水 利 学 报SHUILI XUEBAO

第 49卷 2018年 第 3期（月刊）

目 次

［期刊基本参数］CN11 - 1882/TV * 1956 * m * A4 * 126 * zh * P *￥30.00 * 1200 * 13* 2018-03

岸坡崩塌条件下弯道环流与水流剪切力的变化特征 ………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………… 舒安平 周 星 余明辉 段国胜 朱福杨 （271）黄土丘陵沟壑区第五副区产沙机制初步分析 ………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………… 刘晓燕 董国涛 高云飞 夏润亮 孙 一 党素珍 （282）水工结构数值仿真等几何分析方法初探 ………………………………………… 李明超 张梦溪 （291）黏弹性输水管道中含气瞬变流压力衰减分析 ……………… 朱 炎 吴晨光 袁一星 石振锋 （303）高压水工隧洞透水衬砌渗流-应力-损伤耦合分析方法研究 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 周 利 苏 凯 周亚峰 文喜雨 伍鹤皋 （313）基于高维 Gaussian Copula函数的区域农田灌溉需水分析 ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 杜奕良 涂新军 杜晓霞 陈晓宏 林凯荣 吴海鸥 （323）基于 Copula函数的多变量水文不确定性处理器 … 刘章君 郭生练 何绍坤 巴欢欢 尹家波 （332）碾压混凝土拱坝分缝防裂设计关键问题研究 ……………… 李海枫 杨 波 张国新 徐秀鸣 （343）刚性淹没球冠状植被水流特性试验研究 ……………………………………………………………………

……………………… 赵 芳 Aristotelis Mavrommatis Anastasios Stamou 槐文信 杨中华 （353）水泵水轮机在水轮机工况下导叶水力矩试验研究 …………………………………………………………

…………………………………………… 李琪飞 李光贤 权 辉 王仁本 张正杰 赵超本 （362）基于 CATIA 的引水隧洞施工动态可视化仿真 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 王晓玲 区丽雯 任炳昱 赵梦琦 肖 尧 刘 震 （369）土地利用变化对潘家口水库控制流域径流影响 ……………………… 王博威 李建柱 冯 平 （379）基于运动扩散模型的含零值降水序列频率计算 ……………………… 李丹丹 宋松柏 李运平 （387）

JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

Vol . 49 No . 3，2018（Monthly）

CO NTENTS

Characteristics for circulating currents and water-flow shear stress under the condition of bank slopecollapse …………… SHU Anping ZHOU Xing YU Minghui DUAN Guosheng ZHU Fuyang （271）The sediment producing mechanism of the No.5 sub-region of the Loess Hilly Region in the LoessPlateau LIU Xiaoyan DONG Guotao GAO Yunfei XIA Runliang SUN Yi DANG Suzhen （282）Primary investigation of isogeometric analysis for hydraulic structures numerical simulation …………………………………………………………………………………… LI Mingchao ZHANG Mengxi （291）

Analysis of pressure damping in air-water transient flow in viscoelastic pipes ………………………………………………………………… ZHU Yan WU Chenguang YUAN Yixing SHI Zhenfeng （303）

Hydro-mechanical coupling analysis of pervious lining in high pressure hydraulic tunnel ………………………………………………… ZHOU Li SU Kai ZHOU Yafeng WEN Xiyu WU Hegao （313）

Analysis of regional irrigation water demand based on high-dimensional Gaussian Copula function …………… DU Yiliang TU Xinjun DU Xiaoxia CHEN Xiaohong LIN Kairong WU Haiou （323）

Multivariate hydrologic uncertainty processor based on Copula function ……………………………………………………… LIU Zhangjun GUO Shenglian HE Shaokun BA Huanhuan YIN Jiabo （332）

Study on several key problems about anti-cracking design of induced joints in RCC archdams ………………………………………………… LI Haifeng YANG Bo ZHANG Guoxin XU Xiuming （343）

Experiments on characteristics of open-channel flow through submerged rigid vegetation with ball-likecanopy …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ZHAO Fang Aristotelis Mavrommatis Anastasios Stamou HUAI Wenxin YANG Zhonghua （353）Experimental research on guide hydro-dynamic torque of a pump turbine in turbine mode……………… LI Qifei LI Guangxian QUAN Hui WANG Renben ZHANG Zhengjie ZHAO Chaoben （362）

