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Sustainable Development

History Assessing the principle

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Roadmap

Setting the stage the debate

What defines the limits?

Sustainability, sustainable yield etc

ine !ays to achieve sustainability

Sustainable development

Definitions

" dimensions " approaches

#ey issues to $eep in mind

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Roadmap

History SD

%he beginning Stoc$holm

%he road to Rio &ur common future

Agenda '(

)SD, )*D, +))

Rio plus (- .ohannesburg

/illennium development goals

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Setting the stage

/althus 0rinciple of population10opulation !hen unchec$ed increased in a geometric ratioand subsistence for man in an arithmetical ratio2

Rene!ed /althusians )lub of Rome 3 4imits to gro!th Donella /eado!s et

al

4ester *ro!n World!atch 5nstitute !arnings of

immediate collapse

Remind us that sooner or later unchec$edconsumption !ill get us in trouble

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4imits to 6ro!th

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Setting the stage

7ster *oserup believed 1necessity is themother of inventions2 increased populationpressures act as an incentive to the

development of ne! technology and foodproduction

.ulian Simon, Wilfred *ec$erman limits

only set by human ingenuity not resources 4omborg assessing Simons claims

Who to believe?

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4ong run vs short run

0hysical limits set by ature or !hat?

5n the long run !e are limited !ithoutchanges in technology

5n the short run rely on human ingenuity to

$eep us going

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Sustainability

Selected to bridge the gulf bet!eendevelopment and environment

&riginally used in

isheries 1ma8imum sustainable yield2

orestry 1ma8imum sustainable cut2 Hydrology 1ma8imum sustainable pumpingrate2

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Rene!able Resources0opulation gro!th

4ogistic or densitydependent gro!th

+pper limit to theultimate si9e

Determined by carryingcapacity What defines ))?

6ro!th curve u3shaped

6ro!th determined by:

0t; 0t3(< r=>)) 3 0t3(@))

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/S

Original Equation

St; St3(< 6t3 7t

78traction affects

stoc$ si9eB

Sustainable yield:e8traction eCual to

gro!th 6;7

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Rene!able resources

/a8imum sustainableyield >/S

)omple8 dynamics 3

stoc$ possibly gro!sdrastically !ithdecreased harvest

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Sustainability?

What is a sustainable fishery?

Ho! !ould you define it?

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ine !ays to achievesustainability

(B 4eave everything in pristine state, or return it topristine state

'B Develop so as to not over!helm carrying capacity of

the system"B Sustainability !ill ta$e care of itself as economic

gro!th proceeds >#u9nets

B 0olluter and victim can arrive at an efficient solution

by themselves >)oaseEB 4et the mar$et ta$e care of itF

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ine !ays to achievesustainability?

GB 5nternali9e e8ternalities

B Reinvest rents for nonrene!able resources

IB 4et the national economic accounting systems

reflect defensive e8penditures

JB 4eave for future generations the options or thecapacity to be as !ell off as !e are

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1Sustainable developmentis development that meets

the needs of the present!ithout compromising theability of future generationsto meet their o!n needsK

*rundtland )ommission1&ur common future2 (JI

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Dissecting

1meeting the needs2,

1the present21compromise2

1ability of future generations2

1meet their o!n needs2

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Different vie!s

Robert Repetto

1%he core idea of sustainability is thatcurrent decisions should not impair theprospects for maintaining or improvingfuture living standardsB %his implies that oureconomic system should be managed so !e

can live off the dividends of our resources2B Resources all resources

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/ohan /unasinghe

SD is an approach that !ill permitcontinuing improvements in the Cuality oflife !ith a lo!er intensity of resource use,

thereby leaving behind for futuregenerations an undiminished or evenenhanced stoc$ of natural resources and

other assetsB

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Different vie!s

/ohan /unasinghe three approaches

Economic: /a8imi9e income !hile maintaininga constant or increasing stoc$ of capital

Ecological: /aintaining resilience androbustness of biological and physical systems

Socio-cultural: /aintaining the stability of social

and cultural systems

Triple bottom line

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" Dimensions

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7conomic dimension

Capital: produces a stream of goods andservices into the future inancial capital

/anufactured capitalL durable capital Human capitalL stoc$s of learned s$ills

5ntellectual capitalL accumulation of $no!ledgeand s$ills not embodied in individuals

Social capitalL Set of institutions and customs atural capitalL rene!able and nonrene!able

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Wea$ vs Strong sustainability

Weak sustainability man made andnatural capital substitutableB Sum must benon3declining

5mplications? Strong sustainability man made and

natural capital !ith limited substitutability,

each stoc$ must be non3decliningseparately 5mplications?

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Strong or !ea$?

