工業總會「WTO會務人員種子進階培訓班」第七期

林永樂97年4月29日

2008/4/29 1

如何善用WTO的語言

會務人員如何看待WTO語言

前言 從不同面向看WTO語言

結語

WTO語言運用的實例

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從不同面向看WTO語言

WTO規範的語言WTO談判的語言

有關WTO話題的語言

WTO爭端的語言

WTO法定的語言

WTO報導的語言

WTO工作的語言

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WTO法定的語言 Official languages

English French Spanish

英文最為普遍但南腔北調用法不一。

“Thank you to the interpreters who had to struggle with a fourth official language – Enzed”.

said Mike Moore, Ex-DG of the WTO, in the farewell speech to the GC.

I met him five years back. (I met him five years ago.)He is out of station. (He is out of town.)Your good name please? (What is your name?)Where do you stay? (Where do you live?)Please make the fan softer! (Please make the fan go slower!)I will make a move now. (I‘m leaving now.)

Mike Moore’sEnzed

Indian English

協定生效文本┼ ┼ =

法文及西班牙文文件訊息經常落後。

“The panel report is now available in English The French and Spanish editions will be available shortly”.

此段文字經常出現在DSB發布爭端處理結果之Press Release中。2008/4/29 5

建議增列阿拉伯語文迄今並無回應。

中文將來有否可能成為第四官方語？

工作人員應徵資格至少具三者之二。

“Finally, we request the accreditation of the Arabic language as an official language in the WTO besides the other three accredited languages….”

said Ali Saleh Al-Saleh, Minister of Commerce and Industry, Bahrain, at the 4th

WTO MC held in Doha, Qatar, 9 – 13 November 2001.

阿拉伯文目前已被聯合國列為大會、安全理事會及經濟暨社會理事會法定語言。

2006年6月23日WTO檢討我貿易政策會議期間我方與中國大陸曾安排一場雙邊會談，討論我對大陸毛巾實施防衛措施案。會談當中，雙方同意由技術階層在WTO架構下建立對話機制，並加強資訊交流。

使用中文？

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WTO工作的語言 Working languages

工作語言又稱程序語言(procedural language)，係指祕書處處理平常事務溝通聯絡的語言，工作語言之種類可能與法定語言相同，但為提高效率通常會較法定語言為少，例如UN法定語言包括阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文及西班牙文等6種，但工作語言為英文及法文。WTO工作語言與法定語言同。

WTO工作語言仍為英法西文。

WTO同步翻譯服務亦為英法西文。

部分國際機構在法定語言之外，於會議時增加對部分語言提供同步翻譯，例如World Bank法定語言為英文，但開會時比照聯合國亦提供阿拉伯文、中文、法文、俄文及西班牙文同步翻譯。

WTO會議時提供法定語言同步翻譯服務。

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WTO規範的語言Regulatory language 協定中具有特定規範含意之專有語彙

協定中涉及WTO組織及運作之語彙

ex. tariff binding, tariff escalation, tariff peaks, tariff quota, tariffication,schedule of concessions, antidumping, anti-circumvention, third country dumping, de-minimis, material injury, serious injury,negligible imports, negligible injury, zeroing, lesser duty rule,rules of origin, NTBs, TBT, GATS, RTAs, PSI, MFN, DSU, TRIMs, TRIPS, etc.

ex. Ministerial Conference(MC), General Council, Trade Policy Review Body(TPRB),Trade Policy Review Mechanism(TPRM), Dispute Settlement Body(DSB),Council for Trade in Goods, Committee on Market Access,Working Party on Domestic Regulation, decisions, declaration, understanding, etc.

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協定中使用之其他國際規範常用語彙

協定中使用之一般法律規範常用語彙

ex. accession, initial commitments, general obligation, nullification and impairment, judicial review, final provision, protocol, rectifications, final act, transition period, notification, dispute settlement, withdraw, we hereby agree as follows, etc.

ex. shall be applied under, pursuant to, in accordance with, subject to ,for the purpose of, to be consider as, shall be determined by,should be determined by, shall be made, should be made, shall be ignored, should be ignored, in the case where, without prejudice to,except as provided for in, except in circumstances provided for in,except as otherwise provided herein, may be applied only if, sui generis, mutatis mutandis, prima facie, inter alia, pro rata, ad hoc, vis-à-vis, force majeure, etc.

