why where these years turning points in american history? 1898 – spanish american war 1914-1918 -...

Why where these years turning points in American History? 1898 Spanish American War 1914-1918 - WWI 1929 The Great Depression

Cause and Effect of Migration Westward migration to California in the 1800s? The Gold Rush Migration from rural (country) to urban (city) parts in the late 1800s? Industrial Revolution and the creation of factories. Even women were allowed to work in them and earn money for the family. The Great Migration of African Americans to the North (c. 1910-1930)

Unit 2 Westward Expansion

Ways RR changed Americas Economy Transcontinental RR made it possible to travel to California and tied the country together. RR construction created demand for steel. (Bessemer Steel process used.) Created national market from coast to coast.

Homestead Act The Homestead Act became law in 1862 when it was signed by President Abraham Lincoln. Under the new law a U.S. Citizen could get 160 acres of unoccupied land west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains. They could keep the land if they lived on the land for five years and made improvements to the land.

Great Plains Challenges When they purchased the land they were told it well- watered and wooded land what they found was very different. Little rainfall Few trees Tough soil Extreme temps Plagues of Grasshoppers Isolationism (no neighbors close by).

Alaska Gold Rush Miners attracted to Far West because of discoveries of precious metals in California and Alaska. A large number of people went West in hopes of striking it rich!

Indian Policies Due to precious metal discoveries many Indians were moved off of their own lands to new locations reservations. Reservations Federal Government set aside land which the government felt was undesirable (no one wanted). Indian Wars during this time were put down by Federal Troops and forced onto reservations in the Great Plains.

Indian Policies Many policies were supposed to help, however most times they made issues worse. Dawes Act (1887) Wanted to Americanize Native Americans Abolished Native American Tribes and alloted Indians Tribal lands to individuals who then sold them. American Indian Citizenship Act (1924) Granted US Citizenship to all Native Americans born in US.

Immigration

Problems faced by immigrants in the Gilded Age Crowed tenements one room apartments that lacked daylight, adequate plumbing. Pollution, sewage contamination of water. Low pay, long hours Cannot speak English

Nativists the policy of protecting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants. Love of the US and its people Opposed immigration

Immigrants Came because? Push Factors OPPRESSION POVERTY WAR RELIGIOUS/ETHNIC PERSECUTION Pull Factors FREEDOM ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY CULTURAL TIES

Americanized Immigrants Immigrants were working, so many times becoming more American was left to the children. They learned to speak, act, dress and behave like Americans. Negative effect: immigrant parents may want an arranged marriage because that was their custom in their country however once Americanized, many immigrant children would not agree to this.

Immigration Quotas Many people felt that the reason that unemployment was so high because Chinese workers were taking the jobs and accepting lower wages. Chinese Exclusion Act first federal law restricting immigration. Prohibited Chinese immigration for 10 years.

INDUSTRIALIZATION

Political Machines City Government was sometimes run by bad (corrupt) leaders. Boss would tell the workers what to do and who to vote for. The political machine would often provide jobs for immigrants but stole from the city government through overpriced contracts.

Industrialization Effects Because of inventions and new technology there was great economic expansion. Steam and electricity replaced human and animal strength. Iron replaced wood. The Bessemer process made steel more economical. Assembly line. Steam powered machines Coal to power the steam machines. Pollution of air and waterways.

Technology Telephone Alexander Graham Bell Electric Light Bulb Thomas Edison Elevator Elisha Otis Airplane Orville and Wilbur Wright Sewing Machine Elias Howe

Robber Baron or Captain of Industry? Robber Baron was a businessman that sometimes used ruthless tactics to destroy competition and to keep workers wages low.

Big Business Owners - Carnegie Andrew Carnegie Grew up poor Invested in iron works and built a steel mill in Pittsburgh. He made money by selling steel to the Railroads. Bought iron and coal mines. Paid his workers low wages and forced them to work 12 hour shifts. Later in life he wanted to give back and donated over $350 million dollars to build libraries and give money to Universities.

Big Business - Rockefeller Controlled the refining of oil (Monopoly). Forced to dissolve his company because it was unfair to the market place. Later in life became a philanthropist and gave large amounts of money away.

Labor Unions Worker Problems: Long hours, low wages, poor working conditions, child labor, no benefits, no job security. Rise of Labor Unions organized to help protect workers Knights of Labor American Federal of Labor begun by Samuel Gompers

Government Attitude toward Labor Unions Government had anti-union bias Many in government saw unions as driving up the cost of goods.

Gilded Age for Women Minorities Children

Laissez Fair Policies a policy that allows businesses to operate with very little interference from the government.

Progressive Era

Populist A new national party that supported the common man. Farmer gave their support to this party. Populist party felt that the government needed to take a larger role to end: Oppression Injustice Poverty.

Farmers Problems New Farm machinery and the opening of the Great Plains led to OVERproduction. Food prices fell and expenses of the farmer stayed the same. Farmers lost money and many lost their homes.

Progressives Took name from the belief of progress. Most progressives were middle class and reflected those ideas.

