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TRANSCRIPT
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Fx^wpte-5 to the -rarniate Council of the
f-'orth ?pxas :-tate University in Partial
Fy] fillrreVit. of tNj Rc-gulrer-rsiits
T-'or the Decs roe of
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T.I T OF TAFU'S. iv
Cn s2 o f T"
I. T'.TTWOI-.UC'J-'IO. * . , 1
Fc-'V,icw of the1 it-orT:tv'r-? afceipent o= tbe Problem
of the !•-" VOO ft £ f£ S
IX. }4HTTr0D. 1? C; 11|; ""I Q t:S Proce iir .
alysis of Data in. n.y0 nxscv. TO.-.. 26
Resiil t discusaion
T\r q f i vT\ t k u<*r r*t pr> ? * "r T" T fXP •£ A XV. k r„ . i.-' 1 . •' - - . wi- •_ <«• V ' *:'•» <# » » * B >< « •» <t> * ft «» '
f> TUTT* '-IT \T
Conclus
APPhJ-TPIX, ?>7
?.I?LIOG:-!APfIV. . ?P
i i 1
i.«TPT OF 'PAPLiTF
T a b l e Paqo
I . S t a t i s t i c a l f e s e r i p f c i o r ? o f M l S u b j e c t s . . . . » « 17
I I » C h r o n o l o g i c a l Acre a n d I n t . s i .1 i q e n c e Q u o t i e n t f o r Matched 'Troup S u b j e c t s . , , . 20
TIT . Hear. . Stan-ar-*: : D e v i a t i o n , arv" T » e l i n b i l I t y C o e f f i c i e n t f o r ' ^ h a v i o r F a t i n g S c a l e . . . . . . 23
XV, P e a r s o n P r e ".ucfc -Efomot C o r r a l a fcioxa f o r " e b a v i o r >*\cf5ievewrFit S c o r n s o f \ 11 ftubjacts ->6
V.. f>n.]T.r>ary c f t - T n s t f o r ?"a* C'»o.~ C-ro-u>s , . , , . . . 21
VI. Stannary o f CI - S q u a r e f o r " a t c h e f -Trowr* ®5j •*11"-, '4 v* *•> o 1" Va- ' J -•1 •- ' • • * * # * « *» a' ff & • # fc » * « * * „-•£ v ,•
i^u'Kemci'iov-:
Amonq professioii^.!,? in tho fiel#* of nenfcai xvt sr-lat.vT>
it is <jr»rser-illy &v?ree<1 that t'Vrirr* arc* hi..f O-'ront levels of
aca ti iic proficiency among went el retardates with similar
Intel,]ig^nc-' qtx>ti»*nt& atK) cental ages. Jr. an attempt to
ansyt-r scne of tb«; questions r^qarhinc these differences,
rescfa-rcV; rr-aisily foeusec" or> teaching iwt'io^s; gge, yex,
intelligence, etiology;, anc "actors yolstf»c» to achievement
amoiiy retardates, •'clever, tV4 results of such ^tttdioa ap-
pear to be relative or equivocal * Tbe present, sturdy **raa
ch* signed to further investigate variabls*s relevant to the
aiff&rent level-3 of aea-fes-.ic proficiency.
Altiioiiyh retart'ates w»xf cosrtpajcairle regarding intel-
lectual level,, n<;ct, nex, m*. -•"•tiolooy, It is Cxeqiiroitly founb
that taey exhibit ^tri" Lag Ci Mere pane ies between ir««ntal a«e
lenr/i ar-'., academic ora<:e placement. The nurber of stwOi«n isi
the area of such variaKl*?t» an behavior, racer «mc< length o*~
institutional isnticn are o^c^edin^ly ] in-:iter; wit.h f*»w if* any
ra^licatiocs.
viov of Literature:
Ih, the y-xchf..: o* their booh on resaerch in the finlh. of
mertaL r - r \atior;, f>tokens an/" h^ber (If) ir.dicateh thnf r-ar,;
-hts t-ncountcr ^ficwl tv ir, rcviewirj') t!,f.- J iterator'-1
because of THE prohJars in ce\*iniiio tlxt populat ion uncer COB •
s i t e r a t i o n . 1'fcey report that *c-\rt*l\y retarded cannot
be vicua-i a a 3 hop;o<jer «*• rrroup.
In an o f t -quoted articlc* y>? Carter {4, p. .175) , ov«r-
a.t?.d an<?<rrachiov«ra wnre i « f i n « 6 -••is these who achieve :ro.te or
lesss r e s p e c t i v e l y rhsu» ox^«ct2<. in l i g ' s t of measure*? i n t o 31 i •
genoa, lie fur ther ar'tir-i that ofcucrnxit? ,~t o given Intel , l igrmce
Quotient 3 eval nay vary cerniherahly in the.ir school sohif-ve •
tneiit., in cfsTiernl, anc! trs p a r t i c u l a r areas . In a "om-vhat
yini.l ar a r t l c l c on re tardat ion in rcac'irsg, ^hstem; r efc a l .
(20) .•••.r'p>!ra«,iKer;) thrit t a u t h o r i t i e s agree that rr-ar'ing r-.s--
far^rciort e x i s t s v*fcen a c M l r *s rea^in-j sl r . i l l f a l l « tv/o or
more year"? below his- mental l>f vol
In attempting to note ay pec t s of p e r s o n a l i t y ancl fcohavior
a s soc ia ted witr. :-ver- arh. nnricracbiev^iPent in reading cf an-
uro>;ii"!icitely OOQ pupil* wi th I n t e l l i g e n c e Quotients between
67 a Ah 134, Carter (4) f o w o H-at ov^rachievora wero b e t t e r
ac'j u:vttf; tc i-c^or-lf happier iao.»;e cor.f i c o s t in sohco I,
f.ai wow JLnterout in learnln-j r ar,:i J-'new ar^ u s e ' b e t t e r mntS. •*
ocJs of s tucy . ronvorse 1 y, -an^er.j-•-• .5<rsrors i.Mte fount! <ro IIRVC
poorer study wet5 oh3, to v-iphohavo .in c l a s s - nnu to i-e c;irc-
h?sc and n e g l e c t f u l V. intj «cho-vl work.
•Seie-.-r {.?, p. 454) ptopyscc t h a t the bebav iora l ly » is*-
turboo rr-icht ^c^crihf1'"" ?r-s thore -^scse a-r,iuv"tn<; nt pattern^
are such t i .at they ara tr, ^--rio'V* c o n f l i c t wit'» tfcf*«<selvt?8,
t h o i r f jvni ly , r.r th.-Xr cc:; tr inity. r..*ier (2 , p. 457) ci+-eh a
stucy Ly >Jewr?r, who i n v « £ ? t t ' - f c re I*tionshij,»s befcweri
Itehavior "iaorcers in o M i^rr-n am; rental r^tarc^cicn, veiifr
? v g l y s t o < 3 0 0 t > a t i e n t s .ir a s t a t e - . institution a n d f o u n d 7
esses of 'A'-ar-ic -r'upr^ssive psychosis and 39 arnenajblta t o t h e
rlnrsiCxe^ticr r-£ n^rsrot ir, rhgracteri zo- by r^stxessr-fcss ,
ar^riety, --'in're-rsir, ^ n b <T-^:)oir:.'io^3. Fxandt:alien <"'*"* t h e st:--
ciat f vcoror-ic, -uk** farilial hist.orifH? of the f*• 'ititc,- leb
3 l f ? u e r t c eonclw'vs t r . a t t K * ir-.-tjority of tna a b m <•*?•: ions w-sr«?
('• t-*"ri.tTcr f ron sub-M "n'b •*." ccnordc cor 'itjotsi*.
•*!eiv:r {21 y»r>. 470-4cb>} «vr>ur<«r*te "* s^vc-raX conclusions
whicti *\av- ro3-»var:r„'o. to tlx*? pr-'-rscrtt siurly. ^irst, any o?
tl":~ major or rirtoz behavioral c?istv-rt-:u'io-vR can are do occvr
in association, with r*?nt.«l ret: v--b{ * lor?, .?n>aor,c: # t'r,rc- is n
higher inei :vnne of '^ebaxdoral HsHxrK&rioaR ahorse the ront-'j.V
ly rat'irOcr than woul'" b^ .fourth' ir tho general population,
'•"he; reasons, far tfci*? higher irxi'-lr<ncx-- H.IVP not been esta'b--
li shod ( ^c^Wftt, it .beer; rorsoun^ecl that the retaruat-J-
l-.ce&ysH? of bin. v-fIci.encio,'-: arrl ir»&-r*<2« vi--js„ iss probably
oiib j-ii-t. tc .-"so'-c f ru.-.tra b.le-ns , cot) flict. Air*. pressures that:
tw. infcel U-ctnally nor;al, hhirb.,, behavior.'sl ipturl>anc;-.
t.ftcr the cf ir; holXecfcr.?!1 •'•"e.Ci ci^ncy itso J f is the
singl-i- w s t iwportant eai,*s-=f of institutionalizatic» of th«?
r^t&rde-*. T-Vmrth, an fcju> lyc- arh* i nfcel 1 ic. '-ce levels increase,
liber-' is ~n ift..7tr-..»asc in t;r: clarity cf rr--'.binitier, of the be.'
h&vior-xl hi ofcurS-anees , Yi?th, cf S-.N- r-.ajor ;M?yahosf?s( fschiy.o-
phrettia ir. rzozt often fc'srociat#* ; w.ltL cental retardation - a ru*
4
cie'proasive p s y c h o s i s on ly . i n f r o q u c r t l y . S i x t h , th?-rc I s o
p a u c i t y of l i t e r a t u r e s on t h e a s s o c i a t i o n of t h e non-sc-hi so--'
p h r e n i c psychoses am* r.ents»l re - ta rcu i t ion , and a r w f o x i t y of
t h e a r t i e l f : *3 a r a case atuchi^s fro?* which no g e n e r a l i n t f e r -
oficevj can be 3 ravn . heytf the coir.oi '>~»ce of t h e varicm;:
f o r m of ch i lhhooo -nh'J so>. h r o r i a vi ,th ivort*/. r o t a i h a t i o n ac-
p«ars h igh , F i n a l l y , i n t e n ? of tho psyc^on^uroses aii>3 thn
*"lnor t•eH^viorr 1 ciseroc.rn.• t h e r e s e a r c h hoes not
•~emon'?i:rat c -iriy o£ti$?.l o r «*tio loo l e a l connec t i o n ? . f u r t h e r -
more, the tV?rt2e slurLais023 mont, f r e q u e n t l y associa te*? wit*"
men ta l r e t a r ea t a on -inpear t o ha t h e conver s ion h y s t e r i c a ] •*
a c t i o n , n n y i e t y r e a c t i o n s , zr.v o l«&aes ive-coa^uls iv^ p a t t e r n s .
