xps spectra of copper and nickel biuret complexes...

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This work has been digitalized and published in 2013 by Verlag Zeitschrift für Naturforschung in cooperation with the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Dieses Werk wurde im Jahr 2013 vom Verlag Zeitschrift für Naturforschung in Zusammenarbeit mit der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. digitalisiert und unter folgender Lizenz veröffentlicht: Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 Lizenz. XPS Spectra of Copper and Nickel Biuret Complexes Observations of Intense Satellite Structure in the 2P Spectrum of a Copper(III) System Dennis G. Brown and Ulrich Weser Anorganische Biochemie, Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 1, D-7400 Tübingen 1, F.R.G. Z. Naturforsch. 34b, 989-994 (1979); received March 30, 1979 Copper, Nickel, Photoelectron Spectra, Satellite A series of copper and nickel biuret complexes has been studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results include one of the first reports of the XPS spectrum of a copper(III) complex. Significantly, this diamagnetic complex exhibits intense satellite structure in both the Cu 2P3/2 and Cu 2Pi/2 regions. The isoelectronic nickel(II) complex shows no comparable satellite structure. Introduction It has been demonstrated rather clearly that the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of copper complexes is a useful means of distinguishing be- tween the copper(I), 3d 10 , and copper(II), 3d 9 , electronic states [1-3]. Thus, the XPS of copper(I) complexes exhibits a symmetrical main peak in either the 2P3/2 or 2 PI / 2 region with no evidence of a shake-up satellite at higher binding energy. Copper(II), on the other hand, exhibits, in addition to the main peak, one or two satellite peaks at 5-10 eV higher binding energy from the main peak. Even in copper(I)-copper(II) mixed valence com- pounds the two oxidation states can be resolved by XPS [4]. In most instances the satellite is an asymmetrical peak due to two or more overlapping but unresolved satellite peaks. In some complexes, however, two well separated and well defined satellites are observed. We have shown that this occurs when the copper is bound to carbonyl oxygen atoms [1]. One of us has discussed the possible applications of copper XPS to the study of biologi- cally relevant ligand systems and proposed to use this technique for the study of biochemically active copper [1, 2, 4, 5]. Because of the recent interest in the possibility of copper (III) in biological systems [6-8], it was of interest to obtain XPS spectra on a well defined Reprint requests to Prof. D. Brown, Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, U. S.A., or to Prof. U. Weser, Anorganische Biochemie, Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 1, D-7400 Tübingen 1, F.R.G. 0340-5087/79/0700-0989/$ 01.00/0 copper(III)complex to ascertain whether this tech- nique could be of potential use in observing copper- (III) in a copper dependent enzyme system. In addition, when this work was begun, no copper(III) XPS studies had appeared in the literature and the possibility of characterizing this oxidation state by XPS was of inherent interest. During the course of this work, the 2PI /2 and 2P3/2 binding energy values o f a copper(III) macrocycle were reported [9]. A number of copper(III) systems are known in in- organic chemistry [9-14], Many of these are some- what unstable, decomposing readily to copper(II). For an initial investigation of copper(III) XPS it was very important to deal with as stable a complex as possible. In addition, we desired to have available the analogous copper(II) complex with which to compare XPS parameters. For this work, therefore, the bis biureto (-HNCONHCONH- = bi) complexes of copper were chosen. Both the copper(III) species, KCu(bi)2, and the copper(II) species, K2Cu(bi)2, are known and well charaterized [10, 15]. An additional advantage of this ligand system is the fact that the analogous nickel(II) and nickel(III) complexes are available. This is especially useful in that the copper(III) and nickel(II) compounds are iso- electronic and should provide an interesting compar- ison. In addition, the series of complexes allows a comparison of the metal electronic configurations d 7 , d 8 , a n d d 9 w r ith the same ligand environments. We report here the XPS spectra of the above mentioned series of copper and nickel biureto complexes. The observation of an intense satellite for the copper(III) compound KCu(bi) 2 while such satellites are not present in a copper(III) macro- cycle [9 a] nor in the isoelectronic nickel(II) species

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Page 1: XPS Spectra of Copper and Nickel Biuret Complexes ...zfn.mpdl.mpg.de/data/Reihe_B/34/ZNB-1979-34b-0989.pdf991 D. G. Brown-U. Weser XPS Spectra of Copper and Nickel Biuret Complexes

This work has been digitalized and published in 2013 by Verlag Zeitschrift für Naturforschung in cooperation with the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science under a Creative Commons Attribution4.0 International License.

Dieses Werk wurde im Jahr 2013 vom Verlag Zeitschrift für Naturforschungin Zusammenarbeit mit der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung derWissenschaften e.V. digitalisiert und unter folgender Lizenz veröffentlicht:Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 Lizenz.

XPS Spectra of Copper and Nickel Biuret Complexes — Observations of Intense Satellite Structure in the 2P Spectrum of a Copper(III) System

D e n n i s G . B r o w n a n d U l r i c h W e s e r

Anorganische Biochemie, Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 1, D-7400 Tübingen 1, F . R . G .

Z. Naturforsch. 34b , 989-994 (1979); received March 30, 1979

Copper, Nickel, Photoelectron Spectra, Satellite

A series of copper and nickel biuret complexes has been studied b y X - r a y photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) . The results include one o f the first reports o f the X P S spectrum of a copper(III ) complex. Significantly, this diamagnetic complex exhibits intense satellite structure in both the Cu 2P3/2 and Cu 2Pi /2 regions. The isoelectronic nickel(II) complex shows no comparable satellite structure.

