Welfare assessment and the Five Freedoms動物福利評估與五項自由

Module 2模組 2

This module will enable you to此模組將使你能夠

• Understand 了解– the concept and potential uses of the Five

Freedoms 五項自由的觀念和潛在用途– the difference between factors affecting welfare

(inputs) and actual welfare performance (outcome)了解影響動物福利的 ( 因子 ) 和 ( 成果 ) 之間的差異

• Assess welfare by using Severity, Duration, and Number Affected 使用嚴重性、持續性、影響數來評估動物福利

• Appreciate that science can provide information on the severity of welfare problems, but not on the acceptability 了解科學可以在動物福利問題的嚴重性上提供資訊，但不是接受度

Assessing human welfare評估人的福利

• Overall, how are you feeling at the moment?– Several different areas of life

大體上來說，目前你們的感覺如何 ?

– 幾個不同的生活領域

Welfare continuum福利的連續性

Good welfare

好的福利

Poor welfare

差的福利

• Fantastic 太棒了• Pretty good 很好• Reasonable 合理• OK 尚可• Not good 不好• Miserable 痛苦• Terrible 可怕

Some aspects of your welfare福利的不同觀點

Poor welfare 差的福利 Good welfare 好的福利Chair comfort 座椅舒適度

Hungry 饑餓

Hot / cold 冷熱

Work 工作

Social life 社交

Overall 整體

What are the main areas of animal

welfare? 什麼是動物福利主要的範圍 ?

?

?

?

?

整體 ?

The Five Freedoms 五項自由

From: Concepts in Animal Welfare, Module 2

Farm Animal Welfare Council UK, 英國農業動物福利委員會在 1992 年提議採納早期政府諮詢機構 Brambell

Committee(1965 年 ) 的建議，推行五項自由。

1.Freedom from hunger and thirst 免除飢渴的自由2.Freedom from discomfort 免除不適的自由3.Freedom from pain, injury and disease 免除痛病傷的自由4.Freedom to express normal behaviour 表現正常行為的自由5.Freedom from fear and distress 免除恐懼焦慮的自由

From: Concepts in Animal Welfare, Module 2

英國農場動物福利委員會 (Farm Animal Welfare Council, UK) 在 1992年提議使用 Brambell Committee (1965)的建議，推行動物以下之五項自由。

1.Freedom from hunger and thirst 免除飢渴的自由

2.Freedom from discomfort 免除不適的自由

3.Freedom from pain, injury and disease 免除痛

病傷的自由

4.Freedom to express normal behaviour 表現正常

行為自由

5.Freedom from fear and distress 免除恐懼焦慮的

自由

The Five Freedoms & animal welfare五項自由與動物福利

Poor 差 Good 好Hunger / Thirst 餓 / 渴

Pain/Injury/Disease 痛 / 傷 /

病

Discomfort 不適

Fear / Distress 恐懼 / 緊迫

Normal behaviour 正常行為

Overall 整體

Are all Freedoms equally important?五項自由是否同等重要 ?

• Producer attitude (344 farmers) – questionnaire distributed by Tesco plc 生產者的態度 (344 位農夫 )- 由英國 Tesco 公司所作的問卷

• “In your opinion, how much importance should be placed on providing animals with the Five Freedoms?” 依您的觀點來看，給予動物五項自由有多重要 ?

Module 2

The importance of the Five Freedoms to 344 UK farmers 五項自由對 344 為英

國農民的重要

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

Express Normal Behaviour

Fear and Distress

Discomfort

Pain, Injury and Disease

Hunger and Thirst

None Some Great Extreme

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What do the results of the survey mean? 這些調查結果的意義 ?

• The results are not generalisable 這些結果並不能一概而論– The proportion of concerned individuals will be

different for different groups of users and different countries 這些關注程度將會在不同的團體和文化間有所差異

• Even in the surveyed population, there are significant welfare problems 即使在這些受訪農場中，仍然有嚴重的動物福利問題– For example, in the UK 20% of dairy cattle are lame,

and lamb mortality is more than 20% 例如 : 英國20% 的乳牛有跛足，跛足有超過 20% 的死亡率

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Problems with Five Freedoms五項自由的問題

• The freedoms conflict 五項自由的衝突– Keeping animals “Free from disease” can

cause them Fear and distress, from handling during treatment 讓動物有”免於疾病的自由”可能導致牠們在接受治療時感到恐懼和痛苦。

– If animals have “Freedom to express normal behaviour”, they can suffer Fear and distress, during normal social interactions 如果動物有”表現自然行為的自由”，牠們在正常的社交互動時就會承受恐懼和痛苦。