Muckrakers of the Time Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle and exposed the meat packing industry for unsafe practices. Janne Addams started Hull House to help immigrants in their neighborhoods assimilate to American Life with classes in child care, English and nursing (to name a few).

Jacob Riis photographer of Child Labor. Ida Tarbell writer, wrote about Rockfellers Standard Oil business and his ruthlessness in the business world. W.E.B. DuBois founded the NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Ida B. Wells organized an anti-lynching crusade. Hanging was a tactic used to intimidate African American. Susan B. Anthony Womens Rights and suffrage advocate.

Social Gospel Movement Protestant ministers called for reform. Organized to help people less fortunate. Christians were called upon to perform acts of charity and goodness this movement strongly influenced PROHIBITION.

Progressive Laws & Reforms 16 th Amendment gave Congress the power to tax personal income. 17 th Amendment 2 senators will be elected from each state. 18 th Amendment prohibited the sale of alcohol 19 th Amendment Womens right to vote

Reforms National Park Service Protected public parks and monuments. Anti-Trust Legislation (Clayton Antitrust Act) Increased the federal governments power to prvent unfair business practices. Interstate Commerce Commission Help regulate certain industries.

Reforms Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 Meat Inspection Act 1906 Both passed to protect the consumer Federal Reserve Created to regulate the amount of money in circulation. Its duties today are to conduct the nations monetary policy, supervise and regulate banking institutions, maintain the stability of the financial system and provide financial services to depository institutions, the U.S. government, and foreign official institutions.

Teddy Roosevelt Square Deal Helped break up bad trusts Square Deal: Meat Inspection Act & Pure Food and Drug Act Protection of Nations natural resources. Withheld federal lands from public sale.

Sanford Dole In Hawaii there was unrest and the Queen tried to get power back from American settlers that had plantation there. Queen Liliukalani was overthrown. Attorney Sanford Dole, was the leader of the provisional government of Hawaii while plans were worked out in the US in order to annex Hawaii. Served as President of Hawaii and then later as Governor of Hawaii after it was annexed by US. Doles cousin developed the Dole Company.

Alfred Thayer Manhan Wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History Argued for making US into a world power. The US needed a strong navy, merchant marine to protect its colonial interests. Lead advocate for imperial expansion.

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR

Causes of the Spanish American War HUMANITARIAN: Americans sympathized with the Cuban Revolution because they felt like it was like their own. They also had seen pictures of Cubans in military camps, where 30% of Cubans died from starvation. EXPANSIONIST: Americans realized they could seize land from Spain, who was weak. New colonies = new naval bases. ECONOMIC: Spain had imposed taxes on Cuba and Cuba had experienced an economic collapse. Sinking of the U.S.S. Maine Yellow Journalism Jingoism = intense patriotism

Effects of the Spanish-American War United States defeats Spain in less than four months 2,446 Americans died (400 in combat, the rest from disease) Spain recognizes Cubas independence. United States begins to control Cuban politics and economy. Puerto Rico, Philippines, and Guam become United States territories. United States is recognized as a world power.

M.A.I.N

Long Term Causes Militarism- Glorifying Military Power Keeping a large standing army prepared for war Arms race for military technology

Long Term Causes Alliance System- Designed to keep peace in Europe, instead pushed continent towards war Many Alliances made in secret By 1907 two major alliances: Triple Alliance and Triple Entente

Long Term Causes Imperialism- European competition for colonies Quest for colonies often almost led to war Imperialism led to rivalry and mistrust amongst European nations

Long Term Causes Nationalism- Deep Devotion to Ones Nation Competition and Rivalry developed between European nations for territory and markets (Example France and Germany- Alsace-Lorraine)

Leaders Triple Alliance Kaiser Wilhelm II (Germany) Franz Joseph I (Austria-Hungary) Vittorio Orlando (Italy) Triple Entente David Lloyd George (England) Raymond Poincare (France) Czar Nicholas II (Russia)

1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance: England (Great Britian) France Russia Germany Italy Austria- Hungry

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

The Major Players: 1914-17 Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Kaiser Wilhelm II (Germany ) Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

Results of WWI

Wilsons 14 Points Proposed by Wilson as a basis for Peace treaty. Create new nation-states: Poland Break up Austria Hungry Freedom of the Seas No secret treaties, open diplomacy League of Nations

Treat of Versailles Ended WWI. Dealt harshly with Germany Germany lost colonies Austria-Hungry and Ottoman Turkey were broken into separate national-states. League of Nations created.

*Flappers wore short skirts bobbed their hair listened to jazz music flaunted their dislike for the old views about women. * they were open to flaunting sexuality, smoked cigarettes, drank booze and drove cars.

THE RED SCARE & LABOR UNREST

Twenties Tensions Vocabulary: Write these words at the top of the page that says A: Red Scare Capitalism: Economic system of Private Ownership. (U.S.) Communism: Classless society marked by government ownership of property and industry. (Soviet Union) Red Scare: Intense fear of communism and other politically radical ideas.

Causes of the Red Scare 1. Communism was considered a threat to American values (capitalism, individualism, civil liberties) 2. Lenin argued that for communism to work it would have to spread world wide. 3. Americans feared the spread of Communism.