Introduction

I t h a s b e e n d e m o n s t r a t e d r a t h e r c l e a r l y t h a t t h e

X - r a y p h o t o e l e c t r o n s p e c t r o s c o p y ( X P S ) o f c o p p e r

c o m p l e x e s is a u s e f u l m e a n s o f d i s t i n g u i s h i n g be-

t w e e n t h e c o p p e r ( I ) , 3 d 1 0 , a n d c o p p e r ( I I ) , 3 d 9 ,

e l e c t r o n i c s t a t e s [ 1 - 3 ] . T h u s , t h e X P S o f c o p p e r ( I )

c o m p l e x e s e x h i b i t s a s y m m e t r i c a l m a i n p e a k i n

e i t h e r t h e 2P3/2 or 2PI/ 2 r e g i o n w i t h n o e v i d e n c e o f

a s h a k e - u p s a t e l l i t e a t h i g h e r b i n d i n g e n e r g y .

C o p p e r ( I I ) , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , e x h i b i t s , i n a d d i t i o n

t o t h e m a i n p e a k , o n e or t w o s a t e l l i t e p e a k s a t

5 - 1 0 e V h i g h e r b i n d i n g e n e r g y f r o m t h e m a i n p e a k .

E v e n i n c o p p e r ( I ) - c o p p e r ( I I ) m i x e d v a l e n c e c o m -

p o u n d s t h e t w o o x i d a t i o n s t a t e s c a n b e r e s o l v e d b y

X P S [4]. I n m o s t i n s t a n c e s t h e s a t e l l i t e is a n

a s y m m e t r i c a l p e a k d u e t o t w o o r m o r e o v e r l a p p i n g

b u t u n r e s o l v e d s a t e l l i t e p e a k s . I n s o m e c o m p l e x e s ,

h o w e v e r , t w o w e l l s e p a r a t e d a n d w e l l d e f i n e d

s a t e l l i t e s are o b s e r v e d . W e h a v e s h o w n t h a t t h i s

o c c u r s w h e n t h e c o p p e r is b o u n d t o c a r b o n y l o x y g e n

a t o m s [1]. O n e o f u s h a s d i s c u s s e d t h e p o s s i b l e

a p p l i c a t i o n s o f c o p p e r X P S t o t h e s t u d y of b i o l o g i -

c a l l y r e l e v a n t l i g a n d s y s t e m s a n d p r o p o s e d t o u s e

t h i s t e c h n i q u e f o r t h e s t u d y o f b i o c h e m i c a l l y a c t i v e

c o p p e r [1 , 2, 4, 5].

B e c a u s e o f t h e r e c e n t i n t e r e s t i n t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f

c o p p e r ( I I I ) in b i o l o g i c a l s y s t e m s [6-8] , i t w a s o f

i n t e r e s t t o o b t a i n X P S s p e c t r a o n a w e l l d e f i n e d

Reprint requests to Prof . D . Brown, Department o f Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho , U. S .A. , or to Prof . U . Weser, Anorganische Biochemie, Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 1, D-7400 Tübingen 1, F . R . G . 0340-5087/79/0700-0989/$ 01.00/0

c o p p e r ( I I I ) c o m p l e x t o a s c e r t a i n w h e t h e r t h i s t e c h -

n i q u e c o u l d b e o f p o t e n t i a l u s e in o b s e r v i n g c o p p e r -

( I I I ) i n a c o p p e r d e p e n d e n t e n z y m e s y s t e m . I n

a d d i t i o n , w h e n t h i s w o r k w a s b e g u n , n o c o p p e r ( I I I )

X P S s t u d i e s h a d a p p e a r e d in t h e l i t e r a t u r e a n d t h e

p o s s i b i l i t y o f c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h i s o x i d a t i o n s t a t e b y

X P S w a s o f i n h e r e n t i n t e r e s t . D u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f

t h i s w o r k , t h e 2PI / 2 a n d 2P3/2 b i n d i n g e n e r g y v a l u e s

o f a c o p p e r ( I I I ) m a c r o c y c l e w e r e r e p o r t e d [9]. A

n u m b e r o f c o p p e r ( I I I ) s y s t e m s a r e k n o w n in in-

o r g a n i c c h e m i s t r y [ 9 - 1 4 ] , M a n y o f t h e s e a r e s o m e -

w h a t u n s t a b l e , d e c o m p o s i n g r e a d i l y t o c o p p e r ( I I ) .

F o r a n i n i t i a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f c o p p e r ( I I I ) X P S i t

w a s v e r y i m p o r t a n t t o d e a l w i t h as s t a b l e a c o m p l e x

a s p o s s i b l e . I n a d d i t i o n , w e d e s i r e d t o h a v e a v a i l a b l e

t h e a n a l o g o u s c o p p e r ( I I ) c o m p l e x w i t h w h i c h t o

c o m p a r e X P S p a r a m e t e r s . F o r t h i s w o r k , t h e r e f o r e ,

t h e bis b i u r e t o ( - H N C O N H C O N H - = bi) c o m p l e x e s

o f c o p p e r w e r e c h o s e n . B o t h t h e c o p p e r ( I I I ) spec ies ,

K C u ( b i ) 2 , a n d t h e c o p p e r ( I I ) species , K2Cu(bi)2, are

k n o w n a n d w e l l c h a r a t e r i z e d [10, 15] . A n a d d i t i o n a l

a d v a n t a g e o f t h i s l i g a n d s y s t e m is t h e f a c t t h a t t h e

a n a l o g o u s n i c k e l ( I I ) a n d n i c k e l ( I I I ) c o m p l e x e s a r e

a v a i l a b l e . T h i s is e s p e c i a l l y u s e f u l i n t h a t t h e

c o p p e r ( I I I ) a n d n i c k e l ( I I ) c o m p o u n d s a r e iso-

e l e c t r o n i c a n d s h o u l d p r o v i d e a n i n t e r e s t i n g c o m p a r -

i s o n . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e ser ies o f c o m p l e x e s a l l o w s a

c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e m e t a l e l e c t r o n i c c o n f i g u r a t i o n s d 7 ,

d 8 , a n d d 9 writh t h e s a m e l i g a n d e n v i r o n m e n t s .