All farming systems restrict normal behaviour

所有的農場都會限制動物的正常行為

Restriction of ‘normal’ 限制正常行為

( 左 ) 顯著 - 哺育欄Obvious - farrowing crates

( 右 ) 不顯著 - 突起地面Not so obvious - cubicle surface

Cubicle surface & lying time牛舍與躺臥時間 ( 何謂舒適度 comfort)

80

60

40

20

0Soft Mat軟墊

Rubber Mat塑膠墊

Concrete水泥墊

%timespent lying躺臥時間

Module 2

Significance of Five Freedoms五項自由的意義

• Scientists & politicians in many countries agree 很多國家的科學家和政治家都同意– Consider welfare in terms of the Freedoms 就五項

自由來考慮福利• Freedoms do not define minimum standards 五項自

由並未定義最低的標準 – Very difficult to always provide all the Freedoms 因

為要求全時間做到五項自由是極為困難的• Freedoms provide an initial indication 五項自由提供一

個起初指標– what should be assessed 什麼應該被評估– what should be provided to animals 什麼應該提供

給動物

Objections to the Five Freedoms對五項自由的反對

(Korte et al 2007, in press)

• Concern ethics more than science 重視倫理多於科學

• Are anthropocentric 偏向人類本位說– Restricts the scientific investigation of animals as

sentient beings 對科學研究構成障礙，因為它假定動物是有感情的

• Are unrealistic 不切實際– Complete freedom is undesirable 完全的自由並不

被接受• Are applied very inconsistently 適用範圍不一

– e.g. laboratory animals vs. farm animals 如實驗動物 vs. 農場動物

ANIMAL-BASED MEASURES 以動物為基礎的評估

Welfare Inputs & Outputs 動物福利的投入和成果ENVIRONMENT 環境

E.g. housing, diet 房舍 ,食物

STOCKMAN 技師

E.g. training 訓練

ANIMAL 動物

E.g. breeding 育種

WELFARE INPUTS 投入的福利

WELFARE

OUTPUTS福利的成果

Disease/production 疾病 / 生產 Behaviour 行為 Physiology 生理

Welfare inputs 動物福利的投入 / 因子

• Stockman 動物管理員– Empathy 同理心– Knowledge 知識– Observation skills

觀察技巧

Welfare inputs 動物福利的投入 / 因子

• Environment 環境– Housing 畜舍– Bedding 墊料– Feed quality 飼料品質– Water provision 飲水供應

• Animal 動物– Suitable breed, age, and

sex for the farming system 適合該農場使用的動物品種、動物年齡與性別等

The Five Freedoms & welfare inputs五項自由和動物福利的投入

• Freedom from hunger & thirst 免除飢渴的自由– Ready access to fresh water, and a diet that

maintains full health and vigour 動物應易於取得新鮮食水，並獲得膳食，以維持充足健康與體力

• Freedom from discomfort 免除不適的自由– An appropriate environment, including shelter and a

comfortable resting area 動物應該有適合的居住環境，如藏身處和舒適的休憩處

• Freedom from pain, injury and disease 免除痛病傷的自由

– Disease prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment動物應接受疾病預防措施，並迅速接受診治

The Five Freedoms & welfare inputs五項自由和動物福利的投入

• Freedom to express normal behaviour 表現正常行為的 自由

– Sufficient space, proper facilities and company of the animal’s own kind 動物應有充足的空間、恰當的設施和各自的夥伴

• Freedom from fear and distress 免除恐懼焦慮的自由– Conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering

動物應受到避免造成精神受苦的環境與待遇

• Severity 嚴重性• Duration 持續性• Number affected

受到影響的動物數量

Quantifying a welfare problem定量分析動物福利問題

Measures of severity嚴重性的評估方法

• Behaviour 行為– e.g. fearfulness 如恐懼

• Disease 疾病– e.g. lameness,

pneumonia 如跛足和肺炎• Production 生殖能力

– e.g. growth rates 如生長速度• Physiology 生理狀況

– e.g. heart rate, cortisol 如心跳率和皮質醇含量

Severity: example 嚴重性 : 舉例

• How severe is the social isolation of sheep?綿羊離群索居的嚴重程度

Severity: example (contd.)嚴重性 : 舉例 ( 續 )

4.5

3

1.5

0

Vocalisationsper minute每分鐘呼叫次數

SpatialIsolation空間隔離

VisualIsolation視線隔離

Baldock & Sibley, 1990

Severity: example (contd.)嚴重性 : 舉例 ( 續 )

0 Spatial Isolation空間隔離

30

20

10

Heart rateincrease(beats/min)心跳增加(次數 /每分鐘 )

Visual Isolation

視線隔離

Baldock & Sibley, 1990

Duration: example持續性 : 舉例

• For how long are sheep sensitive to pain after a lameness episode?綿羊在跛足事件後對痛楚的敏感度可以維持多久 ?