Dynamic visual simulation of diversion tunnel construction based on CATIA ……………………………………… WANG Xiaoling OU Liwen REN Bingyu ZHAO Mengqi XIAO Yao LIU Zhen （369）

Impacts of land use change on runoff in Panjiakou Reservoir watershed …………………………………………………………………………………………… WANG Bowei LI Jianzhu FENG Ping （379）

Application of kinematic diffusion model to frequency analysis on precipitation samples with zero val⁃ues ……………………………………………………… LI Dandan SONG Songbai LI Yunping （387）

《水利学报》第九届编辑委员会组成名单

名誉主任： 索丽生 胡四一 刘 宁

顾 问： 陆佑楣 朱尔明 高安泽 张泽祯 陈炳新 高季章

主 任： 匡尚富

副 主 任： 吴宏伟 汤鑫华 贾金生 杨晓东

主 编： 程晓陶

副 主 编： 甘 泓 徐泽平

编 委：（以汉语拼音为序）

蔡喜明（美国） 蔡跃波 Chandra Madramootoo（加拿大） 陈 进陈厚群 陈求稳 陈敏建 陈生水 陈祖煜 程国银 程晓陶 邓家泉

Desmond Walling（英国） 杜雷功 方红卫 冯 平 冯绍元 冯树荣甘 泓 高占义 顾 洪 郭 军 郭祺忠（美国） 郭生练 韩其为

何建兵 胡春宏 槐文信 黄介生 黄 强 户作亮 禹孝燮（韩国）

贾金生 姜乃迁 介玉新 金菊良 康绍忠 孔宪京 匡尚富 李纪人

李 嘉 李久生 李万红 李 云 李原园 李赞堂 练继建

梁 旭（美国） 刘汉东 刘晓燕 刘玉龙 刘之平 卢金友 卢文喜

马洪琪 马建华 倪晋仁 钮新强 松本德久（日本） 彭才德 秦伯强

Roger Falconer（英国） 沈振中 束龙仓 田 斌 王福军 王光谦王 浩 王立忠 王仁坤 王文圣 王小红 王义成 汪小刚 危起伟

吴宏伟 吴普特 吴中如 夏 军 徐泽平 徐宗学 许唯临 杨大文

杨开林 杨晓东 杨效亮（瑞典） 姚栓喜 姚文艺 于琪洋 张超然

张春生 张国新 张利民 张 健 张建民 张建云 张永波 张宗亮

郑沛溟 钟登华 钟平安 仲志余 周晓光 朱伯芳 朱星明 左其亭

EDITORIAL BOARD

HONORARY PRESIDENTSSUO Lisheng HU Siyi LIU Ning

CONSULTANTSLU Youmei ZHU Erming GAO Anze ZHANG Zezhen CHEN Bingxin GAO Jizhang

PRESIDENTKUANG Shangfu

VICE PRESIDENTSWU Hongwei TANG Xinhua JIA Jinsheng YANG Xiaodong

MEMBERSCAI Ximing CAI Yuebo Chandra Madramootoo（Canada） CHEN Jin CHEN Houqun CHEN QiuwenCHEN Minjian CHEN Shengshui CHEN Zuyu CHENG Guoyin CHENG Xiaotao DENG JiaquanDesmond Walling（UK） DU Leigong FANG Hongwei FENG Ping FENG Shaoyuan FNEG Shurong GAN HongGAO Zhanyi GU Hong GUO Jun GUO Qizhong（U.S.A） GUO Shenglian HAN Qiwei HE Jianbing HU ChunhongHUAI Wenxin HUANG Jiesheng HUANG Qiang HU Zuoliang Hyo-Seop Woo（Korea） JIA Jinsheng JamesYang（Sweden） JIANG Naiqian JIE Yuxin JIN Juliang KANG Shaozhong KONG Xianjing KUANG ShangfuLI Jiren LI Jia LI Jiusheng LI Wanhong LI Yun LI Yuanyuan LI Zantang LIAN Jijian Xu Liang（U.S.A）LIU Handong LIU Xiaoyan LIU Yulong LIU Zhiping LU Jinyou LU Wenxi MA Hongqi MA JianhuaNI Jinren NIU Xinqiang Norihisa Matsumoto（Japan） PENG Caide QIN Boqiang Roger Falconer（UK） SHEN ZhenzhongSHU Longcang TIAN Bin WANG Fujun WANG Guangqian WANG Hao WANG Lizhong WANG RenkunWANG Wensheng WANG Xiaohong WANG Yicheng WANG Xiaogang WEI Qiwei WU Hongwei WU PuteWU Zhongru XIA Jun XU Zeping XU Zongxue XU Weilin YANG Dawen YANG Kailin YANG XiaodongYAO Shuanxi YAO Wenyi YU Qiyang ZHANG Chaoran ZHANG Chunsheng ZHANG Guoxin ZHANG LiminZHANG Jian ZHANG Jianmin ZHANG Jianyun ZHANG Yongbo ZHANG Zongliang ZHENG PeimingZHONG Denghua ZHONG Pingan ZHONG Zhiyu ZHOU Xiaoguang ZHU Bofang ZHU Xingming ZUO Qiting