W e r e p o r t h e r e t h e X P S s p e c t r a o f t h e a b o v e

m e n t i o n e d series o f c o p p e r a n d n i c k e l b i u r e t o

c o m p l e x e s . T h e o b s e r v a t i o n of a n i n t e n s e s a t e l l i t e

f o r t h e c o p p e r ( I I I ) c o m p o u n d K C u ( b i ) 2 w h i l e s u c h

s a t e l l i t e s a r e n o t p r e s e n t i n a c o p p e r ( I I I ) m a c r o -

c y c l e [9 a ] n o r in t h e i s o e l e c t r o n i c n i c k e l ( I I ) spec ies

Page 2: XPS Spectra of Copper and Nickel Biuret Complexes ...zfn.mpdl.mpg.de/data/Reihe_B/34/ZNB-1979-34b-0989.pdf991 D. G. Brown-U. Weser XPS Spectra of Copper and Nickel Biuret Complexes

990 D. G. Brown-U. Weser • XPS Spectra of Copper and Nickel Biuret Complexes

r a i s e s q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e g e n e r a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f

s h a k e - u p s a t e l l i t e s i n t h e s e t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l s .

Experimental X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

X - r a y p h o t o e l e c t r o n s p e c t r a w e r e o b t a i n e d w i t h a V a r i a n V - I E E 1 5 h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n e l e c t r o n s p e c t r o -m e t e r e q u i p p e d w i t h a 6 2 0 - L o n l i n e c o m p u t e r ( 8 K ) . D u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t t h e s a m p l e w a s m a i n t a i n e d a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100 K b y c o o l i n g w i t h l i q u i d n i t r o g e n . T h i s h a s p r o v e n s a t i s f a c t o r y t o m i n i m i z e d e c o m p o s i t i o n r e a c t i o n s c a u s e d b y X - r a y - i r r a d i a t i o n . T h e s a m p l e s w e r e r u n a s finely g r o u n d p o w d e r s d u s t e d o n t o t h e b a c k i n g o f a one-s i d e d a d h e s i v e C e l l o t a p e ( S c o t c h T a p e , 3 M C o . ) w h i c h w a s a t t a c h e d t o t h e c y l i n d r i c a l s a m p l e h o l d e r . T h e s p e c t r a w e r e s t a n d a r d i z e d w i t h t h e C I S a l i -p h a t i c h y d r o c a r b o n l ine f o r w h i c h a b i n d i n g e n e r g y o f 284.0 e V w a s a s s i g n e d [16]. A l l s p e c t r a w e r e t i m e a v e r a g e d a n d s m o o t h e d u s i n g a b o x c a r f u n c t i o n .

Compounds R e a g e n t g r a d e c o p p e r ( II ) a c e t a t e m o n o h y d r a t e ,

n i c k e l ( I I ) a c e t a t e m o n o h y d r a t e , a n d b i u r e t w e r e f r o m M e r c k , D a r m s t a d t . K 2 C u ( b i ) 2 a n d K 2 N i ( b i ) 2 w e r e p r e p a r e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m e t h o d o f F r e e m a n [ 1 5 ] . K C u ( b i ) 2 a n d K N i ( b i ) 2 w e r e p r e p a r e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m e t h o d o f B o u r et al., b y S 2 0 s = o x i d a t i o n o f s o l u t i o n s o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g K 2 M ( b i ) 2 c o m -p o u n d s [10].

Results and Discussion T h e c o m p o u n d s s t u d i e d h e r e a r e a l l s q u a r e p l a n a r

w i t h n i t r o g e n d o n o r a t o m s . T h e X - r a y c r y s t a l

s t r u c t u r e f o r K 2 C u ( b i ) 2 * 4 H 2 O d e m o n s t r a t e s t h i s

u n a m b i g u o u s l y f o r t h e c o p p e r ( I I ) c o m p l e x [15] .

K e d z i a et al., h a v e s h o w n t h a t t h e n i c k e l ( I I ) c o m -

p o u n d h a s t h e s a m e s t r u c t u r e a s t h e c o p p e r ( I I )

s p e c i e » [ 1 7 ] . B o u r ei ai. h a v e a d v a n c e d a n u m b e r o f

a r g u m e n t s t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e c o p p e r ( I I I ) a n d

n i c k e l ( I I I ) s p e c i e s a r e a l s o s q u a r e p l a n a r [10]. T h e

f a c t t h a t t h e c o p p e r ( I I I ) a n d n i c k e l ( I I ) s p e c i e s a r e

i s o e l e c t r o n i c a r g u e s s t r o n g l y f o r s i m i l a r c o o r d i n a t i o n

g e o m e t r i e s . L o w s p i n d 8 c o m p l e x e s a r e v i r t u a l l y

a l w a y s s q u a r e p l a n a r . M a g n e t i c m e a s u r e m e n t s o n

t h e n i c k e l ( I I ) , n i c k e l ( I I I ) , a n d c o p p e r ( I I I ) c o m -

p l e x e s r e v e a l s t h a t t h e y a r e a l l l o w s p i n , a s e x p e c t e d

f o r t h e s t r o n g e q u a t o r i a l l i g a n d field a r i s i n g f r o m

t h e d e p r o t o n a t e d n i t r o g e n d o n o r a t o m s [10]. A l l

t h i s e v i d e n c e i n d i c a t e s r a t h e r u n a m b i g u o u s l y t h a t

t h e c o m p l e x e s h a v e n e a r l y i d e n t i c a l c o o r d i n a t i o n

e n v i r o n m e n t s . T h e s i m p l e o n e - e l e c t r o n d o r b i t a l

c o n f i g u r a t i o n s t h u s a r e a s f o l l o w s .

