授課 : 2.6, 2.8, 2.9自行閱讀 : 其餘

Chapter 2 The Global Energy Balance

1. Radiation balance at surface, atmosphere, and top of atmosphere ?2. What is Greenhouse Effect? (can you see it in the figure?)3. What are important processes other than radiation? Explain it.

2.6 Global Radiative Flux Energy Balance

1. What would happen at nights if no greenhouse effect?2. Will the anthropogenic greenhouse effect be more effective during the day or night?3. Can we estimate the amplitude of greenhouse effect based on these two figures? Give your reasons.

Albedo

2.8 The Energy Balance at the Top of the Atmosphere (TOA)

1. Why is the albedo of water so small? in what condition, albedo will be larger, calm or windy?1. Why is wet sand (soil) less reflective than dry sand (soil)?3. Why is old snow less reflective than fresh snow?

Albedo反照率

1.What factors affect albedo?2.Describe the characteristics of spaital distribution?3.Where are the largest and smallest albedo located? Why?4.Why is the albedo smaller in the west Indian Ocean than in the east? Similar contrast in the Pacific?

Outgoing Longwave Radiation （ OLR, 外逸長波輻射）

1. What factors affect OLR?

2. Describe the characteristics of spaital distribution?

3. Where are the largest and smallest OLR located? Why?

4. Are the reasons for the small OLR in the high latitudes and some isolated tropical regions the same?

5. What happen in the monsoon region?

Net Radiation at the Top of Atmosphere （ TOA）

1. What factors affect net radiation?

2. Describe the characteristics of spaital distribution and seasonal variation?

3. Where are the cooling and warming regions?

4. What happen in the Sahara desert? Why?

Annual mean net incoming solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere

Net annual mean outgoing longwave radiation

annual mean net radiation balance

2.9 Polar Energy Flux

1. How to derive fig. 2.14 from fig.2.12? What is the assumption?2. Explain the relationship between two figures.3. Describe the contrast between transport in the atmosphere and ocean.4. In the “Day After Tomorrow” film, the thermohaline circulation weakens due to global warming. It then leads to polar cooling and ice-age like weather prevails in Northern Hemisphere. Please examine this argument based on fig. 2.14.