CHIEF EDITORCHENG Xiaotao

DEPUTY CHIEF EDITORSGAN Hong XU Zeping

Characteristics for circulating currents and water-flowshear stress under the condition of bank slope collapse

SHU Anping1，ZHOU Xing1，2，YU Minghui3，DUAN Guosheng1，ZHU Fuyang1（1. Key Lab of Water and Sediment Sciences of MOE，Beijing Normal University，Beijing 100875，China；

2. Beijing Water Science & Technology Institute，Beijing 100048，China；3. Institute of Hydraulic and Electrical Engineering，Wuhan University，Wuhan 430072，China）

Abstract： Riverbank collapse is a major form of bank slope instability because of hydrodynamic forces，which is the interaction result of the river water flow and bank slope. Eight series of experiments were car⁃ried out in a bend flume to simulate the process of bank collapse and river topography in small scale. Co⁃hesive bank material from Dengkou site of the Ning-Meng river reach of the upper Yellow River was usedto make the bank slope model. The experiments pay attention to the features of changes in three aspects ofwater-sediment-riverbed， such as water level， near-bank flow velocity distribution， particle size and river⁃bed erosion and sedimentation， and the distribution characteristics of water shear force distribution duringthe collapse of sticky bank slope are revealed and analyzed. The bed shear stress was calculated and foundthat the shear stress of the head and tail of the collapse body increased suddenly，which formed a largershear force zone. The tail shear stress is greater than the head shear stress， and the tail is formed eddycurrent and the flow velocity is chaotic，which increases the local sediment transport capacity of the riverbed to speed up the decomposition of the collapse of the body. The paper analyzes the hydrodynamicchange characteristics of the bank slope collapse，which provides not only the basis for cohesive bank sedi⁃ment transport model，but also the reference for the planning and design of river bank construction.Keywords： bank collapse； cohesive bank material； flume experiment； circulating currents； water-flowShear stress

—— 281

The sediment producing mechanism of the No.5 sub-regionof the Loess Hilly Region in the Loess Plateau

LIU Xiaoyan1，DONG Guotao2，GAO Yunfei3，XIA Runliang2，SUN Yi2，DANG Suzhen2（1. Yellow River Conservancy Commission，Zhengzhou 430003，China；

2. Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research，Zhengzhou 450003，China；3. Upper and Middle Yellow River Bureau，Xi’an 710021，China）

Abstract： The No.5 Sub-region of the Loess Hilly Region located mainly in the Northwest Loess Plateauis one of the major sediment source areas in the Yellow River Basin. Based on the results of field surveysand the observed data of underlying surface and rainfall and hydrology， this paper analyzed its sedimentsource， sediment yielding characteristics and influence factors， and the sediment yielding mechanism wererevealed. The results proved that No.5 Sub-region of the Loess Hilly Region is a combination of LoessHilly Region type and Loess Plateau-gully Region type， and it is characterized with a stretch of loess ba⁃sin surrounded by groups of loess hills， and possesses loose soil， sparse vegetation， and light rainfallamount and intensity. The sediment sources of this region are not only from the surrounding hilly area，butalso from the riverside-bank or the gully-bank of the middle plateau area by a significant amount. The ero⁃sion intensity of riverside-bank and gully-bank is most severe in the Loess Plateau， the sediment amountproduced from river-or-gully bank in some area even comprises two-thirds of the total sediment yield inthe basin， and the intensity would increase with the increase of water joining from mini-ditch tostem-ditch and to river. Floods produced by surrounding hills are main driving force of the bank collapseand slide， and the key influence factors affecting the flood production are vegetation coverage degree andterrace area. The flood yielding ability of the No.5 Sub-region is rather low， but the sediment concentra⁃tion is high and difficult to reduce notably.Keywords：No.5 Sub-region of the Loess Hilly Region；climate；underlying surface；sediment source；sedi⁃ment producing；mechanism