t t 1 1

t 1 1

1 1 1 1 t 1

1 I t 1

1 4- 1 4 1 1

t 1 t 1 t 1 t 1 t 1 t 1

K N i ( b i ) 2 K C u ( b i ) 2 K 2 C u ( b i ) 2

K 2 N i ( b i ) 2

I t is s i g n i f i c a n t f o r t h e d i s c u s s i o n w h i c h f o l l o w s t o

n o t e t h a t t h e n i c k e l ( I I ) a n d c o p p e r ( I I I ) a r e iso-

e l e c t r o n i c a n d , w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c o o r d i n a t i o n

e n v i r o n m e n t , n e a r l y i s o s t r u c t u r a l .

T h e 2 P3/2 X P S s p e c t r a f o r t h e c o m p o u n d s are

s h o w n i n F i g s . 1 a n d 2. T h e s i g n i f i c a n t f e a t u r e s a r e

a s f o l l o w s . T h e n i c k e l ( I I ) c o m p o u n d , K 2 N i ( b i ) 2

Binding energy (eV)

Fig. 1. 2P3/2 XPS spectra for (a) KCu(bi)2 and (b) K2Cu(bi)2- For further information see text.

Binding energy (eV)

Fig. 2. 2P3 /2 XPS spectra for (a) KNi(bi)2 and (b) K2Ni(bi)2- For further information see text.

Page 3: XPS Spectra of Copper and Nickel Biuret Complexes ...zfn.mpdl.mpg.de/data/Reihe_B/34/ZNB-1979-34b-0989.pdf991 D. G. Brown-U. Weser XPS Spectra of Copper and Nickel Biuret Complexes

991 D. G. Brown-U. Weser • XPS Spectra of Copper and Nickel Biuret Complexes

e x h i b i t s o n l y a m a i n p e a k w i t h n o s a t e l l i t e (s) o f

a p p r e c i a b l e i n t e n s i t y a s h a s b e e n o b s e r v e d f o r a

n u m b e r o f l o w s p i n n i c k e l ( I I ) s y s t e m s . T h e n i c k e l -

( I I I ) c o m p l e x a l s o d e m o n s t r a t e s o n l y a m a i n p e a k

w i t h , a t b e s t , v e r y w e a k s a t e l l i t e s t r u c t u r e . T h e

c o p p e r ( I I ) c o m p o u n d s h o w s a s t r o n g , s o m e w h a t

a s y m m e t r i c s a t e l l i t e p e a k a t 8.7 e V h i g h e r b i n d i n g

e n e r g y t h a n t h e m a i n p e a k . B o t h t h e p o s i t i o n a n d

s h a p e o f t h i s s a t e l l i t e a r e q u i t e n o r m a l f o r c o p p e r ( I I )

s u r r o u n d e d b y f o u r n i t r o g e n l i g a n d a t o m s . T h e

c o p p e r ( I I I ) s p e c t r u m , t h e s e c o n d r e p o r t e d f o r a

c o p p e r ( I I I ) c o m p l e x , e x h i b i t s a s t r o n g a n d r a t h e r

s y m m e t r i c a l p e a k a t 7 . 9 e V h i g h e r b i n d i n g e n e r g y

f r o m t h e m a i n p e a k . T h e f o l l o w i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e

p e r t i n e n t .

1) T h e s a t e l l i t e p e a k is n o t d u e t o a r e d u c t i o n t o

c o p p e r ( I I ) i n t h e X - r a y b e a m a s h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d

f o r a v a r i e t y o f s y s t e m s [2, 1 8 - 2 1 ] , T h e s p e c t r u m

w a s r e c o r d e d w i t h t h e s a m p l e a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y

100 K . O u r e x p e r i e n c e w i t h t h i s s a m p l e h a n d l i n g i n

o u r i n s t r u m e n t i n d i c a t e s t h a t i n t h o s e c a s e s w h e r e

s o m e d e c o m p o s i t i o n o c c u r s a t a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e ,

i t is c o m p l e t e l y p r e v e n t e d a t t h e l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e .

T h e r e is , i n f a c t , n o d e p e n d e n c e o f s p e c t r a l f e a t u r e s

w i t h l e n g t h o f e x p o s u r e t o t h e X - r a y b e a m a t e i t h e r

l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s o r r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , a s m i g h t b e

e x p e c t e d , i f d e c o m p o s i t i o n w e r e o c c u r r i n g . E v e n a t

a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s t h i s c o m p o u n d a p p e a r s t o be

s t a b l e u n d e r c o n d i t i o n s o f s p e c t r a l m e a s u r e m e n t .

2) W e h a v e a l s o o b t a i n e d t h e s p e c t r u m o f t h e

a n a l o g o u s c o p p e r ( I I ) c o m p o u n d . I f t h e o r i g i n o f t h e

s a t e l l i t e i n t h e c o p p e r ( I I I ) s p e c t r u m w e r e d u e , in

f a c t , t o r e d u c t i o n t o c o p p e r ( I I ) , t h e s p e c t r u m k n o w n

f o r t h e c o p p e r ( I I ) c o m p l e x s h o u l d b e o b t a i n e d . O n

t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s p e c t r a l p a r a m e t e r s

f o r t h e c o p p e r ( I I ) a n d c o p p e r ( I I I ) c o m p o u n d s a r e

s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e y a r i s e f r o m

d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s .