I t 'vj s ho<~n su^crc^te*' hy 3ofciT>s< n anr', Robinson (16, p .
223) t h a t alth;?vteh tr .e i n c i d e n c e of p a c t i o n a l <1isturbaaco i s
c e r t a i n l y high arson*? th«? r o t « v ! a c . t h e r e i s ve r ,y l i t t l e rtef i •
n i tc! «v i fence* t o -inpport the- ice» t h o t t h e r e t a r d e d -"3 a
c roup can he char- 'ctsr j . ;n?h by any s p e c i a J j j e r s o n a l i t y p a t t e r n s .
I t seer,is as thongh f r w sorse ssttK?5<?«s i t r . i yh t hn conc lude r
t h a t rn t a rhe - ; e h i l c r e n t o i s r a t n Cr«stre.fciojti poor ly? arcs hiq'.\~
l y cmxious, o c o e e n t r i e , i a p u l s i v ^ r g u i l t r i h h s n , and i n t o ? eran I"
have u x i r e . a H s t i c a i l y h lqh c r low .love I s of a s p i r a t i o n , and ,?rn
ricylcl i:\ thui** a t t e m p t s t o solve- • . - rchhc^i i*Uowm/er , o t h e r
3 t u n i c 9 have of ton f'ni.:-"h t o con f i r » tt?fs«e (Jitiui^gs , Hobinso-A
anc Hobinson r»'hb-x;" that low int-iillivOTice i s on ly one o.C it any
C&ctors whicft a r e relcto-: . t o o «-'• i" *' 5 emot iona l b e h a v i o r .
Ttorefxrc->, they nt\,nn~" - t h e r e s^'-r n t o he l i t t l e , r e a s o n t o
^>:peot & s.1nr* V* rvB?rcrrr of* r ° t r o n # l i t y t r a j t B t o be found
sfO no t h e r e n t a l l y r a t a l £eb .
?et3r<'v:c c h i l d r e n nr.pear t o bo e s p e c i a l l y v u l n e r a b l e fcc
nrot iof tr i l p r o M ^ v s h^c-^uso o*: t! irl r i r . t e l l ^ c t u a l banbtc?p:B ^
occort, * r.g t o r xb i n^on pj\u bcb insor. (1 f> , p« 224) « Vhc* n:tare -
C-1 c i i l c ' a ;"£:f i c i o r o : ? c s in ju.3cr/Y"nf-,, i n unberf: t a r r i n g M s
ij r^iroir^enr.„ f»nc, i.n artxrbrp^tion o f t b r rr;fx/t] t s of b Ir: b e '
i x w i x r c o n s t a r t l y ?ear M.r i r t o r i t^at i r>ns i n v h i c h be erp<r
r i m e r s f ui l u r e anb y ur i sbrrxrt* recxusrx o f "hxs inab\i 3 i t y to
r-'Tjc f o r M r e ^ 1 f in *b e "-ai:nor o f a Y>crraX e b i l b iris a*iv> ,
}:i& ^epenccxcY on M s f a r d l y i n I n c r o ^ e b an*"1 I-o i«3 rnch
r o r e e l o x o l y tic;:' t o His bcrnx- ^nb yxrrrrts . Yet; t h e typi^xh!
koi;ie o f the XK-tar^Ate is not conc'.ucSve t r M s emot iona l
growth as i& t b p t or th^ K^r-yraf^ cM.V;*
b«ay (X~.* p. ^x6) $ta f e , : < t h a t bingbrbB sturly of m^atal
r e t a r d a t e s coiR^are^ tihr c l a n s r o o ^ bo.bavior c f f^nor rTib goo-1
r^&t\ors, ^airibii pocr r e a b e r e as f r i M M t i n g rcore
b i s ir* t o r erst #• o y ^ r ^ o t i v i ty g te^ix' r c^tbrrat :^ , an^ s p e e c h b i b -
M e r i t s e s thai: coed r^xbers - Vax- b^r c x r ^ v - t h a t b e h a v i o r
problems xnb ixal ah j u s t r ^ n t ^ n y x M b l y a y c r o e s i v x r u c t i o n s ,
-rxrx eri^cunt^r^': Ir ar xttx?-xt t o fce^cb r^ab irq anb othc>r
?rb }•>-•<ctr- t o thx x f o r err-ax t iorxx" d e n t a l rotartat?3S * Qaay anb^b
t h a t s t r b i e s i n t h i c ar°a. £;aire ^oxrxb no s b i n i f i c a r t ? i f ?nr •
once ?inonq r e n t a l r-tur-'at"?^ on v a r i a b l e s xueh c s rac- an/'
1 e n c t h x f i r t i t x t i o r a 1 i ? r c i•o r ,
In a study of roma.1 -vr;.: •full-nonsaJ children in a play
therapy situation, iriw (1) uggc-st.e-1 thc»t th<*r?» cyists a
rfjl&tiorsaip f- tweer r^arinq r« fficulty and emotiorial ais~
turfcane«. Siie rondure' tj:at errotional variables g«ero to bo
the caT.-r>e of retardation anc that remo-m 1 Of
^ari^h] -3 , . 3 in a nt**y therapy Filtration:, vjouI rrer; the
ch i 1 t o J r-rn i;o rf .
Kirv (3?, o. 7?) t*vt': ir; 192 ^ ann 19?1 Merrill
co rluctfc'i' two stiie'ie? on th^ ?*<*-> 1 rt inn c* r^arinq aoM-everr-cnt
to rental r?cc. n both ^errill foun<5 that the r^acf-
in<? achievement of <ner>i-i21y r^~ar Jeo c^ll^ron is special
cla^se^ was general ly helo*- that :-vc ievtm^nt &xpect><*f for
tr ox v T-tr\ 2 a-:j-3* Kir-. "jor £ r ri to sa y t *? at s ovf*ra 1 inv^s t i <••
gat ions tave r^porta^ similar results # rian^ly, that r«wn tally
rot&r-3e£ chilJret, rea/; helov t*)oir rental Hg?s,
ln ,1. 0 3 <% ECi2?.'*' {1, 2 ^ i 11 rT""itf5ths oJ~ rv -
jiv%K]ial r^a-iiny on the personal ity arid social a lpost cnit of
ten mentally retriihuK :niJAreri in an ir:s?~ itution. 7:<e fourth
that 3ucces^ in rea^ino vcas ssoeiafc-ao T.-;ith better adjustment
in tho clasarao'o a;rr teiv/;nd to sh signs of personality
r.ialr;x?1 uotnont - such an poq." t i v i r c ; ' ? ^a'/creat^iriq * ^irh
^rhher r^pcrts that P>;erh:t ot s«-? r v-rP retarded chi?.O.r r in
n psychiatric cliric a ft/-' cnnrl^e-3, tt^t r^a^irg failures rere
caA:san by o:fGtioral p:'T'oble ir*% In tioii r r»?riitiial rearirq
ri'Xcrip-, vras not ^iince^sfnl, 'tut: treatne^t of the emotional
prohlor? follov/ec" by r^a.:ir y ijist met ioi- I f P to Letter results.
Kirk (12, p. ° ) declarer! that studies on the relation-
ship between r^adin^ disabilities an^ emotional disturbance
are not in agreement* To some, reading failure is the pri-
mary cause of mala-ljustiBent. 5V> others, the maladjustment
is the cause of the. reading difficulty. Kirk added that, it
is possible that the5*© are cases of hoth 1'ind.s and that
neither treiiera ligation is applicable to all cases. Further-
more, it is also possible that hot1" *actors contribute to
each other mid, that one accentuates the other. Research in
this area has not pointed out the specific relationship of
the two factors, he concluded.
McCoy (13) stated that it ban beer, demonstrated that
some .mentally retarded pupils are academically successful
and others are unsuccessful. The d,1 ffrrences in educational
achievement may be associated with differences in cognitive
ability, socioeconomic levelf and personality factors. With
the two former factors held constant McCoy emphasized that
the research literature suggests that differences in the aca-
demic •iccomnlishirwnfes of mentally retarded pupils are related
to significant personality variables. The purpose of McCoy's
study was to investigate the influence of certain personality
variables associated, with e<jo functioning on t^e academic
achievement of mentally retarded pupils. The findings reveal-
ed that academically successful subjects, when compared to
academically unsuccessful subjects, were more self-confident,
perceived themselves .3? tporo accepted anu i ntrins ically vetlum
by their parents, bnt wars sinr.ifJcant.lv more roaliatic in
their .self-confi?!onco ap.i hab a signi£ iciantly higher and mor»-
realistic level of aspiration, of apocial significance wan
tbc finding th^t 'whereas f-cort fi-ien <;•<=•• wa:~ unreal is ti call/
him- fox tbe ically misuecen^fu] subjects. l:wel of
•aspiration was mrenlist ically low for the sats* subjects.
