Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai 袁世凯袁世凯(1859-1916)(1859-1916)

The most powerful Qing official at the end of the dynastyThe most powerful Qing official at the end of the dynasty An active reformer in the final decade of Qing ruleAn active reformer in the final decade of Qing rule Asked by Sun Yat-sen to serve as provisional presidentAsked by Sun Yat-sen to serve as provisional president Has Song Jiaoren, the elected president of the Has Song Jiaoren, the elected president of the

Nationalist government assassinated in March 1913Nationalist government assassinated in March 1913 Abolishes parliament and sets up a dictatorship in 1914Abolishes parliament and sets up a dictatorship in 1914 Proclaims himself emperor: Jan. 1- March 22, 1916Proclaims himself emperor: Jan. 1- March 22, 1916

Japan and the Twenty-one Japan and the Twenty-one DemandsDemands

Japan steps up their efforts to control Japan steps up their efforts to control China while European powers fight WWIChina while European powers fight WWI

List of 21 demands that call for increasing List of 21 demands that call for increasing Japanese economic control of Manchuria, Japanese economic control of Manchuria, Mongolia, the Yangtze River, Fujian and Mongolia, the Yangtze River, Fujian and coastal areascoastal areas

Essentially Japan wants China to become Essentially Japan wants China to become a Japanese protectorate a Japanese protectorate

Yuan Shikai forced to sign on May 7, 1915Yuan Shikai forced to sign on May 7, 1915

China’s Warlord Era: 1916-1927China’s Warlord Era: 1916-1927

Constant WarConstant WarPolitical disunityPolitical disunity Impact of warlords on the revolutionary Impact of warlords on the revolutionary

processprocess

Warlord Impact on the Warlord Impact on the Revolutionary ProcessRevolutionary Process

““Nationalism”: not just about shaking free Nationalism”: not just about shaking free of imperialist powers--the warlords are a of imperialist powers--the warlords are a domestic threat--destroying China domestic threat--destroying China internallyinternally

Anti-warlordism becomes an overriding Anti-warlordism becomes an overriding political issuepolitical issue

Military force becomes a political necessity Military force becomes a political necessity in 20in 20thth Century China Century China

Zhang ZuolinZhang Zuolin(1875-1928) (1875-1928) 张作霖 张作霖

Rules Northeast ChinaRules Northeast China Connections with JapanConnections with Japan Develops industry, Develops industry,

schools, prisons, militaryschools, prisons, military Governs those civilian Governs those civilian

populations under him populations under him through a ruling clique of through a ruling clique of military and civilian elites military and civilian elites centered in Shenyangcentered in Shenyang

Yan Xishan (1883-1960) Yan Xishan (1883-1960) 阎锡山阎锡山 Ruled ShanxiRuled Shanxi 山西 山西

Province from 1912 to Province from 1912 to the 1949 the 1949

Fervent anti-Fervent anti-communistcommunist

Carried out significant Carried out significant social and economic social and economic reforms in his reforms in his ProvinceProvince

Feng Yuxiang (1882-1948) Feng Yuxiang (1882-1948) 冯玉祥 冯玉祥 A “roving” warlord, A “roving” warlord,

controlled much of controlled much of Northwest ChinaNorthwest China

Nicknamed the Christian Nicknamed the Christian General: Tried to instill General: Tried to instill Christian values in his Christian values in his men—mass baptisms men—mass baptisms with a fire hosewith a fire hose

Heavily Influenced by the Heavily Influenced by the Soviet UnionSoviet Union