ymchwilio i orffennol ynys môn pathways to discovery...bach, i asesu pa mor ddwfn a chymhleth...

9
Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd Gwynedd Archaeological Trust pathways to discovery Investigating Anglesey’s Past llwybrau i ddarganfyddiad Ymchwilio i Orffennol Ynys Môn

Upload: others

Post on 07-Jul-2021

0 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Ymchwilio i Orffennol Ynys Môn pathways to discovery...bach, i asesu pa mor ddwfn a chymhleth yw’r olion. assessment Once a site is located, we need to find out more. In a walk-over

Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol GwyneddGwynedd Archaeological Trust

pathways todiscoveryInvestigating

Anglesey’s Past

llwybrau i ddarganfyddiad

Ymchwilio iOrffennol Ynys Môn

Page 2: Ymchwilio i Orffennol Ynys Môn pathways to discovery...bach, i asesu pa mor ddwfn a chymhleth yw’r olion. assessment Once a site is located, we need to find out more. In a walk-over

yr herMae archaeoleg Ynys Môn yn ymestyn dros ddeg mil o flynyddoedd neu fwy, gan gynnwysbeddrodau Neolithig, cestyll canoloesol amwyngloddiau copr Mynydd Parys.

Mae’r Ymddiriedolaeth Archaeolegol Gwynedd yn un o bedair a sefydlwyd yn 1974 drwy Gymru.Mae'n cynnwys yr hen sir Gwynedd a rhan o Gonwyac Ynys Môn. Nod yr Ymddiriedolaeth yw hybudealltwriaeth pobl o archaeoleg. Mae Ymddiriedolaeth yn datblygu rhaglennigwaith i gofnodi, dehongli, diogelu, darlunio a hybu treftadaeth ddiwylliannol y rhanbarth.

Astudiaeth o olion ffisegol a’r effaith y mae dyn wedi’i chael ar yr amgylchedd yw Archaeoleg …

— Cyngor Archaeoleg Prydain

the challengeThe Isle of Anglesey’s archaeology spans tenthousand years or more, taking in Neolithic tombs,medieval castles and the copper mines of ParysMountain.

Gwynedd Archaeological Trust is one of four Trustsformed in 1974 to operate across Wales. It coversthe old county of Gwynedd including part ofConwy and the Isle of Anglesey. The aim of theTrust is to advance the understanding ofarchaeology. The Trust develops programmes ofwork to record, interpret, conserve, illustrate andpromote the cultural heritage of the region.

Archaeology is the study of thematerial remains and environmentaleffects of human behaviour …

—Council for British Archaeology

Page 3: Ymchwilio i Orffennol Ynys Môn pathways to discovery...bach, i asesu pa mor ddwfn a chymhleth yw’r olion. assessment Once a site is located, we need to find out more. In a walk-over

darganfyddiadauMae rhai safleoedd archaeolegol yn hawdd eu gweldac yn adnabyddus: does dim angen chwilio am yrhan fwyaf o gestyll a meini hirion. Caiff rhaigwrthrychau hynafol eu darganfod ar hap wrthbalu’r ardd, neu ddefnyddio datgelyddion metel neuwrth i ffermwyr aredig y tir. Daw rhai gwrthrychau i’rfei wrth i’r morlin gael ei erydu.

Mae ymchwil gan brifysgolion neu gan Cadw, corfftreftadaeth Cymru, hefyd yn gallu arwainarchaeolegwyr at ddarganfyddiadau newydd.Weithiau mae hanes a thraddodiadau lleol yn helpu iddod o hyd i leoliad safleoedd.

Gall safleoedd newydd ddod i’r fei yn ystodprosiectau adeiladu neu beirianyddol. Maerheoliadau cynllunio yn sicrhau bod adeiladauhanesyddol ac archaeoleg yn cael eu cofnodi cyndechrau unrhyw waith ar y safle.

discoveryArchaeological sites which are clearly visible, such asstanding stones or castles, have been known aboutfrom the time they were first constructed. A largepart of our archaeo logical heritage, however, still liesundiscovered below ground. These ‘lost’ sites can berediscovered in many ways.