In a «t.w?v of aormal tent-'* oraco students, Crania 11 (5,
•p. 477) pcinhOf*, o>*.t thct high scaros on Children * a T'ocial
bssirability pwesstJor 1?aire (C£D) v?rA significantly relate";5,
to California P/jrho 1 oqica 1 Inventory sml'scale scores, inc'i~
Ciitinq that t*J<o?s<> children are- less participative, h ve* low
self fstecr, Arc iacfcir.a in oonfintc-nc-? »• are concerned with
other 55' evaluations » s.ri c? it;.-: suqcfc stab is, conventional, in--
kifcite/!, -m:' control!«£• In free play,. bioh hoys of
el&»®ntary school Age r.'-io. not of tar* swi: reoogisition an..' &p -
provnl, Hvoidc"! achievorK-vt 3ctiv,1 tios, and h.el.5 lev? expec-
tations of ohi-sveKient success. (>n th<? o th&,T hanb? bii/jl'j CliD
girls wftro l. as a»jgrrssiv<* hot.*-, physicelly ant; verbally and
a voider! social i nteraofelon, Cranial I a:!c><, thr*t <nr-om} chil-
dren in qi*(j';'5B 4, , '1, evne. 3.2ooar^c aesferic aoh * eventcn t
test, performance va« ^vibereeby hii*h "5b cbibln/. within
both bigb *mb low Into! 1 * ->cr,QC Quotient s ( excayt that
nr.or", hicfb Intel: i :e'ner> «>.jrtiont cbilcror. in tirades 0 ar»< lb-
those who ha;1 biqb CSD s-3ox*'& 'rttsir;cb: better arodevontent
test, perf crranc'*-
Mew?h ft al. {14, ;•>. 14) , usiuo normal children, studied
the rrlaticii hipe; betw><=!i Rtotiior's reports cf their child1:*
syKiV'toir.s inc +.f?ichfi.r r tin-'TS of t!~>e child's eirctional stc'juat"-
neat, of th.'i ctiilC, ar;;;l social clans of the family. Sig-
nificant a^aociations between syinp torts an.:* traneral psycholoqicnl
csc. jU"-trrsent were found. ^ymptr^vB sort; cft*sn observe<3 ir. cis-
fcovrj wore al e-pir.-; trouble-, trouble getting alonq with
otbor children, imrvousr.fjsc;. unitr-mal fears, ond. steal inc.
Girl *« sy:i\ptops more o* ten tooV the forr- of s3 oepir.g trouble,
lyinQ, raahijv:; a fuss about ercirig to 'school. f/lm sywptora
complex whica roost often ,?iffemntiat?*!? between ^istuirbanco
<iroup3 v-as trouble gettinq with other chi..lh"reri,, No
consistent sex I ff ~x<ances vero tfc-msf,. hb'" significant so-
cial c.t'»38 fim':iags were •ssaociafcW primari ly with upper-
class boys v;io were leas veil-ac<just&d than tlu-ir f®1 lev ?»feu-
dists ,
•iensh #»t al. note*' thr.t their stw'y offers support to
previous £ir^ir^s concernino the significance of symptom re
port in o? by rotl^rs: I , the nur.; r of syiwfcows that mctfi's-r*
uepcrt. is rrJatsr' to t.Vv. ~ of their cai2creB. This
study "oclr.ts owt relative significance" of contain syiop"
toms which ar* r~or important than others with respect to
teachers' rntiiup-i of vju ir'.enfc.
Tr« M<s critical review of art!.hi"r~ ou social arc.
•Stnotion--*! ac oh3factor! sfcico of ri Ir'lv ref?r;''e chil -
drais »nr' ar.olciccem-tt, '"arrrx (?.} p. tat that contrary to o
i l )
n u m b e r o f s t a t e m e n t s a p p o a r i i r ^ ' i n v a r i o u s t e x t s art-:1 r e v i e w
a r t i c l o s , l i t t l e I s k n o ^ m c o n f f t i u i n f , t b r - t y p e aric"! f r o / j a e n c v
o f o c e u r r f ' s c . ? : r s f b e n a v i c r n ^ j u s t r t e n t p r o b l e m s a r a o n g t V i r-"*
t a r c e c l . 1P> a.c-it'.K1 t h a t t h ^ r e i s n o s u i t a b l e e v i r l ^ r i c i ? t o i n c ' i •
c a t e t h a t t h e a d j u s t m e n t . l e v e l o f s p e c i a l c l a s s c h i l d r e n 1 b
s u p e r i o r t o t k & t o ? r e t a r ^ e * " ' cV».t3dr<?f> i n r e p u l a r c l a s s e s .
G a r d n e r c r i t i c i s e d t k a w r i t i n g s o f B e i e r a n d P o h i n s o n a n d
R o b i n s or . p r e v i o u s l y T r a n t i o n e r 1 G a r d n e r r-; t a t e r t ' h a t . t h e s e
a n d o t h c - r p u b l i c o M o r s o f t e n r e p o r t t h a t b e h a v i o r a l d i s t u r -
b a n c e ' s a r t o n g t b e r e n t a l . ' ' v r e t a r P e c h a v e a. h i p h r a t e o f o c -
c u r r u n c e . ( i o u a v e r ? 0 0 a c v e ^ , r * o s t o ? t b ^ : a v a i l a b l e ovjc3er)o«~
£ e a J a w i t h i n s t i t u t i o n a l J z a A an<? n o t n o n j b i s t i t u t i o n a J I
r c t a r c a t e r u
C a r ^ n e r * 5 a r t i c l e p r o v i d e s q u i t e a n e x t e n s i v e r e v i e w o f
t h e r e s e a r e i ; ir- i b i s n r ? a an-.l i s t o o c b s t a i l o d t o b© p r e s e n t ^ * ?
; ; e r e i n i t s - s n t i r e t y . ' " b s i n t s r e s t v . ' * " i"-? e u c o u r a q e c i 1 t o
c o n - r a l t P a r d n e x ' 3 a r t i c l ; • . b s v e r t . b G I f : s « ; , Forrte c o n c l u s i o n s
froiT" M K a r t i c l e s ? e ? t o t e i n o r d e r . T h i r s t , p n e s t i o n s c o r . -
c e r . n i p c - t h e t y p e s o ~ h n h - a v i c r " r o b "loins a i n o n p n o n i n o t i t u t i o n -
a l i iv f i t " ! T.1 IC r e t a r d = ^ t e s r - . -waxn UNANSWERED. S e c c i v ' p t h e r a t e
o f occurrence o f v i r i o n s t y p e s o f p r e t l e r r r * i * of s u f f i c i e n t
snagni tu<*. f t a m c n g t h e r e t a r c t e r " t o s p e c i a l c o r . & i c ' f u ' a f c i c m ,
b u t s i ' . i t a < b l e e v i c ' e n c c in n o t e v a i ! a t l 1*0%*. T M r h ' , t h e r e i s
n o e - a t i s f & c t o r y e v i p e n c t - r * f l * t i v t i t o t he? q u e s t i o n o c agf» a r»1
0f:-x <1if ^ . r e n c e s « L a s t , G a r d n e r o o n c l n P e d t h a t t b ' . " p n o s t i o n
of behav ior ad-juR twerxt. c i ^ fe rcmces botw^en -Tpeoial c l a s s an-:'
r e g u l a r c l a s ? :ytnr\?ntB 4 3 r.re««?ntly n n a n s w e r j o .
A f t e r c: s ra rn ' i of t h e 3 i t ax a t t i r e , 3en«b<arg (3) noted
t i t c t s t u d i e s found cle^lj/vi *-d.t''> ir,-?ntal --iofectlx'es r»it?s<*r •
p^ared not. ho }so v e i l ron t r r . l 1 ac o r e l s o t r ^a t i -d only one
va r i ab le ; .-such nat t h« ip -*3 pence of wer. ts l "AMO on rschiovcsnerit.
.Ho »np*5asizt-;<?. t h a t t,h-ii\a have b>3.-;n c o n f l i c t i n g s t u ^ i o s con-
ce rn ing the. q u e s t i o n o* vrNetner o r no t BOX d i f f e r e n c e s in--
f l u o n c o the leva-3 of ac.Ui-nveT/jiit in correal c h i l d r e n .
^ensl*&rqf ('?, p. 3?-?) cite.:! a s t u ^ y by Sloan wi th ne i i ta l
r e t a r d a t e s , tJv.t fcund g i r l * s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n r e a d i n g
^ c M w s m r t t tlutr. hoyc?, Tr h ip cv/ri -stuiy ^e-nslAorcr founcl t K i t
fejnrvtlar achjo , /f- h i n d e r than in a r i t h m e t i c arvj r e a d i n g .
Another *5.m?ip<r wars t h a t in r ega rd t o marr ing and a r i t ; - ' r « t i r
r a n t a l r e t a r c ' a t e ? in ro-.j-'tl&r schools shew es hiqrb ar. achieve-
ment as t f \ose in sr.. ,iri«ti t u t .ion a l s c h o o l . In acMi t ion ,
Be&sberg t'ouno v i t h h i s *:nbjccts thcifc no ! i i g a i f i c a n t «*if£t?r-
. ncr,?3 w?,re obs^rv?: b e t t o r * b r a i n - i n juror1 f a / r i l i a l r^t-ar-
d a t e s ii'i t h e i r I r r ; ! of ncadPitrdc arbd^voment .
Jonos r »*t r>,1 . (1.1) ,ro\Hjd t h a t r e t a r c c ! '"•anales achiever:
cons i s t o n t l y high&r r-jraclinq scorn <*t eaci; ago l e v o l than
t h e i r male c o u n t e r p a r t s . "*:o>5 r.^cm, o t al» (17 r p . 40) i r a
:;eeri.'ncfly o^:!".aiis?t.iwt. stui?y of xnv&s t i g a t l o r o £ rendincr
p o i n t e d c u t s e r e f a c t o r s r e l a t e d t o r<--i<dip..7 d i s a b i l i t y i n a
otudy by 'JCT'ERR-» I t could be SKPV by t h e yrx r a t i o t h a t
t h e r e v e r c tw ice as *nar»y * cvs as rl.« vho h^d cor.?>lf-ted l e s s
12
than average expected ajnouiit of a reading program in the first
grade. Causal factors for this discrepancy in sex were listed
in order of frequency as relative iimmaturity and unsatisfac-
tory conditions at shcool, be low--average ability, unsatis-
factory how conditions,, emotional disturbance, an d health,
Sinks et al. (18) investigated the relationship between
reading achievement and sex am; intelligence in an entire
school population, grades four to eight, from a small urban
community in Ohio. It was concluded that no generality of
relationship as to reading achievement with respect to reading
vocabulary and comprehension may be x-iade on the basis of in-
telligence anc sex for the population studied.