T h e v a l u e s f o r t h e b i n d i n g e n e r g i e s a n d o t h e r

s p e c t r a l p a r a m e t e r s f o r t h e c o m p o u n d s s t u d i e d a r e

g i v e n i n T a b l e I . S e v e r a l p o i n t s d e s e r v e c o m m e n t .

T h e m e t a l 2P3/2 b i n d i n g e n e r g i e s ( m a i n p e a k ) f o r

t h e + 3 o x i d a t i o n s t a t e s is , a s e x p e c t e d , h i g h e r t h a n

f o r t h e -f- 2 o x i d a t i o n s t a t e s . S i g n i f i c a n t l y , h o w e v e r ,

t h e c o p p e r b i n d i n g e n e r g y f o r t h i s c o p p e r ( I I I )

c o m p l e x is lower t h a n is f o u n d f o r a n u m b e r o f

c o p p e r ( I I ) s y s t e m s . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e 2P3/2 b i n d i n g

e n e r g y f o r K C u ( b i ) 2 (934.5 e V ) i s l o w e r t h a n t h a t

f o r C U F 2 (938.5 e V ) , C u O ( 9 3 5 . 7 e V ) , C u ( o x a l a t e )

( 9 3 5 . 4 e V ) , a n d C u C l 2 ( 9 3 5 . 1 e V ) [1] . T h i s is u n -

d o u b t e d l y d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e d e p r o t o n a t e d

n i t r o g e n a t o m s a r e v e r y g o o d e l e c t r o n d o n o r s ,

c a p a b l e a p p a r e n t l y o f d o n a t i n g e n o u g h e l e c t r o n

d e n s i t y t o t h e f o r m a l l y c o p p e r ( I I I ) c e n t e r t h a t t h e

a c t u a l c h a r g e o n c o p p e r is c o m p a r a b l e t o t h a t f o u n d

i n m a n y c o p p e r ( I I ) s y s t e m s . T h i s , o f c o u r s e , is t h e

f u n d a m e n t a l r e a s o n t h a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r l i g a n d

s y s t e m , a s w e l l a s o t h e r s w h i c h h a v e d e p r o t o n a t e d

n i t r o g e n d o n o r a t o m s , is c a p a b l e o f s t a b i l i z i n g t h e

c o p p e r ( I I I ) o x i d a t i o n s t a t e . A s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n

h o l d s f o r t h e n i c k e l ( I I I ) c o m p l e x . F r o s t et al. h a v e

d e t e r m i n e d a n e m p i r i c a l c o r r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n a c t u a l

c h a r g e o n a c e n t r a l c o p p e r i o n v e r s u s o b s e r v e d

b i n d i n g e n e r g y f o r a s e r i e s o f c o p p e r ( I I ) c o m p l e x e s

[2]. I f t h i s q u a l i t a t i v e c o r r e l a t i o n h o l d s f o r t h e

s y s t e m s r e p o r t e d h e r e , t h e n a d i f f e r e n c e o f 1 e V i n

t h e b i n d i n g e n e r g i e s f o r t h e c o p p e r ( I I ) a n d c o p -

p e r ( I I I ) s y s t e m s c o r r e s p o n d s t o 0 . 3 - 0 . 4 u n i t s o f

a c t u a l c h a r g e .

W i t h r e s p e c t t o s a t e l l i t e s t r u c t u r e , t h e c o p p e r ( I I )

c o m p l e x , K 2 C u ( b i ) 2 , s h o w s t h e n o r m a l s a t e l l i t e a t

h i g h e r b i n d i n g e n e r g y . T h e s a t e l l i t e i n t e n s i t y

a m o u n t s t o 3 0 % o f t h e t o t a l s i g n a l i n t e n s i t y . T h e

s a t e l l i t e , a s is o f t e n t h e c a s e , i s c o m p o s e d o f 2 c o m -

p o n e n t s w h i c h l ie a t a b o u t 8.7 e V a n d 6 .1 e V t o

h i g h e r b i n d i n g e n e r g y f r o m t h e 2P3/2 m a i n p e a k .

T h e s a t e l l i t e i n t e n s i t y f o r t h e c o p p e r ( I H ) c a s e

c o r r e s p o n d s t o 2 5 % o f t h e t o t a l s i g n a l i n t e n s i t y .

T h e c o p p e r ( I I I ) s a t e l l i t e a l w a y s a p p e a r s t o b e m o r e

s y m m e t r i c a l t h a n t h a t f o r t h e c o p p e r ( II ) c o m p o u n d

Table I. Electron binding energies.

Compound N Is (eV) C Is (eV) M 2 Pi, 2 (eV) M 2P3/2 (eV) Satellite Main peak Satellite Main peak

K2Cu(bi)2 399.0 287.8 962.2 953.8 942.4 933.7 KCu(bi)2 398.8 287.8 962.1 954.8 942.4 934.7 K2Ni(bi)2 398.7 287.5 — 871.9 — 854.8 KNi(bi)2 398.7 287.6 — 872.9 — 855.7 biH2 399.3 288.3

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992 D. G. Brown-U. Weser • XPS Spectra of Copper and Nickel Biuret Complexes

a n d i t l ies s o m e w h a t n e a r e r t h e m a i n p e a k a t 7 . 9 e V

t o h i g h e r b i n d i n g e n e r g y . A n o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s p e c t r a o f t h e t w o c o p p e r

s y s t e m s is t h e w i d t h o f t h e m a i n p e a k . T h e f u l l

w i d t h a t h a l f m a x i m u m i n t e n s i t y f o r t h e 2P3/2 p e a k

o f t h e c o p p e r ( I I ) s y s t e m is a b o u t 3 .0 e V ( a n a v e r a g e

v a l u e f r o m s e v e r a l s p e c t r a ) . T h i s v a l u e is q u i t e

n o r m a l f o r c o p p e r ( I I ) . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d a cor-

r e s p o n d i n g l i n e w i d t h f o r t h e c o p p e r ( I I I ) c o m p l e x is

4 .2 e V (a lso a n a v e r a g e f r o m s e v e r a l s p e c t r a ) . I n t h e

n i c k e l c o m p l e x e s , t h e n i c k e l ( I I I ) c o m p o u n d a p p e a r s

t o h a v e a s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r l i n e w i d t h t h a n d o e s t h e

n i c k e l ( I I ) b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e is n o t n e a r l y a s g r e a t a s

f o r t h e t w o c o p p e r c o m p o u n d s .