Some ancient objects are found by accident: theymay be dug up in gardens or ploughed up byfarmers. Research, undertaken by universities,theArchaeological Trusts and by Cadw, can lead to thediscovery of new sites. Local history and traditionscan provide pointers to the locations of sites.

Previously unknown sites may be uncovered as aresult of construction or engineering projects. Strictplanning regulations ensure these sites will be fullyrecorded before development. The cost must be metby the developers.

È Calennau copr (uchod) ac angor carreg. Anfuwyd y rhain ar hap ar waelod yr AfonMenai ac mae’n fwy na thebyg eu bod ynperthyn i’r cyfnod yr oedd y Rhufeiniaid yma.Í Cymharu: Mae’r froetsh ganoloesolgynnar hon (uchod) a danfuwyd ger Pentraethyn 2007 yn debyg i froetsh Pant-y-Saer adanfuwyd yn y 30au.

È A copper ingot, ‘copper cake’ (toppicture), and a stone anchor. Theseaccidental discoveries from the Menai Straitprobably date from the Roman occupation.

Cloddiwyd tai crwn o’r Oes Haearn yn NhŷMawr, ger Ynys Lawd gan William Owen Stanleyyn y 1860au ac yna gan Christopher Smith yn1978-1982. Bellach mae’n atyniad poblogaidd iymwelwyr ac yn cael ei reoli gan Cadw.

Safle sydd wedi’i gofnodi: Siambr gladduTrefignath ger Caergybi. Tynnwyd y llun yn y 1930au.

The Iron Age hut group at Tŷ Mawr, nearSouth Stack, was excavated by William OwenStanley in the 1860s and again by ChristopherSmith in 1978–1982. It is now a popular visitorattraction managed by Cadw.

A known site: Trefignath burial chamber nearHolyhead, photographed in the 1930s.

Mae nifer o fwyeillcarreg Neolithig wedieu darganfod yn YnysMôn wrth aredig neuwneud gwaithamaethyddol arall.

Many Neolithic stoneaxes found onAnglesey have beendiscovered duringploughing or otheragricultural work.

What do you do if you find an archaeological object? …Report it to the PortableAntiquities Scheme:

www.finds.org.ukThe scheme’s local FindsLiaison Officer records foundobjects onto a database forresearchers to study and thepublic to view.The database now holdsnearly 700,000 objects andabout 300,000 images.

Beth ddylech chi ei wneud os ydych chi’n darganfodgwrthrych archaeolegol? …Cysylltwch â’r CynllunHenebion Cludadwy:

www.finds.org.ukMae Swyddog CyswlltDarganfyddiadau lleol y cynllunyn cofnodi unrhyw wrthrychausy’n cael eu darganfod argronfa ddata fel eu bod ar gaeli’r cyhoedd eu gweld ac iymchwilwyr eu hastudio.

Bellach mae’n cynnwys bron i700,000 o wrthrychau a thua300,000 o ddelweddau.

È Comparisons: An early medieval brooch(top picture) found near Pentraeth in 2007is similar to the Pant-y-Saer brooch found inthe 1930s.

Hawlfraint y Goron © Comisiwn Brenhinol Henebion CymruCrown copyright © Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales

Page 4: Ymchwilio i Orffennol Ynys Môn pathways to discovery...bach, i asesu pa mor ddwfn a chymhleth yw’r olion. assessment Once a site is located, we need to find out more. In a walk-over

asesuAr ôl cael hyd i safle, y cam nesaf yw cael mwy owybodaeth amdano.

❖Mewn arolwg ar droed rydym yn chwilio amgliwiau ar y ddaear. Mewn arolwg geoffisegol rydymyn defnyddio offer i fesur magnetedd o dan y ddaeara gwrthedd trydanol neu gymryd darlleniadau radar.Gyda’i gilydd, mae’r darlleniadau hyn yn gallu creumap o’r safle heb gloddio’r un twll.

❖Mae defnyddio datgelyddion metel yn ffordd oddarganfod rhai safleoedd a fyddai’n anodd eudarganfod trwy ddulliau eraill,.