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WTO談判的語言Negotiation language

WTO場域專有談判語彙

一般談判語彙

ex. green room, green room meeting, mini-Ministerial, Room E meeting, horizontal process, round negotiations, DDA, take notes, formal statements for the record, plenary sessions, July 2004 package, stock-taking, NTC, single undertaking, mandate for negotiations, rules of conduct, minutes of meeting. etc.

ex. on the last lap, final sprint, give and take, opt-in/opt-out, stick and carrot, agenda, order of business, things to discuss,items to put on the table, reactions to items on the table,status of position, negative tactics, take and give the floor,trade-off, concession, chief negotiator, counter-proposal,bottom line, options, postpone, put off, yield, object, top-down approach, bottom-up approach, etc.

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WTO爭端的語言Language for dispute settlement

WTO爭端解決專用語彙

一般談法律爭訟語彙

ex. DSU, DSB, consultation, panels, appellate body, rulings,recommendations, complaining country, responding country,interim report, panel report, uphold, modify, reverse, accept, reject,compensation, retaliation, suspend concessions or obligations, mutually satisfactory solution, acting in an ex officio capacity, multiple complainants, etc.

ex. appeal, plaintiff, defendant, mediation, conciliation, good offices,terms of reference, third parties, rebuttals, amicus curiae, hearing, friends of the court, etc.

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WTO報導的語言Language in journalism專業性報導

一般報導

ex. Washington Trade Daily April 17, 18, 2008US, Korea Settle Beef Trade IssueA Roadmap for ‘Doha’Moving on a New Services Text‘More Than a Report’ on Rules

ex. RATs: Friends or foesHorse-TradingTalkathonsThrowing a wrench in the worksGolden rice or FrankenfoodsBiopiracy

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有關WTO話題的語言

舉凡WTO規範中，WTO談判及爭端場域裡，傳播媒體間、學術知識界，與WTO話題有關之語言，形成獨特的WTO SPEAK。

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WTO語言運用的實例

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Leonardo DiCaprio Jennifer Connelly

血鑽石與

WTO？

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1. 為徹底解決血鑽石問題國際間在聯合國大會決議支持下組成Kimberley Process Certification Scheme(KPCS),於2003年1月1日開始運作。

2. KPCS是一個建構在互惠基礎上的國際多邊鑽石認證機制，參加者利用嚴密的發、驗證手續及包裝運送規範，相互進行粗鑽進出口管理，避免買到或賣到血鑽石，徹底消除非法粗鑽蒙混過關。

3. 由於對粗鑽進出口的監視管理機制，牽涉WTO貨品貿易規範，參加機制運作者如同時為WTO會員，顯有違反GATT最惠國待遇及禁止數量限制條款之嫌，必須先行獲得WTO總理事會審議通過給予豁免(waiver)。

4. 我國在KPCS籌劃期間即尋求能夠參與，惟各國在中國大陸示意下態度保守，我國駐WTO代表團乃向美、加、日、澳等國表明，台灣如果不能參加 KPCS，則無立場在總理事會審議豁免案時給予支持，若因而造成共識決無法達成，實非我國所樂見。經此折衝，各國態度始漸趨明朗。其後豁免案順利通過，KPCS如期運作，而我國也於2003年5月1日加入。

5. 前述豁免期間業經再次延至2012年底。

血鑽石 / WTO /台灣的故事

WTO Topics: Waiver, Consensus, General Council.2008/4/29 16

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「大體上」惹的禍 /關稅估價 /台灣的故事

關稅估價問題招惹美國2次301報復威脅1. 1985.10 美國威脅我若未於1986.1.1實施交易價格制度將提出

301報復案，我於1986.1.1對自美進口貨物實質(未修法)實施交易價格制度。

2. 1986.8美國以我雖實施交易價格制度，但1986.6.29修正之關稅法仍保留得實施完稅價格表之法源，且實際仍在使用完稅價格表，顯已違反對美實施交易價格之承諾，正式提出提出301案。我於同年10月1日由行政院下令停止適用完稅價格表，雙方達成協議後美旋未採報復措施。

WTO Topics: customs valuation, SDT(S&D), retaliation,Tokyo Round, minimum customs value ,substantially the same….as.

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substantially ≠「大體上」

「美方同時了解東京回合談判所達成之非關稅規約，其中大體上適用於開發中國家之義務台灣亦將予以遵守，此等規約包括：…..關稅估價…….」

“ We further understand that obligations substantially the same asthose applicable to developing countries set forth in certain non-tariffagreements concluded in the Tokyo Round will be observed in Taiwan, i.e. customs valuation,…..”

