;kstuk,¡ eq[; :i ls

ifjokj ds f‛k{kk Lrj dks fo|ky; rFkk fofHkUu lkeqnkf;d dsUnz esa vk;ksftr djok

jgh gs bl ‚kks/k es ‚kks/kdrkZ us ifjokj dh lk{kjrk nj] ifjokj ij ml dk;dze ds

izHkko] mlds mn~ns‛; rFkk mu mn~ns‛;ksa dks fdl izdkj ykxw fd;k tk, ;g crk;k

x;k gSA

Ellington¼2003½- bUgksaus 54 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk ,d xq.kkRed v/;;u fd;k tks

fd 1983 vkSj 2002 esa izdkf‛kr gq, Fks bl ‚kks/k esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa es dsYdqysVj ds

iz;ksx ls izkIr miyfC/k;ksa dk vk¡dyu djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk Fkk A

Louden William, Susanhill (2002) us “A longitudinal study of

literacy development from the year prior to school to the 1st four year

of school.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA bUgksaus ?kj rFkk fo|ky; esa fn;s tkus okys

v/;;u dh rqyuk] cPpksa ds o`f/n Lrj vkfn ds ckjs es crk;k gSA blds ifj.kke

Lo#i ;g ns[kk x;k fd mUgas nh x;h f‛k{kk dk izHkko mudh vfHkO;fDr ij ns[kk

tk ldrk gSA

Barry A. Michael (2002) us “Healthy school environment and

enhanced educational performance.” fo’k; ij v/;;u fd;kA blds n~okjk

;g crk;k x;k fd okrkoj.k esa lq/kkj djds ge f‛k{kk ds Lrj dks lq/kkj ldrs gSA

37

blds ifj.kke Lo#i okrkoj.k dh xq.koRrk dks lq/kkjus ds lkFk&lkFk fo|ky; es

gks jgs f‛k{k.k dh miyfC/k dk vk¡dyu djuk gksrk gS A

Brenneman Kimberly, Boyd Stavenson Judi & Frede. C. Ellen

(2002) us “Maths & Science in Pre-school policies and practice .” fo’k;

ij v/;;u fd;kA blesa bUgksaus large scale longitudinal, mixed, quasi

experiment, randomized control trial method dk iz;ksx fd;kA bl v/;;u es

cPpkas rFkk ifjokj ds chp laca/k ds fo’k; esa mYys[k fd;kA