❖Gall awyrluniau ddangos ôl cnydau a nodweddioneraill. Mae hefyd yn bosibl cynnal arolwg o safle trwyddefnyddio laser o awyrennau (LiDar).

❖Defnyddir ffosydd prawf i archwilio ardaloeddbach, i asesu pa mor ddwfn a chymhleth yw’r olion.

assessmentOnce a site is located, we need to find out more.

❖ In a walk-over survey we look for clues on theground. In a geophysical survey we use equipment tomeasure underground magnetism and electricalresistance or to give radar readings. Collating thereadings can create a site map without digging asingle hole.

❖Metal detectors can identify some sites that aredifficult to find by other means.

❖Aerial photographs can reveal cropmarks andother features. Sites may also be surveyed beaminglasers from an aircraft using LiDar (‘Light Detectionand Ranging’).

❖Trial trenches are used to test small areas, toassess the depth and complexity of any remains.

Mae defnyddio datgel -yddion metel yn ffordd oddarganfod rhai safleoedda fyddai’n anodd eudarganfod trwy ddulliaueraill, fel marchnad oeddneu feysydd y gad.

Mae arferion gwael yn gallucael effaith andwyol ac osbydd gwrthrychau’n caeleu gwerthu’n anghyf -reithlon gall olygu ein bodyn colli darn o’n hanes.

Metal detectorscan identify somesites that aredifficult to find byother means, suchas markets orbattlefields.

Bad practice canbe disastrous andillegal sale of findsmay mean that apiece of ourhistory is lost.

Mae offer geoffis -egol yn mesurpriod weddaupridd oedd ac olion claddedig.Trwy gymrydmiloedd oddarllen iadaugallwn adeiladumap o’r safle hebgloddio’r un twll.

Geophysicalequip mentmeasures theproperties ofburied soils and remains. Bytaking thousandsof readings a sitemap is built upwithout digginga single hole.

Mae’r awyrlun yma’ndangos patrymaucaeau canoloesol yn Llanddona.

An aerial photographreveals medieval field patterns atLlanddona.

Gwynedd ArchaeologicalPlanning Service is a separatesection of GwyneddArchaeological Trust. It provides advice to LocalPlanning Authorities,national agencies, utilitiescompanies and developers.

It monitors all archaeologicalwork that arises fromplanning applications.

www.heneb.co.uk/gaps.html

Mae Gwasanaeth CynllunioArchaeolegol Gwynedd yn adran ar wahân iYmddiriedolaethArchaeolegol Gwynedd sy’ncynnig cyngor i AwdurdodauCynllunio Lleol, asiantaethaucenedlaethol, cwmnïaucyfleustodau a datblygwyr.Mae'n monitro’r holl waitharchaeolegol a wneir mewnunrhyw ddatblygiadau.

www.heneb.co.uk/gaps.html

È Defnyddir ffosydd prawf i archwilio ardal oedd bach, i asesu dyfnder achymhlethdod unrhyw olion. Gellirdefnyddio peiriannau cloddio mecanyddol i gloddio i lawr at lefelau archaeol egol. Yna gellir cloddio unrhyw nodweddion neu olion a ddarganfyddir â llaw.

Í Roedd darnau arian yn gymorth i ni ddod o hyd i safle marchnad ganoloesol yn Llan-faes

È Trial trenches are used to test small areas, to assess the depth and complexity of any remains.Mechanical excavators may be used to digdown to the top of the arch aeo logicallayers. Any features or deposits found can then be excavated by hand.

Í Coins helped us locate the site of a medieval market at Llan-faes.

© Gw

asan

aeth

Cyn

lluni

o Ar

chae

oleg

ol G

wyn

edd

(GAP

S)

© GA

T / D

avid

Long

ley

© Ga

reth

Jenk

ins

Page 5: Ymchwilio i Orffennol Ynys Môn pathways to discovery...bach, i asesu pa mor ddwfn a chymhleth yw’r olion. assessment Once a site is located, we need to find out more. In a walk-over

cloddioErbyn hyn rydym wedi casglu cymaint owybodaeth â phosibl am y safle heb ei gloddio. Ni chaiff y rhan fwyaf o safleoedd eu cloddio. Er bod llawer o wybodaeth i’w chael wrth gloddio,mae’r broses hefyd yn gallu dinistrio gwybodaethbwysig. Y mae hefyd yn gostus ac yn cymryd llawer o amser.