Robert Repetto 7conomic Approach

1%he core idea of sustainability is thatcurrent decisions should not impair theprospects for maintaining or improvingfuture living standardsB %his implies that oureconomic system should be managed so !e


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7conomic dimension

.onathan Harris %ufts +

An economically sustainable system mustbe able to produce goods and services ona continuing basis, to maintainmanageable si9e of government ande8ternal debt and to avoid sectoral

imbalances >maintain diversity

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7nvironmental dimension

DB 0earce

Sustainable development is >( developmentsubMect to a set of constraints !hich set resource

harvest rates at levels not higher than managednatural regeneration rates and >' use of theenvironment as a !aste sin$ on the basis that!aste disposal rates should not e8ceed rates of

managed or natural assimilative capacity of theecosystem

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Nuantifiable

/anaged or natural regeneration rate orest resource O( biomass removed@unit time

O' biomass regenerated@unit time O(P;O'

/anaged or natural !aste assimilativecapacity

Waste!ater effluent ( ; 00/ discharged *&D@unit time

' ; 00/ *&D capacity @unit time

(P;'

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A stable resource base, do not over!helmthe !aste assimilative ability of theenvironment nor the regenerative servicesof the environment, deplete non3rene!ables only to the e8tent !e invest in

rene!able substitutesB

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Social Dimension


Achieve distributional eCuity, adeCuateprovision of social services includinghealth and education, gender eCuity andpolitical accountability and participation

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" Approaches

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7conomic Approach to SD

Robert Repetto

1%he core idea of sustainability is thatcurrent decisions should not impair the

prospects for maintaining or improvingfuture living standardsB %his implies that oureconomic system should be managed so !e


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7cological approach to SD

!"C#

SD is about maintenance of essentialecological processes and life supportsystems, the preservation of geneticdiversity and the sustainable utili9ation ofspecies and ecosystems

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Social Approach to SD

7d *arbier

SD is directly concerned !ith increasingthe standard of living of the poor, !hichcan be measured in terms of increasedfood, real income, education, health care,!ater supply, sanitation and only indirectly

concerned !ith economic gro!th at theaggregateB

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%he principle

0rotect the environment and at the sametime fulfill economic and social obMectives

&perational criteria: 7conomic obMectives should not be ma8imi9ed !ithout

satisfying environmental and social constraints

7nvironmental benefits should not be ma8imi9ed!ithout satisfying economic and social constraints

Social benefits should not be ma8imi9ed !ithoutsatisfying economic and environmental constraints

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%he principle meant to deliver

(B 7conomic gro!th and eCuityL not leavingany region behind

'B )onserving natural resources and the

environmentL for us and future generations

"B Social developmentL 7nsure rich fabric ofsocial and cultural diversity, ensure rights of

!or$ers, empo!erment and at the sametime ensure Mobs, education, food, health

care, energy etcB

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)onfusion

Sustainable development

vsB

Sustainable production Sustainable e8traction

Sustainable use

Sustainable yield

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%o consider

Define sustainable development of the5celandic 6eothermal system

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History

$% The &eginning

(JGIL 5ntergovernmental conference for rational use andconservation of the biosphere

+ 6A authori9es the Human 7nvironment conference

in Stoc$holm (JGJ 70A formed 70A established

(J- 3 ( atural Resources Defense )ouncil formed,earth day, 6reenpeace established, 557D

(J( oune8 Report (J' )lub of Rome report published 14imits to 6ro!th2

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4imits to 6ro!th

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irst )onference first milestone

(J' Stoc$holm, +nited ations)onference on Human 7nvironment

irst international recognition of

environmental problems and the lin$ bet!eenhuman behavior and environmental issues

ocus on environment vs development

)oncept Sustainable development argued asthe solution to this dilemma

4ed to creation of +70

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irst )onference (J'

)onference themes

the interdependence of human beings and thenatural environmentL

the lin$s bet!een economic and socialdevelopment and environmental protectionLand

the need for a global vision and commonprinciplesB

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%he Road to Rio

'% To(ards )io (J' &il )risis

7vidence mounts for increasing scarcity

(JI- World )onservation strategy released>5+) %o!ards Sustainable development

0overty, population pressure, ineCuity, trade

6lobal '--- commissioned

(JI" World )ommission on 7nvironment andDevelopment formed 6ro Harlem *rundtland >chair

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World )ommission on 7nvironmentand Development

/andate to !or$ for " years to: %o propose long3term environmental strategiesfor

achieving sustainable development to the year '--- andbeyondL

%o recommend !ays in !hich concern for theenvironmentmay be translated into greater co3operationamong developing countries and bet!een countries atdifferent stages of economic and social development