In an unpubJi3hed master's thesis, Gascoigne (7) found
a positive relationship between acadenic achievement, Intel-
ligence Quotient, and social maturity in a mentally retarded
population. In another study of retardates Gibson et al. (8}
found that etiological classification is a relevant variable
to the performance of such school subjects as arithmetic,
grammar, and corr position (language) .
In the second of two major reading investigation sum-
maries*. Harris et al. (10, t>p» 252-253) referred to numerous
research programs, one of which is particularly relevant to
the present study. In that study, Chronister found a posi-
tive but slight relationship between personality factors and
reading comprehension arong 167 normal pupils in a small
city in Missouri. In addition, it w«s fount? that, certain
1?
p e r s o n a l i t y f a r t o r " cc-ulr- t o to v: nt iat .c thf- per-
fcjy-'.nncp' o t Loyr, '".'iris i n ;:v-Iatior< t o rondiruj conoro--
hens3 nr.. Fox ',•><-•{$ tVe factor .* vc.r* *ree$or> frr.p withe.raw?,3,
ter.f""oriclc-:» cor>r.«:uity r e l a t i o n s , am" c o o p e r a t i o n . f o r tjirl«-
t h f footers* re la tor ' t o rp-r^'inq conprehfr i s ion were c o c r c r a t i o n ,
f r ier .c liriCo--, :!ir i r t f c ^ r i t y .
In t i e e a r l i e r o.r t t e t>?o ruru'-arifH?-; o f r ead ing £ im>st i -
'jc.ticms f r i^rrie (9) ree'e r^frorcrice t o ^ .-tfcrs.Sy by ftcl'urray o*
350 , r-ys w * *?'"? '"iir"1.'?; i n a tu lrs l qtar'r- c l a s s . Ir: th<it "tury
t e a c t ere cc? tec"1 c h o c M i s t s on ti»f» normal s t w l c i - t s , of
v/<ich ?:-40 v?!re ccns-icLt-rorl ^ a t i f f a c t o r y r e a r e r s . r>'bc xvsn.1 ';•£
a h o w d ttafc tm5 a t i & f •-?tory ro^oern vcr' i clujcactoti2*;r? n.t
cKil«jron who *nV r e p c a t c 1 n g n c f > , c iwrey# bacZ a nbort
a t t e n t i o n Ey«r-, f'i'pCi c o l t y entfurdruj rs*sponr* i l -i l i t y , were-
ro'Tjvare*"1 u n f a v o r a b l y o i tit c t . ' e r a , '-iayT-.srt-f! ia>re than t'io
avoraqo -'jt.v'vrJ: f i/etf: s^lcor;- rolaxcc", rtnr® psolrlor copsT'lotcd
£ssltyr.re»t*i.
Gta tow; exit o f t h e Prr»blotn
Tn^ purpo3© o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y *ras t o i n v e s t i g a t e the
fea'tavior^l -?if fer«sr.ci» h&twy&n o v e r - "inc! an fT e r « c h i « vint; m*n •
t a l ro . tnroat s s an-' t o ^rovicS** an e f f e c t i v e way o f iv - ' -n t i fy •-
i n si over" as? un<1erac!iiev.iti.- men to i r o t e r - ' a t e s .
v"t-"it<::T,<" r.t o c tho Uy; -("'fueseB
fc l lov / i j i f i hype ttscyns **r.ro i rvc :? t l e t t er" •
1 . h'horo v i 3 1 t o i n;\r:t rc-latir-nst . i p h e f r e e i '
14
behavior rati.r.at» ."or different aoiiiove?nert 1eveIn.
2. £>iacreoant aca sfr.Ic achievement groups, matched for
Intelligence Quotient a?;" chronological age, vi 11 not differ
sigiiificantJIy in ruaar^ to aeyrace-, etiology, special edu-
cation , age at *emission, length of institutionalizatior.,
-onxl number of siblings,;.
3. h grc-uu of ui 'a achievers f-*ill attain significantly
more favoraM-? behavior ratings than a group of lor -ichlever*
ratchet for Xn* 1 Quoti<Hit ami chronological age.
C L W C F a 3iBLiof"rfivviry
1. A x l i n e , V i r g i n i a & a e , '"^orxiirccfcive T h e r a p y f o r P o o r
R e o o s r a / ' .Tourrsal o f C o n s u l t i n g P»ycfcolo«jv , X I (1?>47) ,
<a-c9.
2, 3 e i e r f P«ltor« " F.eaav.iorai ris?turbancf>3 i n t»ve 'lerv-
t;ai.ly 'Seitar-ou,' "c-nfca.^ Retar«?ationt K R e v i e w of. aosearcft r o c i t e u oy Ha.rvr>y & . S t e v e n s a no. R i c h H c h e r ,
C h r c a S o , " T b e U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o P r e s s , 1 9 6 4 , p p . 4 5 3 - 4 87.
3, Bejiaherg, '."erar^ J . , J r . , 'Th** E o l a t i o n n * ,??c a (Virile
A c h i e v e r e n t o f H e n t a ! :>?fmotives t o HeafcaI A g e , S o x r
I n s t j t'.iticral i s a t i o n a» ' e t i o l o g y , ' An^sric-ir* J o u r n a l
° 1 l/v'7X1 (13 5 3 ) , '527*~'33"oT
4. Carter,, narol-:" D . , O v r r - a:nr." brvler*c>iir-\vi?*nt ir- Roa?.'
I n g » " Call^nrrdrri J o u r n a l o f £5iicafcioiwiJ f-esentch, " W
< m 4 ) r * f 7 ^ r i ^ 5 . *
;>. Cramiall,- V i r g i n i a C . , ' P e r s o n a l i t y C h a r a e t ^ r i s t i e « at:c
S o c i a l :irds .c.ehievvraer*L B e h a v i o r s A s s o c i a t e d w i t h Cbil••
•jrer^o S o c i a l ^ejs.1 r«shj l i t y Rc»spona« rJe«<?€•.r,ci^t.,Jour •
tip I o f p e r s o n a l i t y a-n-1 F e c i a l r»yc?.iolo< y * ( l ^ f i T *
r?"/ ; *'
£. Garcrvar, ' - H i l a r . I w '• s o c i a l er-4 '-.notional «v; justj»»ent
o f ',:il;.Iy Jlotarctec C h i l d r e n •-•\Ccl~:nc4mta .* C r i t i c a l
'^.viiS**, ^jKcert'Lonal Ohiior-vn,, ( I ' K O » "•7-108'.
7. ooacoiexje, 'Pol-.;" :5a.i?, '?ol atior-c,i:ip TSotveen 'Xcauetsir
iavpr<»:.t, l'"4r c.rir' Social. M a t u r i t y i n d e n t a l l y Patar-**
Chi3<,!r«r. in an I n s t i t u t i o n a X S e t t i n g , • uripuV»iish,*v;
Tr-a*;4 t o r ! s * , '""opartrio'^t o f P s y c h o l o g y , A:orth 'Ioxgs
State* triiiversity, .'©ntcjr, Toj?as, 3 9 6 3 .
K G i V n c a , ' V v i f , /tfiXi h* Joplieott. on:; ^or-.&vary
'A '"e.r>l c c:t»eooso &vonq nigh Grade- uospitali zt?r' "lental • • ly r<etar"-Oi! C h i l o r s n as a function of 1'nt.elligonoo aur*
T.tioloc; ioal O i a * s s i 3 a t . i o n , ' A^-.-rican J o u r n a l o f F o n t a i
oe__ficiorsry, (1^19) , ?•$/,••• ~ C,
Farri.i, r.'V'--orc. '' »/ '.'-v-rr-ary o ? Cr;w.sti9fatictie P:..latiAr-.
t o *13> ic"C:"' to J'tKc /0, !i>63,'' 2fh«s J o u r -
n a l o f nOi'CS ' ior;" 7 ""r-'-jo-:.rf L'vIj C10-?t), .133-327.
3.0. ; a r r i s , Theo-''ior:? A. , Barbara Nu<5*3wan, <?nA S.lwoof' Carlson, •Summary of Investicmfcions d e l a t i n g to Rea-Aing, July .1, 19C3 to J u n e JO, The Journal o f ftducattonal he -search, LVXII (I«65) , 242~-~2'8f. * ~ *
11. Jones, S» L. , * . P. -dross, 3 no T,. Van Why, '•?<, Longi -tuciinal o f f a d i n g Achievement i n a Group o r A - ' n l e a c e n t In^ci ta t .1 onaXiKed *fer»t.&2 ly *?otar<5.e£ ,,
ISa95A. : ; 'VI1 <X?6C> , 41-47.
12. Kirk » , ' 'f,.';4.carcL in Kc ucatior..» ' Cental tar-elation. A Rovie»*--v c f l-.es e a r ch* e c i t o d by F a r v e y A..* Steycns am" Rio1" Heber t Chicago, !Thu University of C.bicaeo Pr'.-;S& „• 39f-A f pp. 5 7 - 9 9 .
13. i'-'cCoVf George F. , "Some i.yre Factors Associated witt; Acw.hmic Succ'.iSfi an.:' F a i l u r e - o f J-«?ucah»le fieri t a l l y t t o t a r d a ^ P u p i l s , ' - ;A:eeption&.l Cr.il<?.rfsn, XXX ( l ^ S i ) , 90-84.
14. Moris')., Ivan K. , '•*!}dred: r~-. Kontor, oorhert r<» Doml'e, y.arqnro.t C,~L» 0 i l3es , aiv1 -Tonn C. Gli^lewell, "Cbil--Area's Behavior Syrafto*^ anr' t ho i r Relationships to School A;":! juc fcnent, S-3>. ,• anc Social Class." The Jour-nal of Pooial^ Isoaes , XV (1 , ft-15.