Pryd ydym ni’n cloddio safleoedd?Fel arfer mae safleoedd yn cael eu cloddio os ydynt dan fygythiad a phan nad yw’n bosibl eudiogelu neu eu gwarchod. Ond gall safleoedd gael eu cloddio hefyd er mwyn ateb cwestiynauymchwil penodol, neu helpu i benderfynu sut i’w diogelu.

excavationWe have by now assembled as muchinformation as we can about the site withoutexcavation. Most sites will not be excavated. Althoughexcavation can tell us a lot about the site, the process may destroy important information. It is also expensive and time consuming.

When do we excavate sites?Sites are usually excavated if they are under threatand cannot be protected or preserved. Howeverexcavations might also be undertaken to answerspecific research questions, or to help decide how to protect a site.

Pridd gardd canoloesolMedieval garden soil

Cobls o’r 18fed ganrif18th century cobbles

Llawr canoloesolMedieval floor

Wal ganoloesolMedieval wall

LlifwaddodAlluvium(river silt)

Haen rewlifol / Glacial deposits

Ffos achrochenwaith

canoloesolMedieval ditch

& pottery

Clawdd RhufeinigRoman bank

Pridd o’r cyfnod cynhanesyddolPrehistoric soil

Pwll a chrochenwaith Neolithig Neolithic pit & pottery

Ffos achrochenwaithRhufeinigRoman ditch & pottery

Twll postyn NeolithigNeolithic posthole

Uwchbridd o’r cyfnod diweddarModern topsoil

Wal o’r 19eg ganrif19th century wall

A site develops through a sequence of ‘events’, such as the deposition of a layer, the digging of a pit or thebuilding of a wall. We start with thelast event and finish with the first. The remains of these events are called ‘contexts’.

Stratigraphy is the study of the sequence ofarchaeological contexts. This section showshow the layers have built up. If historicalpits and ditches have been dug, later findsmay end up lower in the ground than earlierones.

Mae safle’n datblygu trwy gyfres o‘ddigwydd iadau’, e.e. haen yn cael ei dyddodi, twll yn cael ei dyllu neu wal yn cael ei hadeiladu. Rydym yndechrau gyda’r digwyddiad olaf ac yn gorffen gyda’r cyntaf. Olion ydigwyddiadau hyn yw’r ‘cyd-destunau’.

Ystyr stratigraffeg yw astudio trefn cyd-destunau archaeolegol. Yma dangosir sutmae’r haenau wedi datblygu. Os oes pyllau athyllau wedi eu cloddio yn y gorffennol, maeeitemau’n perthyn i gyfnod mwy diweddar yngallu bod yn is yn y ddaear nag eitemau ogyfnod cynharach.

È Darnau arian o gyfnod y Rhufeiniad a dan fuwyd yn Nhai Cochion —gyda Julia Maesa (c.OC 165–c.226) ar y chwith,ar y naill a Carausius (d.OC 293) ar y llall.

ÍÍ Esgyrn o’r fynwent ganoloesol gynnaryn Nhywyn y Capel, Trearddur, a gloddi wydgan yr Ymddiriedolaeth yn 1998 a 2002.

ÈÈ Roman period coins from Tai Cochionfeature power broker Julia Maesa (c.AD 165–c.226) on the left, and self-declared emperorCarausius (d.AD 293).

Í Bones from the early medievalcemetery at Towyn y Capel, Trearddur,excavated by the Trust in 1998 and 2002.

Tŷ Mawr, ger Caergybi, lledarganfuwyd berfa o’r Oes Efydda mynwent ganoloesol gynnarcyn adeiladu’r A55.