%o consider !ays and means by !hich the internationalcommunitycan deal more effectively !ith environmental

concerns, in the light of the other recommendations in itsreportL

%o help to define shared perceptions of long3termenvironmental issues

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'B %he Road to Rio

(JI World!atch publishes the first Stateof the World Report

(JIE Antarctic o9one hole found

(JIE Qillach Austria, climate changepredicted

(JIG 5+) )onference on 7nvironment

and Development (JI &ur )ommon uture 0ublished

0rompts the 7arth Summit in Rio

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&ur )ommon uture second/ilestone

Argue for a ne! era of economic gro!th,gro!th that is forceful, and at the sametime environmentally and socially

sustainableB %hree dimensions of SD

7nvironment

7conomics Social

ot clear on specifics

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%he 7arth Summit third milestone

(JJ', %he +nited ations )onference on7nvironment and Development Rio (JJ'

(I nations '-- 6&s

(--- participants

+nparalleled emphasis and interest in the environment and ho! to achieve balanced solutions

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%he 7arth Summit

&utcomes

Rio Declaration on 7nvironment andDevelopment

Agenda '(

)onvention on *iological Diversity

orest 0rinciples

rame!or$ )onvention on )limate )hange 7stablishing the )SD began operating in (JJ"

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Rio Declaration

on3binding

)onsists of ' 0rinciples intended to guidefuture sustainable development aroundthe !orld

http:@@!!!BunBorg@documents@ga@conf(E(@aconf(E('G3(anne8(Bhtm

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Rio Declaration #ey highlights

Humans at the center States have the right to use their o!n resources as they see fit /ust integrate the environment into development plans Should facilitate increased public participation States should enact environmental legislation and should cooperate

!here needed Should actively discourage or prevent relocation of activities or

substances harmful t the environment or human health Apply the 0recautionary approach 5nternali9e environmental costs and use economic instruments

75A should be underta$en for proposed activities 0eace, development and environmental protection areinterdependent and indivisible

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Agenda '(

A comprehensive blueprint of action to be ta$englobally, nationally and locally by organi9ationsof the +, governments, and maMor groups inevery area in !hich humans influence theenvironmentB

%he tas$ is to balance economic development!ith social and environmental obMectives

'(? - )hapters, sections, (-- programme areas

on3binding

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%he sections

Section !: Social and Economic *imensions 5ncluding combating poverty, changing consumption patterns,

population and demographic dynamics, promoting health, promotingsustainable settlement patterns and integrating environment anddevelopment into decision3ma$ingB

Section !!: Conservation and +anagement of )esources for*evelopment

including atmospheric protection, combating deforestation,protecting fragile environments, conservation of biological diversity>biodiversity, and control of pollutionB

Section !!!: Strengthening the )ole of +a,or roups

5ncluding the roles of children and youth, !omen, 6&s, localauthorities, business and !or$ersBSection !.: +eans of !mplementation 5ncluding science, technology transfer, education, international

institutions and mechanisms and financial mechanismsB

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4ocal Agenda '(

Agenda '( involves action at international,national, regional and local levelsB

Some national and state governmentshave legislated or advised that localauthorities ta$e steps to implement theplan locally >)hapter 'I

Such programmes are often $no!n as4ocal Agenda '( or 4A'(B

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+)))

*inding

Signed initially by (E" nations no! beenratified by enough nations to beimplemented

Described commitments to reduceemissions of 6H6

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)*D

*inding

Signed by (EG nations initially

Deals !ith: 7conomic e8ploitation of genetic material and

biodiversity conservation

)reating protective areas and dra! up

national plans for conservation

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)onvention on forest management

on3binding

Short statement on principles for a globalconsensus on forest management

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)ommission for SD

Was established by the General Assembly to monitorand facilitate efforts to implement the diverse goals of theearth summit in particular agenda 21.

Supposed to promote dialog and encourage partnerships

among governments, UN agencies and the NGOcommunity.

Lacks both power to make binding resolutions and itsown financial resources to fund programs.

