© 2010 delmar, cengage learning 1 © 2011 delmar, cengage learning the knee

© 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning1© 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning

The Knee


Objectives

• Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:– Describe the functions of the knee– Describe the ligament structure of the knee– Explain the function of the patellofemoral joint– List and define various sports-related injuries

of the knee

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The Knee

• One of the most complex joints in the body– Most movements and activities depend on it

for support and mobility – There is risk of overuse and traumatic injury in

both contact and noncontact sports

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The Knee (cont’d.)

• Two types of cartilage in the knee joint:– Articular cartilage – Menisci

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• Ligaments– Medial collateral ligament (MCL) – Lateral collateral ligament (LCL) – Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) – Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

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• Patellofemoral joint– Allows knee flexion and extension to occur

with a lesser amount of quadriceps force

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Knee Injuries

• Patellofemoral problems– Articulation of the patella with the femur

• Symptoms: • Treatment:

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Knee Injuries (cont’d.)

• Patellar tendonitis – Inflammation of the patellar tendon– Caused by high-force, repetitive strain

• Symptoms: anterior knee pain and local tenderness

• Treatment: activity modification, stretching, ice, bracing, and taping

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• Fat pad syndrome – Infrapatellar fat pad is a region of fatty tissue

that lies underneath the patellar tendon • Symptoms: • Treatment:

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• Medial collateral ligament (MCL) sprain– Caused by a blow to the outside of the knee

or a high-energy twisting• Symptoms: • Treatment:

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• Torn anterior cruciate ligament– Females are now more susceptible– Can occur from contact or noncontact causes


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Animation - ACL

Click Here to Play ACL Animation



• Posterior cruciate ligament tear – Most occur during a fall on the flexed (bent)

knee with the foot plantar flexed or hyperflexion (bending too far) of the knee

• Symptoms: positive “sag test”• Treatment: PRICE, physical therapy and

rehabilitation

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• Meniscus tears– Occur when the knee is twisted suddenly and

one or both menisci become trapped between the femur and tibia or ligaments in and around the knee are torn


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• Epiphyseal (growth-plate) injuries – Knee is subject to sports-induced trauma at

the centers of bone growth in skeletally immature athletes

– May alter the length of the affected bone• Serious injury for a growing athlete

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• Osgood-Schlatter condition – Group of symptoms involving the tibial

tubercle epiphysis • Symptoms: • Treatment:

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• Iliotibial band syndrome – Occurs when there is inflammation of the

iliotibial band • Irritation usually occurs over the outside of the

knee joint, at the lateral epicondyle • Treatment: rule out mechanical problems or

training errors, proper footwear, ice, and stretching

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• Fractures– Result of high-energy trauma – Vary in location and severity

• Patella fracture is usually the result of direct impact to the anterior knee

• Distal femoral and proximal tibial fractures may occur from violent twisting injuries

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Conclusion

• The knee is the largest joint in the body, and one of the most prone to injury– Made up of the femur, tibia, and patella– Also contains large ligaments that help control

motion• These ligaments connect bones and brace the joint

against abnormal types of motion• Other parts of the knee, like cartilage, cushion the

joint and help it absorb shock during motion

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© 2010 delmar, cengage learning 1 © 2011 delmar, cengage learning the knee

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