Tŷ Mawr, near Holyhead, wherea Bronze Age barrow and earlymedieval cemetery were dug inadvance of the A55 construction.

Cloddio’r safle Rhufeinig ynNhai Cochion, ger Bryn siencynyn 2011. Ariannwyd arolwg gan Cadw i archwilio’r ardal.

The Roman site at TaiCochion, near Brynsiencyn,under excavation in 2011.Cadw funded the project.

© Ga

reth

Jenk

ins

© Ga

reth

Jenk

ins

Page 6: Ymchwilio i Orffennol Ynys Môn pathways to discovery...bach, i asesu pa mor ddwfn a chymhleth yw’r olion. assessment Once a site is located, we need to find out more. In a walk-over

ar y safleYn ystod gwaith cloddio rhaid cofnodi popeth yn fanwl: siâp y twll, trefn yr haenau sy’n ei lenwi,union leoliad y gwrthrychau.

Gwneir hyn trwy dynnu lluniau â llaw ac ysgrifennunodiadau yn ogystal â defnyddio technoleg feltheodolitau gorsaf gyflawn neu Systemau Lleoli Byd-eang.

on siteDuring an excavation everything must be recordedin detail: the shape of a pit, the sequence of layersfilling it, the exact position of an object.

This is done by hand drawing and writing notes aswell as by using technology such as intelligent ‘totalstation’ theodolites or Global Positioning Systems.

1 Defnyddir lefel i farcio uchder ar y cyn -lluniau. Mae’r rhain yn seiliedig ar lefel môrcymedrig y Data Ordnans Cenedlaethol.

2 Crëir drychiadau fertigol trwy’rdyddodion er mwyn cofnodi trefn yrhaenau. Gwneir hyn trwy fesur i lawr o linelllorweddol.

3 Caiff pob darganfyddiad ei rifo, er mwyngallu croesgyfeirio at yr haen lle daethpwydo hyd iddo. Caiff ei lanhau, ei roi mewn baga’i labelu’n barod i’w astudio ganarbenigwyr.

4 Os oes mawn ar y safle, weithiau cymerirsampl o golofn baill er mwyn astudio’ramgylchedd yn y gorffennol. Mae paill yngallu goroesi mewn rhai haenau o bridd.

5 Mae theodolit gorsaf gyflawn yn mesur a chofnodi pellter ac onglau, ac yn cyfrifocyfesurynnau grid.

6 Rhaid disgrifio’r holl ddyddodion a’rnodweddion ar dudalennau cyd-destunpwrpasol.

7 Mae llawer o waith cynllunio manwl yncael ei wneud â llaw, gan ddefnyddio ffrâmsgwâr.

8 Caiff nodweddion archaeolegol eucloddio’n ofalus â llaw.

9 Rhaid i gyfarwyddwr y safle gadw golwggyffredinol ar y gwaith a gwirio’r gwaithpapur i sicrhau bod popeth yn cael eigofnodi.

1 Levels are used to mark heights on theplans. These relate to the National OrdnanceDatum mean sea level.

2 Vertical sections through the deposits aredrawn to record the sequence of layers. Thisis done by measuring down from ahorizontal line.

3 Each find is numbered, so it can be cross-referenced to the layer it came from. It iscleaned, bagged and labelled ready forspecialist study.

4 If there is peat on the site a pollen coremight be taken to study the pastenvironment. Some soil layers may alsopreserve pollen.

5 A total station theodolite (TST) measuresand records distances and angles, andcalculates grid coordinates.

6 All the deposits and features must also bedescribed on proforma context sheets.

7 Much detailed planning is done by hand,using a one-metre square frame.

8 Archaeological features are carefully dugby hand.

9 The site director must keep an over-viewand check the paperwork to ensure thateverything is recorded.

31 2

5

4 6

7

8

9

© Ga

reth

Jenk

ins

Page 7: Ymchwilio i Orffennol Ynys Môn pathways to discovery...bach, i asesu pa mor ddwfn a chymhleth yw’r olion. assessment Once a site is located, we need to find out more. In a walk-over

dadansoddiMae cloddio’n gallu bod yn gyffrous a diddorol, ond dim ond rhan gyntaf o broses hir ydyw.