我國始終認為美國既然同意我國遵守「大體上」適用於開發中國家同樣的義務，就不應該嚴格要求參照高標的開發中國家只能延期5年實施並且廢除完稅價格表，而應體諒我國財政的需要及執行的能力，參照低標的開發中國家繼續同意延期實施同時保留完稅價格表。

蓋中文「大體上」通常帶有「大概」、「大約」、「大略」的意思，甚至有「差不多」的感覺，隱含不太確定的含蓄表達，基於此種認知我國財政經貿官員對於承諾事項才會掉以輕心，以為美國沒有理由如此強硬。殊不知 “substantially”一字在老美的一般認知裡係指「實質上」、「本質上」或「實體上」，有時更接近「幾乎」、「全然」的意思，是一種高度確定的明白表達，因此對於我國有意繼續維持舊制反應極其強烈。

自助餐廳選項

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“Commenting on the “cafeteria options,”NAMA-11 was of the view that to properly discuss the options, the discussion must first start with the coefficients and not the flexibilities”. (摘自TWN報導)

WTO Topics: cafeteria options, cafeteria paper, NAMA, NAMA-11, coefficient and flexibilities.

NAMA談判小組主席加拿大大使Don Stephenson 於2008年2月8日公開2008 revised draft negotiating text 之後，各界批評之聲不絕，嗣經召開多次非正式會議後，Stephenson大使於2月28日提出修正版本，併列8種選擇建議，同時謔稱此案非其自創，而係於WTO餐廳聽到有人談起，隨即靈機一動所做成。此後2月28日所提版本遂有 “cafeteria paper”之稱，8種選擇建議被簡為 “cafeteria options”，既可呼應靈感來自餐廳之說法，又能反諷建議選項多而未定。不過NAMA-11代表卻表示從未在餐廳碰到Stephenson。

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DDA:NAMA NegotiationsThe proposed coefficients would mean the water would be substantially reduced.

(摘自2008年4月16日WTO新聞稿)2008/4/29 22

The proposed coefficients would meanthe water would be substantially reduced.

The proposed coefficients would meanthe binding overhang would be substantially reduced.

The proposed coefficients would meanthe difference between bound rates andthose actually applied would be substantially reduced.

WTO Topics: NAMA, coefficient, bound rate, binding, binding overhang, applied rate .

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水平程序？2008/4/29 24

WTO horizontal process postponed, more time needed for group talks

(2008年3月6日TWN新聞標題)

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GATS談判則有所為水平承諾 horizontal commitments，意指適用服務業所有行業之共同事項承諾。因此 “horizontal”在WTO領域，經常含有跨議題、跨業別或共同之意思。

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「義大利麵碗效果」源於知名貿易學者 Bhagwati及 Panagaryia於1996年出版之「優惠貿易協定經濟學」（The Economics of Preferential Trade

Agreements）一書，用來說明在全球 RTAs激增情況下，區域貿易結盟現象有如碗中之義大利麵般相互糾結，所形成之貿易規則極其複雜，尤以實施優惠關稅待遇

而採行之原產地規則為甚，對WTO多邊貿易體系之發展將具負面影響。

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歸零無關瞄準

WTO也談歸零

2008/4/29 30Consuming Industries Trade Action Coalition (CITAC)

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It’s called “zeroing” and nothing about it adds up for American consumers of shrimp.

The European Union has ceased the practice of zeroing, yet the Department of Commerce persists, to the detriment of shrimp consumers and processors in America.Artificially high tariffs on imported shrimp are unfair, will increase the price we all pay for shrimp, and will result in lost U.S. jobs.

YOU CAN HELP!Contact the Department of Commerce today and demand thatthe practice of zeroing be ended in anti-dumping investigations.Contact Commerce Secretary Donald L. Evans at (202) 482-2000 or via email to: devans@doc.gov

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黃金米與科學怪食Golden Rice or Frankenfoods ?

反傾銷與科學怪蝦Antidumping creates Frankenshrimp ?

Genetically Modified Organism(GMO), Genetically Engineered Organism(GEO) Genetically Modified Foods

Fair comparison in dumping margin calculation

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黃金米與科學怪食Golden Rice or Frankenfoods ?

GEO解決營養問題

Dr. Ingo Potrykus 研究成功Golden Rice

Greenpeace 責為 Frankenfoods

基因改造食品與GATTXX(b)商品化前風險評估牽動輸入許可與TBT

進口檢驗涉及SPS基因食品標示問題仍未解決

STORY

2008/4/29 35"Frankenshrimp"

On March 8, 2004, the DOC required that shrimp exporters convert all of the shrimp that they sold in the U.S. and thecomparison market into a

fictional headless, shell-on(HLSO) shrimp.

反傾銷與科學怪蝦

Antidumping creates Frankenshrimp ?

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會務人員如何看待WTO語言

有助於解讀WTO規範

方便閱讀經貿報導

豐富談話素材

增加溝通語彙

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敬請指教Email : philliplin@cnfi.org.tw

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