—— 290

Primary investigation of isogeometric analysis for hydraulic structures numerical simulation

LI Mingchao，ZHANG Mengxi（State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety，Tianjin University，Tianjin 300354，China）

Abstract：Numerical simulation of hydraulic structures is an important step in their design and evaluationprocesses. However，the traditional modeling and meshing patterns of complex structures are complicated andtime-consuming. The big gap between the design and the analysis model directly affects the accuracy andefficiency of the solution obtained by finite element analysis（FEA）. As a new numerical method，isogeomet⁃ric analysis（IGA）could integrate pre-processing and analysis processes and has advantages in modeling andanalysis. Based on IGA，a new method for numerical simulation of hydraulic structure was developed. ARCC gravity dam model was chosen and the corresponding multi-patch model was built. The simulation re⁃sults of IGA and FEA were made a contrast from the point of view of accuracy and efficiency. The resultsshow that IGA method could contribute to simple modeling processes，more accurate solutions，faster conver⁃gence speed and higher simulation efficiency. It would provide a new and valid method for numerical simu⁃lation analysis of complex hydraulic structures.Keywords： isogeometric analysis； NURBS basis function； isoparametric element； finite element analysis；RCC gravity dam；simulation accuracy；numerical simulation

Analysis of pressure damping in air-water transient flow in viscoelastic pipes

ZHU Yan1，WU Chenguang1，YUAN Yixing1，SHI Zhenfeng2（1. School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering，Harbin Institute of Technology，Harbin 150090，China；

2. Department of Mathematics， Harbin Institute of Technology，Harbin 150001，China）

Abstract：Leakage or blockage detection by transient-based techniques is the hot spot and frontier of pipefault identification in recent research. However， the existence of air makes these techniques difficult for ap⁃plications in viscoelastic pipes， it is necessary to study the pressure damping and distortion of air-watertransient flow in viscoelastic pipes. Firstly，an one-dimensional transient model modified by air content（α）is validated by experimental data. Furthermore， the influence of pipe-wall friction and viscoelasticity onpressure damping is studied through energy and Fourier analysis based on the validated model. Finally， asuggestion on parameter calibration is proposed according to practical application. It is concluded：when α<2.37 % ， the pressure dissipation rate due to pipe-wall friction increases with the increase of α andsize-thickness ratio， while the pressure dissipation rate due to pipe-wall viscoelasticity shows an inversetrend， however， both of them decrease as the pipe length increases； when calibrating the transient flowmodel，it is suggested that the viscoelastic parameters do not need to be corrected when 1 %≤α≤ 2.37 %.Keywords：air-water transient flow；pressure damping；pipe-wall friction；viscoelastic effect；parameter cal⁃ibration

—— 312

Hydro-mechanical coupling analysis of pervious lining in high pressure hydraulic tunnel

ZHOU Li1，SU Kai1，ZHOU Yafeng2，WEN Xiyu3，WU Hegao1（1. State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science，Wuhan University，Wuhan 430072，China；

2. Changjiang Institute of Survey，Planning，Design and Research，Wuhan 430010，China；3. Changjiang Geotechnical Engineering Corporation，Wuhan 430010，China）