Ar ôl gorffen cloddio mae angen prosesu acastudio’r holl luniau, ffotograffau, nodiadau,darganfyddiadau a’r samplau i gael cymaint âphosibl o wybodaeth. Cyfeirir at y broses ôl-gloddiohon fel ‘post-ex’ (post excavation).

I sicrhau bod samplau a darganfyddiadau’n cael eudyddio’n gywir a’n bod yn cael gwybodaethddefnyddiol am yr amgylchedd, y gymdeithas a’reconomi, weithiau gwneir profion cemegol,electronig neu waith arall yn y labordy.

Mae cofnodion y safle’n dweud wrthym yn fanwl sut y datblygodd y safle dros yr oesoedd.

analysisExcavation can be exciting and interesting, but it is only the first part of a long process.

At the end of the excavation all the drawings,photographs, notes, finds and samples need to beprocessed and studied to obtain as muchinformation as possible. This is called the post-excavation process — the ‘post-ex’.

Samples and finds may need chemical, electronic or other laboratory analysis to ensure accuratedating and useful information about theenvironment and society and the economy.

The site records tell us in detail how the sitedeveloped over the ages.

Counting a tree’s yearly growth ringsreveals its age.

Good and bad years cause rings ofdifferent width in all the trees in an area.These can be used to establish the tree ringsequence over thousands of years. Woodfrom an excavation or historic building canbe compared and precisely dated. This iscalled dendrochronology.

The Dating Old Welsh Houses Group usesdendrochronology to date houses across Wales, including in Anglesey.

The stamp ‘LVPERCI’on the base of a samianvessel shows that it was made by Lupercus, whoworked in Lezoux, Central Gaul, c.AD 160-200.

Samian ware (or terra sigillata) was anexpensive but mass produced tablewareused throughout the Roman empire.

It was made in factories in Gaul (France)by pressing wet clay into decorative moulds,then coating the pot in slip (a fine claysuspension) to produce a glossy red/orangefinish after firing.

Many of these pots are marked with thestamps of individual pottery workshops andsome potters used distinctive decorations.Using these clues, the names and careers ofthe main potters have been traced anddated. This means that if a sherd of stampedSamian ware is found anywhere in theRoman empire, even on the distant Isle ofAnglesey, the date that it was made can benarrowed down to usually about a 20 yearperiod. Often the name of the maker of thepot can be identified, as well as the exactplace where it was made.

Trwy gyfri cylchoeddtyfiant blynyddol mewncoeden gallwch fesur eihoed. Mae blynyddoeddda a gwael yn creucylchoedd o wahanol ledym mhob un goeden ynyr ardal. Gellir defnyddio’rrhain i sefydlu patrwm ycylchoedd mewn coeddros filoedd o flynydd -oedd. Mae’n bosiblcymharu coed o safle agloddiwyd neu oadeiladau hanesyddol a’u dyddio’n fanwl gywir.

Y term am hyn ywdendrocronoleg.

Mae Grŵp Dyddio HenDai Cymreig yndefnyddio dendro -cronoleg i ddyddio tailedled Cymru, yncynnwys yn Ynys Môn.

Roedd llestri Samiaidd (terra sigillata) ynllestri costus oedd yn cael eu masgyn hyrchua’u defnyddio trwy’r ymerodraeth Rufeinig.

Roedden nhw’n cael eu gwneud mewnffatrïoedd yng Ngâl (Ffrainc) trwy wasgu claigwlyb i fowldiau addurnol, cyn gorch uddio’rllestr â slip (daliant o glai mân) a’i danio i greugorffeniad coch/oren disglair.

Mae nod gweithdai crochenwaith unigoli’w weld ar nifer o’r potiau yn ogystal agaddurniadau arbennig a ddefnyddid gan rai crochenwyr. Trwy ddefnyddio’r cliwiauyma, bu’n bosibl olrhain a dyddio enwau agyrfaoedd y prif grochenwyr. Felly, pe baidarn o lestri Samiaidd gyda nod arno’n cael eiddarganfod yn unrhyw le yn yr ymerodraethRufeinig, hyd yn oed cyn belled ag Ynys Môn,byddai’n bosibl ei ddyddio’n benodol o fewncyfnod o 20 mlynedd. Yn aml mae'n bosibldarganfod enw gwneuthurwr y pot, ynogystal â’r union le y cafodd ei wneud.