F o r s o m e f i rs t r o w t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l s , t h e d i f f e r e n c e

i n b i n d i n g e n e r g y b e t w e e n t h e 2P3/2 a n d 2P1/2 m a i n

p e a k is c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e s p i n s t a t e . T h u s , F r o s t

et al., h a v e r e p o r t e d a n u m b e r o f c o b a l t ( I I ) a n d

c o b a l t ( I I I ) c o m p l e x e s i n w h i c h t h e 2P1/2-2P3/2 m a i n

p e a k e n e r g y s e p a r a t i o n w a s c o n s i s t e n t l y a p p r o x i -

m a t e l y 1 e V l a r g e r f o r t h e p a r a m a g n e t i c c o b a l t ( I I )

t h a n f o r t h e d i a m a g n e t i c c o b a l t ( I I I ) c o m p o u n d

[22 a] . B r i g g s a n d G i b s o n h a v e r e p o r t e d s i m i l a r

i n f o r m a t i o n [ 2 2 b ] . I n t h e s a m e w a y , h i g h s p i n

n i c k e l ( I I ) c o m p o u n d s s h o w a b o u t 0 . 5 e V l a r g e r

2 Pi/2—2 P3/2 s e p a r a t i o n t h a n d o d i a m a g n e t i c l o w s p i n

n i c k e l ( I I ) c o m p o u n d s [23]. A c o m p a r i s o n o f a l a r g e

n u m b e r o f c o p p e r ( I ) a n d c o p p e r ( I I ) c o m p l e x e s ,

h o w e v e r , r e v e a l s n o m e a s u r a b l e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e

2 P I / 2 - 2 P 3 / 2 s e p a r a t i o n [ 1 , 2]. F o r t h e c o p p e r ( I I I )

c o m p l e x r e p o r t e d h e r e a 2 P i / 2 - 2 P 3 / 2 s e p a r a t i o n o f

2 0 . 1 e V is f o u n d , a g a i n i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e f r o m

c o p p e r ( I I ) a n d c o p p e r ( I ) . T h u s , a l l t h r e e c o p p e r o x i -

d a t i o n s t a t e s a p p e a r t o h a v e t h e s a m e 2 P i / 2 - 2 P 3 / 2

s e p a r a t i o n .

W i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e X P ! S s p e c t r a o f t h e o t h e r

a t o m s , v e r y l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n c a n b e o b t a i n e d w h i c h

s h e d s l i g h t o n t h e e l e c t r o n i c s t r u c t u r e s o f t h e

c o m p l e x e s i n q u e s t i o n . S o m e o f t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s

h a v e a l s o b e e n r e p o r t e d r e c e n t l y b y Y o s h i d a et al. [24] o n a n u m b e r o f b i u r e t o s y s t e m s . T h e n i t r o g e n

I S b i n d i n g e n e r g i e s f o r a l l t h e c o m p l e x e s a r e l o w e r

t h a n f o r p u r e b i u r e t . T h i s i s n o t s u r p r i s i n g i n v i e w

o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c o m p l e x e s c o n t a i n d e p r o t o n a t e d

t e r m i n a l n i t r o g e n a t o m s . T h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n n i t r o g e n

b i n d i n g e n e r g i e s a m o n g t h e s e r i e s o f c o m p l e x e s a r e

s m a l l e n o u g h so a s t o b e c o n s i d e r e d n e g l i g i b l e . I t is

s o m e w h a t s u r p r i s i n g t h a t t h e n i t r o g e n a t o m s i n t h e

c o m p l e x e s w i t h t h e -f- 3 o x i d a t i o n s t a t e d o n o t s h o w

m e a s u r a b l y h i g h e r b i n d i n g e n e r g i e s . T h e r e a r e , o f

c o u r s e , i n a l l t h e c o m p l e x e s t w o t y p e s o f n i t r o g e n

a t o m s . T h e b i n d i n g e n e r g i e s g i v e n i n T a b l e I a r e

s i m p l y t h e o b s e r v e d m a x i m a i n t h e N I S p e a k s . T h i s

p e a k is, h o w e v e r , c o n s i s t e n t l y b r o a d e r ( 3 . 0 - 3 . 3 e V )

t h a n t h e p e a k w i d t h a t h a l f m a x i m u m h e i g h t

n o r m a l l y o b s e r v e d i n c o m p o u n d s w i t h o n l y o n e t y p e

o f n i t r o g e n a t o m . Y o s h i d a et al., h a v e r e p o r t e d

s e p a r a t e v a l u e s f o r t h e t w o n i t r o g e n s i n c e r t a i n

b i u r e t o c o m p l e x e s [24], b u t w e find t h a t s u b s t a n -

t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t v a l u e s c a n b e o b t a i n e d w h i c h d e p e n d

u p o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n s m a d e i n c a r r y i n g o u t t h e

r e s o l u t i o n i n t o 2 p e a k s . W e h a v e , t h e r e f o r e , o n l y