Abstract：For the engineering practices of the high pressure tunnel during the operation process， the rein⁃forcement stresses are generally much less than expected， indicating that the economical purpose is notachieved. The concrete plastic-damage model is used to simulate the lining concrete and the water load istreated as a body force applied to the interior of lining， thus a hydro-mechanical coupling algorithm is pro⁃posed. Based on the large-scale finite element software ABAQUS， the secondary development is carriedout. The user subroutine in ABAQUS， USDFLD， is adopted to adjust the hydraulic conductivity with thematerial damage synchronously， and the utility routine GETVRM activated by the Fortran language is uti⁃lized to acquire the material damage. And the lining cracking process during the first water-filling periodof the hydraulic tunnel is simulated. Moreover， the evolution characteristics of lining damage，pore pressureand reinforcement stress are studied. Additionally， the influence of the conditional cooperation between lin⁃ing and surrounding rock on the coupling results is discussed. It can be found that the lining cracking char⁃acteristic matches well with that in field tests. The evolution characteristic of reinforcement stress shows sig⁃nificant differences when the conditional cooperation considered， indicating that the detachment of liningfrom surrounding rock is the reason why the reinforcement stress values are generally much smaller than ex⁃pected. The results obtained by the coupling algorithm proposed in this paper consistent with the general en⁃gineering phenomena. It means that this algorithm can be applied to other engineering practices and providesome reference for the lining design problem.Keywords：pervious lining；damage and crack；coupling；reinforcement stress；conditional cooperation

—— 322

Analysis of regional irrigation water demand based on high-dimensional Gaussian Copulafunction

DU Yiliang1，2，TU Xinjun1，2，DU Xiaoxia1，2，CHEN Xiaohong1，2，LIN Kairong1，2，WU Haiou1，2（1. Department of Water Resources and Environment，Sun Yat-sen University，Guangzhou 510275，China；

2. Engineering and Technology Center of Water Security in Southern China of Guangdong，Guangzhou 510275，China）

Abstract： In order to investigate irrigation water demand in Guangdong province，South China， as a studycase， an eight-dimensional joint distribution of sub-regional precipitations was built. For given frequenciesof precipitation of the entire province， the calculation procedures of irrigation water demand of the entireprovince and its sub-regions were proposed. Frequency combinations of sub-regional precipitation and waterdemands using three methods， i.e. the equalized frequency， the typical year and the most-likely weightfunction，were compared. The results demonstrate that the Gaussian copula function efficiently fits the jointdistribution of precipitation of eight sub-regions， in which the generalized extreme value distribution andgeneralized normal distribution are the optimal univariate distribution for individual sub-regions. The differ⁃ences of water demands of the entire province among the three methods are quite small，but those of indi⁃vidual sub-regions are comparatively large， in particular using the typical year method. The design frequen⁃cies of precipitation of individual sub-regions using the most-likely weight function mostly occur near thelines of the equalized frequencies，but those of the Ⅷ sub-region in the extreme dry and extreme wet con⁃ditions remarkably are far from the lines in association with a large uncertainty due to a wider confidenceinterval. The most-likely weight function method on the basis of the high-dimensional Gaussian copula cansimulate individual univariate distributions of sub-regional precipitations and capture their dependences， andalso present a confidence interval of sub-regional water demands，which is recommended to acquire irriga⁃tion water demand for a large-scale region.Keywords： irrigation water demand； frequency of precipitation； high-dimensional joint distribution；Gauss⁃ian Copula function；typical year；most-likely weight function

—— 331

Multivariate hydrologic uncertainty processor based on Copula function

LIU Zhangjun1，2，GUO Shenglian1，HE Shaokun1，BA Huanhuan1，YIN Jiabo1（1. State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science，

Hubei provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Resource Security，Wuhan University，Wuhan 430072，China；2. Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Water Sciences，Nanchang 330029，China）

Abstract： The traditional hydrologic uncertainty processor （HUP） belongs to the univariate structure type，which only independently provides a marginal Bayesian posterior probability density function of observed dis⁃charge for each lead time and does not consider and characterize the inherent dependence among these vari⁃ables. In this paper， the analytical expression of Bayesian posterior transition density was derived by usingCopula function， and therefore the Copula-based BTF （CBTF） method and Copula-based multivariate HUP（CMHUP） was proposed. Subsequently， the Copula-based BEF （CBEF） was developed. Application resultsof Three Gorges Reservoir （TGR） indicate that the proposed methods are practical and effective， of whichthe CBTF method and CMHUP not only can quantitatively evaluate the uncertainty of transition forecast forinflows of the TGR，but also reveal the evolution characteristic with time of uncertainty in hydrological fore⁃casting. Moreover， the uncertain information about the maximum inflow forecast within specified lead timeis provided by the CBEF method. The proposed methods relax the linear-normal assumption and capturethe nonlinear and non-Gaussian characteristics of discharge process adequately，which lead to more exten⁃sive application scope and support the flood control and disaster mitigation，and reservoir operation better.Keywords： hydrological forecasting； Bayesian theory； hydrologic uncertainty processor； probabilistic transi⁃tion forecast；probabilistic extremum forecast；Copula function