Mae ‘LVPERCI’ yn dangos ei fod wedi cael ei wneudgan Lupercus, a weithiai yn Lezoux, Canolbarth Gâl,c.OC 160-200.

Gronynnau paill o dan y microsgop.

Mae astudio paill mewn mawn neu waddodioneraill yn gallu dangos sut amgylchedd oedd ynbodoli yn y gorffennol a sut mae wedi newid. Mae'n gallu dangos ble cafodd coetiroedd eu clirio,ble’r oedd cnydau’n tyfu a lleoliad gorgorsydd.

Mae'n gallu dangos sut y dylanwadodd yramgylchedd ar bobl a sut y dylanwadodd pobl ar yr amgylchedd.

Pollen grains under the microscope.

Studying pollen preserved in peat or othersediments can reveal what the environment was like in the past and how it has changed. It can detect woodland clearances, the growing of crops and the spread of blanket bog.

It can show how the environment might haveinfluenced people and how people influenced the environment.

GWAIR / GRASS GWERN / ALDER PISGWYDD / LIME Darnau mân wedi torri i ffwrdd oddi ar ymyl yr arf wrth ei ddefnyddio.

Mae’n bosibl astudioarfau fflint o dan y micro sgop i weld agawson nhw eudefnyddio ai peidio, ac ibeth y defnyddiwyd nhw.

Micro-chipping fromuse on a tool edge.

Flint tools can bestudied under themicroscope to seewhether they havebeen used and what they havebeen used for.

Sbectromedr Màs gyda Chyflym ydd yn labordy dyddio radio carbon SUERC.Mae popeth byw yn cynnwys ychydig bach o garbon ymbelydrol (C14). Gan ei fod yn pydru’n raddol a chyson, gellir dyddio sampl ar sail faint o C14 syddynddo. Mae'n bosibl mesur C14 gyda Sbectromedr Màs gyda Chyflymydd.

The Accelerator Mass Spectrometer at the SUERC radiocarbon dating lab, EastKilbride. All living things contain a small amount of radioactive carbon (C14).As this decays at a regular rate, the amount of C14 in a sample can be used to date it. C14 can be measured by an Accelerator Mass Spectrometer.

© De

part

men

t of G

eogr

aphy

, Roy

al H

ollo

way

Col

lege

© O

xfor

d De

ndro

chro

lolo

gy La

bora

tory

© Jo

lene

Deb

ert

© Pr

ofes

sor S

tew

art F

reem

an, S

UERC

Page 8: Ymchwilio i Orffennol Ynys Môn pathways to discovery...bach, i asesu pa mor ddwfn a chymhleth yw’r olion. assessment Once a site is located, we need to find out more. In a walk-over

www.archwilio.org.uk

gwybodaethMae cyhoeddi ac archifo'r un mor bwysig â’r gwaithcloddio ei hun a’r dadansoddiad.

Rhaid casglu’r holl ddata at ei gilydd a’i gyflwynomewn adroddiad. Dylai ddweud pryd cafodd y safleei wneud, sut y datblygodd, pa fath o bobl oedd ynbyw yno, pryd a sut y cafodd ei ddinistrio neu eiadael, a’i gysylltiad â digwyddiadau yn y byd ehang -ach. Os yw’n safle pwysig cyhoeddir yr adrodd iadmewn cyfnodolyn academaidd neu fel llyfr.

Mae hefyd yn bwysig bod y gymuned ehangach yn gallu gweld y canlyniadau, a hynny trwy archifauelectronig neu trwy ddehongliad ohonynt mewnllyfrau neu ar raglenni teledu.