Reports directly to ECOSOC

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)SD 3 functions

(B 0rovides a forum for the discussion of a !ide range of subMectsrelated to SDB Supposed to strengthen the participation of groupssuch as 6&Ts indigenous peoples, local governments, !or$ers!omen and the youngB

'B /onitors progress made by industrial and developing countriesto!ards SD and implementing Agenda '(B 0rotocol for reportinghas been agreed upon and at leastBB

(" countries have submitted reportsB

"B Have encouraging organi9ational developments but little hasbeen done to implement $ey provisions agreed upon at the 7arthSummit ;U *ut $eep in mind the )SD lac$s po!ers to doanything about itB

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History After Rio

/% 0fter )io (JJ" irst meeting of the )SD (JJE World Summit for Social development

(JJG %he Summit of the Americas on SD (JJ + 6A revie! of the 7arth Summitprogress

'--- + /illennium Summit declaration of the/illennium 6oals

'--( 7+ sustainable development strategy '--' Rio plus (- 3 .ohannesburg

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/illennium Declaration

http:@@!!!BunBorg@millenniumgoals@

%he eight /illennium Development 6oals>/D6s form a blueprint agreed to by all

the !orlds countries and all the !orldsleading development institutionsB

%he goalsVB
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

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%he /illennium 6oals

(B 7radicate e8treme poverty and hunger

'B Achieve universal primary education

"B Achieve gender eCuality and empo!er !omen

B Reduce child mortality

EB 5mprove maternal health

GB )ombat H5Q@A5DS, malaria

B 7nsure environmental sustainability 5ntegrate the principles of sustainable development into country

policies and programs

reverse loss of environmental resources

Reduce by half the proportion of people !ithout sustainable access to

safe drin$ing !ater

IB Develop a global partnership for sustainability

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%he /illennium 6oals

http:@@!!!BunBorg@millenniumgoals@

%a$e a loo$ at the indicators and the mostrecent report
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/

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" Rio plus (-B .ohannesburg

World Summit on Sustainable Development >WSSD

'--' .ohannesburg

7stablished to assess progress on implementation of theresults of the Rio summit in particular Agenda '(B

%he .ohannesburg 0lan of 5mplementation, agreed atthe World Summit on Sustainable Development >7arthSummit '--' affirmed + commitment to fullimplementation of Agenda '(, alongside achievement ofthe /illennium Development 6oals and otherinternational agreementsB

on3binding

o ne! conventions

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.ohannesburg

.ohannesburg Declaration %argets set for economic factors and poverty

reduction eBgB Halve by '-(E the population living on less than ( a day

7nsure by '-(E all children complete primary education

on3Cuantitative targets for environment Substantially increase global share of rene!able energy

sources

Achieve by '-(- a significant reduction in the current rate ofloss of biodiversity

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.ohannesburg

ocus:

Social pillar of SD

ight poverty

/utually enhancing poverty and environmentaldegradation is one of the factors preventing SD

Address eCuitable access to resources

Debt relief programs 5ncreasing &DA

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%he three dimensions

%he three conferences defined the threedimensions

Stoc$holm >7nvironment

Rio >7conomics

.ohannesburg >Social

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/ove to!ards fostering synergy

5nternational community seems to agreeon the general goals of SD

7fforts remain fragmented eBgB little lin$

bet!een various environmentalagreements

5ncreased cooperation reCuired bet!een

various agreements >eBgB )*D and+))) and there seems to be!illingness to do thisB

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%he 0recautionary 0rinciple

Where environmental conseCuences ofregulatory inaction are >( in some !ayuncertain >' but non3trivial,!e must act

5n essence minimi9ing ris$ settingminimum acceptable ris$

Already implemented into 7+ legislation

and +SA legislation

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Ho! can !e get to!ards SD?

(B Ho! do !e define it?

What does it mean?

What is the obMective?

What are the basic principles?

'B Ho! do !e $no! if !e are moving there?

5ndicators

"B Ho! to move further?

rom indicators to action

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1Sustainable developmentis development that meets

the needs of the present!ithout compromising theability of future generationsto meet their o!n needsK*rundtland )ommission

1&ur common future2 (JI

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7conomic dimension

An economically sustainable system mustbe able to produce goods and services ona continuing basis, to maintain

manageable si9e of government ande8ternal debt and to avoid sectoralimbalances >maintain diversity

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A stable resource base, do not over!helmthe !aste assimilative ability of theenvironment nor the regenerative services

of the environment, deplete non3rene!ables only to the e8tent !e invest inrene!able substitutesB

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Social Dimension

Achieve distributional eCuity, adeCuateprovision of social services includinghealth and education, gender eCuity and

political accountability and participation

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%he principle

0rotect the environment and at the sametime fulfill economic and social obMectives

%he three core drivers of un3

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%he three core drivers of unsustainability

)onsumption +se of resources beyond the reasonable

limits set by nature

0roduction 6ross inefficiencies in productionB

Distribution

5neCuitable distribution eBgB distribution ofglobal income bet!een rich and poor

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Distribution

+yths

/ost environmentaldegradation is done by the poor

0overty reduction leads to

environmental degradation 0opulation gro!th necessarily

leads to envB degradation

%he poor are too poor to investin envB

0oor people lac$ technical$no!ledge for resourcemanagement

The champagne glass

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