—— 342

Study on several key problems about anti-cracking designof induced joints in RCC archdams

LI Haifeng，YANG Bo，ZHANG Guoxin，XU Xiuming（China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research，Beijing 100038，China）

Abstract：After decades of practice， it has been proved that setting joints in the dam is an effective mea⁃sure to prevent cracks in a dam. As for RCC arch dams， transverse joints and induced joints are usuallydiscussed together， and they have played a synergistic effect of preventing cracks because of their differentstructural features. However， in practical engineering， cracks haven't appeared in a lot of RCC arch damsor some cracks appeared in the positions where joints are not set，which means that the induced joints ha⁃ven't met the expectations to induce cracks， instead， they bring some additional effects. In many reasons，improperly arrangement of induced joints affected the most. Since the Thermal Stress of RCC arch dam iscomplicated， changeable and dynamical， the anti-crack design must truly reflect the whole process of dambehavior from construction to operation. Practical application shows that the research of anti-cracking designbased on the overall process simulation technology of the whole dam is an effective method， in which theinduced joints and transverse joints of the RCC arch dam are simulated with open-closed iterative func⁃tion， and the Equivalent Strength Theory is adopted for the failure criterion. Study on joints design andstructural types of interface according to the simulation results can make the cracks appear as expected， re⁃leasing the tension stress caused by the temperature drop，which makes the construction quality of concreteof dam be ensured.Keywords：RCC arch dams；anti-cracking design；induced joints；equivalent strength

—— 352

Experiments on characteristics of open-channel flow through submerged rigid vegetation withball-like canopy

ZHAO Fang1，2，Aristotelis Mavrommatis3，Anastasios Stamou3，HUAI Wenxin1，YANG Zhonghua1（1. State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science，Wuhan University，Wuhan 430072，China；

2. WISDRI Engineering & Research Incorporation Limited，Wuhan 430223，China；3. Laboratory of Applied Hydraulics，National Technical University of Athens，Greece）

Abstract：The tree-like canopy model， formed by crown and trunk，are conducted in laboratory flow exper⁃iments. MicroADV are used to study the flow characteristics influenced by vegetation with ball-like canopyin open channel. Flow condition varied in four cases，with different flow rate and water depth. Focusing onthe mean velocity and turbulence structure， the vertical profiles of longitudinal velocity， vertical velocityand turbulence intensity were analyzed. The results show that the normalized longitudinal velocity increasesas the water depth decreases. The longitudinal velocity is almost constant in the stem layer. It decreasesfirstly then increases with increment of depth in the canopy layer. Strong fluctuation of turbulence intensityis found in the canopy layer. The longitudinal velocity in no-canopy layer follows logarithmic law. The quad⁃rant analysis recovers the canopy layer is the sweep-dominated area and no-canopy layer is the ejec⁃tion-dominated area.Keywords： rigid vegetation with ball-like canopy；MicroADV；mean velocity profile； turbulence structure；quadrant analysis

—— 361

Experimental research on guide hydro-dynamic torque of a pump turbine in turbine mode

LI Qifei1，2，LI Guangxian1，QUAN Hui1，2，WANG Renben1，ZHANG Zhengjie1，ZHAO Chaoben1

（1. College of Energy and Power Engineering，Lanzhou Univ. of Tech. ，Lanzhou 730050，China；2. State Key Laboratory of Gansu Fluid Machinery and Systems，Lanzhou Univ. of Tech.，Lanzhou 730050，China）