15. Quay, I>or ere C'jil.fu, A.cac'cmic S k i l l s , " HaridboqV of Men-t a l Pef ioiency, ©niter by r-orr.an R. Tills7™7?cw "Yor«r"" l i n i ^ T J Hoo'>; Cor.pany, pp. 664-690.
16. ^obltisor, "falbert B. anc ancy t-% Robinson, The Cental-ly_ Scitarue--) CliiJ.c/. Psychological Approach, l-'cv) Yort, W*raw -ft 1*3 1 Corn?-any 1965 , pp. 223-224
17. Kofrinaonr «lea !*.„ 3amttetl Heintraub, and Kel^n K. Smith,, ''Sum.oa.ry c" Inve stigafcio^a rielatir:.q to Reading, Jul*/ I , l C-f to J'ur.e 3 n , 1165,-' n^a-j in«q Pose arch Cuarterlv, T (Vlt5) , 5-12(1,
Sirs'-., f<.-ior»..i """A,, Marvin Ttv.fill t • r .-x anc Int#?3 li«3«aco "3? Factors?, in Achii«v^r-"'orit ir. -esu" i n q lr- CracJes 4 Vhxor^Yt 9 / Vcm Journal of no t i c CVI (196-3) , i'7 70.
19. Stc?vena, ?iar vey- .ic*' ,'"e -?.r, -:-wi tor? , cfcmta.1 He-ta roa t iqn: £• hovx^'v of ^ i se i rc ! ; ; C: v .1 -ngo . ve r s i t y of C;?.io"ac.o r h " , i.Vf)4."p- x i i .
20, Uestrcan, Jad< C., ^r thur , anr X"dv»'ar-"1 P, SchoiK'^r, "^©a^iii's ' " ' e t a r c a t i o n . An O w r v i w , ' feierio?in Journal o f nd. s o arses r.." CAi ioron., Ciy. (l^fS) , ?f9-36^r
CKAPTrR I I
Owb^ecta
'?'rve vdwonblc s c h o o l p o p u l a t i o n o f a residential inst . i - -
i o r fc.3i3,v r rtioutr * v?hs 3 vi r Vf? *y o ' x n f ! ) i s stitciy<,
I\ total oH 94 s t u d e n t s , c ^ r o l l e c f o r t-":,.e 1 9 6 6 - 6 7 s c h o o l y e a r ,
:fr«e o f g r o s s a u d i t o r y at»£ v i s u a l handicaps ,xmrn i^^fc \ f i s r s .
> s t a t i s t i c a l <**scrir»tlor» of t h e s e Btv^entfs r e q a r - i m y chrono-
l o g i c a l a g o , ^90: a.t a d n i s r i o n , 1-snqt;:.. e f i n s t i t m - i o n a l i z a t i o f f
1 ii"fctr: l i t o t i C i . ' i'l-T' c j * ^ corv* 7 r-,r.c c5to *t iov^jru-Ti t sc"*v\*
i s pres snte -1 i n Table I .
STATISTICAL I-KSCRir^IOiv OF ALL SUBJECTS
- - * - •
V a r i a b l e s
C h r o n o l o g i c a l .•-.<:?& {t»onths)
Afje at P/::?A9sion (moiithrs)
f'ean
- - t •• i 1^9«BC [
• 1 3 1 . 1 7
Tfongth o f l n s t i t u t i o i i a l . i z a t . i o r i • (months) ! 3 8 . 6 0
I s t e l l i g e n c e Q u o t i e n t
Behuvior 5 c o r e
ftcliicsves^ent 3 c o r e ( y e a r s )
; 3 6.3-4
i 1 0 1 . 1 3
.anr'arO Devi a t i.on
- U . 8 9
3:>. 78
19 . 4 "i
?J.U
2 1 . 1 4
1 . 1 4
] ft
Tho 94 subjects ythc constituted th« original sample of
the study ha-;; (1) chronological ages th*t ranged fror- *4
"Ciiifj it; co 2''jz. to on fc'riii, wi ta s rsaan c£ Ij'O.Hf' laonths ana a 3t.a'f'>--
iard fe-uation o# 31,wanths, (2) agfss at. iv'mi fig ion that
r&riV&C. fror, 4n raont'is to ?16 r.ontas, with a Dean of 131.17
Months cum a standard .aavi at ion of 3 ? ,78 worths , (3) lencftha
of institutionalization that ranw'i fror,- 1 month to 103 months ,
with a. re a.r. of 38.89 fsoiitrts mix. ."> atantharc 2ovintion of 19,45
tnonth31 (4) Ir.fcolliaenco Quotiento mat ranged from 37 to 84,
with, a -,iean of 56.54 an*-, a stan-' ara deviation of 8.11, (•>) be-
havior scores that ran^p frcw? a low of 54 to a hiqh ef .155,
-aith a m a n of I/»l. J1 and & standard Seviat lot, of 21.14, ana
{€) achievement aoorr-<a t>,st raatrod from 0.0 years tc 4.7 years;,
v/it.a. a wean of ".21 yea>"3 ar.a ,? stan^ar-h deviation of 1,1-1
years,
•j-hvi b4 suL>jnets con%2.''tt?-'",* of. (1.) 54 palsf? anci 4 h fonalos r
(2) a:5 Whites and 12 nor.-whites, (3) 21 subjects diagnosed ly
the nodical staf^ at the institution an braJn-fevta?*?, 1M
c'iarjnoGed as cultural-familial, and SS of unknown etiology,
(.4) 62 subjects who t.ao t~oceivo':; special adncatxcn and 32 s<J -
jecta. who hah. not reeaivad special education, ('»} subjects
•tfith si Mings ranging in nvuaher fror;> to 11, ( ) 44 suhjoct?
tf.Tjojf"; pa rants iaa;ra , 40 sul-iacts '*hose D?..r?nth vaTa* »•' i ••
wrct',, f> subjects *r*:ose parents w**rv separated, "" enbi-aota
wriose parents were wi'lovfv*, 5 e;x jacca vh^so parrots vera
laraarriad, ruv. {7} 41 aiu;jocta vdtoao f *rrily 'aad a history of
1?•
retardation 3" suhjecr.s whose farily was noqafrive in that
respect. Xnf orr.«ation was not av-aiXa l-n an trie r«r.ta3pi:rn? 3
sn!> joets,
*J&iit-j C«l;l>fort»ia Aohievrisver-t Twsf (Fortr- X) cl?;ta scorn."
oi> ?hiy 17, 10C7 hy their t^achar^;, th. ? S4 subjects were div
o/2 into high a/h" low achievement groups» High achievers wer*-
thoss snbiectfi whos* scores fell Hcj-twctm 1.0 5.0 gxa< K
3 V4>1. Low achieve-r» "fsr-;. fio^o subjects vho wcra fur>.ctionir>«
hetv;>?>a; i 0. (5 an-':1 1 , ? 'jrs ho levol. T"'roi:> the ye tv,vo achi evorier.t
groups with 15 subject" narh, two qroups, match's for ohron'"'--
logical ac/e and Intelliqerr.f:- O'uotier.fc w-ro formed. ?s&tcbir«?
was <?onp aubj^ct subject with rfifferer-ces between chrono-
logical ago-j no lan.ier than 7 Kjonths imC o.ifferoncea between
Intelliyoncc fjuottents no larger tr*an 11 points. It should
be noted that these fxC"f«rexoes ro;xv: son t extreme cases. In
the jr-ajority of cases, if f-'sronces ancur,fc-.v;' to no more than 2
rionths or 2 poirts otl\'ely» In aotensirJ.rKj which Intel-
'juotJ ent to u?3o it %'ss oecif"h:( th "t *•'.o >*ost; roocnt
IntelligoxiC^ y.uotiont fo'un<" jr ^ acl. :--fcuf out5 <s central record
fil« vncwIC l.»e utilineC, prof>rably Star'£or'V8inet, Forr:t
then th& vjechsJ^r Intelligence ScnXo ft. r Chilore,?) (WISC) .
>k total of 30 .subject::. frc.-n an* original snraplc of 94
subjects was u s i n m-vbc?s®f" oro;r-- portion of tr».is 3tu^y.
3 0 "subjects v/i»r-• n«;lccfe«2*' in such e way that {1} they wer-?
roatchoo ot; qibronological (chrorin iv-fil for the low
achievement group rar»«j<?v fr«v- 1 months to ^02 iuonths with s
20
wean of 175 ,33 months ai>cj a ; : tan -:.rd C e v i s t i o R of i ? » 6 I r.ionthsu
c- i rC4ioIoqicaI agos f o r t h e higr.- aer-i*V€iF*»nt cjroap iceng^d fror*
153 wont?;r> t.o 201 r»ontbs -d t b a mean of 175 .00 i scn ths an* a
s t a n d a r d O s v i a t i o n of 1.1.99 months) ami (2) t h e y wore matched
o'u intO-lliqer;C< :! Q u o t i e n t s { I n t e l l i g e n c e C u o t i e r t s " f o r tb*.- *. i r » i
y rouP r a n g e d f r c n 50 t o G6 v i f . i a m c f 5 7 .67 ant5! a sfcaiK'arv
ctoviat lor* of 4 .54 n»ontbs.* Q u o t i e n t s fox t h e sen
onrl g r o u p ranger5 fro.fi: 49 t o 6$ w i t h a mean of 5 9 , - 3 and a
iit.and.arc7 d e v i a t i o n o e 5 . 5 7 ) . Tah lo XI cU-ieri ixis th~> 10 s u b -
j e c t y w i t h r e g a r d t o c h r o n o l o g i c a l age can** I p t r a i l i c^nce Q u o t i e n t .