r e p o r t e d t h e b i n d i n g e n e r g i e s f o r t h e m a x i m u m

i n t e n s i t y f o r e a c h p e a k . I n p u r e b i u r e t , a s w e l l a s i n

t h e c o m p l e x e s , t h e c a r b o n y l c a r b o n a t o m s h a v e a

b i n d i n g e n e r g y w h i c h o c c u r s h i g h e n o u g h so t h a t i t

i s w e l l r e s o l v e d f r o m t h e c a r b o n r e f e r e n c e s i g n a l . I t

i s a l s o o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e l i g a n d c a r b o n b i n d i n g

e n e r g i e s a r e l o w e r i n t h e c o m p l e x e s t h a n i n p u r e

b i u r e t , a g a i n a n e f f e c t o f t h e d o u b l e d e p r o t o n a t i o n

o f t h e l i g a n d . A s is t h e c a s e f o r n i t r o g e n , t h e c a r b o n

b i n d i n g e n e r g i e s a r e v i r t u a l l y t h e s a m e r e g a r d l e s s o f

t h e m e t a l o x i d a t i o n s t a t e .

A l t h o u g h c u r r e n t i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n is a t b e s t

m a r g i n a l f o r X P S i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f c o p p e r s i t e s in

b i o l o g i c a l m o l e c u l e s , f u t u r e i m p r o v e m e n t s i n s i g n a l

i n t e n s i t y s h o u l d l e a d t o m o r e w i d e s p r e a d u s e o f

X P S i n t h i s a r e a . I t a p p e a r s , h o w e v e r , t h a t w h i l e

X P S w i l l a l l o w a c o n v e n i e n t m e a n s o f d i s t i n g u i s h i n g

b e t w e e n c o p p e r ( I ) a n d c o p p e r ( I I ) , o n e c a n n o t a n t i -

c i p a t e d i s t i n g u i s h i n g b e t w e e n c o p p e r ( I I ) a n d c o p -

p e r ( I I I ) b y t h i s t e c h n i q u e . F r o m t h e p r e s e n t r e s u l t s

n e i t h e r t h e b i n d i n g e n e r g y n o r t h e s a t e l l i t e p a t t e r n

c l e a r l y d i s t i n g u i s h t h e s e t w o o x i d a t i o n s t a t e s . T h i s

i s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e b e c a u s e t h e c h e m i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t

i n w h i c h o n e w i l l find c o p p e r ( I I I ) , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n a n

a q u e o u s s y s t e m , w i l l i n v a r i a b l y b e o n e i n w h i c h t h e

c o p p e r is b o u n d t o d e p r o t o n a t e d n i t r o g e n l i g a n d

a t o m s [ 7 - 9 ] . T h i s l i g a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l l o w s c o n s i d -

e r a b l e e l e c t r o n d o n a t i o n t o t h e c o p p e r ( w h i c h i s t h e

c a u s e o f t h e s t a b i l i t y o f t h i s o x i d a t i o n s t a t e ) w i t h a

r e s u l t i n g b i n d i n g e n e r g y l y i n g i n t h e r a n g e o f t e n

o b s e r v e d f o r c o p p e r ( I I ) . I t m a y b e p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e

l i n e w i d t h o f t h e m a i n c o p p e r s i g n a l c o u l d b e u s e d

t o d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n t h e s e t w o o x i d a t i o n s t a t e s ,

b u t s e v e r a l c o p p e r ( I I I ) s y s t e m s w i l l h a v e t o b e

i n v e s t i g a t e d b e f o r e a n y g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s c a n b e

d r a w n .

T h e m o s t f u n d a m e n t a l a n d i n t e r e s t i n g q u e s t i o n

a r i s i n g f r o m t h i s w o r k is t h a t o f t h e s a t e l l i t e s t r u c -

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993 D . G. B r o w n - U . Weser • X P S Spectra o f Copper and Nickel Biuret Complexes

t u r e o f t h e c o p p e r ( I I I ) bis b i u r e t o c o m p l e x . S o m e

w o r k e r s h a v e i m p l i e d t h a t t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e

u n p a i r e d e l e c t r o n i n c o p p e r ( I I ) is r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e

p r e s e n c e o f t h e c o p p e r s a t e l l i t e s a n d a c o r r e l a t i o n

b e t w e e n c o p p e r e l e c t r o n sp in d e n s i t y a n d s a t e l l i t e

i n t e n s i t y h a s e v e n b e e n r e p o r t e d [25]. T h e p r e s e n c e

o r a b s e n c e o f a s a t e l l i t e , h o w e v e r , a p p e a r s i n d e e d

n o t t o b e a d i r e c t r e s u l t o f t h e p r e s e n c e or a b s e n c e

o f u n p a i r e d e l e c t r o n s . T h e a b s e n c e o f a s a t e l l i t e i n

c o p p e r ( I ) , f o r e x a m p l e , is s i m p l y d u e t o t h e f a c t

t h a t t h e d o r b i t a l s a r e c o m p l e t e l y filled so t h a t

e m p t y a n t i b o n d i n g o r b i t a l s a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r

c h a r g e t r a n s f e r [31]. T h e c o p p e r ( I I I ) s y s t e m r e p o r t e d

h e r e is d i a m a g n e t i c y e t a s a t e l l i t e is o b s e r v e d . A

s u b s t a n t i a l a m o u n t o f t h e o r e t i c a l w o r k h a s b e e n

r e p o r t e d a i m e d a t u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e s a t e l l i t e s t r u c -

t u r e i n t r a n s i t i o n m e t a l c o m p l e x e s , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e

o b s e r v e d f o r c o p p e r ( I I ) [ 3 b , 2 6 - 3 4 ] . I f o n e a d o p t s ,