Abstract： To obtain the hydro-dynamic torque magnitude and its variation law of the pump turbine underthe turbine mode， the electromotive stress analysis method and the specially processed shaft of guide vanewere applied in a pump turbine model of the domestic pump storage plant. The hydro-dynamic torque ofeach guide vane was investigated under the situation of synchronous guide vane and misaligned configura⁃tion respectively. The main conclusions are as follows：once the synchronized guide vane is employed，withthe opening increasing， the hydro-dynamic torque factors magnitude of the guide vane has the consistencyamong all tested vanes， and the direction of the torque shift gradually from the turn-off direction to theturn-on direction. When the 10# guide vane is set as the misaligned guide vane， and the difference be⁃tween misaligned guide vane opening and the synchronous one is less than 16.4% ， the hydro-dynamictorque factors of the tested guide vanes tend to be distributed regularly. However，when the opening differ⁃ence is bigger than 16.4% ， the hydro-dynamic torque increases sharply with the use of the misalignedguide vane，and the hydro-dynamic torque factors of the different guide vanes change significant.Keywords：pump turbine；guide vane；hydro-dynamic torque；opening

Dynamic visual simulation of diversion tunnel construction based on CATIA

WANG Xiaoling，OU Liwen，REN Bingyu，ZHAO Mengqi，XIAO Yao，LIU Zhen（State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety，Tianjin University，Tianjin 300072，China）

Abstract：Present studies usually use animation to realize dynamic visual simulation of tunnel construction，which makes 3D models difficult to modify，makes visual simulation process complex to realize and lacksof interaction. Therefore， this paper proposes a dynamic visual simulation method of diversion tunnel con⁃struction based on CATIA. Firstly，a 4D simulation model of diversion tunnel was built using parametric de⁃sign. This 4D model can not only be modified easily and realize construction dynamic visual interactive sim⁃ulation， but also can modify the visual simulation results easily. Secondly， the construction informationcould be inquired with secondary development. Finally， this method was applied to an engineering project.It shows that the efficiency of dynamic visual simulation of diversion tunnel construction is improved andhelps project managers to make decision when scheme changes.Keywords：diversion tunnel；CATIA；parametric design；dynamic construction simulation；4D model

—— 378

Impacts of land use change on runoff in Panjiakou Reservoir watershed

WANG Bowei，LI Jianzhu，FENG Ping（State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety，Tianjin University，Tianjin 300072，China）

Abstract： Taking the Panjiakou Reservoir watershed as study area， this paper analyzed the spatiotemporalvariation of four land use data in 1970、 1980、 1995 and 2010， and evaluated the impacts of land usechange on runoff and spatial distribution of hydrological components combined with the SWAT （Soil andWater Assessment Tool） model. The results show that the spatiotemporal variation of land use types is dif⁃ferent which major included water reduction， the increase of forest and urban area expansion. Due to thetransition from agricultural land and pasture to forest， the mean annual runoff decreased by 6.36% in Luan⁃he，Yixunhe，Wuliehe and Laoniuhe sub-watersheds under 2010 land use scenarios. Land use change hadlittle impact on runoff. Constructions of check dams and the increase in social water use were main factorswhich lead to annual runoff decrease.Keywords：land use change；SWAT model；runoff；hydrologic response units；Panjiakou Reservoir

—— 386

Application of kinematic diffusion modelto frequency analysis on precipitation samples with zero values

LI Dandan，SONG Songbai，LI Yunping（College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering，Northwest A&F University，Yangling 712100，China）

Abstract：This study developed a frequency analysis method for precipitation samples with zero values us⁃ing Kinematic Diffusion model. Taking the precipitation series of 6 stations in Shaanxi Province as an exam⁃ple， based on the Strupczewski derivation of the moment method and the maximum likelihood method， theparameter estimation formulas of KD model based on probability weight moment method are deduced bymathematical transformation principle and numerical calculation principle. The fitting effect of KD model，frequency proportional method and type Ⅱ multiplication distribution model is evaluated by using of theAIC criterion and OLS criterion and residual sum of squares criterion. The results show that the KD modelcan be applied to calculate the frequency of precipitation samples with zeros， and the fitting effect of themodel is better than the frequency proportional method and the type Ⅱ multiplication method. Comparedthe three parameter estimation methods of KD model， the best fitness is the probability weight momentmethod to estimate the KD model parameters. The method of this paper provides a new calculation methodfor frequency analysis of precipitation samples with zero values.Keywords： precipitation sample with zero values； frequency analysis；KD model； probability weighted mo⁃ment method；frequency proportional method；type Ⅱ multiplication method

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