T?f'Jl,E I I
CiIHOiJCLOCTCAL ?Jr-T Rf D T L L I C ' L f^UOTKilT roB '/A'CCIjEF; GMXJc* r.U.-iJSC^5
1 Group j_ / '^£, .JL Jtlltri:? 1 4 / ? ^ c e Q u o t i e n t
j 'iean j 4 K r* ; itemge ; ^ean i $ • b * j
; I
1 ' l?'"-'--" ; 12 . *3. ! 155-20? j 5 7 . 6 7 j 4 . b 4 I 50-66 1 ! ' I I I '
l i | 17'J.OV ; .11.95? | 15 3 - 2 0 1 j 59,'J3 j 5.57 \ 4?~6H
*3c- | .-CLb J. ' j >'0~" ' •" . • .£ ' f •(-) ! 3 c!'-. is 5 C"!
sxsfcen of {1} l ? -oale.s .an.- ? l e « , (.") 14 whifc-s anr? 1 nor,-
W-litrt ( j ) 1U. j O C t F» t SG CltJ-Jr <T.tT (3 iC'Ji i rRXKJSC;
i'toi* 76 month* tc 17 > m-: v i *.•*•« a *n<»n» of 1 2 7 . f 7 poiitr is
* s t a n d a r d r e v i a t i ' oC (4) s u b j e c t s vfcose Soa^tn.
or ii5st:l j--stlc-rc ran^ ' -o f rcv . •: Kor>t::-s t o 3 03 ncn;tH«,
t-t o/. / - 4 / r x :-.'i ,-t s ri?jt.ioxi of. ?5 . 05
2 1
(5) 2 s u b j e c t s o i a c n o g e r by t u e ^crJiacl c t a f f a t t h e i n s t i t u -
t i o n as trairf~rl<?jva«5oc, 7 s u ' j o c r s cSi-jgnosed a a c u l t u r a l - -
f a r f i l i a l . , anr1 th^ r e g a i n inc* 13 sub;jc*ctu o'P un- novr. e t i o l o g y ,
C6) s u b j e c t s v a c b e h a v i o r rx.'oroe ranqe^ from a lew o f 9C t o
ri h i c h o f l 3 7 f V l t H a reaii o f IJL2.B7 *MN a •Jtaiu.'arr d e v i a t i o n
o f 1 0 . 4 2 , (7) sub-jecta whos«v a c o i s v e n u i t s c o r e s ranged from
1 . 1 v o a r s to !„') '/cars* a ir:-*an. o f 1 . 5 3 y^ars nr;ci a star; -
.-3arc. i'h;-;vistion o f O.'Jl, (C) 11 s u b j e c t s who :?&<.< rooe-ivob
s.Kt!c:la3 sKfocafiioi: 4 vac- -ar; not receivc-:,'} "special
c;'!. ,t.Icrs, f (v) sj ib-jects v i t b s i b l i n g s r i m i n g iv- numi'icr fro***
J t o 7 s. l b - l i n g s , wit!? a rem* o f 2 . 4 7 s i b l i n g s row} a rrtaribarc
Cov ia t io t t o-f 1»"6 -ii>'sliriqsf (3.1) P. -YAH-]EC.TR, v h o s e parer-tf?
were T:<a.rri&£ r> sut/sjocts WHO*•,>-* parent- i v<*r<* divorcer?,
<$ubjc-ctn whoso p a r e n t s v*»re *'5«\ow*- r wpj3 (11) 7 mib j ^ o t s :>
far ' - i l / '••a*-" a -victory of ••••^rttal r e t a r d a t i o n ~rv" f? ^-ubjent-s
whose f a m i l y v;»« u^afclv:* *.:* t h a t r e s p e c t .
(/>-l. ;) f o r Crc-wp I I (tv*"- bi/b: richimmx'?)
c o r d i s toe* c f (15 S m l e s w i £ f 1 ;:=?', { '.) 12 whit-:- aab 2
n o n - w M t o sxit j o c t ^ , (3) s u b j e c t s */ho«* ?.o» «t a*>r»:f s*<tc:» ran:k-«'•
frow C:4 ront ' i s t o 174 *uv.+ vri th "t r.S3r» o f 140 .1 7- wont'if
-t 'ievic,* i o n of: ". " . nontv-.'.", (4) suDjoct'S who-so
I s n g t h o-; i;ii?titn-1icnaHIZYTIo*. rex <->1 fret" 1? r o s t h n t o 7s"
r-'O'athof w i t"i s ^A-an of.' .b - -ortbs . b. a IJTNR bbv:b .' -vJ^fcbu' c'"
I'-;.75 PC-nth#, (•"') ? :rjr.--.'M' by t'N": tx :v!. r-nl •~,t«V9
:?t t v..- i t : :' ».T; a'" • r.-* i: - "i«r j?7o< : f' "juhjrants i ?.qrto^€ ?; af
•;n3t'aci] • fes--i \ •• '• a.- tl ** r •• •/'Iriv-? ."• subject-" r-f ua-'trjO'-./Ti
e t i o l o g y (fi) s u b j e c t * vhoso ' - e h . w i o r s c o r e s rarwtcd f r o r a 1 ov.
of 58 t o a 1' i g; • 106, w i t h :« m a n o r f n . ^ 0 am: -a s t a n d a r d
n ' r .v ia t ior . o - r 1" ' .54 , (7) *>as-l^nts wbor.<i 9 c ! ' i ? n m f c ac^r -r.
r a n g e d f r o ^ 3 , 0 y*aj.-ft t o "-.I '.-•••jrr., ••--it-;, a uu><*n of 3 . 5 1 y e a r s
nn-.i a s r fmc 'a r ' a t i on n ?• 0 . •?". v : a n , (8) 8 s u b j e c t s w>io hac"
s n e c i . i i cKfuca felon ^nr* 7 ani^'Jc-nts t/ho t a ^ r^ot x'.^cc45.v'""
s iKi^ ia i ol i2c?:;ticri., (2) »./ith rsi M inqti r a n g i n g I n rix '-
i x , , . f r o r , 0 t o X'J> wit!; ioe^r. o f .1.5? a i i - l i i w * an-;! « sfcan<1er<5
•;«viai-icR c-!" ? . '>! e i M i i i c i ® ( 1 0 ) ? o v b j e e t a vbo=e p a r e n t ?
narri<•-'.! .. ^ na>-}\cfrt ui^s .^ p ^ r o n t d •• U v o r c o r ( 2 :>ul
j c o t s wr.oi^o p a r ' , v n - % e r o vri'JoT'*&c , 2 ,-nx! 'i'."' ohs v h o s s pa ?*3ntn
v/cr^ un^Rrr icc ! , ar. ? 1 .'rcl ' j o c t who^s* p ^ r n r t s were s^purn tcc 1 r arc
(i.X) 7 aunfeef:?. w tc^e t:tr>xiy iia-',' a ^ i s t o r / o* ri' -nts?.] rc*tnr/J.*i-
t ion . .nnr' F . - jV^cts f a m i l y w r , n e q a h i v ? i n t h a t r s s p ^ t .
Proor-'/i' re.
Sincc? their? were no p u f c l t s h e c \ x - r v tr-ili t y o r b e h a v i o r
ee&i'.-s v/hic-) c<v»l<- *>» csrc-«f a p p r o p r i a t e l y wit : . t h * / K w t a l l v
r<;'t.-xrce<'> ••? j t^v^r«e h e a v i e r r a t i n g s e a l -j wiss c o n s t r u c
•tec".;., 'i'he m t M i w J b«*. »»«©*• ?,ea"Us were e i t h e r (1)
m a prn.7n.l-it lor* ofc'-'-"-,r L:,ar. ^'v^t.-" 1 r e t a r i !at«!?, o r
(2) wer^ t o I f f ' i m l t f c r s r e t a r d a t e t o re.:-" an<5 oenprehen : - .
Th-j Le iu iv io r r a t i r . " ? e a u s r - r in t M s 39.-3 a p o i n t
T."ici.H"_ 3COli2 1 i.*»nor. t o *• r iVSijl" '. "''"ioiovi.? ?Cr"™iS? Oil
cl;i^?sroo"s be3;#»vior r-*~ *r .:,iv -. r*~r' r v ' - . ^ r ^ a t f s a s Peorr i l by
t ^ » i r teaarter-. '• for t;%v ;*tv fro«~ ';"ay-isrJ.o?:s Tty
P^yo.ho locus t :* . n l r . ' -rvatior.!", ' r , ; : o i i s sural--*8 ' r b o o r n t j . o s l 3 7
BcoTi'-s on t5.?e l " o : , ; w i c r r a t i n e «-c;aIr r?rsm from 42 t o
. nig'i or, r.hi i irrHtrir'.-ent wprcs^nt poor ^ebavior
r a t inq? , iin<: v 1 co vera a - copy of t i e Vuhaviov* r a t i r e
cum be fnnjv.? in the -'••op.-n-*': x .
B t - t o 11'-.i3 j ty fr=. ri€ } «<• t'"e above seal**;, made
over: a 14-' c'ay nc-rio-1 , v,*a.-; ^sfc:5Jriisuc£ V/ r inoojr'ly c;ei cotl.r g
sn iv joof - (3 fror- oaoh o r 7 parti-jipcfc5nc teac.'-cro)
F r o r t i i c o r i c i n a l o*-' f?4 s r ^ - j e c t r ; » ? ro n*?thc-" c*" ran.-Son
co lec t ion oovnl.*;?-,"" f rot" s taV. le of ranr'on* riirohcr?; fou.tK- it)
" ' . v t t an.o Ty'c-rt-.' *;r«*r (1 ) * V o r t h e 27 s u l j ^ c t s , t'r e- , r i r 3 f c.r
t e " t sxtLtatcr; rrvr.-:'i r-rv'-vn of 'H?- 3 o, !i~i ;:]'• a st^i'.dar^ •"•-
tier, of ,"?() . ' 'or re t« i t purposes? of r2.1? n»<; a
f?t**ndar£ s%viation of ,'?•?,?? were fcui.."", r;*thle Til describer
the mean ar>--7 stanc'ara s ' e v i a t i o r : vaViess plur* t h e rest-H"ar»t re--
l i a b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t f o r the V>hav5or ra t ing sca lo .
n •; ?. r>r i" T T' T
SHIRK, STAMDAK'D I /I&TTCox', AMD XtfEXiaBlI.TTY COniTXCinfJT FO n BFn;M'TOU m v i w SCALE
Mrainis-; ,..e.1K j j C o c f f i c t a t t r a t ion _ , ;
S ~ " i r * i 9S..38 j 20.7-\ : i ;c
Petost i 92.43 ? ? . 7? j
Af ter coupletino t;ae to«t,~rotest portion of the study,
case records of eactt of the 04 r tndents vcore sea.tr.:j&-" for
24
information sucl* as most recent Intelligence Quotient (pr«*f~
drably a Stan for-1-Sinet than T'?ISC) , physical *tan«'ica * if any,
chronological ag«, nev., race, :'-ate of birth.. f;ote of amission (
etiology,, length of institutional i sat ionevi"enco of special
eflticatioiv, nnrnber of siblings, par«rt* 5 mrital status , history
of retardation in the far-lly, e-'lucatJon-il level of the parents,
parent's ircone- anfl evidence of confirm^ psychiatric impair--
sient. The 3ast three variables vers droppotf after it wa«
noticco that there of ton •was not a sufficient amount of infer-
mation available for every subioct.