Yn olaf, caiff yr wybodaeth ei bwydo’n ôl i GofnodAmgylchedd Hanesyddol, i sicrhau ei bod yncyfrannu at ymchwil yn y dyfodol a’i bod ar gael ibawb ei gweld trwy Archwilio,.

knowledgePublication and archiving are every bit asimportant as the excavation itself and the analysis.

All data must be combined and presented in areport. This should relate when the site was made,how it developed, what kind of people lived there,when and how it was destroyed or abandoned, andhow it ties into events in the wider world.

If the site is significant the report will be published in an academic journal or as a book.

It is also important that the results can be accessedby the wider community through electronic archives,or interpreted in books or television programmes.

Finally the information is fed back to the HistoricEnvironment Record, so that it can contribute tofuture research and can be accessed by everyonethrough Archwilio, the on-line searchable database.

Y safleoedd archaeolegol yn Ynys Môn sydd wedi eu cofrestru yng Ngofnod Amgylchedd Hanesyddol

Anglesey’s archaeological sites registered in the Historic Environment Record

Cynhanesyddol / Prehistoric

Oes Haearn a Rhufeinig / Iron Age & Roman

Canoloesol / Medieval

Ôl-ganoloesol / Post-Medieval

Safleoedd aml-gyfnod / Multi-period sites

Uwch na / above 1900m80–100m60–80m40–60m20–40mO dan / below 20m

www.archwilio.org.uk

Beth sy’n digwydd i’r eitemau ?Maent yn cael eu cadw er mwyn euhastudio yn y dyfodol ac o bosibl euharddangos, ynghyd â chofnodion y safle.

Mae holl ddarganfydd iadau’rYmddiriedolaeth ar Ynys Môn yn cael eucadw yn Oriel Ynys Môn a chedwircofnodion safleoedd yn Archidfy Môn.

What happens to the finds ?They are held for future study andpossible display in a museum, along with the site records.

All finds made by the Trust on Angleseyare held in the Oriel Ynys Môn collections.Site records are deposited in the AngleseyArchives, where they can be accessed.

© Ar

chifa

u Yn

ys M

ôn /

Angl

esey

Arc

hive

s

Page 9: Ymchwilio i Orffennol Ynys Môn pathways to discovery...bach, i asesu pa mor ddwfn a chymhleth yw’r olion. assessment Once a site is located, we need to find out more. In a walk-over

Gwynedd Archaeological Trust

‘‘Cyfoethog ac amrywiol yw amgylchedd hanesyddolCymru. Mae’n gwneudCymru’n wahanol ac ynarbennig. Mae’n helpu i greuein hunaniaeth, ein balchderbro ac, yn hollbwysig felly,mae’n sicrhau manteisiongwirioneddol a phendant i’n pobl ac i’n cymunedau.— Huw Lewis AC 2012

Y Gweinidog Tai, Adfywio a Threftadaeth

The historic environment of Wales is rich and varied.It makes Wales distinctiveand special. It helps give us our identity, our pride inplace and, crucially, deliversreal and tangible benefits for our people and ourcommunities.— Huw Lewis AM 2012Minister for Housing, Regenerationand Heritage

Trefnwyd gan Jane Kenney gyda chymorth staff YmddiriedolaethArchaeolegol Gwynedd, hawlfraint 2012. Cedwir yr hawl iatgynhyrchu darluniau gan ddeiliad yr hawlfraint, a diolchir iddyntam roi eu caniatâd i’w defnyddio. Mae hawlfraint unrhyw ffotograffausydd heb eu cydnabod yn unigol yn eiddo i YmddiriedolaethArchaeolegol. Cynhyrchwyd gan LLYFRAU MAGMA, Llansadwrn,www.llyfrau-magma.co.uk. Golygydd y testun: Philip Steele

Compilation by Jane Kenney with the aid of other GwyneddArchaeological Trust staff © 2012. Rights of reproduction of theillustrations are retained by the named copyright holders, whokindly gave permission for their use. Photographs not individuallycredited are copyright of Gwynedd Archaeological Trust. Producedby MAGMA, www.llyfrau-magma.co.uk. Text editor: Philip Steele

© Gareth Jenkins