Duration: example (contd.)持續性 : 舉例 ( 續 )

Ley et al.1995

5

2.5

0

Threshold stimulus (N)刺激閥 ( Ｎ )

Normal(Not lame)

正常( 未跛足 )

Lame

跛足

Three months after lameness cured 跛足治癒後三個月

Number affected: example受到影響的數目

• At any one time, approximately what percentage of UK farm animals are lame?舉例：在某一時刻，在英國的農場動物大約有多少是跛足的 ?

15%15% 22%22% 26%26%

Quantifying welfare: sows in farrowing crates

量化動物福利 : 母豬在哺乳豬欄

Severity: Nest building & distress in sows 嚴重性：豬窩硬體和母豬的緊迫

(Lawrence et al 1994)

6060

4040

2020

00

CortisolCortisol(ng/ml)(ng/ml)皮質醇

BaselineBaseline基本線

During farrowing哺乳時期

Farrowing crateFarrowing crate哺乳豬欄

Pen (loose)Pen (loose)寬鬆的豬舍

Duration: Cortisol post-farrowing持續性 : 母豬分娩後的皮質醇濃度

CortisolCortisol(nmol/l)(nmol/l)皮質醇

11 77 1414 2121 2828

Days after farrowingDays after farrowing哺乳後天數哺乳後天數

66

22

44

00

Farrowing crate 哺乳豬欄

• Severity 嚴重性– Restrict freedom to move around 限制走動的自由– Restrict freedom to nest build 限制築巢的自由– Restrict freedom to avoid the piglets 限制避開小豬的自由

• Duration 持續性– 3-4 weeks 3~4週

• Number affected 受影響動物數目– Most indoor sows in intensive systems 密集飼養系統中之大部份母豬

Intrinsic problem 內在議題

• Farrowing crates are used throughout the world 哺乳豬欄全世界都在使用

• Currently considered intrinsic (unavoidable) in commercial indoor pig production 目前所考慮的 ( 無法避免的 )價值只在商用室內豬的生產。– i.e. Benefits for piglets and production

exceed Costs to the sow也就是說小豬的生產利潤 > 高於母豬成本。

• Severity 嚴重性– How thin are the cattle (body condition

score)? 這些牛有多瘦 ?(身體狀況的根據 )

• Duration 持續性– How long have they been thin? 牠們這麼瘦已經多久了 ?

• Number affected 受影響的數目 – How many cattle are thin? 多少隻牛這麼

瘦 ?

Quantifying welfare: thin cattle量化動物福利 : 瘦牛

Conclusions / Summary結論 / 摘要

• Welfare can be assessed 動物福利可以被評估的– Five Freedoms are a useful framework 五項自由

是有用的指標• Consider welfare inputs思考動物福利的投入

– Stockman, Environment, Animal 管理員、環境、動物

• Include animal-based measures 以動物為本的評估基準– Severity, Duration and Number affected 嚴重性、

持續性、受影響的數目

Further reading 進修書目• Baldock NM, Sibley RM (1990) Effects of handling and

transportation on the heart rate and behaviour of sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 28: 15-39

• Brambell Committee (1965). Report of the Technical Committee to Enquire into the Welfare of Animals Kept under Intensive Livestock Husbandry Systems. Command Report 2836, The Stationery Office, London (http://www.tsoshop.co.uk/bookstore.asp)

• Farm Animal Welfare Council (1992) FAWC updates the Five Freedoms. Veterinary Record 131: 357

• Gregory NG (2004). Physiology and Behaviour of Animal Suffering. Blackwell: Oxford. pp.12-21.

• Herlin AH (1997) Comparison of lying area surfaces for dairy cows by preference, hygiene, and lying down behaviour. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research 27: 189-196.

• Korte SM, Olivier B, Koolhaas JM. A new animal welfare concept based on allostasis. Physiology and Behaviour 2007 92(3):422-8.

Further reading 進修書目• Lawrence AB, Petherick JC et al (1994) The effect of

environment on behaviour, plasma cortisol and prolactin in parturient sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 39:313-330 

• Ley SJ, Waterman AE, Livingston A (1995). A field study of the effect of lameness on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in sheep. Veterinary Record 137: 85-87

• Tucker CB, Weary DM (2001) Stall design: enhancing cow comfort. Advances in Dairy Technology 13: 154-167. Available from: http://www.wcds.afns.ualberta.ca/Proceedings/2001/Chapter%2013%20Weary.pdf