Analysis or Data
For the analysis of !ata, tbn resrti^s of watching were
proparer? for analysis ty Pearson Proc'uot- o cJit Correlation,
ty- tost f an-r1 Chi-Square. Pearson r's were coup'utod to find
the relationship between behavior scor .n arc' achievement scores.
The t-ts;?t wa~ nsew to f'otenrin® if the mean difference be-
tvecii the two groups (high achievers,- low act-levem) was sig-
nlfleant. ?hc .05 level of confidence was accepted, Chi-
SQuare- was use'-? on the riatohe-:' groups with ^ichotopnvs .'hita
s'uch as sex, rnne, etiology, and speciaJ ducafcio::; to hot c.r-
rdit':- if those variables were iiKterori ent of oacb other, h.il
of the statistical cowpotntion*? were hono at the Computer
!h-n?ter of ?-Tcrt/i Texas state :h»ivojrsity.
C W T C R PIBI,IOCT?AP» ?Y
Scott ; . , H ' i l l i a n ' , "irsc >-"i•?}»;» «».l - ? » r t b e i n o r , I n t r o d u c t i o n t o P B y e h o l ^ i c w I r e v ' i t c h , r e v " c r ' : t J o r r . T ~ ? o ¥ s ,* I r e . , K 62"."
25
C f & P T E R III
BBf-ULTS At ID DTSCUHSXOf •;%T
Pesmlts
?o test H y p o t h e s i s I, the ,9ata were analyzed US1P<T Pearson
Procluct-Mopienl C o r r e l a t i o n (r) . The results of t h * analysis
rr T'jITC 3 C.H t £"• ilS Hi;'• !*?• I*V •» A rXV' f ?X"H tC .1 y JH C?* t iVi* K"C"1 T.t X OT> *
shij> was shovr, thus, the first hypothesis was confirmed.
T-'xerv a significant relations--','!!:- between behavior ratijv.?-?
for ciif Eorent achiwcwat \
rrM:;L); IV
PFAR3Q;7 F'PODOC;1?-- 0"'-ri>KT CORH?-LAl'IO^ FCR nEKAVKM Arm ACHi'imtrwr scom:s of all subjects
CO TO ' . * •'•'lean i S. D. f r ; !
.40* Behavior * 101,13 » 21.14 >
< * » j j ^ £chievf>ne«fc . ? ,22 | 1.14 |
Hypothesis II of the study was tested/ vising t-test am1
Chi-Hqaar© techniques* result® of fK'Re analyses arc,
r> re rented in ^aMec V ai: VI *
Ab shown in v an;' "fI , variabXes sac'*- rone-'
logical ;tq , aqe e.t: a'*Trl~~icr # lar.Tfcn o*7 insfci tat ionalx^atl on
21
TABLV' v
SUJMMAPY OF T-TEST PO! ."••ArCHJiT,» GROUPS
Variable | Group T • Group II { Mean j -loan ? 1
Chronolog ica1 ago j 175. 3 3 ! 175.00 : | . 40
Pige at amission 1 | 127. P 7 | 140.13 :
1
l i .48
Langth of institutionalization | 47, 47 1
• 34.80 i | l -i i i . 5 4
Tnt.?511 iqence Quotient. j
57. 67 ! r>?„P3 \
i .91
Be'navior scores 112, c > * 7
I j 81.40 ; 6 .4 a - *
Ach iovemen t s co r. f- s 1 * t
5 3 | 3.51 : 20 <17*
UTnbc-r of siblings \ I
i 2 . 47 i 1
j 3,53 ; i
0 " 3
^ 2 K ! '•0 01
Intelligence Cuotionfc, nursfcer of siblings, soy, race,, etiology,
am; special education .not reacb levels of statistical sia-
niticaree. T'uss, Hypothesis II was confirwen. Hi 3crepant
caclf.ruic achiovement groups, natchsa for Intel!iqence Quotient
ftna chronologies! nge. not differ significantly in reqarc;
to se;-( race, ticlocjy , special ec<.;C3tion, ago -?t Emission,
length of institutionalis*?tiou, an-.l n j^bur of siblings?.
The variables Jr. 7abl« VI were; categorized according to
Chi -Square t'esicjn; i.e. r sex broken *1ov?n into r ale and f Kalfv;
rar« broken <?cv*n ir.to white ».«? non ~white; etiology broker.
down ii.to bra $ «* dv;rago:''.. c .I tmfa-rdl ial,. <*me unknot • n.r.f
special education broken »*oT.*r> -"Ir.to r*nc «n
TAPI.F T/J
FSVM&TRR or CBISQUAP:- FOP
MFiTCLiED GROUP SUBJTCTS
Variable Cb i-Square *
Hex. . . . . . . . .63**
Race .On**
Ltiology . . . 3.67
Special 'Viucation. . . . .5?**
*« no Chi-square value rcache^! significance
**- Yates' correction used
In or a or to test. Hypothesis III, tbe data were analyzer]
by t-test. *"f'he results of this analysis are shown in Table V,
11 :p obtained, t val-ao of 6,48 for behavior scores was signifi-
cant at better than thfe .0 03 of probability, as shown
in Tabic- V. Tlrae... EypotJseai:? III was •confirmed. High acrbiov
ers did attain significantly rore favorable behavior ratings
than a c.roup of Xov* achievers ^ a t c f o r Intellioeric« 5uo -
tiex-t ano broiic logical ;jf J'
'In suTTmary, al3 hyr-ofeheae"' >?ere confirmed. Achieveiset)t
and It-iijQtrior ratings verc «ignifit?ar«tly related for the whole?
group, rdscropant acadorde nchifoVoitJQnfc qroups, matched for
Intellicrenel Quotient ami chrone?og Joa1 age# did not differ
significantly in ro'rar-* t«'' «sf r, race, &>tiolo».jy, special edu-
cation, age at actoissioi*, length of institutionalization„ on 2
number of siblings, f-'orecv^r, bi->- **r:ihv«rs c*i-3 mttain sig-
nificantly riore favnratle behavior ratine t*r ftn a group of
low achievers prsatchoc' for Intelligence Quotient and chrono-
logical age.
Discussion
Tho moderately negative relationship snown through the
analysis by P^arecn r confirtrea Hypothesis I that thnre wilt
be a siqni.fi cant ro.l at \onship between behavior ratings for
different aohiev orient level si.
Tbes^ results are supportive of Axliwt's (1) study of
nerval axiC dul 1-normal chiX^ren in a play therapy situation.
In that stucy eh© suggested that; there exists a relationship
between reading difficulty ar-f- emotional disturbance. More-
over r these r'-salts are in ha.rR.cny with a stuoy of classroor
behavior of cental retardates by Vaughn citeo by Quay (9) .
Vaughn conclude*-' t.hat poor readers exhibited wore disinterest f
ov sr•"activity f tei por outbursts r 3.r,r sspcjoch diff.iculties then
goo , reui'ers.
<*he second hypothesis, that ^irfcropant acat'emlc achieve
rsssrt groups# : ai~chef for Intolliqerir'e Quotient an-i chronologi-
cal age,, will pot differ significantly in regard to seat, rac*s.
etiology, special c--c'ri*cation,, ago at acmission, length of in-
stitutionalination, sac mn»her of siblings, was conf irrred -
iffe-re van no significant '?.lffr»r?r-ce ir. rerrp.rd to these vari-
ables .
vti se results appear to be ir. agr^epient with a raiority
of other stu<?.ian (? r ^ t 11) . Tlcwever, thoro aire stueir*
(2, 10) that '"isacre vi Hi the rirsHrrzs of the present
-»A
study and other previous studies on the variable of s?ex dif-
ferences . It sesorcs as though Bor.ie studies have found ses
ciffrrencca to .be -significant wtsil* others bavct not always
found this to be tha cas^, Benwberq (2) stated that ther«*
have been conf 1 icting results concerning the significance of
sex differences?, Gardner (4) emphasized that tb«re is pre-
sently no satisfactory evidence relative to the question, of
sex difference*?. Thus. '-he variable of sex aeerr,a to be one
of tboso "erfnivooal ' rosn3tss rsferruc! to in an earlier chapter»
Perhaps certain confounding variables such af? cifferant popu-
lations , snm liri-j, arirl r.atchincr techniques can attempt. to ex-
plain tho conflict. It right be orJr-orl that no previous sixid.ie'3.
coul<3 b« fouiu" that -'iealr with ago ah amission or mopb<?tr of
siblings as vsrial1^3 r^lsvant to achievsnent.
The results o\ tainw". through t-Test and Chi-Square ».*er,
to indicate support for the third hypothesis, namely that high
achievers will attain si-~nif icerntly more favorable* behavior
ratings thui a i?rouo of lo\* achievers watched for Intelligence
Quotient ?n-3 chronological age-.