f o r e x a m p l e , t h e f o r m a l i s m o f L a r s s o n [ 3 1 - 3 4 ] , t h e n

i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e r e is n o i n h e r e n t r e a s o n t o e x p e c t

d r a s t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t b e h a v i o u r f o r c o p p e r ( I I ) a n d

c o p p e r ( I I I ) . T h e c h a r g e t r a n s f e r m e c h a n i s m w h i c h

t h i s a u t h o r s u g g e s t s f o r c o p p e r ( I I ) w o u l d be e q u a l l y

v a l i d f o r c o p p e r ( I I I ) . T h e p r i m a r y d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e

t w o c a s e s w o u l d b e t h a t t h e l a t t e r h a s t w o A i g

s p i n o r b i t a l s t h r o u g h w h i c h c h a r g e t r a n s f e r c o u l d

o c c u r , r a t h e r t h a n t h e o n e a v a i l a b l e i n c o p p e r ( I I ) .

S i n c e , in g e n e r a l , w e o b s e r v e r a t h e r s i m i l a r b i n d i n g

e n e r g i e s , e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e l i g a n d a t o m s , f o r b o t h

t h e c o p p e r ( I I ) a n d c o p p e r ( I I I ) c o m p l e x e s , o n e w o u l d

p r o b a b l y n o t e x p e c t d r a s t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t m e t a l a n d

l i g a n d c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e p e r t i n e n t m . o . ' s i n t h e

t w o s y s t e m s . T h u s , w i t h i n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f

L a r s s o n ' s f o r m a l i s m , w e c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e s p e c t r a l

p r o p e r t i e s o b s e r v e d f o r K C u ( b i ) 2 a r e n o t i n c o n s i s t e n t

w i t h t h e t h e o r e t i c a l d i s c u s s i o n s w h i c h h a v e b e e n

o f f e r e d f o r c o p p e r s a t e l l i t e s t r u c t u r e .

I n t h i s w o r k w e h a v e c l e a r l y o b t a i n e d a w e l l

d e f i n e d s a t e l l i t e f o r a c o p p e r ( I I I ) c o m p l e x . I t is

p u z z l i n g t h a t a r e c e n t l y r e p o r t e d c o p p e r ( I I I ) m a c r o -

c y c l e c o m p l e x , s h o w s n o s a t e l l i t e s t r u c t u r e [9a].

B o t h s y s t e m s s e e m c l e a r l y t o b e c o p p e r ( I I I ) b a s e d

o n a v a r i e t y o f p h y s i c o c h e m i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t s . I n

a d d i t i o n , t h e d i r e c t c o m p a r i s o n o f i s o e l e c t r o n i c

K C u ( b i ) 2 a n d K2Ni(b i )2 is i n t e r e s t i n g . T h e f o r m e r

c o m p o u n d s h o w s s a t e l l i t e s t r u c t u r e w h i l e t h e l a t t e r

d o e s n o t [36]. U s i n g L a r s s o n ' s f o r m a l i s m a n d r e s u l t s

o f m o l e c u l a r o r b i t a l o r X - a l p h a c a l c u l a t i o n s o f t h e

r e l a t i v e m e t a l a n d l i g a n d c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e B i g

a n d B f g m o l e c u l a r o r b i t a l s , o n e c a n c o n c l u d e t h a t

t h e s a t e l l i t e i n t e n s i t y f o r l o w s p i n n i c k e l ( I I ) s h o u l d

b e a t l e a s t e q u a l t o or g r e a t e r t h a n t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g

s a t e l l i t e i n t h e i s o e l e c t r o n i c c o p p e r ( I I I ) c o m p l e x

[35]. ( T h e p o s s i b i l i t y r e m a i n s , o f c o u r s e , t h a t

d i f f e r e n t m e c h a n i s m s g i v e r ise t o s a t e l l i t e s i n c o p p e r

a n d n i c k e l , i n w h i c h c a s e n o c o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n

t h e s e s y s t e m s c o u l d b e m a d e . ) I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e

g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e i n s a t e l l i t e i n t e n s i t y b e t w e e n t h e s e

t w o i s o e l e c t r o n i c s y s t e m s r e m a i n s t h e o r e t i c a l l y u n -

e x p l a i n e d .

I t is p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e p r e s e n c e o f s a t e l l i t e s t r u c t u r e

i n K C u ( b i ) 2 or i t s a b s e n c e in t h e c o p p e r ( I I I ) m a c r o -

c y c l e c o m p l e x o f K e y e s et al. [9a], is a n a n o m a l y .

H o w e v e r , t o d a t e o n l y t w o c o p p e r ( I I I ) X P S s p e c t r a

h a v e b e e n r e p o r t e d . M o r e c o p p e r ( I I I ) s y s t e m s w i l l

h a v e t o b e s t u d i e d b y t h i s t e c h n i q u e b e f o r e a n y

g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s c a n b e d r a w n .

D . G . B . is g r a t e f u l t o t h e A l e x a n d e r v o n H u m -

b o l d t F o u n d a t i o n f o r t h e a w a r d o f a r e s e a r c h

f e l l o w s h i p f o r 1 9 7 8 - 7 9 . U . W . is a r e c i p i e n t o f a

g r a n t - i n - a i d ( D F G 401/14) . T h a n k s g o t o K a r i n

R u p p f o r s k i l l f u l t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e .

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994 D. G. Brown-U. Weser • XPS Spectra of Copper and Nickel Biuret Complexes

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381 (1977). 35] See ref. 31 and references cited therein. 36] It appears actually from several of our Ni 2P3/2

spectra for K2Ni(bi)2 that there may be very weak satellites at approximately 6 and 8.5 eV above the main peak. However, an upper limit on the satellite intensity would be perhaps 2% of the total signal intensity.