Effects of the Red Scare 1. Renewed nativism: laws restricting immigration rebirth of KKK 2. Attack on civil liberties: Supreme Court rules the government can silence free speech when it creates a clear and present danger. Many states banned anti- American writings, red flags, etc.

Early Twenties Labor Unrest After WWI, competition for jobs increased as soldiers returned from the war. Competition created: - Class struggles (Rich V. Poor) - Racial tensions (White V. Black, White V. Immigrants) Political unrest (Capitalists V. Communists)

Strikes and Labor Riots 1919 14 million people go on strike Seattle Central Strike 35,000 ships builders walked off the job. Then Union asked all CITY workers to walk off. ALL ECONOMIC ACTIVITY CAME TO A HAULT. Boston Police Strike Steel workers and coal miners (organized by the AFL)

Government sides against Labor Unions. There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime. (Pres. Calvin Coolidge) Do you agree?

The Red Scare and Nativism Labor unrest and riots get linked to anti-communist fears New immigrants get blamed 1921- Quotas are established

Palmer Raids In 1919 mail bombs sent by radicals to rich industrialists and government leaders exploded in many cities. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer conducted raids to arrested thousands of Communists, Socialists, and anarchists. Without formal charges

Restrictions on Immigration & The Rise of the KKK

Quota Act The objective of this act was to temporarily limit the numbers of immigrants to the United States by imposing quotas based on country of birth.

Rising Intolerance/ the New KKK The Ku Klux Klan attracted more than four million members. The KKK terrorized a long list of people : Catholics, Blacks, Jews, Asians, immigrants, and homosexuals.

Prohibition

Causes of the 18 th Amendment (Prohibition) Temperance movement: arguing to eliminate drunkenness Reduce family abuse Prevent absenteeism on the job amd promote worker production

Effects of the 18 th Amendment: Prohibition 1. Bootleggers emerge: suppliers of illegal alcohol. 2. Speakeasies: illegal bars 3. Rise of organized crime: supplying illegal alcohol became big business and very profitable, resulting in the rise of gangsters like Al Capone.

Prohibition Ends Prohibition ends in 1933 with the 21 st amendment. Prohibition is remembered as one of the worst social experiments in U.S. history. You cannot legislate Morality Bill Maher

The Science vs. Religion Debate

Twenties Tensions Vocabulary: Fundamentalism: Belief that the Bible was inspired by God and does not contain mistakes. Literal Interpretation (Scopes Monkey Trial)

Scopes Monkey Trial Tennessee law outlawed the teaching of evolution. The ACLU, (American Civil Liberties Union) asked a science teacher to break the law and test it in court. The case became known as the monkey trial and fueled the debate between science and religious fundamentalism.

Prosecutor and Defense talk during the Scopes Trial William Jennings Bryan assisted the prosecution. Clarence Darrow represented John Scopes.Clarence Darrow represented John Scopes.

1920s Presidents Decade of Republican Presidents. All three Presidents would support Laissez Faire economies.

Return to Normalcy As a candidate for president, Warren G. Harding promised to return America to normal after WWI. His presidency however (1921-1923) is known as one of the most corrupt in American history.

Teapot Dome Scandal The worst scandal of the Harding Administration. Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall secretly gave private oil companies the right to drill for oil on government land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Fall received more than $300,000 in illegal payments and gifts disguised as loans.

Calvin Coolidge 1923-1929 Coolidge became president following the death of Harding in 1923. The chief business of the American people is business. Silent Cal believed that the government should leave business alone and allow it to grow (laissez fair).

Herbert Hoover 1929 - 1933 The last Republican President of the 1920s. The stock market crashed six months after he took office. Hoover becomes vilified in history because of his stance on how to fix the Depression.

Republican Economic Policies Trickle Down Economics Raised Taxes for middle and lower classes Loaned European countries more $ to help pay back the $11 billion war debt High Tariffs Increased gap between rich and poor. Autarky United States politics to refer to the idea that tax breaks or other economic benefits provided by government to businesses and upper income levels will benefit poorer members of society by improving the economy as a whole. [ [

Overproduction of Goods Industrial Goods Production increased but demand decreased. Farm Products Production increased- demand decreased.

Unchecked Stock Speculation Investors believed that the stock market would go up indefinitely and that companies profits would continue to increase. The value of many companies stock became artificially inflated and did not represent the companies true worth. Some economists predicted that the market was headed for a fall investors did not listen.

Unregulated Banking System Margin Buying allowed investors to put 10 or 20% cash down and borrow the rest from a bank. October 29, 1929 Black Tuesday- orders to sell at any price. Fortunes were lost within hours as the Stock Market crashed. The Great Crash caused the collapse of the banking system- by 1932 6,000 banks had closed.

Unequal Distribution of Wealth Large gap between rich and poor. 1% of America owned over 59% of the wealth. 60% of American families lived on $2,000 per year or less.

Nine million savings accounts wiped out. 60% of Americans are at the poverty level. Two million homeless people. Long bread lines were seen in most major cities. People lived in Hoovervilles shacks made out of plywood, cardboard metal, etc.. Effects of The Great Depression

why where these years turning points in american history? 1898 – spanish american war 1914-1918 -...

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