The above results also coincide vrith Carter's (3) stufly
on over- and tmoeraehieve^cr-t., he Counr? that overachievors
&re bettf-r adjusted to school nnci foel happier in school,
similarly# hcCey (7) showed that acadc^ically successful re-
tardates were more self 'confident, realistic, nnn parceJve*?
thotusalves ~i'3 nors acceptet' than. aca<"*?wic:ally unsuccessful re-
tardates < Copparahl^ results showin? ; ett^r hot a vi or artong
3?
overachievers than im^erachievcjrs have keen obtained in .nusner-
O'IS other studios {1» f., Q) .
C-TAP7TR B 1 •"BL10CT AFI• Y
1. A : d i n e , V i r g i n i a H a o , " N o n d i r e c t i v < s T h e r a p y f o r P o o r J V a d -
® r & , r .Totimal o f Coris-;j ti.ng^ P s y c h o X I (1947},,
61--6 9 .
2 . B e n s b e r g , G e r a r d J . , J r . , " T a p d e l a t i o n o f A c a d e i r i c
A c h i p v e r ^ e n t o f C e n t a l i n f e c t i v e s t o M e n t a l Acef Sex, I n s t i t u t i o n a l i z a t i o n a n d E t i o l o g y , " ^ ? r i c a n J o u r n a l
o f M e n t a l f > e f i o i e n c y , L V I I I { 1 9 5 3 ) , 3 2 7 - 3 3 0 ,
3. C a r t e r , H a r o l d »>., O v e r - a n d tfnrterachievesnent i n h e a d i n g . '•
C a l i f o r n i a " n u m a l o f r d u c a t i o n a l B e s e a r c h , XV" ( 1 9 6 4 ) ,
175~"l'P3*7
4. H a r d n e r , W i l l i a w I . f -'Social a n c F a c t i o n a l . V j u s t m e n t o f
M i l d l y .Retarded C h i l c - r e n and. A d o l e s c e n t s ; - C r i t i c a l
R e v i e w / ' F x o e | ? t i c n a l C h i l d r e n X X X I I I fl<?66) , ? 7 ~ 1 0 5 „
5. Jones., , r„ p . C r o s s , ai»<? I» T>. V a n W b y » "A Lonqitiidi-
nal. S t u d y o f **eac?i«cr H c h i e w x a e n t i n a r.rouo o f Adoi*»sconfc
I n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e . ' ? I ^ n t a l l y Retard'--d c h i l d r e n , * T r a i n i n g
S c h o o l B u l l e t i n , I,VII ( I 9 6 0 ) , 4 1 - 4 7 ,
6 . • tr> t c:arr,,jel A . , r F a s e a r c h i n E d u c a t i o n , ' C e n t a l R e t a r d a -
t i o n • A P e v l e w o f i i e s ^ a r c b , e d i t e d b y Malrvey A . $€isvci>«
ar.cf'"Ji.icJ" !"eber' C h i c a g o , U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o P r e s s ,
3.064, p p . 5 7 - 9 ? .
7. M c C o y , Reorgt-- > 'Sot?' tfgo F a c t o r s A s s o c i a t e d w i t h ^carVsric
S u c c e s s a n d F a i l u r e o f ? , < r ? u c a M e M e n t a l l y R e t a r d e d P u p i l s /
E x c e p t i o n a l / X X ( 1 ^ 6 3 ) , 80--34.
I"'en3h, Tv-sn M i l d r e d ? , K a n f o r , H»r'r:ert S . Bor-ke,,
M a r g a r e t C . ~ t . G i l d e a , an<® J o h n C . C»2i-lewelJ , ' C h i l -
d r e n '8 P e h o v l o r fywirj t o w s a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o
S c h o o l S(.dy3t.!?tftnt, S e x , a n d ftoci»3 c l a s s , T h e J o u r n a l
« .
o f S o c i a l T a m m s $ Cl f t59) O _ *» r
9 . Q u a y , Loron*- C H l<3Bf '• S c a d e m i o " M i l s
. D e f i c i e n c y , e d i t e d b y norrazv.fd. n i l s , N e w Y o r ' , H c G r a v
F T I T " " 1 o o E *t?o^r>»ny, l- !6r/ pp., 6 C 4 - 6 S 0 ,
1 0 . R o b i n s o n , Te.lsn ?s„ , Satt.ual 'fl&jntrau'', ::mu Holer. d ,
' Stf-Trary o f I n v e s t i g a t i o n s Ttelattnxf t o H e a r - d " 1 ,
1 0 4 t-"i Jan; s 10 , 4 1 nf.~-, " T::ead i ?v ^?cf"• ?irch Charter?.'/, I
(Id'r. 5) ~ " X ? 6 » ~
11. Sinks, ?laond 3., and Marvin Pov^Il, '"f'ex an/1 Intelligence as Factors in Achievement in Reading in Graders 4 Through 8,The Journal ;>f Genetic Ps' cholcujy, CVI (1965) f 67-?
c
CiRPTtB IT?
Sf3?M\HY ArcD CONCLUSIONS
Summary
The purpose of the- present study was to investigate the
behavioral differences b«stwtt«*.n over- and underachieving mental
retardates and to provi«.'« an effective way of identifying owr-
ancl under <wv«ievinq cental retardates. Moreoverr the present
study was - siqriocS to investigate variables relevant to cLif-
ferenfc levels of academic proficiency aroonc" a mentally retsr
population.
Three hypotheses 'ware testec* in tbft present study.
Hypothesis I states that tb-arc will be a significant re-
lation ohip between behavior ratings "For different achievement
levels.
Hypothesis II f»tates that discrepant academic schievs-
mer.t groups, natchec for Intelligence Quotient am1 chronolc-.yi -
cal a<*fe» will not differ significantly iz> regard to sex, rac«?,
etiology, special location, ace at aorJ.osion, length of fnstJ -
twtionalizafcion, and number of fjihJ ing;*.
gy^jfebssis IIJ states that a group of high achievers
will attain significantly wre fevorall.- behavior ratings than
n group of lov.- nc>' levers matched for Intt-2 ! igence Quotient anr;
chronological ag*?.
The subjects selected were 94 students front an educable
school population of a residential institution* The 94 sub-
jects ' mean chrono-logion 1 age was 163.86 months, with a mean
Intelligence Quotient of 56.54. Using California Achievement
Test (Form X) data scored' by their teachers, the 94 students
were divided into high arc* low achievement groups. From these
two achievement groups with 15 subjects each, two groups,
matched for chronological age and Intelligence Quotient, were
formed. The matched group subjects for the low achievement
group had a mean chronological age of 175.33 months, with a
mean Intelligence Quotient of 57.67, The matched group sub-
jects for the high achievement group had a mean chronological
age of 175.00 montha with a mean Intelligence Quotient of
59.93.
The instrument used to assess behavior in the present
study was a 42-iten adverse behavior rating scale. Test-
re test reliability (r».86) was conducted on the newly con-
structed scale. After completion of the test-retest portion
of the study, case records of each of the 94 students were
searched for information relevant to the study. For the
analysis of data, the results of matching were prepared for
analysis by Pearson Product-Womant Correlations, t-tost, and
Chi-Square. All of the statistical computations were done at
the Computer Center of Worth Texas State University.
All hypotheses were confinner!;. Hypothesis I was con-
firmed at better than p=» .0.1 level of probability. Hypo the1? Is
II did not reach a level of significance, as predicted. Hy-
pothesis 111 was significant beyond the £=.001 level of proba-
bility. All of the results were supported by and supportive
of previous research.
Conclusions
In conclusion; it is recognized that the present study
may be subject to criticism. First, it is acknowledged that
the present study is a correlational study and that there is
no attempt to imply a cause-and-effect relationship. Secondly,
it is recognizee? that the present study is of an ex post facto
nature and,, ac such, is subject to limitations characteristic
of that kind of research. It is recognized that matching
does not solve all of the problems of |?ost facto research.
Lastly, much of the literature utilized in the present study
dealt with reading achievement and not academic achievement
per se. This was due to the paucity of literature dealing
with academic achievement per se.
The present study seems to have presented an adequate
accumulation of literature on the behavioral aspects of
achievement among the mentally retarded. In addition, the
present study may have added to the knowledge relevant to
identifying over- and underachieving mental retardates.
APPENDIX
Student Teacher Date
Plcaso fate this student on each of the behavioral traits listed below by placing a check mark under the most appropriate rating category (i.e., always, almost always, usually, sometimes, almost never, never).
almost soma- almost always always usually tlsaes never (6) (5) (A) (3) (2)
never (1)
Score
1 . . . . . . . . . demands undue attention 2. . . destructive
combative A. mood changes abruptly 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . temper tantrums 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . lies or steals 7. . . . . . . disrupts routines 3. » inconsiderate of others 9. . . . . . . procrastinates ©r malingers 10. . . negativistic 11 shouts, singe, or talks loudly 12. jealous 1.3 . « . p . . . • • • » • • « . . suspicious l4» irritable IS disregards rules 16. cruel 1 7 injures self 1 8 disrobes in public 1 9 openly masturbates 2 0 . . . . . . . . . . . sexually aggressive 2 1 chy 2 2 . . . . . verbally unproductive 2 3 avoids social interaction 24. . . . . . . . . . daydreams 25 . . . will not defend self 26. waits for others to initiate activities 27 sleeps at inappropriate times 20. . . . . . . . . . cries easily 29. . . . . . . . . . . . . tense 30. easily startled 31. . . . . . . . . . perspires excessively 3 2 . . . . . stutters or atarcriosrs 33..- . . . . . unduely fearful 34 . undue ly sensitive 35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bites nails 36 . . frequently needs to urinate 37. . overly concerned with bodily functions 38. . . . . . complains of physical ailments 39. fearful of r>trangers or new surroundings 4 0 . . . . . . • perfectionist 41. excessively clean 42. . . . . upset by change in dally routine
- — ; - — ;
— — — —
— -— -
Total
Mean
Total
Mean
37
>?IEI,10':?J\PTTY
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